pavel prouza: německá sociálně demokratická architektura komunálního bydlení v Ústí nad...
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7/21/2019 Pavel Prouza: Nmeck sociln demokratick architektura komunlnho bydlen v st nad Labem v letech 1918-
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Vemvfrzmtn Inraovn v Trnzf
Cmaozocmbi cniuatn
stnv pro l!kmey uj!eOhfbe tformf n l!kmey uj!e n iuatury
L!kmey v"tvnre`o uj!e
Meg. nrb`. Tnvfa TXOV[N
E!jfbi sobmae!lfjoirntmbi nrb`mtfiturn
iojueae`o hylafe v st enl Anhfjv aftfb` >=>0->=20
Gfrjne sobmna lfjobrntmb nrb`mtfbturfme juembmpna `ousmeg me st enl Anhfj,
>=>0->=20
Lmsfrtn!e prbf
Sfloub prbf; Troc. T`Lr. Xostmsanv #vb`n, BRb.
84>2
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Ia!ov saovn (!fsiy)
Nrb`mtfiturn, urhnemsjus, sobmae, iojueae, hylafe, hyt, hytov"l(j
Ia!ov saovn (negambiy)
Nrb`mtfbturf, urhnemsj, sobmna, juembmpna, `ousmeg, cant, npnrtjfet humalmeg
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=>0->=20
Meg. nrb`. Tnvfa Trouzn
#ioamtfa; Troc. T`Lr. Xostmsanv #vb`n, BRb.
Nhstrnit
Lmsfrtn&e prbf sf znh"v tjntfj nrb`mtfitury iojueae hytov v"stnvhy, itfr hyan
huloven v jfzmvaf&ej ohloh v st enl Anhfj. Rfvfro&fsi pr(jysaov
ngaojfrnbf, oslafe p'flfv$j E!jbm, pro$an ol poaovmey >=. stoaft efh"vna"j
urhnemstmbi"j n lfjogrncmbi"j r(stfj. S aftfb` >=>=>=20 hya proto j!stsiousprvou vyhulove ubfafe"souhor p'mham%e!kfleo`o stn hulov.
Trbf `afl vztn`y n vyv%fe proporbf jfzm corjae nena"zou kfleotamv"b`
ftnp v"stnvhy n stulmfj kfkmb` $mr$b` `mstormbi"b` souvmsaost. Kf upante!en
uj!eov!le nena"zn, itfr spo&v v b`roeoaogmbij zn'nzfe l!a n v rozhoru
n z`oleobfe kfkmb` urhnemstmbi"b`, typoaogmbi"b` n styaov"b` nspfit(. S!eukf sf tni
mlfetmt! tv(rbf, kj% hya nrb`mtfit e!jfbi eroleostm Crnez K. Nreoal. Nrb`mtfiturn
stfbi`o iojueae`o hytov`o souhoru vzeminan knio rfnamznbf sobmae!
lfjoirntmbi`o poamtmbi`o progrnju n stte hytov poamtmiy, j tfly m poamtmbi"
ohsn`ov"v"zenj. Nena"zn hyan provflfen p'flfv$j en zianl!nrb`mve hnlntfasi
&meeostm n tfree`o pr(ziuju. Kfleotamv lan hyan posuzoven v ioetfxtu
jfzmvaf&e`o v"vokf hylafe vf st'flofvropsij prostoru s t!%m$t!j v Xniousiu,
)fsiosaovfesiu n E!jfbiu.
[v!rfj prbf kf ioestntove, %f souhor hulov jfzmvaf&e iojueae hytov
nrb`mtfitury v st enl Anhfj kf b`nrnitfrmstmbiou n ivnamte! nrtmiuaovneou uiziou
v"vokf sobmae`o typu jeo`nhytov nrb`mtfitury v &fsi"b` zfjb`. Kf`o p'eos kf
spnt'ove p'flfv$j v rnej upante!e jolfreb` urhnemstmbi"b` p'stup(
n v kflmef&ej u%mt iojhmenbf fxpfrmjfetaeb` corfj urhnemsju n typoaogmf
pnvan&ov`o loju. Trbf proto loporu&ukf pnjtiovou ob`rneu efk`oleote!k$b` &st
souhoru z aft >=87>=22, itfr ksou lefs zve!k$iu znb`ovey v pozoru`ole!nutfetmbi
poloh!n hfz pnjtiov ob`rney j(%f h"t kfkmb` ub`ove pro lna$ gfefrnbf o`ro%feo
efv`ole"jm zsn`y.
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Gfrjne sobmna lfjobrntmb nrb`mtfbturf me juembmpna `ousmegme st enl Anhfj, >=>0->=20
Meg. nrb`. Tnvfa Trouzn
Rupfrvmsor; Troc. T`Lr. Xostmsanv #vb`n, BRb.
Nhstrnbt
\`f lmssfrtntmoe nllrfssfs t`f mssuf oc nrb`mtfbturf me juembmpna `ousmeg humat hftwffe
t`f two wnrs me t`f towe oc st enl Anhfj. Croj jml-emeftffet` bfetury t`f Eort`
Ho`fjmne melustrmna nggaojfrntmoe, popuantfl jostay hy Gfrjnes, fxpfrmfebfl
ueprfbflfetfl urhne nel lfjogrnp`mb growt`. \`us, hftwffe >=>= nel >=20, t`fjuembmpnamty lfvfaopfl n bojprf`fesmvf prokfbt oc npproxmjntfay oef `uelrfl
humalmegs.
\`f t`fsms mlfetmcmfs rfantmoes nel hnanebfl proportmoes hftwffe n corjna
nenaysms oc t`f melmvmluna stngfs oc lfvfaopjfet nel n stuly oc t`fmr hronlfr `mstormbna
boetfxt. \`f jft`ol oc nrt-`mstormbna nenaysms ms nppamfl, w`frfhy t`f prokfbts nrf
b`roeoaogmbnaay banssmcmfl nel t`fmr urhne, typoaogmbna nel b`roeoaogmbna nspfbts nrf
nssnyfl nel nssfssfl. \`f t`fsms naso cobusfs oe t`f mlfetmty oc t`f nut`or, t`f nrb`mtfbt
oc Gfrjne ormgme Crnez K. Nreoal. \`f nrb`mtfbturf oc t`f st juembmpna `ousmeg
bojpafx wns lfsmgefl ns n boebrftmzntmoe oc t`f sobmna lfjobrntmb poamtmbna progrnjjf
nel oc t`f stntf `ousmeg poamby, mt bnrrmfs t`frfcorf n boetfets oc poamtmbna smgemcmbnebf.
\`f nenaysms wns pfrcorjfl hnsfl oe nrb`mvna stulmfs nel cmfal rfsfnrb`. Melmvmluna
propfrtmfs wfrf nssfssfl me t`f boetfxt oc t`f metfrwnr `ousmeg lfvfaopjfet me t`f
Bfetrna Furopfne spnbf wmt` mts cobna pomet me Nustrmn, Bzfb`osaovnimn nel Gfrjney.
\`f t`fsms boebaulfs t`nt t`f bojpafx oc metfrwnr juembmpna `ousmeg
nrb`mtfbturf me st enl Anhfj ms n lmstmebtmvf nel wfaa-nrtmbuantfl lmspany oc t`f
lfvfaopjfet oc puhamb-nssmstnebf-typf oc juatmstory nrb`mtfbturf me t`f Bzfb` anels. Mts
hfefcmt ms sffe me t`f fnray nppambntmoe oc n jolfre towe-paneemeg nppronb` nel t`f
uemquf bojhmentmoe oc fxpfrmjfetna towe-paneemeg corjs wmt` t`f gnaafry-lwfaameg
typoaogy. \`f t`fsms t`frfcorf rfbojjfels t`f jost vnaunhaf bojpoefets oc t`f
bojpafx lntmeg to >=87->=22, w`mb` rftnmefl to t`ms lny n rfjnrinhay nut`fetmb
fxtfrena nspfbt, to hf amstfl ns `mstormbna joeujfets, ns t`fmr prfsfrvntmoe cor cuturf
gfefrntmoes jmg`t hf put nt stnif hy febronb`jfets.
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Ohsn`
> vol 7
8 Trohafjntmin hytov eouzf n poiusy o kfk "f#fe > Hytov prohafjntmin v prve !fsiosaovfesi rfpuhambf >>02>
6 stfbi v$stnvy o hylafe >6
Rfzenj zirntfi 80>
T"ao`y 808
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> vol
T'flj!tfj tto lmsfrtn&e prbf kf jfzmvaf&e nrb`mtfiturn hytov"b` loj(, itfr hyayhulovey knio iojueae prokfity sprvou j!stn st enl Anhfj. S loh!zpmsu lo
loitorsi`o stulmn, en polzmj roiu 8446, ksfj sm tjn prbf p'flh!%e!lfcmeovna knio
Hylafe v prbm e!jfbiy jauvbb` nrb`mtfit"v Rulftfb` v aftfb` >=>0>=S luheu 84>2 p$mprnvma ET (OT ET v st enl Anhfj) v%stnvu [nj!stenefbi ioaoemf>=44>=20, itfr sf polrohe"v"eukf tjntu sobmae`o hylafe v sfvfreb` !fb`b`.
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Taza, huloub stnrostn, itfr" po vzoru Xul Sle! n% lo roiu >=20 prosnzovna
sobmae progrnj j!stsi sprvy. J!sto tni hulovnao hytov prokfity systfjntmbiy
n ioetmeuae! po bfa jfzmvaf&e ohloh. Trve iojueae hytov lojy hyay
vyhulovey km% hrzy po vzemiu snjostnte`o )fsiosaovfesin, efkv!t$ metfezmty pni
los`an iojueae v"stnvhn v aftfb` >=24>=22 n loioe&fe posafle ftnpy p'fru$man
n%jemb`ovsi lo`oln. S jfzmvaf&ej ohloh sf tni poln'mao vyhulovnt vbf ef%
t'mebt sft eov"b` iojueaeb` hyt(. S st enl Anhfj hya vyhulove ubfafe"
nrb`mtfitoembi"souhor, itfr"kf pozoru`oleou uiziou v"vokf urhnemsju, typoaogmf n
styau hytov"b` stnvfh v )fsiosaovfesiu.
)nsov vyjfzfe lmsfrtn&e prbf proto saflukf ohloh ol vy`a$fe prve
)fsiosaovfesi rfpuhamiy lo kfk`o zemiu v z' >=20. Kf to ohloh, vf itfrj hyay
p'mprnvovey n rfnamzovey stnvhy stfbi iojueae hytov v"stnvhy, pozl!k$
enbmstmbi sprvn j!stn km%vanste hytov prokfity efrfnamzovnan. Trbf v$ni v $mr$b`
souvmsaostfb` rfcafitukf e!itfr poljm*ukb oioaeostm, itfr &nsov!p'flb`zfay n ksou
pro 'f$feou prohafjntmiou ia&ov. \"i sf to p'flfv$j urhnemstmbi`o v"vokf j!stn
p'fl prve sv!tovou vaiou. Tro iojpozm&e ubfafeost prbf ksou v$ni l(af%mt
m pozejiy o prokfitfb`, rfnamzovne"b` en j!stsi"b` pozfjbb` ol roiu >=2=, ily
hyao st sou&st +$si %upy Rulfty, enbmstmbi"jm hytov"jm lru%stvy Rulftfeanel.
[ uj!afbio`mstormbi`o `aflmsin kf tfeto souhor pozoru`ole"tni tj, %f kf`o
nutorfj hya kflme" tv(rbf, e!jfbiy jauvb nrb`mtfit j!stsi`o stnvfhe`o 'nlu
Crnez Kosfc Nreoal. \jntfj hylafe sf znh"vna efp'ftr%mt! n systfjntmbiy po bfa
saflovne jfzmvaf&e ohloh. Kf`o evr`y tni postupe!rfcafitovnay eov pozentiy vf
v"vokm nrb`mtfitury n urhnemsju, zrovf* v$ni jusfay h"t provoze! &fae, afve,
`ygmfembiy vy`ovukb n jusfay paemt spfbmcmbi n j!eb sf irmtrmn po%nlnvi(zioe(
if stte polpo'f sobmae v"stnvhy.Nrb`mtfiturn stfbi"b` iojueaeb` loj( j rove!% smae" poamtmbi" nibfet,
efho,hyan huloven knio rfnamznbf voafhe`o progrnju n u%ven knio estrok sobmae!
lfjoirntmbi poamtmbi ngmtnbf. Ioebfpbf v"stnvhy vfai"b` iojueaeb` ekfje"b`
loj( hyan vf 24. aftfb` en iojueae rovem sobmaejm lfjoirnty poamtmbiy
prosnzoven p'fs protfsty e!jfbi"b` eroleb` sobmnamst(, itf' prfcfrovnam iojueae
polporu v"stnvhy p'flj!stsi"b` slam$, rolmee"b` loji(. Trv! lohov poamtmbi
souvmsaostm `rnk v p'pnl!stfbi iojueae hytov v"stnvhy efopojfeutfaeou ao`u.
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\nto prbf sf tfly poiou$ enazt vztn`y n vyv%fe proporbf jfzm corjae
nena"zou nrb`mtfitoembi"b` l!a n stulmfj kfkmb` $mr$b` `mstormbi"b` souvmsaost. Knio
rfafvnete ksou vejey ulaostm vf st'flofvropsij prostoru, efho,pro porozuj!e
tjntu kf efzhyte zneflhnt `rnembf eroleb` stt( 84. stoaft. Tozoreost kf proto
v!eoven rove!%vamveju e!jfbiju rfcorjeju `eut Nloacn Lnjnsb`in, mestmtutu
Xfmb`s`fmjstttfn ia&ov"j p'ianl(j 'f$fe jfzmvaf&e hytov eouzf p'flfv$j
vf Slem, Trnzf, Hre!, Hfrae! n Crneicurtu enl Jo`nefj. Trbf sf tfly p'mrozfe!
soust'fl en prost'fl &fsi n e!jfbi &m rniousi. Kme tforftmbi n prnitmbi p'stupy,
itfr sf i otzbf hylafe v t loh!prokfvovnay enp'ianl v Rov!tsij svnzu, Negamm,
Emzozfjsiu &m v VRN, sm tnto prbf lovoa opojfeout, efho,pntre!j!ay en stfbiou
iojueae hytovou v"stnvhu zneflhntfae"vamv.
Olhore amtfrnturn sf losul tjntu nrb`mtfitoembi`o souhoru stfbi
iojueae hytov v"stnvhy efv!eovnan. S olhore"b` prnbb`, itfr sf znh"vnk
v"vokfj jfzmvaf&e nrb`mtfitury v )fsiosaovfesiu, efh"v nem ohfbe! o hytov
v"stnvh! v st enl Anhfj %le"b` zjefi. Efe proto p'fivnpmv, %f nem kjeo
j!stsi`o nrb`mtfitn Crnezf K. Nreoaln v amtfrntu'f losul efhyao zjm*oveo.
E!itfr efp'f`aleutfae stfbi stnvhy jfzmvaf&e`o ohloh km% smbf
v olhore"b` iruzb` rfcafitovey hyay, naf ubfafe olhore prbf o stfbi
jfzmvaf&e nrb`mtfitu'f zntj staf b`yh. Knio ur&mtou v"kmjiu kf v$ni t'fhn ozen&mt
prve ubfafe!k$ p'f`afl v"vokf nrb`mtfitury prve poaovmey 84. stoaft en zfj zpnle
&stm stfbi`o irnkf v prbm \oj$f Tnva&in, itfrou v robf 8446 vylnan Cniuatn
u%mt`o uj!e n lfsmgeu stfbi Vemvfrzmty Knen Fvnegfamsty Turiye!.8Tnva&fi zlf
zn'nzukf nafspo*ty efkepnle!k$ Nreoalovy iojueae hytov stnvhy.
Trbf &fsi"b`, e!jfbiy jauvbb`, nrb`mtfit(, itf' hyam &mee en sfvfrozpnl!
)fb`, hyay v rjbm uj!afbio`mstormbi`o hle upayeua"b` lfsftmaft ohvyiafopojkfey. Hyao to zp(sohfeo p'flfv$j povaf&eou sen`ou vyjnznt z ohfbe erole
pnj!tm vf$ifr stopy po iuatu'f e!ilfk$b` e!jfbiy jauvbb` ohyvntfa &fsi"b` zfj,
itf' hyam v l(safli(ulaost lru` sv!tov vaiy loeubfem opustmt zfj. Nrb`mtfituru
&fsi"b` E!jb(, n%en `v!zle v"kmjiy enp'. Nloacn Aoosf, ksjf zprnvmlan ef'nlmam i
`oleote"j stnvhj. [ po`aflu ohfbe! zn%mt"b` n zkfleolu$fe"b` stfrfotyp( v"vokf
&fsi nrb`mtfitury tvo' tnto nrb`mtfiturn kniousm oirnkovou, natfrentmve n efsenleo
8TNSA!FI 8446.
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srozujmtfaeou suhstnebm. Oprotm &fsiju, enbmoeae mlfou corjovneju,
roeloiuhmsju, purmsju n enioefb ohfbe! p'mkntju afvmbov! znj!'feju
cueibmoenamsju sf sfvfro&f$t e!jf&t nrb`mtfitm vyknl'ovnam zprnvmlan po svj. R
rozpnlfj joenrb`mf efpro%vnam spoaf&e! s )fb`y pobmty enl$fe z hulove
snjostnte`o &fsiosaovfesi`o sttu pol valou )fb`( n Raovi(. [ pobmtu kni`osm
vytr%fe n pro ohrneu sv erole mlfetmty ulr%ovnam rnl!km &f$t E!jbm sv `mstormbi
iuature vnzhy s proaft'si"j Xniousifj n p'flfv$j sfvfro&f$t E!jbm sf nitmve!
ormfetovnam en S"jnrsiou rfpuhamiu. Kflenao sf o probfs trnlm&e n p'mrozfe", v itfrj
`ra ia&ovou roam spoaf&e"knzyi. Jeoz e!jf&t nrb`mtfitm, itf' hyam v jfzmvaf&ej
ohloh v )fsiosaovfesiu &mee, zsinam sv olhore vzl!ae p'fl prve sv!tovou
vaiou prv!vf Slem &m enp'. v Lr%-nefb`. En rozla ol sv"b` &fsi"b` ioafg(proto
zpo&tiu sftrvvnam v upante!e lfiorntmveb` jotmv( n metfezmve!km sf v ohloh
povaf&e`o psyb`mbi`o n jntfrmae`o taniu p'miae!am i e!jfbi corj!
nrb`mtfitoembi`o fxprfsmoemsju, itfrou prfcfrovnam kf$t! po olfze!e kf`o mlfov
epae!. Tozmtmvmstmbiy jolfre n )fsiosaovfesiou rfpuhamiu rfprfzfetukb
cueibmoenamsjus tni z mlfoaogmbi`o `aflmsin &fsi E!jbf efjo`a osaovmt. Nem
afvmbov! metfrenbmoeae cfeoje e!jfbi $ioay Hnu`nus &m nrb`mtfitoembi
fxpfrmjfety vrntmsanvsi #ioay efvzhulmay v &fsi"b` E!jbb` v"zenjeou olfzvu.
En vae! sab`o e!jfbi`o enbmoenamsju tni vf 24. aftfb` enopni zn&nam `aflnt svou
erole mlfetmtu zeovu vf vnzh! en trnlmbm n vfeiov n p'mkjnam enbmsty prosnzovne
joeujfetae corjy efoiansmbmsju. Km%v jfzmvaf&ej ohloh tni vzhuzovna kfkmb`
p'stup en strne!&fsi"b` ioafg(sp$f olstup, oljteut n efz'lin m mgeornebm.
\fprvf v posafleb` lvnbftm aftfb` vzhuzukf toto olao%fe
uj!afbio`mstormbi tjn zkfj olhore vf'fkeostm. Kflej z prveb` prokfit( hyan
v"stnvn Kme$ l"j2, itfrou v robf >==2 v prn%si Erole gnafrmm p'flstnvma Kmel'mb`Syhrna. S"stnvn olir"vnan tvorhu jornvsi"b` n safzsi"b` roli(Afopoaln Hnufrn,
@uhfrtn Gfssefrn n Kosfcn @occjneen. Hrzy en to, v robf >==
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jauvbb` nrb`mtfit( sou`ree! otfv'fan v prosmebm 8448 v Gnafrmm Knrosanvn Crngefrn
v"stnvn [lf*in Auif$f s ezvfj Rpatin lau`u6. Hreo vzlnao v robf 8446 vf svj
Ohfbej loj! `oal v"stnvou nrb`mtfit( Tftrn Tfa&in n Mvnen Wn`ay nrb`mtfitovm
Frestu Wmfsefrovm. N poj!re! eflveo, en polzmj 84>>, sm sv roliy Kosfcn
[nsb`f`o n Xohfrtn @fjjrmb`n p'mpoje!a Knhaoefb enl Emsou. Amhfrfbiou
nrb`mtfituru rove!%ioebfj roiu 84>> poprv ubfafe!iem%e!popsna Knrosanv [fjne.
S upayeua"b` aftfb` o e!jfbi rfgmoeae nrb`mtfitu'f p'me$fa ohkfve mecorjnbf tni
uemite prokfit Ranve vmay enianlntfastv COMHOR.
Janl$ gfefrnbf v rfgmoefb` sfvfrozpnleb` )fb` j lefs p'mrozfeou pot'fhu
lozv!l!t sf prnvlmv mecorjnbf o `mstormm sv`o j!stn n irnkf, z`jote!e v kfkmb`
nrb`mtfitu'f. T'flfv$j u jfzmvaf&e nrb`mtfitury e!jfbi"b` tv(rb( pni tnto
gfefrnbf bmtamv!vej kfk spfbmcmbiou n poe!iul bmz kmeniost. S sou&nse loh!`rnk
ia&ovou roam v probfsu olir"ve pnj!tm jst &fsi`o sfvfrozpnlu efkfe rozam&e
olhore crn n jfzmerole ioecfrfebf, naf m metfreft. T'ianlfj kf %mvoub wfhov"
prokfit Nrb`mtfiturn en sfvfru &fb`, kf`o% znianlntfafj kf janl" stfbi" nrb`mtfit
Jnt!k Trna. S robf 844< vyhulovna wfhov streiy, en itfr"b` s`roj%lma lntnhzm
znkjnv"b` stfbi"b` stnvfh n kfkmb` tv(rb(. \jn hyao postupe! trnescorjoveo lo
vmtae efzmsiov pantcorjy R\///NVRRMG, n liy $mr$ iojuemt! nitmvmst( sf tni
nituae!vrnb jfzmvaf&e nrb`mtfitu'f pnj!,tni v \fpambb`, Amhfrbm, Amtoj!'mbb` n
L!&e!. \yto prokfity i kfleotamv"j stnvhj febyiaopflmbiy s`rojn%-uk lntn,
ohrnzov"jntfrma n rove!%v$fjo%e olinzy. [ntj v$ni s emjm efprnbuk uj!eov!le!
n p'fs ur&mt v"kmjiy sf po`yhuk en `ormzoetu popuanrmznbf.
\feto zsau%e" wfhov" prokfit v$ni zpo&tiu pojo`a posiyteout pro tuto
lmsfrtn&e prbm zianle ormfetnbm v tjntu jfzmvaf&e nrb`mtfitury v st enl Anhfj.
Opniovne! n p'fivnpmv! laf zprost'fliovvna e!itfr eov siutf&eostm, itfr
ujo%emay vzkfje!propokmt kfe tu$fe souvmsaostm n apf porozuj!t tjntu knio bfaiu.Trnjfefj pro lmsfrtn&e prbm v$ni hyao prmjre! stulmuj tfxt(, itfr hyay
puhamiovey v e!j&me! p'jo v jfzmvaf&ej ohloh, p'flfv$j v souvmsaostm
s prfzfetnb iojueaeb` nitmvmt, n r(ze hro%ury n pnj!te tmsiy, vylvne
i p'af%mtostm ioee v"zenje"b` ulaost. Laf sf kflenao o ohlohe tfxty,
puhamiovne v povaf&ej ohloh sulftoe!jfbi"jm irnknesi"jm spoaiy v E!jfbiu.
6AVIF'8448.
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>8
Efkv!t$ ohkfj lnt pro lmsfrtn&e prbm, rfsp. pro nena"zu urhnemstmbi`o,
typoaogmbi`o n styaov`o v"vokf souhoru stnvfh stfbi iojueae hytov v"stnvhy,
v$ni posiytan systfjntmbi hnlntfasi nrb`mve prbf, proh`nkb ol roiu 8443.
Ia&ovou mestmtub i tjntu hya snjoz'fkj! Nrb`mv j!stn st enl Anhfj, n to oh!
kf`o oll!afe @mstormbi`o nrb`mvu m Rpmsov`o jfzmnrb`mvu. Iroj! stulmn nrb`mve
stnvfhe loiujfetnbf i kfleotamv"j stnvhj sf poln'mao ohkfvmt m &fte ioeirte
loiujfety z p'prnvy n rfnamznbf nib iojueae hytov v"stnvhy n uemite nutorsi
tfxty n pfrsoeae lntn kfkmb` nitr(. #mr$ lohov souvmsaostm n prnjfey rfcafxf
iojueae hytov v"stnvhy ujo%emao polrohe stulmuj rfgmoeae`o tmsiu, n to
p'flfv$j v$fb` souvmsfkbb` ro&ei( stfbi`o lfeiu Nussmgfr \nghantt. Trbf sm
v$ni vy%lnan hle en p(l! lna$b` mestmtub, enp'. v Erolej nrb`mvu v Trnzf,
v nrb`mvu Rulftfelfutsb`f Rtmctuegv Jemb`ov!, v uemvfrzmteb` nrb`mvfb` @ob`sb`uaf
cr Hmalfelf Iestf Lrfslfe n \fb`emsb`f Vemvfrsmtt Lrfslfe n vf Sokfesij
gfogrncmbij n ylrojftforoaogmbij 'nlu v Lohru$bf.
I ohknse!e e!itfr"b` polroheost o %mvot! nrb`mtfitn Crnezf K. Nreoaln hyao
v rjbm tto prbf ia&ov vy`afle kf`o v Xniousiu %mkb`o syen, fjfrmte`o
fvnegfambi`o cnr'f Lmftfrn Nreoaln. Tne Nreoal v rjbm iorfspoelfebf posiyta pro
tuto prbm iroj!sv"b` vzpojefi en otbf m cotogrncmf.
Iroj!hnlntfasi nrb`mve prbf hyao t'fhn provst polrohe"tfree pr(ziuj
stnvfh, itfr" v losul fxmstukbb` stnvhb` ujo%ema mlfetmcmiovnt vnaeou v!t$meu
rfnamznb, vyhulovne"b` v rjbm nib iojueae hytov v"stnvhy en intnstraeb`
zfjb` st enl Anhfj, Ia$f n Irse H'fzeo. Kf v$ni ho`u%fa t'fhn ioestntovnt, %f
iojpafte ohkfj tf`ly vyhulovne"b` stnvfh sf mlfetmcmiovnt efpoln'mao. Ha jstn en
jnp!z(stvnk kf$t!en intnstrfb` Irse H'fzeo n Huiov, itfr v povaf&ej ohloh
pro$ay rnznete urhnemstmbiou proj!eou. \free pr(ziuj v$ni ujo%ema mlfetmcmiovnt ty
losul efzej stfbi iojueae stnvhy, itfr hyay vyhulovey v rjbm stnvfheftnpy z roiu >=83, n p'flfv$j iojpafte po&fteou siupmeu stnvfh, vyhulovne"b` po
robf >=23. Tro ub`ove `mstormbi pnj!tm n knio voltio pro lna$ hnlntfasiou prbm
uvl lmsfrtn&e prbf vflaf stvnkbb` ezv(kfleotamv"b` stfbi"b` uamb rove!%kfkmb`
p(vole ezvy v e!j&me!.
Lmsfrtn&e prbf bmtukf loiujfety polaf nituae eorjy )RE MRO 3=4, itfr
vstoupman v panteost >.luhen 84>>.
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>2
Kf zlf tni v`ole pozenjfent, %f sf lmsfrtn&e prbf vy`"h u%ve tfrjeu
sulftsi$ E!jfb, efho, ozen&fe vyvoav polv!loj! sp$f efgntmve pobmty
n efv`ole!ve$ lo tjntu kme v"zenjy. \frje sulftsi$E!jfb, itfr"sf poprv
ohkfvma n%v robf >=42 n v"zenje!km zn&na h"t &faov!u%ve n%ioebfj lvnbt"b` aft,
j i tjntu tto prbf jnrgmeae vztn`. S uj!eov!lej ioetfxtu sf envb tfeto
tfrje rove!% ohvyiaf efu%v. 3 Ef`ovo'jf enp'ianl o Nloacu Aoosovm knio
o sulftsij E!jbm npol. Trohafjntmin e!jfbiy jauvb`o ohyvntfastvn &fsi"b` zfj
kf v$ni poe!iul sao%mt!k$, ef% nhy hyao jo%e tfeto tfrje hfzpf&e! nibfptovnt.
Iojpaminbm p'flstnvukf rove!%%mlovsi"p(vol e!itfr"b` e!jfbiy jauvbb` ohyvntfa
&fsi"b` zfj, itfr hyb`oj zn sulftsi E!jbf p'mrozfe! efjo`am ozen&ovnt.
Ezore!km j(%fjf svzfaeost smtunbf lfjoestrovnt enp'. en ohou, z `aflmsin tto prbf,
ia&ov"b` poamtmbi"b` osoheostfb`. Rtnrostn j!stn st enl Anhfj Afopoal Taza hya
rolma"j Xniu$nefj z Loaeb` Xnious, itfr"knio olhor'p'mb`z lo )fb` poprv n%
vf sv"b` 2< aftfb`. E!jfbi" sobmae lfjoirnt n jmemstr valy Xfpuhamiy
&fsiosaovfesi, olpov!le"zn sobmae prohafjntmiu, Lr. Aulwmg Bzfb` zfj'fa pozl!km
v ioebfetrn&ej tho'f \frfze, ilf hya pro sv(k %mlovsi"p(vol uv!ze!e enbmsty.
Jou jmaou povmeeost kf pol!iovnt zlf zn polporu, mespmrnbm n olhore vflfe
p'flfv$j pneu $ioamtfam, proc. T`Lr. Xostmsanvu #vb`ovm, BRb. Laf hyb` zn vole
ensj!rove i tjntu stfbi iojueae hytov v"stnvhy rl pol!iovna lob. T`Lr.
\oj$m Tnva&iovm, T`.L. (st enl Anhfj), zn &fte pole!ty n p'tfasi ioezuatnbf
Meg. nrb`. Jnt!km Trnaovm (st enl Anhfj), zn posiyteut bfee"b` polianl( Jgr.
Knrosanvu [fjneovm (Amhfrfb), zn vst'beost n vfaiou trp!amvost Nrb`mvu j!stn st enl
Anhfj, p'flfv$j T`Lr. S!'f @anliov. Laf zn nrb`mve pojob Ianusm Jo`rovm,
J.N. (Jemb`ov) n ljj Lr. Entnamm Inrlmenr (Lr%-ney) n Lmpa.-Nrb`mvnrme Kutt!
Wmfsf (Lr%-ney).Efkv!t$ liy v$ni pnt' j rolme!, hfz kfk%polpory n vfai"b` oh!t hyb` prbm
knio znj!stene"prnitmiukb nrb`mtfit efhya sb`opfe loioe&mt. \uto prbm proto v!eukm
sv %fe!Kne!.
3S%kmjiu p$flstnvuk enp$ianl stulmf Jmafey Hnrtaov, vmz; HNX\AOS 844=.
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>7. prosmebf o ob`rne! ekfjei(, itfr hyao v polstnt! rnznetej zsn`fj lo
souiroj`o vanstembtv. En toto en'zfe pni envzna ohlohe" zioe z luhen >=84.
X(st ekfje`o laf to`oto en'zfe hya vze en p'fse! stneovfe poljeiy
n ekfjebm hyam b`re!em p'fl efol(vole!eou v"pov!l, itfr hyan lo hulouben
7AOLGJNE >=8=, 62.
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>6
jo%e pouzf sf svoafej oirfse`o soulu. Ob`rnen jo`an h"t zru$fen en zianl!
pro`'f$i(ekfjein, zl(vole!e pot'fhy vanstein efho vf'fke`o zkju. Ekfje sf
enlaf zvy$ovnao pojnafkm ef% kme sao%iy %mvoteb` eianl(. Nhy tni ob`rnen
ekfjei(efpolvznan stnvfhe rub`, eft"inan sf rfluibf ekfje`o huloub hytov
v"stnvhy. Sf stnr$b` hytfb` sf v$ni esafle! ulr%ovnao laou`oloh! rfantmve! ezi
ekfje n v"eos z inpmtau vao%fe`o lo km% postnvfe"b` &me%oveb` loj( hya
esaflifj to`o em%$ ef% pr(j!re jrn zmsiu z inpmtau v )RX. R olstupfj &nsu
iojfetovna puhambmstn Cfrlmenel Tfroutin povaf&eou hytovou poamtmiu saovy; Saln
sf postnvman en ob`rneu ekfjei" p%se$jm opnt%fejm, ol emb ' po %nlu aft
efustoupman n itfr p%mvl!an irfv jnkmtfa"loj"lo `e!vmv`o vnru S$eos jnkftiu
bfa kfle t%ly hya zlf ioecmsiove iu prosp!b`u zkj" v!t#mey. Jo`ao sf tni sttm
kflme! proto, 'f souirojoinpmtnamstmbi zsnly efhyay p%m saf (f en%zfe tniov,
n)ioamv proeminv n polaf stnr`o bt!e kmst! m irut n efsprnvflamv, hyan v polstnt!
efzhyte, kf knse m z to`o, 'f zioe o ob`rne! ekfjei" efolv'man sf pozl!km
olstrnemt nem valn j!#*nesi$b` strne, n)ioamv i toju j!an v#fb`eu poamtmbiou job.0
Ob`rnen ekfjei(vf stnr$b` n v!t$meou m jao ivnamteb` hytfb` trvnan po bfa
jfzmvaf&e ohloh, naf postupe!sf kfk poljeiy pro ekfjeiy zp's*ovnay. Ol roiu
>=88 p'mpou$t!a zioe voae skfleve ekfje`o v hytfb` sf &ty'jm n vbf ohyte"jm
jsteostjm efho v hytfb` vyu%vne"b` i v"l!af&e &meeostm. Ol roiu >=80 zvmsfan
ob`rnen m en cmene&eb` poj!rfb` ekfjei(. Lo roiu >=80 pantman v hytov afgmsantmv!
tni lna$ ojfzfe, enp'. zinz vanstemt v kfle ohbm lvn efho vbf hyt(n sau&ovnt vbf
hyt(v kflfe.= S"saflifj hyao, %f n%v robf >=24 hyan tvorhn ekfje`o uvoae!en kfe
nsm v 64 probfetfb` p'pnl(. V hyt( vy*nt"b` z ob`rney stoupnao ekfje n% en
trokesohfi, ujo%emay sf spfiuanbf efkfe s pnrbfanjm, naf m s hyty n o&fivne" tr%e
poiafs ekfje`o sf lostnvovna sf zpo%l!ej.>4Ekfje sf tni polstnte!am$mao u hyt(
s ob`rneou ekfjei( n u hyt( ostnteb`. Tolaf fioeojmbi"b` uinzntfa( sf ekfjeefkvbf zvy$ovnao jfzm afty >=8=8=, v Trnzf er(st bfey v lnej ohloh &mema u
hyt(r(ze vfamiostm n ivnamty =8=
pr(j!re ro&e ekfje u eov"b` hyt(hfz ob`rney ekfjei(enp'. zn hyt s poiokfj
n iub`ye 8 744 I& n zn t'poiokov" hyt = 644 I&. Rtnr"b` hyt( s ob`rneou hyao
0TX(B@N 8444
IXEI 8442, 68>682.
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>3
v Trnzf v tto loh! t'mirt vbf n ekfjebm pantmam ro&e!zn poiok s iub`ye > >86 I&
n zn lvn poiokf s iub`ye 8 474 I&.>>
N% lo ioebf 84. aft z(stnan smtunbf irmtmbiou, n to zva$t! v Trnzf. T'm r(stu
j!stn to hyao jo%eo povn%ovnt zn o&fivne"kfv, emb to v$ni efzj!emao en siutf&eostm,
%f hytov" prohaj hya nsm efkv!t$ n efklaf p(sohb sanhmeou sobmae poamtmiy
v &fsi"b` zfjb`. [ioe o stnvfhej rub`u, itfr" sobmnamstmbi strney protan&may,
pojob p'mefsa. T'jo v$ni pojo`a pouzf em%$j st'flej vrstvj, p'flfv$j z 'nl
'flembtvn, efho enefkv"$ apf smtuovne"j l!aei(j, `anve! en vfeiov!, itfr"j
posiytovna polporu p'm stnvh! rolmee"b` loji(. Lo efko%f`nv!k$b` scr v hylafe
tj!'efzns`a.
T'fsto v$fohfbe! pantmao, %f rove sv sobmae poamtmiy eaf%fan
)fsiosaovfesi rfpuhamin nsm en sflj jsto v Fvrop!, tfly tj!' po hoi
zpnlofvropsi"j lfjoirnbmj. N n& j!ay poj!ry lo sobmae`o sjru lnafio,
poln'mao sf v )fsiosaovfesiu znkmstmt pot'fhe zioey n pante en'zfe vf v$fb`
ohanstfb` sobmae poamtmiy (osjm`olmeov prnbove lohn, efjobfesi pokm$t!e, eroi
en lovoafeou, polporn v efznj!steneostm, stnrohe n mevnamle pokm$t!e, l(b`olov"v!i
v 36 aftfb` m lmsiutnhmae ob`rnen ekfjei(), zntjbo v!t$me! stt(sf to poln'mao kfe
v e!itfr"b` holfb`. )fsiosaovfesio tni eaf%fao jfzm t!b` e!ioami jao stt(, kfkmb`%
sobmae systj hya efkpae!k$.>8
Kflmef&e" iojfet' s ohs`aou irmtmiou po&ti( &fsiosaovfesi stte hytov
poamtmiy uvf'fkema nrb`mtfit Inrfa @frjne v prosmebovj &saf &nsopmsu Rtnvmtfav robf
>=8>. @frjne(v &aefi, n& kf kniioamv suhkfitmve, azf b`pnt knio rozhor
fioeojmbi"b` p'&me hytov eouzf n eflostntf&e`o p'stupu valy i kfkju 'f$fe.
Nrb`mtfit v"stm%e!ohkns*ukf p'&mey smtunbf n &nsov!kf 'nl en kfleotamv czf;
M. ohloh; Sain, johmamsnbf, jorntormuj, przle hyty,'le pfezf.MM. ohloh; Johmamsnbf l!aei"n `jot, efe stnv!tm i$j n z )f`o.
MMM. ohloh; T%fvrnt. Evrnt z croety. Efh$vna$ vzfstup s+nti", pot%fhn hyt".
Saf)e$pr"jysa znstnvfe, p%fjrn uvoae!e$b` pfe!z, roi iafs en euau.
MS. ohloh; Xoi >=>= stokb vf zenjfe prnvy vnauty, n tj toeoub v enprost
efkmstot!polemie, vyvrb`oa v toj, 'f efpro`a#fe zef`oleobfe$b` pfe!z vf spokfe
>>OHNLNAOS >===, =8=3.>8
IXEI 8442, 68>682.
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>7
s ob`rneou ekfjei" rovenao sf pro`a#fe zef`oleobfe$b` loj" en rovf+
pnprov$b` pfe!z. S toj robf hyao hy stnv!tm ioju m zn bo, naf b`yh!a v$eos, tk. zro)fe
n ujo%fe eianl"stnvfheb`. Tolemintfa z povoae uzioe!ej zef`oleobfe loj"
hyam p%mprnvfem o `oleotu sv`o zho' (loj"), tk. o sv"k inpmta provozovnb. Rouiroj
polemintfa hyam zhneirotovem! 82. iv!ten >=>= vy#fa zioe, itfr$j' lru'stv"j
n ohbj en stnvhu ohyte$b` hulov povoaukf sf 6 jmamoe" iorue knio p%sp!vfi en
zro)fe stnvfheb` eianl". [ioe vy#fa pozl!n lvna jao.
S. ohloh; Xoi >=84. Tr"jysa z vaf)e v$rohy p%fsflana en jrovou
n po`otov pfe!'e prost%fliy znhr pro sfhf, m efe lostntfi pfe!z en trvna p"k)iy
`ypotf)e. \feto eflostntfi zjeo`oesohma sf v tj'f robf tj, 'f zn`rnem)e poiafs
vnauty p%mvolma stoupeut bfe. Enstv lohn, ily op!t efe stnv!tm zn bo, n kfamio'ekfj
z"stv efuprnvfe$, b`yh m p%flpoianl eaf'mt`o zro)fe stnvfheb` eianl", itfr$
ov#fj zioefj o polporove lru'stfveb` n ohfbeb` loj"p%fb`z en )ft stte.
SM. ohloh; Xoi >=8> zn`nkukf sf u v!loj, 'f pou` roiov p%sp!viy stte
efstn), 'f t%fhn `otov$b` pfe!z i `rnl! stnvfheb` eianl" n 'f euteo zn`kmtm
pozvoae zvy#ove ekj".>2
Kni kf z'fkj, zsnlej prohajfj po&ti( stte polpory hytov v"stnvhy
hyan kfleni povaf&eou enpkntou sobmae ntjoscrou vyeubfe ob`rnen ekfjei(
n p'flfv$j eflostntfi mevfstm&eb` prost'fli(. Ob`otn hnei p(k&ovnt en hytov
stnvfhe mevfstmbf z(stvnan p'fs afgmsantmve jotmvn&e poiusy ezi. S"saflifj hya
rfantmve! sau$e" ohkfj eov hytov v"stnvhy jmjo vfai j!stn, ilf mevfstmbf
vz`aflfj i jfe$ju rozsn`u stnvfh efvy%nlovnay tni vysoi"v!r, knio toju hyao p'm
ohvyiaf v!t$b` prokfitfb` vf vfai"b` j!stfb`. Rtnvfhe &meeost vf vfai"b` j!stfb`
tni p'fs zn`kfeou polporu sttu kf$t!v robf >=8> staf sp$f stngeovnan.
S"stnvhn hyt( sf po robf >=82 zvy$ovnan n los`an vrb`oau v robf >=80 kflmej robf v prve rfpuhambf, v e!j%hyao postnvfeo vbf ef%>44 444 hyt(. Rtt v$ni
v rjbm sv"b` cmene&eb` jo%eost eovou hytovou v"stnvhu polporovna. Km%v aftfb`
>=>=>=8> valn uvoaeman siroje prost'fliy ur&fe en stnvhu loj(s jna"jm hyty.
S robf >=8> i toju p'mhyan polporn p'stnvfh n estnvfh ohyte"b` loj(. Lo roiu
>=8< hya uvflfe lo %mvotn ubfafe" systj stte polpory stnvfhe`o rub`u, itfr"
zn`reovna stte zruiy zn posiyteut `ypotf&e p(k&iy, laou`oloh stte p(k&iy
>2@FXJNE, Inrfa. X&)fefb stnvfheb` hoafst. Rtnvmtfa. >=8>, MMM., #. >, s. 2
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>0
n lotnbf en loioe&fe efho prnvy ohkfit(s jna"jm hyty nk. &meeou corjou polpory
zfkjen souiroj`o stnvfhe`o rub`u sf stnay laou`oloh ln*ov afvy, ily u loj(
s jna"jm hyty jo`ao h"t osvohozfe ol lne posiyteuto en 86 n% 26 aft n zpo&tiu
loioebf en 64 aft. Ol poaovmey 84. aft jo`ay e!itfr ohbf n v$fohfbe! prosp!$e
hytov slru%fe vyu%vnt v!ry ol Rtte`o hytov`o coelu. Ol roiu >=87 sf p'm
v"stnvh! hyt( p'j stte pojob tj!'znstnvman, naf stt enlaf stmjuaovna stnvfhe
rub` laou`oaft"j osvohozfej ol lojove lne! n ln*ov"b` p'mr%fi.>=24 p'm$an losul efksmae!k$ vaen stte polpory, znj!'fe en
polporu v"stnvhy jnaohytov"b` loj(. Xoz`oleut sf`rvnao rove!% stmjuaukb roam
pro fioeojmiu v ohloh `ospol'si irmzf n zns`ao lo prohafjntmiy efznj!steneostm.
S robf >=22 sf trfel jnsov! rfnamzovne hytov v"stnvhy znstnvma. I uspoiokfe
hytov"b` pot'fh spoaf&eostm v$ni zntj eflo$ao. Iroj!znstnvfe p'j stte polpory
eov hytov v"stnvhy sf en stnvfhe proluibm zsnle! prokfvma efo&fivne! tvrl"
irmzov"propnl fioeojmiy )RX v souvmsaostm s efp'zemv"j `ospol'si"j v"vokfj vf
sv!t!. T'msp!a i toju m e`a"tauj mevfstm&e v"stnvhy po loze!e mevfstm&e vaey, en
e!j% sf polafan tni rfluibf hneioveb` v!r( en mevfstm&e &fay. Irmzf los`an
sv`o len v robf >=22 n lozevnan n% lo po&tiu roiu >=23. Tosafle vaeu stte
polpory pni p'mefsan eovfan zioen v robf >=23, itfr znvflan polporu jmemjaeb`
hyt(pro b`ul. Irti o%mvfe stnvfhe proluibf vystmao ioebfj roiu >=27 v eovou
byiambiou irmzm. Tr(jysaov v"rohn iafsan lo roiu >=22 o =27
eflos`an rove! z roiu >=8=.>6Sysoi efznj!steneost sf stnan b`roembi"j kfvfj
n struiturae v"safliy irmzf vflay i eov"j rys(j hytov eouzf. N&hyan po`rnem&e
zfj oh"vne p'flfv$j E!jbm, liy p'fvn%ukb struitu'f af`i`o pr(jysau
(p'flfv$j tfxtma, siao, hm%utfrmf, pnpr, `ulfhe estrokf n `rn&iy)
n ormfetnbm en turmstmbi" rub` n azf*stv, v ohloh irmzf postm%fen v"rnze! bmtfae!km,
pr(jysaov ngaojfrnbf st enl Anhfj s p'fvn%ukbj pfrspfitmvej b`fjmbi"jpr(jysafj oloavnan irmzm rfantmve! loh'f, polohe! knio st'flo&fsi pr(jysaov
ngaojfrnbf s bfetrfj v Trnzf, Tazf*sio m Hre!esio.>3
T'fs rozs`a po&mey v sobmae iojueae v"stnvh!, u&me!e p'flfv$j en
zfj Trn`y n Hren, itfr zn%vnan svou ioekueituru v souvmsaostm sf stte polporou
>===, =8=3.
>6TX(B@N 844.>3
IXEI 8442,
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>=
jfzm afty >=24>=28 n laf >=23>=20, sf v$ni iojueaejm sen`njm efpoln'mao
posiyteout lostntf&eou inpnbmtu, itfr hy v rjbm rfpuhamiy p'firo&man lfsftmprobfete
`rnembm ro&e hytov proluibf.
Jfzm s&tejm amlu v aftfb` >=8> n >=24 p'mhyao v bfa )RX 20
[jm*ovne stntmstmin z roiu >=24 hyan puhamioven n% sf zen&e"j zpo%l!ej
n olhore`o z`oleobfe sf lo&inan n%po e!ioamin aftfb`, bo%hyao lostm irmtmzoveo.>=Rtntmstmin tni roz$'man pozentiy i juatmohorov lmsiusm, itfr hyan v poaovme! 24. aft
nituae, ily sf kfleotamv"j nspfit(j prohafjntmiy hylafe v!eovna m zv"$fe"
tforftmbi"zkfj nrb`mtfit((Tnvfa Knei, Knrjman Amsiov, Km' Iro`n). Rtntmstmbi lnkf
hyay puhamiovey v robf >=26 n sou&nse! pol ezvfj Hytov poj!ry vf v!t#b`
>7TX(B@N 844.
>0
IXEI 8442, 68>682.>=RFJXL, Rtnemsanv n Inrfa '\OXB@. Hytov poj"ry v !RX.Nrb`mtfit RMN. >=26, ro#. 28=>2
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j!stfb` &fsiosaovfesin polaf v$safli"s)te hyt"zf lef >. prosmebf >=24hya vyle
sfpnrt, sfstnvfe" S. Rfifrou. S &nsopmsu Nrb`mtfit RMN pni nrb`mtfitm Rtnemsanv
Rfjrl n Inrfa Rtorb` irmtmbiy rozfhrnam kfleotamv lntn n en p'ianlfb` >8 vfai"b`
j!st proinzovnam eflostntf&eou rovf* hylafe n vyz"vnam i povzhuzfe mevfstm&e
&meeostm p'flfv$j s pouinzfj en efp'mkntfae `ygmfembi l(safliy lne`o stnvu.
Kfleotamv puhamiovne grncy nrb`mtfit( ej tni ujo%*uk saflovnt n porovevnt
rovf*hylafe enp'ianl p'jo v j!stsi ngaojfrnbm st enl Anhfj tnito;
Hyty hfz zb`olu uvemt'hytu; 7>,8 %
Sf srovee s ostntejm j!sty sf kfle o polpr(j!reou `oleotu, itfr kf spoau
s Amhfrbfj kflen z efk`or$b`. Efkafp$ `oleoty enopni losn`ovna [ae s pouzf 80,0 %.
Rmtunbf v Trnzf olpovlnan 62,3 %.
Hyty sf zb`olfj vanstej efho spoaf&e"j hfz spanb`ove volou; 6>,6 %
Sf srovee s ostntejm j!sty sf kfle o enlpr(j!reou `oleotu, op!t spoau
s Amhfrbfj, sv!l& to o p'fvalnkbj typu spoaf&e"b` zb`ol(. Efkafp$b` `oleot
v lnej sfgjfetu losn`ovnan Trn`n s >6,6 %.
Hyty hfz ioupfaey; 06,2 %
\oto hya polpr(j!re" v"saflfi, `or$ hyan smtunbf pouzf v Ostrnv! n v Amhfrbm.
Efkafp$b` `oleot losn`ovna jolfre [ae s pouzf
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8>
Hyty smtuovne v sutfreu; 8,38 %
S tojto po&tu hyan smtunbf v st pr(j!re. Efkafp$ hya op!t [ae s pouzf 4,60 %.
S Trnzf hyao 2,03 % sutfreeb` hyt(.
Sfamioste struiturn hyt(; >0,0 % kfleopoiokov"hyt, jsteost > ohyvntfa, u 20,3 % p'mpnlnk en > jsteost 8 ohyvntfa, u >4,3 % p'mpnlnk
en > jsteost 2 ohyvntfa ntl. S st sf tni kflenao o sp$f pr(j!re `oleobfe.
Kfleozen&e!efk`or$ smtunbf s p'fpae!e"jm hyty hyan p'fivnpmv!v ntrnitmvej [ae!,
ilf v >= % v$fb` hyt(p'mpnlnao en > jsteost loioebf 3 n vbf ohyvntfa.
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8.8 Xfcorje `eut n E%jfbi bfetran pro hytovou p!m v (RX
I porozuj!e prohafjntmbf v"vokf hylafe v prve poaovme!84. stoaft n otzij, itfrhyao t'fhn v rjbm spoaf&fesi`o v"vokf 'f$mt, kf t'fhn sf sfzejmt s rfcorjej `eutj,
kf%lnao zianl orgnemzovneju poamtmbiju prosnzove po%nlnvi(prvn en hylafe
pro $mroi vrstvy ohyvntfastvn. Tolstnteou roam v probfsu prosnzfe prnvmlfa n rfguanbf
efina`o oho`nbove prost'flembtvj spfiuanb s pozfjiy n esafle! v prosnzfe
hulove eov"b` corfj hylafe, itfr hulf bfeov!lostupe, sf`ray vf st'fle Fvrop!
rfcorje `eut n orgnemznbf.
Tr(iopembiou roam sf`ra e!jfbi" sobmae! rfcorje svnz pro pozfjiovou
rfcorju Lfutsb`fr Huel cr Holferfcorj. \frje Holferfcorj ohfbe!p'flstnvukf
ioebfpbm zj!ey vanstembi"b` efho u%mvntfasi"b` prv i p(l!(efho pozfji(j), itfr
j zn ba kfk rove!k$ efho u%mtf&e!k$ p'frozl!afe.84 @eut prosnzukb rfcorju sf
v Fvrop!ohkfvukf ioebfj >=. stoaft n opr sf o mlfu njfrmbi`o poamtmbi`o fioeojn
@fery`o Gforgf. Rpoafi Lfutsb`fr Huel cr Holferfcorj hya znao%fe v robf >000
znianlntfafj n 'flmtfafj %fafzrfe v Gnggfenu Jmb`nfafj Carsb`fmjfj. Esaflukb
vamve nitmvmst vf svnzu hyam Rmavmo Gfsfaa n Nloac Lnjnsb`if, p'm&fj% Gfsfaa sf
v!eovna vmzm pozfjiov rfcorjy corjou p(sohfe voae`o tr`u, n p'fs jeo` pnrnafay
kfkmb` prbf sf zv!ry ohou rfcorjtor( am$may. Tro pflngogn Lr. Nloacn Lnjnsb`in
(>036>=26) sf stnao tjn pozfjiov rfcorjy %mvotej ioafj. Trvotej mjpuazfj
ju hyay tfzf @fery`o Gforgf n hfzprost'fle!m p'fle$in fioeojn Nloap`n Wngefrn,
ol`naukb siutf&eost o zen&e"b` zmsbb` spfiuanet( s p(lou v ohloh po prusio-
crnebouzsi vabf z aft >074>07>. \f`ly lo$ao if sioiovju er(stu bfe pozfji(
n tmsbf hfraesi"b` l!aembi"b` rolme u%efj!ao en zv"$fe ekfje n z(stnao en uambm.
84S%rnz Holferfcorj postupe" enhya v j"ebj sf sobmaej n p$flfv*j poamtmbijioetfxtu kme ioeotnbf n baf. Mlfn pozfjiov rfcorjy po#tiu 84. stoaft enhyan v $fenbmoeae`o sobmnamsju zbfan olam*eou jotmvnbm vflfeou mlfoaogm Haut uel Holfe, nhy sfop"t mlfov"p$ftnvman v povaf#eou ioafitmvmznbm n zerol+ove v Rov"ty ohsnzfe ze"porobf >===
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Lnjnsb`if sf sv"j nitmvej znpafej pro v!b prosnlma n enioefb jfzm afty
>0=0>=26 sta v &faf svnzu. \forftmbi pokflee Lmf Holferfcorj, itfr puhamiovna
v robf >=>2, smae! ovamvemao kf`o sou&nseiy. Losp!a i ezoru, %f `rojnl!e
pozfjiov`o jnkftiu v ruiou e!ioamin jao vyvoafe"b` enioefb povflf u jeo`n
erol(i efhan`"j l(safli(j. Rv ezory knio `auhobf v!'b &aov!i cmaozocmbiy oprna
o stulmuj Hmhaf, zfkjen Rtnr`o zioen.8>T'mpojena, %f stnrozioee aml smbf jo`am
p(lu u%vnt, naf pouzf knio zp(k&iu, proto%f p(ln kf @ospolmeovn. Eroi j!am en
v"eos sv prbf en p(l!, emioamv en zpfe!%ove p(ly snjote, rfsp. en kni"sm kmj
efeaf%b p'mlne"zmsi. \niov"zmsi hy j!a h"t polaf Nloacn Lnjnsb`in zln*ove
n v"eos u%ve vf vf'fkej zkju i znkm$t!e zianle`o prvn &aov!in en hylafe,
rfsp. i 'f$fe hytov eouzf. Lnjnsb`if sf poiou$fa p'fvl!t sv loporu&fe tni lo
prnxf n znao%ma e!itfr ioeirte aoiae orgnemznbf pro polporu v"stnvhy eov`o
hylafe (Rmflauegsgfsfaasb`nct) efho slru%fe ekfjei(.88
Eov o`ro%fe rfpuhamin hyan eubfen rfcorje tfzf knio estrok if zjre!e
vy`robfe povaf&e sobmae n `ospol'si smtunbf vf spoaf&eostm p'mkjnt pro
losn%fe sobmae`o sjru. )meeost Nloacn Lnjnsb`in j!an tni p'j"vamv en corjuanbm
'$si stnvy S"jnrsi rfpuhamiy z roiu >=>=. Vstneovfe, pokflevnkb o rozl!aove
p(ly n kfkj vyu%mt, rfsp. kf`o &st t"inkb sf polpory hylafe, azf voae!s`reout tnito;
Lo`a'fe enl rozl!aovej n vyu'mtj p"ly kf roa sttu, n to i znhre!e lna#`o
zefu've p"ly n i losn'fe to`oto baf; In'lju E!jbm eaf' znkmstmt zlrnv hylafe.
S#fj e!jfbi$j rolmej, ohzva#* t!j s vbf l!tjm, eaf' znkmstmt i uspoiokfe kfkmb`
hytov$b` pot%fh olpovlnkb lojov v hyt! efho v `ospol%si usflaostm. Tozfjiov$
jnkftfi, itfr$ kf t%fhn i uspoiokfe hytov$b` pot%fh n i hulove oslafe, j"'f h$t
sttfj vyvanste!e.82
Rpoau sf sen`ou o provflfe pozfjiov rfcorjy proh`nan v rjbm svnzu pol
vflfej Lnjnsb`in lmsiusf o pot'fh!ob`rney prvn en hylafe, itfr sf v E!jfbiu
8>Sf Rtnrj zioe"sf totm)vyvmeua pozoru`ole%iojpafx sobmae"fioeojmbi%b` ustneovfe,
itfr azf jaoily enazt u kme%b` erol& t lohy. \jto systjfj s mestmtutfj jmaostmv`oatn, prvfj en pnh"riove, povmeeost olvolu lfstfi n naju)fe, sf poj"re"lopolrohen znh%v 86. inpmtoan iem`y Afvmtmbus. Kfk ustneovfe ej v efposafle $nl"p$mpojenk, )f )le vanstembtv efazf u)t v"#e"n )f poaf, en itfr%b` o$fjf, efe en*f, naf@ospolmeovo. Ato jmaostm zeovu zl&rnz+ukf, )f ksjf zlf pouzf pouteiy, emb jntfrmae`oz to`oto sv"tn es efspns, emb sm efvfzjfjf n v*f, bo jjf, kf kfe ur#mt%lru` proekju.zlrok; RFLA!FI 844=, 32-46-48Z.82
Nloac Lnjnsb`if YoeamefZ, WmimpflmnYbmt. 84>2-46-48Z.
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8=84, itfr" zf sobmaeb` l(vol( ojfzma vanstembi prvo en efjovmtostfb`.
\nizvne lojovy (@fmjstttf) hyay esafle! en zfj S"jnrsi rfpuhamiy
v jnsovj j!'tiu rfnamzovey p'flfv$j zn stte, zfjsi efho iojueae
prost'fliy, p'm&fj% kfleotamv zfj!jo`ay i toju &fau ustneovmt ohfbe! prosp!$e
&faov spoaf&eostm. V%mvntfa lojovn jo`a enh"t kf`o vanstembtv, naf prvn
z vanstembtv hyan ojfzfen vf prosp!b` posiytovntfaf, bo% v polstnt! u%mvntfaf
v irmzov smtunbm prve! b`remao p'fl ztrtou st'fb`y enl `anvou. Tosiytovntfa j!a
p'fliupe prvo en efjovmtost n pro p'pnle znt%fe efho l!afe efjovmtostm hyao
t'fhn kf`o sou`ansu. S p'pnl! zefu%mt prnvmlfa `rozmao u%mvntfam olfkjut vanstembtv.
Trvo vanstembtv lojovn envb efhyao l!lm&e.8=24>=20 lef$e uambf Kfsfemeovn kjeo Nloacn
Lnjnsb`in.
S E!jfbiu rove!%souh!%e!v aftfb` >0=0>==4< sf enz"vnao Sfrfme
Xfmb`swo`euegsgfsftz),86itfr usmaovnao o skfleobfe esaflovei( rfcorje`o `eutzf v$fb` &st E!jfbin lo vfai orgnemznbf. Rlru%fe prosnzovnao prost'flembtvj
v!lfbi, orgnemzn&e n ngmttorsi &meeostm $'fe n upant*ove jy$afefi hytov
rfcorjy, itfr spo&vnay v hulove &fae`o, zlrnv`o n bfeov!lostupe`o hylafe.
Kfk lbf'me orgnemznbf [fetrnastfaaf cr Wo`euegsrfcorj me stfrrfmb`83hyan z'zfen
rove!% v Xniousiu. To rozpnlu joenrb`mf n vzemiu )fsiosaovfesi rfpuhamiy sf
82-46-48Z.
86Inra voe Jnegoalt YoeamefZ,WmimpflmnYbmt. 84>2-46-48Z.83
\XFVRB@-HV\\ANX >=28, 7>2.
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e!jfbiy jauvb &fsi ohanstm lostnay jmjo vamv e!ilfk$ vlf*si bfetray
n p'mrozfe! vyvstnan pot'fhn z'zfe vanste`o stnvu knio pantcorjy pro vzl!ave,
osv!tu n pornlfestv, n lefs hyb`oj 'fiam tni pro aohove p'm tvorh! afgmsantmvy.
Jmemstfrsi"j v"eosfj hyao tni v robf >=8> povoafeo z'zfe E!jfbi bfetray pro
hytovou p&m (Lfutsb`f @nuptstfaaf cr Wo`euegs- uel Rmflauegscrsorgf me lfr
\sb`fb`osaownimsb`fe Xfpuhami) sf slafj v Trnzf. Rou&nse!hyan orgnemzoven rove!%
ohlohe &fsi struiturn v poloh!stnvu pro stnvhu j!st p'm Jnsnryiov! ninlfjmm
prbf, orgnemzovne vbf v!lfbiy n je!poamtmbiy.
