pattern-based ontology engineering

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O N O E ODOE F P- O E Krzysztof Janowicz STKO Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA GeoVoCamp 2015, Santa Barbara, CA, March 23-25, 2015 P- O E K. J

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Page 1: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Krzysztof JanowiczSTKO Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

GeoVoCamp 2015, Santa Barbara, CA, March 23-25, 2015

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 2: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

The Semantic Value Proposition

The Smart Data Argument

One of the key arguments underlying the Semantic Web andLinked Data paradigms is to make data smart, not applications.Instead of developing increasingly complex software, theso-called business logic should be moved to the (meta)data.The rationale is that smart data will make all future applicationsmore usable, flexible, and robust, while smarter applicationsfail to improve data along the same dimensions.

(http://goo.gl/fBHie6)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

The Semantic Cube

The Semantic Cube

René Descartes (1637): ‘[As] for logic, its syllogisms and the majority of its other precepts are of avail

rather in the communication of what we already know,[...] than in the investigation of the unknown.’

http://goo.gl/fBHie6Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontologies in a Nutshell

Ontologies in Computer/Information Science

An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization used toachieve a shared understanding of a particular domain of interest.Information science ontologies aim at making differences explicit, not atdefining ‘truth’.In contrast, philosophical ontology aims at answering questions aboutwhat exists in ‘reality’.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Entities, Concepts and Categories

Entities, Concepts and Categories

An entity is an individual (real world) object.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Entities, Concepts and Categories

Entities, Concepts and Categories

A concept/class is a (mental) template used for grouping entities.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Entities, Concepts and Categories

Entities, Concepts and Categories

A category is the set of entities grouped using a particular concept.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Subsumption

Subsumption

Concepts can be organized within hierarchical structures.[The subClassOf relation is transitive]

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Engineering

Ontology Design Patterns in a Nutshell

Modular but self-containedbuilding blocksNot necessarily atomicSome patterns are strategiesReusable and extendibleEven huge ontologies can bemodularized using ODP (forexample DOLCE)No need to import full ontology andall ontological commitmentsDifferent types of patterns, e.g.content vs. logicalHow many patterns are there?

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Engineering

Heterogeneity-Preserving Ontology Engineering

Local and crisp microtheoriesinstead of global ontologiesMine ontological primitives out of realobservation dataAssist domain experts in becomingknowledge engineers by developingreusable patternsDefer the introduction of classes thatare heavy on ontologicalcommitments (e.g., ‘vulnerability’)Be driven by publishing, discovery,reuse, and integration needs.

Monolithic and overly abstract ontologies do not perform well inhighly heterogeneous settings.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Reuse Difficulties

Vocabulary/Ontology Reuse

A typical statement:’Reuse external vocabularies whenever possible.’

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)>...

geo:lat"9.7"^^xsd:decimal;

geo:long"20.0"^^xsd:decimal;

...adbpedia-owl:Crater,...ns5:Place,

...

Concerns:Most ontologies are under-specific, intended meaning or scope remainsunclear, versioning /evolution strategies are unclear, contact persons oftennot available, potential legal issues, lack of proper documentation, differentcommunity-based use,...

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 12: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Reuse Difficulties

Reuse Difficulties Example

The Fluidops interface renders the DBpedia RDF data from the Copernicuscrater and places it on the surface of the Earth instead of realizing that thegiven coordinates are selenographic coordinates.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 13: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Screenshot from the LCA Earthster Eco Ontology.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Class/relationship names and comments (CO2Flow and CO2Emission aside) are taken from the LCA Earthster Eco Ontology.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 21: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

A single axiom can have severe conequences for an (monolithic) ontology; try to keep damage local.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties

Roles versus Subclasses; Ontological Commitments )

The Semanticscience Integrated Ontology (SIO).

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Alignment Difficulties

Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties

a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)

a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)

∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)

a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)

a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)

b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)

b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)

b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)

u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 25: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Alignment Difficulties

Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties

a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)

a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)

∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)

a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)

a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)

b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)

b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)

b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)

u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 26: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Alignment Difficulties

Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties

a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)

a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)

∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)

a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)

a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)

b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)

b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)

b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)

u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 27: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Alignment Difficulties

Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties

a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)

a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)

∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)

a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)

a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)

b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)

b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)

b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)

u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 28: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Alignment Difficulties

Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties

a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)

a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)

∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)

a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)

a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)

b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)

b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)

b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)

u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

Page 29: Pattern-based Ontology Engineering

Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Design Patterns

A Semantic Trajectory Pattern

A pattern for discrete trajectories of people, wildlife, vessels, and so forth.

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Design Patterns

Ontology Design Patterns Can Be Specialized

Trajectories that model the research cruises of scientific vesselsPattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Micro-Ontologies

A Micro-Ontology for Cruises

Combining the InformationObject, Event, Vessel, and Trajectory patterns

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontologies and Modules

W3C Semantic Sensor Network XG Ontology

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Standardizing Meaning

The Ontology Standartization Argument

Given the early success of data format standardization, weassume that standardizing meaning (via ontologies) is lessdifficult and more persistent than aligning and translating local(micro-) ontologies. What if standardization is the more difficulttask?

(http://goo.gl/2e751)

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz

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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework

Ontology Virtualization

Towards Ontology Virtualization

In analogy to hardware virtualization: given a set of ontology designpatterns and their combination into micro-ontologies, we can abstract fromthe underlying axiomatization by:

Dynamically reconfiguring patterns in a plug&play styleBridging between different patterns an micro-theoriesProviding ontological views and semantic shortcuts that suitparticular provider, user, and use case needs by highlighting or hidingcertain aspects of the underlying ontological modelMap between major modeling styles,e.g., the use of instancesversus classes

Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz