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Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseases (1) Thyroid disease 1) Master: The concepts and pathogenesis of non-toxic diffuse goiter; the concepts and pathogenesis of non-toxic nodular goiter; the concept of hyperthyroidism and the pathogenesis of Graves' disease; the concept and pathogenesis of Hypothyroidism. 2) Be familiar with: The etiology and classification of non-toxic diffuse goiter; the etiology and classification of non-toxic nodular goiter; the etiology and classification of hyperthyroidism; the etiology and classification of hypothyroidism. 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles of non-toxic diffuse goiter, non-toxic nodular goiter, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. (2) Diabetes mellitus 1) Master: The concepts and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. 2) Be familiar with: The etiology and classification of diabetes mellitus; the influences of stress on endocrine hormone 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles of diabetes mellitus. (3) Metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis 1) Master: The concepts and pathogenesis of metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis. 2) Be familiar with: The etiology and classification of metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis. 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles of metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis

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Page 1: Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseasesccftp.scu.edu.cn/Download/20170920132332850.pdf · on endocrine hormone 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles

Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseases

(1) Thyroid disease 1) Master: The concepts and pathogenesis of non-toxic diffuse goiter; the concepts and

pathogenesis of non-toxic nodular goiter; the concept of hyperthyroidism and the pathogenesis

of Graves' disease; the concept and pathogenesis of Hypothyroidism.

2) Be familiar with: The etiology and classification of non-toxic diffuse goiter; the etiology and

classification of non-toxic nodular goiter; the etiology and classification of hyperthyroidism; the

etiology and classification of hypothyroidism.

3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles of non-toxic diffuse goiter,

non-toxic nodular goiter, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

(2) Diabetes mellitus 1) Master: The concepts and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

2) Be familiar with: The etiology and classification of diabetes mellitus; the influences of stress

on endocrine hormone

3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles of diabetes mellitus.

(3) Metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis 1) Master: The concepts and pathogenesis of metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis.

2) Be familiar with: The etiology and classification of metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis.

3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles of metabolic bone disease and

osteoporosis

Page 2: Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseasesccftp.scu.edu.cn/Download/20170920132332850.pdf · on endocrine hormone 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles

Endocrine System

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甲状腺疾病病理生理学

Pathophysiology of Thyroid

disease

Department of Pathophysiology

Sichuan University

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甲状腺疾病

Thyroid disease

甲状腺功能性疾病

甲状腺炎症性疾病

甲状腺肿瘤

单纯性甲状腺肿 ( Simple goiter)

甲状腺功能亢进( Hyperthyroidism)

甲状腺功能减退 ( Hypothyroidism)

急性甲状腺炎 (Acute thyroiditis)

亚急性甲状腺炎 (Subacute thyroiditis)

慢性甲状腺炎 (Chronic thyroiditis)

甲状腺瘤 ( Thyrophyma)

甲状腺癌 (Thyroid carcinoma)

Page 5: Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseasesccftp.scu.edu.cn/Download/20170920132332850.pdf · on endocrine hormone 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles

甲状腺疾病教学大纲

掌握

1.非毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(non-toxic diffuse goiter)的概念和发病机制

2.非毒性结节性甲状腺肿(non-toxic nodular goiter)的概念和发病机制

3. 甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)(hyperthyroidism)的概念及Graves病的机制

4. 甲状腺功能减退(甲减)(hypothyroidism)的概念和发病机制。

熟悉

病因和分类(临床课上会讲到)

了解

临床表现及防治原则。(自学,不讲,在临床课上会重点讲)

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Leonardo Da Vnci 1508年

甲状腺 (Thyroid)

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The major form of thyroid hormone

in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which

has a longer half-life than T3. In

humans, the ratio of T4to

T3 released into the blood is

between 14:1 and 20:1. T4 is

converted to the active T3(three to

four times more potent than T4)

by deiodinases (5'-iodinase)

T3

T4

Tyrosine

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甲状腺素合成分泌与两个调节

1.TSH敏感钠/碘转运体

2.甲状腺过氧化物酶腔内储存

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甲状腺过氧化物酶 ( Thyroid peroxidase)

Each

Thyroglobulin (甲状腺球蛋白) molecule contains

approximately 100-120

tyrosine residues, but

only a small number

(20) of these are

subject to iodination by

thyroperoxidase

Page 10: Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseasesccftp.scu.edu.cn/Download/20170920132332850.pdf · on endocrine hormone 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles

Regulation of Thyroid function

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Regulation of Thyroid function

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短调节

低碘:增加碘进入滤泡细胞

高碘:减少碘进入滤泡细胞

负反馈-自主调节

同时有腔内储存机制辅佐

可与保证数周无碘而T3T4血浓度正常

看不见的细胞因子等所起作用!