Trovoz Bfetray hya cmenebove z &afesi"b` p'sp!vi(. Kflej z prveb`
orgnemzn&eb` iroi( Bfetray hyao znao%fe prn%si`o pornle`o st'flmsin
(Hfrntuegsstfaaf cr Wo`euegs- uel Rmflauegswfsfe) v srpeu >=82. I e!ju pozl!km
p'mhyan tni poho&in v |Roioaov!. Laf vylvnan Bfetran osv!tov hro%ury n &nsteman
sf tni v"stnv (Jornvsi \'fhov, Hreo), ilf prfzfetovnan sv(k rozs`a" nrb`mv
vzorov"b` pae(. Nituae pov!loj zsivnam kfk prnbovebm tni zn`rnem&ejm
fxiurzfjm; v robf >=83 env$tvmam vzorov slam$t!v Xniousiu, v at! >=24 env$tvmam
lr%-nesi juzfuj `ygmfey. Laf sf &nstemam zn`rnem&eb` ioecfrfeb, knio hyan
v robf >=8= stuttgnrtsi ioecfrfebf, v!eovne rnbmoenamznbm v hytov v"stnvh!. Rt!%fke
hyan rove!%&nst en jfzmerolej ioegrfsu hytov p&f, ioenej v Hfrae!v &frveu
roiu >=2>, kf`o% st'flej tjntfj sf stna jmemjae hyt. N laf en prn%sij
jfzmerolej ioegrfsu v &frveu >=26, itfr" hya v!eove tjnt(j olstrne!e
zb`trna"b` &tvrt n zvnle"b` hyt(, tfb`embiju vyhnvfe n zn'zfe jna`o hytu
n otzij opnt'fe i p'fslaove.87Bfetran zbf spoauprnbovnan s procfsej Rvnzfj
e!jfbi"b` polemintfa(vf stnvfhembtv n kf z'fkj, %f sf`rvnan tni roam prost'flein
i prosnzove polemintfasi"b` zkj(. Bfetran znemian z roz`oleut '$si`o protfitorn
lef 24. =. >=2=.80
S 'keu >=82 uspo'lnan Bfetran v B`ojutov! prve Lfe hytov p)f
(Wo`euegscrsorgftng). S polstnt! sf kflenao o olhoreou ioecfrfebm zn &nstm
iojueaeb` poamtmi(, 'flei(, nrb`mtfit(n stnvfheb` olhorei(. @anvej tjntfj
87 Kflenao sf o tzv. vemt$e ioaoemznbm, rfsp. o `eut, propngukb p$fslafe ur#mt`o po#tuefznj"stene%b` knio evrnt i zfj"l"astv. @ospoln$fe en v"t*j pozfjiu p$m ohytejloj"ujo)+ovnao afp* jo)eost oh)mvy. Mlfn souvmsfan s `eutj Hnbi to t`f Anelv VRN.
80
[prvn poambfke`o $flmtfastv v Trnzf zf lef 8. >=2=, Erole nrb`mv, Nrb`mv jmemstfrstvnvemtrn, vao)in L-2>>>, Lfutsb`f @nuptstfaaf cr Wo`euegs- uel Rmflauegscrsorgf me lfr\sb`fb`osaownimsb`fe Xfpuhami.
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b`ojutovsi ioecfrfebf hyay lmsiusf o jo%eostfb` zfsafe cmenebove mevfstmb lo
hytov v"stnvhy s polporou sttu n `ypoti, laf hyay 'f$fey ioetrovfrze lopnly
valeb` opnt'fe en ob`rneu ekfjei(en stnvfhe rub`. Kf znkjnv, %f en ioecfrfebm
p'fle$fa o svpojobe"b` jo%eostfb` v"stnvhy slam$, @nes Injpccjfyfr
z Crneicurtu enl Jo`nefj, pozl!k$ gfefrae tnkfjei Jfzmerole`o svnzu pro
hytovou p&m. Tozve Injpccjfyfrn lo B`ojutovn u%v robf >=82 sv!l& o e!ioamin
l(af%mt"b` nspfitfb`. Injpccjfyfr p'me$fa vfajm bfee prnitmbi ziu$feostm
z eov`o Crneicurtu knio huloub`o fvropsi`o bfetrn hytov v"stnvhy, n jo`ao tni
pozl!km lokt i envze vzkfje"b` vztn`(s Jfzmerolej svnzfj pro hytovou p&m.
Ormfetnbf &fsi"b` E!jb( i e!jfbi"j vzor(j kf pob`opmtfae! ensenl!, jotmvnb
i pozve Injpccjfyfrn jo`ao h"t naf m poamtmbi souze!e, efho, crneicurtsi
poamtmbi ormfetnbf iorfspoelovnan sf znj!'fej bfetray, itfr hyan lo ur&mt jry
sobmae!lfjoirntmbiou struiturou.
V%esaflukb roi v 'keu roiu >=8< hyan po'len lru` ioecfrfebf, tfetoirt
v #ujpfriu. Kfk zv!ry sf pni stnay kflej z polianl(, corjukbb` eov
&fsiosaovfesi zioey en polporu hylafe n stnvfhe`o rub`u. Lo #ujpfrin hya op!t
pozve olhorei z E!jfbin Lr. Wnatfr Rtmaafr z @njhuriu, itfr" p'fle$fa
o pozfjiov prohafjntmbf p'm v"stnvh! slam$,. \'ft ioecfrfebf hyan ioeen
v amstopnlu roiu >=83 v L!&e!. Hyan zlf liy p'fle$bf loitorn sobmae jflmbey
\`folorn Grusb`iy z st enl Anhfj lmsiutoven hytov otzin n kfk zsnle vamv en
tzv. erole zlrnv. \oto tjn hyao v esaflukbb` aftfb` efs&fte!irt opnioveo.
N esafle! hyao vyu%veo knio polp(re" v!lfbi" nrgujfet pro prosnzfe systju
stte polpory v"stnvhy hylafe. T'fle$fao sf tni o vfaiorys hytov stnvfhe
&meeostm vf Slem. N vf v!bm ob`rney ekfjei(sf op!t `aflna iojprojms jfzm zkjy
jnkmtfa(loj(n ekfjeiy. Soanao sf po hrzij lfcmemtmvej n ioebfp&ej uzioe!e
systju stteb` polpor pro hytovou v"stnvhu, itfr" en`rnl losnvnle j!eb sfn v polstnt!staf provmzore n iojpamiovne"systj. T'mpojeiovna sf proto tf`lfk$
evr` eov`o zioen. 8= Rpoau s loprovoleou v"stnvou Hnufe uel Wo`efe hya
esafle!v st enl Anhfj v iv!teu >=28 po'le &tvrt"Lfe hytov p)f. Ioecfrfebf
'f$man nituae vale evr` eov`o stnvfhe`o zioen, p'flstnvmtfa bfetray op!t
npfaovnam en pot'fhu poirn&ove stteb` lotnb n zeovu znze!ay p'fle$iy `ost(
z E!jfbin. T'flsfln E!jfbi`o svnzu pro hytovou rfcorju, hfraesi"prmjtor Hrueo
8=IVHM'\N >=28, >28>.
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Rb`wne, p'flefsa p'sp!vfi en tjn Hytov v$stnvhn v E!jfbiu n baf e!jfbi hytov
rfcorjy. Lna$ cueibmoe'n vale pornlbf Kustus voe Hrueefr z Hfraen laf p'fle$fa
en tjn stnvfhe`o spo'fe. Esafle! vystoupma ampsi" jngmstrte 'flei Oswnal
Hnufr n sfzejma &nsteiy sf sobmaej prokfitfj slam$t!pro efznj!stene, po&tnkb
s kfkmb` prnbovej ensnzfej p'm hulove vanste`o hylafe. Trokfit hya v loh!
`ospol'si irmzf nituae n vzhulma v st zen&eou olfzvu.24
Smtae &meeost tto &faov orgnemznbf &fsi"b` E!jb(, prosnzukb
v jfzmvaf&ej ohloh mlfkf hytov rfcorjy, ormfetovne en efk$mr$ spoaf&fesi
vrstvy, sv!l& kfleni o kfk poiroiovostm n olhore iojpftfebm n zrovf* o kfk
kfleozen&e ormfetnbm en sousfle E!jfbio n p'pnle!Xniousio. Iroj!ioetnit(tto
orgnemznbf s &fsiosaovfesi"j sfi&ej $cfj Jfzmerole`o svnzu pro hytovou p&m,
Lr. @yeifj Iuhm$tou, efenklfjf v lostupe"b` jntfrmafb` zjeiy o rfcafxm e!itfr`o
z tuzfjsi"b` hytov"b` prokfit(&m urhnemstmbi"b` po&me(.
24Hfrmb`t hfr lfe vmfrtfe lfutsb`fe Wo`euegscrsorgftng me Nussmg n. F., >=28.
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8.2 Rt"flofvropsi p"stupy i nrb`mtfitu"f hytov eouzf
Kflfe z prveb` jolfaov"b` p'ianl('f$fe p'famle!eostm vf j!stfb` st'flofvropsi`oprostoru azf enazt v Hulnpf$tm prve lfily 84. stoaft, ily lo$ao i jmjo'le!
vfaiju zv"$fe po&tu ohyvntfa p'flfv$j en zfj l!aembi"b` p'flj!st. Efk`ust!km
ohylafeou &st, enz"vneou B`mbngo, hyao zfj smtuovne en sfvfr ol v"b`ole`o
elrn%. Hyan to efzlrnv n p'famle!e ohanst s fsinaukbj sobmaej enp!tj, ilf
ekfje stoupnao o lvnbft t'm probfet ro&e!.2> Rmtunbf vflan v robf >=40 i vyle
lfirftu, itfr"j u`frsi" pnranjfet uzioema, %f v#fb`ey ohyte lojy postnvfe
`anvej j!stfj zn )fafj proekju ohyvntfastvu zn ekfj irykb pouzf eianly ksou
osvohozfey ol lne! z efjovmtostm lo t lohy, ef' sujn cmene)eb` prost%fli"
payeoubb` z ekju p%firo) eianly en mevfstmbm. Lna$j iroifj progrnju hya
p'fvol sau%fh n zn'zfe, knio enp'. payerfe, fafitrrfe, p'j!stsi"b` %fafzemb,
rfianjeb` paob`, lmstrmhubf jain npol., zf souiroj"b` ruiou pol j!stsiou sprvu,
lo iojueae`o vanstembtv.
S evnzeostm en tyto iroiy hyan zn`kfen v"stnvhn iojueaeb` hytov"b`
prokfit(. S aftfb` >=4=>=>8 hyao vyhuloveo 86 &me%oveb` loj( n >= slam$,
s jna"jm rolmee"jm lojiy. Syhuloveo hyao rove!%jeo`o eov"b` $ioaeb` hulov.
Rou&st progrnju v"stnvhy Hulnpf$tm hyan tni v"stnvhn zn`rnle`o j!stn slam$t!
Wfifrafz aft >=4=>=83 s vfeiovsi"j rzfj.
Nrb`mtfiturn iojueaeb` hytov"b` loj( tvo'man vf srovee s nrb`mtfiturou
spfiuantmveb` prokfit(souirojei(m sttu protmianl, ianlan totm%jeo`fj v!t$ l(rnz
en vemt'e uspo'le ef%en vz`afl cnsl. Tolstnte tfly hyao, bo sf olf`rv uvemt'
loju, n ef en kf`o povrb`u. Nrb`mtfitm proto u%vnam kfe vfajm jao oirns. Kflej
z efkv"zenje!k$b` &me%oveb` loj( postnvfe"b` v rjbm Hulnpf$,si`o progrnju
sobmae`o hylafe hya ohyte"souhor s jna"jm hyty en t'l!@uegnrmn nrb`mtfit(Hay
Jaenmf n Guyay @nszf z aft >=4=>=>4. Iojpafx sf sialna zf t' loj(smtuovne"b`
ioafj vemt'e`o lvorn. Lo hyt( hya p'stup z ohvolov"b` ob`oz(. Kfleotamv hulovy
hyay envzkfj propokfey paoty, pfrgoanjm n prolfkejm steiy. Hyan vytvo'fen
2>JOXNSER[I] >===, 86.