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认识甲状腺

外 气候 、光、食物(高食物增加T3,反之低能食物降低T3

内 下丘脑—垂体—甲状腺

下丘脑—垂体—其他腺 如 Hyperprolactinemia

细胞因子网络

对外环境环境因素影响敏感,内控因素复杂

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甲状腺素功能重要性

某种角度看人类的智力由甲状腺功能决定

无脑儿(anencephaly) 与甲状腺机能缺失(athyrosis)

认识甲状腺

甲状腺素功能多样性

几乎所有细胞均有甲状腺素受体

调控了超过900种基因表达

几乎所有激素的作用发挥均与之有关(render)

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胞浆膜 摄取:氨基酸糖钾;释放:糖、钙、钠

心脏 正性肌力效应,心动过速

钠泵 活化,增加化学渗透梯度、基础代谢率、生物电兴奋性、传导性

血管 动脉高压,(增加儿茶酚胺敏感性和血容量

核糖体

氨基乙酰TRNA激活,蛋白合成增加 脂肪 直接 抑制瘦素分泌(T3)

线粒体 有氧氧化,毒性剂量氧化磷酸化解离

肌肉

骨骼

生长诱导、钙丢失、肌肉强直性增加

碳水化合物代谢

抗胰岛素效应,糖氧化 ,糖原分解 中枢

神经

早期发育基础,语音、记忆、智力增加

脂代谢 脂解、自由脂肪酸氧化、胆固醇减少、LDL受体诱导

肠道 增加肠蠕动,食欲

蛋白质代谢

负氮平衡、尿素合成增加、中枢蛋白合成分化和分泌

肺 肾 增强气体交换,呼吸困难 增加率过滤和利尿

其他激素

刺激beta肾上腺能受体表达,类固醇转化,胰岛素释放 TSH,TRL释放

血 促红细胞生成、 红细胞寿命缩短

Page 16: Pathophysiology of endocrine system diseasesccftp.scu.edu.cn/Download/20170920132332850.pdf · on endocrine hormone 3) Learn about: Clinical manifestations and prevention principles
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患者出现了什么样问题

疲惫、易累、懒动、思睡、掉发、脱发、头痛

沮丧、无 精打采、 精神疲惫、 皮肤干燥、体重增加

心悸、 脉快、 失眠、 盗汗、紧张、颤抖 、消瘦

1/13 美国人可能遇到甲状腺问题

一半以上的不知道,直到问题严重时才发现

认识甲状腺疾病

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甲状腺疾病

常有功能异常和形态异常

分类的依据

功能分: 甲低 甲亢、

病理分: 炎、囊肿、结节、瘤、癌

诊断的依据

功能检测 直接:甲状腺激素 间接:TSH

形态检查 各种病理学、影像学

容易被漏诊以及被误诊

基础角度看:生物学功能的多样性和复杂性

临床角度看:

甲状腺素功能为什么会改变,如何改变,改变的后果!!!

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甲状腺疾病

Thyroid disease

甲状腺功能性疾病

甲状腺炎症性疾病

甲状腺肿瘤

单纯性甲状腺肿 ( Simple goiter)

甲状腺功能亢进( Hyperthyroidism)

甲状腺功能减退 ( Hypothyroidism)

急性甲状腺炎 (Acute thyroiditis)

亚急性甲状腺炎 (Subacute thyroiditis)

慢性甲状腺炎 (Chronic thyroiditis)

甲状腺瘤 ( Thyrophyma)

甲状腺癌 (Thyroid carcinoma)

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甲状腺功能性疾病

单纯性甲状腺肿 Simple goiter

1. 非毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿 non-toxic diffuse goiter (功能+形态)

缺碘使甲状腺素分泌不足,促甲状腺素(TSH)分泌增多,甲状腺滤 泡上

皮增生,滤泡内胶质堆积而使甲状腺肿大。一般不伴甲状腺功能亢进。

2.非毒性结节性甲状腺肿 non-toxic nodular goiter

甲状腺体积增大但不发生甲亢 ,TSH等多种刺激因子使甲状腺滤泡不断复

制增生, 形成成簇滤泡细胞,逐渐形成甲状腺结节

地方性甲状腺肿 endemic goiter

散发性甲状腺肿 sporadic goiter

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A Nontoxic goiter or Simple goiter is a diffuse or nodular enlargement

of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory

or neoplastic process and is not associated with abnormal thyroid function.