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kfleolub`, nv$ni fxprfsmve corjn prokfitu, itfr sf stnan p'flb`(lbfj pozl!k$b`
vlf*si"b` haoi(.28
Okflme!a" jolfa 'f$fe hytov prohafjntmiy vf saflovnej ohloh vf
st'flofvropsij prostoru hya upante!e en zfj j!stn Sle!. Cfeoje zvne"Xul
Slf* (Xotf Wmfe) v$ni zrovf* p'flstnvukf kflfe z efkv"zenje!k$b` p'ianl(
rozs`a"b` urhnemstmbi"b` zsn`( n poamtmbi`o vyu%mt nrb`mtfitury v jfzmvaf&ej
ohloh. Km%ol roiu >=>6 hyao z'fkj, %f 'nly joenrb`mf efksou sb`opey znkmstmt pro
lvn jmamoey ohyvntfa Sle! p'st'f$ n lostntfi potrnvme, n tni hyam ohyvntfa eubfem
znkmstmt sm kf vanstejm smanjm znhrej vf'fke"b` pozfji(. \nto zpo&tiu spoetee
n svpojobe nitmvmtn sf z`y proj!eman v orgnemzovne `eut lru%stfve`o hylafe,
nv$ni kf`o polohn hyan olam$e ef% v p'pnl! e!jfbi"b` slam$, (Rmflaueg) efho
zn`rnleb` p'flj!st. \nto zn`rnle slam$t! (Gnrtfesmflaueg) sf zsnle! am$man ol
p'flvaf&e"b` souirojovanstembi"b` vmaov"b` &tvrt st'fle Fvropy. Hyan efzvmsa en
hur%onzeb` struiturb`, sprnvovnan sf en lru%stfveb` prmebmpfb`, efpotrp!an sm en
jnafheost, efho, j!an typmbiy j!stsi" b`nrnitfr n hyan efoll!amtfae! spkntn sf
snjozsohovej potrnvmenjm.22
En tojto `eut sf polafam metfafituaov v&. Nloacn Aoosf, Kosfcn Crnein,
Jnrgnrftf Rb`ttf-Am`otziy, Gustnwn Rb`fun, Jnxf Frjfrsf n Ottn Efurnt`n. Trv!
Nloac Aoos sf`ra v"zenjeou roam v rjbm sv`o p(sohfe knio vfloub nrb`mtfit
j!stsi stnvfhe sprvy (Rmflauegsnjt). Sylvna prokfi&e n paeovnb sj!rembf,
posuzovna prokfity, vylna pro Slf* zfje pae ze pro pnrbfanbm n oslafe.
Envr`ovna 'nlov typy zstnvhy, kfkj% klrfj hyan ohyte iub`ye! (Wo`eib`f)
n u%mtiov zn`rnln (Eutzgnrtfe). \oto sb`jn vypayeuao z nena"zy pot'fh j!stsi"b`
ohyvntfa, itf' ksou osj `olme lfee! v znj!stee, naf roz`olam sf snjozsohmt
vanstejm potrnvmenjm n polaft sf en stnvh! sv`o loju. Efkb`nrnitfrmstm&t!k$jp'ianlfj to`oto typu hytov v"stnvhy hya Aoos(v (spoau s @ugfj Jnyfrfj) prokfit
vlf*si`o slam$t!@fuhfrg (Rmflaueg @fuhfrg) z aft >=8>>=82. Lojiy v @fuhfrgu
ksou povn%ovey zn efk&fae!k$ 'f$fe povaf&e hytov n potrnvmeov irmzf vf Slem,
n to z fioeojmbi`o m sobmae`o `aflmsin. S"`rnle! 'nlov lojiy hyay hulovey
polaf spfbmae`o pntfetovne`o systju. Rpfbmcmbi ioestrui&e 'f$fe spo&v v toj,
28JOXNSER[I] >===, 83.22
HANV >===, 0
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%f sousfle lojiy jnk v%ly spoaf&e p'&e eose st!ey, en itfr ksou znv!$ovey
st!ey ho&e. In%l"z loji(stok en sv vanste pnrbfaf, kf v$ni zrovf*sou&st 'nly
typmzovne"b` kfleotfi, itfr znhrnk bbn kfleu lfsftmeu paob`y laou` zi pnrbfay
s u%mtiovou zn`rnlou.2
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2>
\oto eov poamtmbiy jotmvovne uspo'le j!stn efkapf b`nrnitfrmzukf eov
corjn rozs`a"b` iojpafx(hulov, kni"b`sm urhnemstmbi"b` supfrhaoi(, zn&afe!e"b` lo
trnlm&e struitury j!stn, tvo'fe`o rnbmoeae struiturou rfguan&e`o paeu
(Xfguamfruegspane). \yto supfrhaoiy sf iafeou p'fs uambf, p'mzp(sohuk sf topogrncmm
m `mstormbi"j lneostfj zfj nv$ni vf zbfan kmej j!'tiu, proporbb` n orgnemznbm
zfj. Xfnamznbf to`oto zj!re!olam$e`o p'stupu souvms s poamtmbi"j p'fsv!l&fej
sobmaeb` lfjoirnt(o toj, %f stnr uspo'le j(%f iofxmstovnt s eov"j systjfj.
\feto systj sf polaf Fvf Hanu vrstv enl stnr$j, st%ftv sf s ej, vstupukf s ej lo
lmsiusf n zpob`yh+ukf kf`o nutormtu. 23 V supfrhaoi( Xul Sle! sf `ovo'
o paurnamt! nrb`mtfitoembi"b` corfj, pro e!% kf en kfle strne! typmbi vysobf
melmvmlunamzovne 'f$fe cnsl n en lru` strne!stnelnrlmznbf stnvfheb` prvi(, knio
ksou enp'. oien, lvf'f, hnaioey npol. To nrb`mtfitoembi strebf p'flstnvuk tyto
iojueae stnvhy l!lmbtv urhnemstmbi"b` p'flstnv Ottn Wngefrn, itfr p'fvznam kf`o
%bm, itf' sf polafam en v!t$me! vfai"b` znizfi. Vvf-jf zlf p'flfv$j @uhfrtn
Gfssefrn, @fmermb`n Rb`jmltn efho @frjneen Nmb`megfrn. Toftmin wngefrovsi`o
knzyin hyan v kfkmb` prnbb` trnescorjoven lo fxprfsmve`o knzyin, z(stnay v$ni
p'tojey prviy joeujfetnamty n lojmenebf. Tropngnelmstmbi puhaminbf vlf*si`o
jngmstrtu zl(rnz*ovnay `ospolreost n cuei&eost lmspozmb. Efhyao tforftmzoveo enl
tj, %f nrb`mtfiturn iojueaeb` stnvfh &nsto kfe rfbyiaukf jeo` prviy
z p'flvaf&e"b` fxpfrmjfet(n%i eovju fiafitmsju.
Ioebfpbf v"stnvhy vlf*si"b` loj( v$ni efhyan zbfan kfleote, azf iroj!
jeo`n lna$b` vnrmnet `ovo'mt o t'fb` zianleb` typfb` iojueaeb` hytov"b` loj(.
Efktrnlm&e!km u%vne"j hya typ loju z >=. stoaft, tzv. Jmftspnanst, kni kfk o%mvma enp'.
@uhfrt Gfssefr s cnslnjm mespmrovne"jm hnroifj. Lru` siupmen hyan mespmroven
fxprfsmvej panstmbmsjfj, kni `o p'flstnvukf smgemcminete Inra-Jnrx-@oc nrb`mtfitn
Inran F`en. Eov! sf prosnzovne cueibmoenamstmbi nrb`mtfiturn e!jfbi"b`n crnebouzsi"b` vzor(, vy`"hnkb sf lfiorntmveostm n fxprfsmvej gfst(j
p'flstnvovnan t'ft proul vlf*si iojueae v"stnvhy.
Efkpozoru`ole!k$j p'ianlfj prve siupmey n prototypfj amlov`o pnabf
hylafe (Woaiswo`euegspnanst) kf Knioh-Xfujnee-@oc z aft >=8=83 envr%fe"
@uhfrtfj Gfssefrfj (spoau s Kosfcfj Hmttefrfj n Nloacfj Rtbiafj). Nrfa hya
pokjfeove po prvej sobmae! lfjoirntmbij stnrostovm Sle!, itfr" povn%ovna
23HANV >===, 07.
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iojuemtu zn pen zfj!n p(ly. Nrb`mtfiturn p(sohb knio jobe"joeoamt27v ohrnzu
j!stn kf syjhoafj n kfleozen&e"j u%mtj poamtmbi`o knzyin valeoub t'ly.
Ryjftrmbiy 'f$fe" nrfa hulov uspo'lne"b` po zjfbij vzoru ioafj &fste`o
lvorn s nrilnjm n pfrgoanjm ohsn`ukf bfaifj =83>=87 sf sv"j p(aohaouiov"j lvorfj vrnb if vzor(j
mtnasi`o hnroin.
Lru`ou typoaogmbiou siupmeu vlf*si"b` stnvfh tzv. supfrhaoi( rfprfzfetukf
efkapf souhorInra-Jnrx-@ocz roiu >=87>=24 nrb`mtfitn Inran F`en. Joeujfetnamtn
souhoru paeman progrnj rfprfzfetovnt l!aembiou t'lu n p'mvanst*ovnt sm fstftmiu
enlvaly. Xfantmve! zi" souhor hulov losn`ukf laiy tj!' kfleo`o imaojftru
n ohsn`ovna > 286 hyt(.2= Vvemt' haoi(hyay uiryty rozs`a pnriov!uprnvfe nrfay
n l!tsi `'m$t!, p'stupe z ve!k$iu joeujfetaejm hrnenjm. En `rnembm jfzm trnt!jm
j!stsi %fafzembf n jna"j slam$t!j v sousflstv p(sohInra-Jnrx-@ocknio ohylafe
j!stsi rnlhn.
Nrb`mtfiturn t!b`to vlf*si"b` supfrhaoi( v$ni z(stnan mzoaovne"j kfvfj
lohy. Sf srovee s v"vokfj v zpnle Fvrop!sf zlan h"t svzen sp$f s jmeuaost
ef% s huloubeost j!stsi`o hylafe. S )fsiosaovfesiu v$ni v t loh! effxmstovna
ohlohe" progrnj iojueae`o hylafe sroventfae`o j!'tin, v"stnvhn hytov"b`
loj(zlf hyan kf$t!p'flfv$j v souiroj"b` ruiou.
Trn`n, knio `anve j!sto eov`o &fsiosaovfesi`o sttu, sf po po&tf&e
ioesoamlnbm povaf&e"b` poj!r( zn&nan urhnemstmbiy v"zenje! rozvkft p'flfv$j po
vytvo'fe tzv. Sfai Trn`y v robf >=88 p'mpokfej 27 ohb n osnl.3 polan))n ho#e i$lan ksou sfljmpolan)e.
20WFM@RJNEE 8448, 88>882.
2=WFM@RJNEE 8448, 2=0
=88 en zianl" zioen #. >>=84 Rh. n provl"bb` en$zfeb` valy. S#afe"eo hyao 0ohb inraesi`o oirfsu, >< ohb sjb`ovsi`o oirfsu, >4 ohb ira. vmeo`rnlsi`o oirfsu,
< ohbf )m)iovsi`o oirfsu n 8 #stm ohb zhrnsanvsi`o oirfsu. To svj znao)fe j"anSfai Trn`n 373 444 ohyvntfa n rozao`u >7> ij8.Sfai Trn`n YoeamefZ, WmimpflmnYbmt. 84>2-48Z.
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sout!%eb` pae(&ty' prn%si"b` sfitor(z aft >=84>=8< azf olvolmt, %f urhnemstmbi"
rozvok j!stn proh`na polaf esaflukbb` zsnl; Eov j!stsi &tvrtm, smtuovne ha%f
i bfetru n en pao$$j tfreu, hyay envr`ovey knio uznv'fe!k$ &m otfv'fe!k$ struiturn
wngefrovsi`o typu j!stn. J!stsiju bfetru vzlafe!k$ poao`y sf sao%mt!k$ tfree
smtunb, hyay enopni ioebmpovey en prmebmpu zn`rnle`o j!stn s fcfite! 'f$fe"jm
znstnvovnbjm sb`jnty. Lo lojmeneteb` &st eov j!stsi struitury, en eov!
uprnvfe eh'f%, `anve t'ly n ej!st hyay envr`ovey joeujfetae vf'fke
hulovy, rfprfzfetukb eov"lfjoirntmbi"stt. \'ftj urhnemstmbi"j sj!rfj, itfr"sf
upant*ovna staf v"zenje!km, sf stnao rfcorje `eut, kf% v souvmsaostm s eov"jm
lmspozm&ejm 'f$fejm vansteb` hyt(p'me$fao zbfan eov urhnemstmbi ioebfpbf.
Efkzsnle!k$j p'ianlfj u%mt ioebfptu vlf*si`o typu jolfremstmbi`o
urhnemsju Ottn Wngefrn kf, iroj!prnv vatnvsi`o eh'f% Rtnr`o n Eov`o J!stn,
joeujfetae evr` znstnvovnb`o paeu haoiov struitury Lfkvmb s bfetraej
prostorfj St!ze`o ej!st, itfr" vyprnbovna Netoee Fegfa v aftfb` >=8>>=82.