Endemic goiter is defined as thyroid enlargement that occurs in more

than 10% of a population.

sporadic goiter is a result of environmental or genetic factors that

do not affect the general population not affect the general population.

单纯性甲状腺肿 Simple goiter

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病因和发病机制

1. 缺碘 (最常见原因)

细胞自身调节异常

长负反馈调节异常

2. 甲状腺激素合成或分泌障碍

a. 摄碘过多:抑制 钠-碘转运体/过氧化物酶

b. 致甲状腺肿物质:硫氰酸酯、异硫氰酸酯、恶唑烷硫酮称为致甲状腺肿素。结合血液中碘

c. 先天性

3. 甲状腺激素需求量增加

气候、光线、食物、温度等。。。

单纯性甲状腺肿 Simple goiter

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单纯性甲状腺肿 Simple goiter

治疗措施

1. 缺碘 ----补充碘剂

流行区可用碘盐防止

注意:过量碘可以抑制甲状腺素合成,使TSH升高,甲状腺肿增大,甚至诱发碘甲亢

2. 致肿物质患者----停用该物质

1994年:国家出台法规:全国使用碘盐

2005年:卫生部、中国轻工总会、国内贸易部

关于《食盐加碘消除碘缺乏危害管理条例(草案)》的说明》

我国有1762个县区属于碘缺乏病区,受威胁的人口多达4.25亿。4亿人缺碘而,9亿人陪着补碘,

2010年: 食品安全国家标准《食用盐碘含量(征求意见稿)》,拟将食盐中碘含量的上限降低。官方首次承认了碘过量对人体健康存有潜在危害。

碘盐风波

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各种原因导致循环中甲状腺素异常增多, 全身代谢亢进为主要特征的疾病总称

长轴调节的问题 局部调节的问题 影响平衡

甲状腺的问题: 弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿(Graves病)(占临床80%)

多结节性毒性甲状腺肿,炎性甲亢(亚急性 、无痛性 、产后),

甲状腺自主高功能腺瘤(Plummer病)

垂体的问题: 垂体性甲亢

药副作用问题: 左甲状腺素钠和碘致甲亢

其他: hCG相关性甲亢(妊娠呕吐性暂时性甲亢)

甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢 Hyperthyroidism)

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甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢 Hyperthyroidism)

甲状腺毒症( thyrotoxicosis ):甲状腺毒症是指任何原因引起血循环中甲状腺激素过多,引起甲亢表现

临床表现:

高代谢综合征;精神神经系统症状;心血管系统(甲状腺功能亢进性心脏病);消化系统稀便、排便次数增加;肌肉骨骼系统(甲亢性周期性瘫痪);造血系统;生殖系统女性月经减少或闭经。男性阳痿,偶有乳腺增生。

甲亢危象( hyperthyroidism crisis):甲亢在病情没有被控制的情况下,由于一些

应激的激发因素,使甲亢病情突然加重,出现了严重的危及患者健康和生命的状态,医学上叫做甲状腺危象,或简单称作甲亢危象。

病理生理学机制:由应激刺激诱发(如手术、创伤等等),患者甲状腺素分泌突然增加,并且和交感肾上腺髓质兴奋叠加。

临床表现:

典型的甲亢危象:高热且一般解热措施无效;心血管系统脉压差明显增大,心率显著增快,超过160次/分---心衰/心源性休克;消化系统食欲极差;中枢神经系统精神神经障碍、焦虑、烦躁、精神变态、嗜睡,最后陷入昏迷

病人常死于休克、心力衰竭!

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甲状腺功能亢进

Graves disease

Toxic diffusive goiter

Auto-immune disease--- combination of genetic and environmental factors

Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) ----- similar effect to thyroid

stimulating hormone (TSH)

Patient blood tests show a raised T3 and T4, low TSH

突眼征 exophthalmos

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甲状腺激素脱碘受抑制 T4形成T3减少 肝脏等组织中 5’ –碘脱酶活性下降

碘摄取和 TSH 合成障碍 甲状腺微循环障碍可使呈胶质样改变

下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能障碍 T3减少,TSH不增加

甲状腺功能低下(简称甲减 Hypothyroidism)

原发性甲减 :甲状腺本身病变

成人 桥本病- Hashimoto(桥本)甲状腺炎(HT)

小儿 呆小症 (cretinism)克汀病

继发性甲减:治疗甲亢药物过量抑制甲状腺素产生

甲状腺素抵抗

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自身免疫性疾病甲状腺病: (autoimmune thyroid disease)AITD

概念:一组标靶为甲状腺的自身免疫反应综合征

包括:graves病、桥本甲状腺炎

产后甲状腺炎、甲状腺功能减退、药物诱导甲状腺炎症,伴有多腺体自身免疫

综合征的甲状腺炎,无临床症状性是甲状腺过氧化物酶阳性。

表现形式:TSH受体抗体(TSI)如占优发生GRAVE病

甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)占优发生桥本甲状腺炎

单因素

多因素 遗传+环境 多从自身免疫与炎症

甲亢与甲低的机制

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细胞因子作用 细胞因子促进甲状腺细胞组织相容性抗原I-II类抗原表达,自

毁性损害,且有放大作用

碘元素的作用 过量碘元素摄取可能协同细胞因子作用(正向 负向)

微量元素作用 甲状腺素脱碘酶属于含硒酶,直接影响甲状腺素合成

低硒导致TH1型细胞因子(细胞免疫)产生增多,甲状腺组

织淋巴细胞侵润,释放细胞因子,氧自由基,破坏甲状腺滤

泡,甲减,而TH2型细胞因子(体液免疫)甲状腺兴奋抗

体,刺激甲状腺激素合成。

硒可通过刺激TSH释放,影响轴反馈,抑制甲状腺素受体活性

凋亡作用

遗传作用 HLA-ll类抗原作用,TPO甲状腺过氧化物酶基因

遗传+环境 自身免疫与炎症

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地方性甲状腺肿 Graves 病 桥本病 克汀病

病因: 缺碘

性质: 地方病

机制: 长负反馈调节异常,自主调节异常

功能: 正常

病理: 甲状腺肿大

临床: 肿物压迫症状

TSH 增多

遗传加环境

自身免疫性疾病

产生刺激性TSH抗体,可伴有

抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体和抗甲状腺免疫球蛋白抗体存在

甲亢

甲状腺肿大

代谢率高、突眼征、交感神经兴奋性高表现

TSH 减少;T3, T4 高

遗传加环境

自身免疫性疾病,炎症

常有抗甲状腺免疫球蛋白和抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体存在。伴有阻断行TSH抗体

甲减

甲状腺肿大

代谢率低,粘液性水肿,交感神经兴奋低表现

TSH增多,T3, T4 减少

缺碘

甲状腺功能不足

胎儿期甲状腺合成不足,影响胎儿发育

胎儿期甲减

呆傻、发育不良

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非甲状腺病态综合征 (nonthyroid illness syndrome,NTIs)

概念:NTIS是指急、慢性非甲状腺疾病(nonthyroid illness,NTI)对正常甲状

腺的功能参数的影响,甲状腺本身没有病变。甲状腺激素的变化与基础NTI的严

重程度和病期有关,而与疾病的种类无关。常见于禁食和慢性营养不良、重症感

染、烧伤、大的手术和创伤,心、肝、肾疾病或功能衰竭。

别名:正常甲状腺病态综合征 Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS)

甲状腺功能正常性综合征

类型:

低T3综合征 (T4正常)发病率住院非甲状腺疾患者50%

(5’-单脱碘酶(5’-MDI)浓度、活性下降)

低T4综合征 (T3也低) ICU住院30—50%

高T4综合征 约1% (组织摄取T4减少)

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禁食和慢性营养不良

重症感染

烧伤

创伤

大手术后

心理疾患

心、肝、肾疾病或功能衰竭

常见病因

应激原

病理过程

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T4 T3

肝脏

机制

下丘脑—垂体—甲状腺轴功能障碍对T3降低,轴低或无反应性

T4

T3

垂体

甲状腺

TRH

T4 T3

心脏

肝脏

骨髓

CNS

TR

靶组织 TSH

下丘脑

反馈抑制圈

TRH,促甲状腺激素释放激素

TSH 促甲状腺激素

还有哪些环节

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减少能量 蛋白质的消耗

减慢分解代谢过程,节省能量

维持机体基本生理需要

低T3的生物学意义

机体长期处于应激状态下的自我保护性反应

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预炎细胞因子 TNF, IL1\2\6, 干扰素后

氧化应激,D1,D2功能下降,D3功能增强

GSH 谷胱甘肽

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给还是不给甲状腺素替代治疗?能猜到什么?