Lru`ou urhnemstmbiou amemm p'flstnvovnan eov sntfamte prn%si zn`rnle j!stn, ur&fe
en rozla ol vfaioj!stsi"b` rfprfzfetntmveb` n corjaeb` iojpozmb prmjre! pro
hylafe. [nstebm stnvhy siroje"b` rolmee"b` loji(v zn`rnlb` zl(rnz*ovnam kfkmb`
amlsiy vale j!'tio. S"zenje"j p'ianlfj prn%si`o zn`rnle`o j!stn hyan
O'fb`ovin, hulovne knio lru%stfvepolaf vt!ze`o sout!%e`o evr`u nrb`mtfit(
Knrosanvn Soelrin n Knen #fei"'f z roiu >=>=. Rt'fl urhnemstmbi iojpozmbf kf tvo'fe
jna"j bmvmaej ej!stj s hulovou rfstnurnbf n ohb`olu. Ioafj kf uspo'len uam&e
struiturn, vbf &m je! efprnvmlfae!. Ohyte lojy ksou 'f$fey knio kfleopntrov
n &nst!km 'nlov ef% soamtre. Nrb`mtfiturn loji(, n& kf progrnjov! bfamstv, p(soh
liy r(ze"j z&nste!e"j nrb`mtfit(j rozjnemt!.
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2=24.
Efkvysp!afk$ p'ianly loj( s jna"jm hyty vytvo'mam nrb`mtfitm eov gfefrnbf, itfr
hre!esiou nrb`mtfitoembiou sbeu t lohy zbfan ovalan. Hyam kmjm enp'. Kmel'mb`
Iujpo$t n p'flfv$j Kosfc Toa$fi, pro itfr`o sf tjn sobmae hytov v"stnvhy stnao
posaej.67 Kjfeukjf enp'ianl vfajm jolfre souhory hulov Kosfcn Toa$in z aft
>=24>=2> vf Srneovsi uambm v @usovmbb`, vytv'fkb poaouznv'fe haoiy, efho
nrfa 'liov! uspo'lne"b` hulov propokfe"b` pr(h!%eou em%$ `jotou z aft >=2>
>=28 p'm Ribfaov!uambm v Iraov!Toam. [ rfnamznb Kmel'mb`n Iujpo$tn kf polstnte
zjemt souhor 'liov! uspo'lne zstnvhy ekfje"b` loj( \hor v .nhov'fsib`
z roiu >=2> n laf ekfje lojy, uspo'lne v haoiov struitu'f, z aft >=28>=22
v [n`rnleiov!uambm vf Sfvf'.
\forftmbiy p(sohma v Hre! afvmbov" nrb`mtfit n procfsor jste tfb`emiy Km'
Iro`n, itfr" vf sjysau \fmgf`o mlfk vyprnbovna pozoru`ole" byiaus ioa%
Robmoaogmbi$ crngjfet hylafe z aft >=24>=28. Iro`n vysv!taukf, %f `ygmfeu hytu,
fefrgftmiu hytu, cyzmogeojmm n psyb`oaogmm hytu nenayzukf zf stneovmsin t%le`o. Hyt kf
knio sou)st prostoru sobmae`o l!kf, knio sou)st t%le! vyvanste!e efho knio )st,
v e'vyvrb`oauk eflostntiy oeo`o sobmae`o prostoru, tk. hylafe inpmtnamstmbi$b` t%l
ioetrn hylafe proaft%siju.60
Xozsn` hytov v"stnvhy 24. aft v Trnzf m v Hre! n ivnamtn vyhulovne"b`hytov"b` loj(s jmemjaejm hyty hyay zen&e. Kflenao sf o cueibmoenamstmbi lojy
afvmbov! znj!'fe"b` tv(rb( s n%purmstmbiy rfluiovne"j tvnrosaovj jfzmerole`o
styau. Rpfbmcmbiou inpmtoau v p'stupu i sobmaeju hylafe v jfzmvaf&ej
)fsiosaovfesiu tvo' rove!% eov! hulovne j!sto [ae, afvmbovou nvnetgnrlou
63'SB@N >===, =2.
67
IVL.AIN 8444, 868867.60zlrok; Km$ Iro`n. Me;Nrb`mwfhYoeamefZ. Ybmt. 84>2-48Z. Lostupe z;`ttp;//www.nrb`mwfh.bz/snaoe.p`p?nbtmoe:s`ow&ml:2>08&typf:>7
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20
oljtne`o ohuvembi`o jngetn \oj$f Hntm. \oto tj!'mlfae gnremfrovsi Bmt
melustrmfaaf, itfr v robf >=28 &tnao km% 24 444 ohyvntfa, 'f$mao liy sv ntrnitmvmt!
n pot'fh! prnbove say prohaj eflostntiu n p'fpae!e hyt(.6=N& Hn,n sv(k zvol
hulovna polaf njfrmbi"b` jolfa(, zp(soh hylafe l!aei( voama rfantmve! iojcorte
polaf negambi`o prmebmpu zn`rnle`o j!stn. Trfcfrovna posiyteout znj!steneb(j
cmene&e! lostupe jna melmvmluae lojiy sf zn`rlinjm, itfr"b` v$ni jusfan h"t
huloven inpnbmte! rozs`a iohfrbov zstnvhn. En srmov proluibm hn,ovsi"b`
loji(sf polafan 'nln nrb`mtfit(, vf 84. aftfb` to v$ni hya p'flfv$j Crnetm$fi Gn`urn
n v aftfb` t'mbt"b` Sanlmjr Inrci. Hn,n znstvna ezor, %f kf t'fhn prnbovnt
ioafitmve!, hylaft melmvmluae!.34Af Borhusmfrovy evr`y vfai"b` ohyte"b` v!%i(
pro [ae z roiu >=26 hyay proto cmrjou Hn,n oljteuty.
Tole!te jolfay 'f$fe jfzmvaf&e hytov prohafjntmiy hyay vyvmeuty
v E!jfbiu 84. aft v souvmsaostm s ohkfvfej Eov v!beostm3>. S"jnrsi rfpuhamin
zn`kman, po stnhmamznbm j!ey v robf >=82, ernzov" progrnj hytov v"stnvhy. \`o%
roiu pr(iopei 'liov zstnvhy nrb`mtfit Otto @nfsafr loioe&ma prve slam$t!
Mtnamfemsb`fr Gnrtfev Bfaaf u @neeovfru.38\feto eov"typ slam$t!j!a paob` st'fb`y
n efohvyia hnrfve pr(&fa. S esaflukbj robf en lna$j Bfaafsij slam$tm Rneit-
Gforg-Gnrlfeeov!upantema 'liov"systj zstnvhy.
@nfsafr rozvkfa 'liov"systj, itfr"sf z'fkj!poprv ohkfvma v E!jfbiu km%
v 34. n 74. aftfb` >=. stoaft v nrfafb` l!aembi"b` slam$,v Fssfeu. L!aembi ioaoemf
Iruppov"b` zvol( zlf hyay hulovey polaf negambi"b` vzor( (enp'. Rnatnmrf
u Hrnlcorlu, >06>). T'ianle ksou rozs`a fssfesi l!aembi ioaoemf Wfstfelz aft
>032>07> efho Broeefehfrg z aft >078>07=>=. N&kf$t!efsou Cmsb`frovy hulovy corjae zeniy `mstormsju n sfbfsf, kflenao sf
6=RFJXL, Rtnemsanv n Inrfa '\OXB@. Hytov poj"ry v !RX.Nrb`mtfit RMN. >=26, ro#. 28=>2
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2=
vf st'flofvropsij prostoru o pmoe"rsi urhnemstmbi lao. Bfaifj 83 haoi(
t'polan%eb` loj( s hyty o vfamiostm
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=86 pro slam$t! Hrub`cfalstrnssf, vytv'fao v"rnzeou corjnbm zuhovmt!
uspo'lne`o vyjfzfe bfetrae`o prostoru iojueae`o pnriu. Kflmef&e!corjovey
hyay m lna$ prokfity slam$, Xjfrstnlt, Trnue`fmj, Wfst`nusfe
n @`fehambi, hulovne"b` en p'flj!st v loa 'fiy Emlly. Hyao zlf, liy
l(safleju upante!e rnbmoenamznbf vf czm evr`u m rfnamznbf, vyhuloveo >6 444 hyt(,
bo% &memao p'fs lfvnlfst probfet vf$ifr v"stnvhy vf Crneicurtu. 37 Lo$ao
i proprnbove @nfsafrovn lmspozm&e`o typu hytu n i lfcmeove prostorov"b`
stnelnrl( fxmstfe&e`o jmemjn, itfr v$ni hyay polje!ey l(jysae"j u%vej
vfstnv!e"b` si'e, sialnb`o ehytiu n postfa n p'flfv$j evr`fj vemt'e`o
uspo'le snjostnte! oll!afe iub`ye!30. [ ioestrui&e`o `aflmsin sm rnbmoenamznbf
vyeutman fxpfrmjfetove s prfcnhrminb hftoeov"b` pnefa(, itfr hyan v robf >=87
sp!$e!upante!en p'm v"stnvh!slam$,Trnue`fmj n@`fehambi.
Trohafjntmbf sobmae`o hylafe sf jfzm e!jfbi"jm nrb`mtfity prnitmbiy
m tforftmbiy vflaf @nfsafrn, Jnyf n \nutn v!eovnt p'flfv$j Wnatfr Gropmus (>002
>=3=). S evr`u slam$t!rolmee"b` 'nlov"b` loj(\rtfepro Lfsnvu z roiu >=80 sf
poiou$fa o losn%fe jnxmjae ioestrui&e n rfnamzn&e fcfitmvmty stnv!e znvflfej
prviov stnelnrlmznbf n amefre`o joet%e`o probfsu, itfr"ur&uk lr`y stnvfheb`
kf'h(. \forftmbiy sf naf Gropmus znh"vna prohafjntmiou vfai`o ohyte`o haoiu pro
hfzt'le iojuemte hylafe. Kf`o efrfnamzovne prokfity slam$t!pro Hfrae z roiu >=8=
p'flstnvuk v"rnze!k$ poiroi v %mvotej stnelnrlu n p'flfv$j v loprovole"b`
sau%hb`. Ezory s`reut v sobmoaogmbi stulmm Robmoaogmbi zsnly jmemjae`o
hylafe (Lmf sozmoaogmsb`fe Gruelangfe lfr Jmemjnawo`eueg) z roiu >=8= ksou
polohe! knio ezory Inran \fmgf`o afvmbov! rnlmiae!k$ ef% postokf sobmaeb`
lfjoirnt(, itf' tf`ly kf$t! 'lmam sprvu vf v"stnvh! nitmveb` j!st knio Crneicurt
efho Hfrae.Toiroi(vf v"vokm hylafe hyao v E!jfbiu jfzm afty >=87>=2> losn`oveo
liy ocmbmae hytov poamtmbf S"jnrsi rfpuhamiy. S"stnvhn hyan suhvfeboven
z vf'fke"b` zlrok(prost'flembtvj sobmae`o pokm$t!e n lne!z vanstembtv efjovmtostm.
33Rpoaunutorfj crneicurtsi`o slam*t" en Hrub`cfalstrnssf z roiu >=86 hya nrb`mtfit
Bnra-@frjnee Xulaocc.37
I@E >==0.30
Sysobf fcfitmve cuei#e bfafi crneicurtsi iub`ye! o pao*f pou`%b` 3 j8, p$mpojenkb
anhornto$, envr`an pro crneicurtsi slam*t" v robf >=83 nrb`mtfitin Jnrgnrftf Rb`ttf-Am`otziy(>0=78444).
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S"stnvhn v E!jfbiu v t!b`to aftfb` los`an tj!'kfleo`o jmamoeu hyt(, bo%v t loh!
&memao tj!' 74 % vf$ifr v"stnvhy v lnej ohloh. \niov" pf&ovntfasi" stte
systj v$ni efhyao jo%e s tvrl"j estupfj `ospol'si irmzf ulr%ft. Fioeojmbi
uinzntfaf v"rnze!poiafsay n s emjm m ob`otn hnei i lna$j p(k&ij n E!jfbio sf op!t
envrtmao i `ospol'siju n sobmaeju b`nosu. Sf'fke je!e sf oliaoemao ol
afvmbov!ormfetovne"b` vmz nrb`mtfit(eov v!beostm, itfr"j en po&tiu 24. aft efzhyao
ef%fjmgrovnt.3=
3=CXNJT\OE 84437.
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Rpfbmcmin urhnemznbf stfbi ngaojfrnbf
I pob`opfe `mstormbi"b`, lfjogrncmbi"b` n urhnemstmbi"b` souvmsaost kf t'fhn
p'mpojfeout e!itfr lntn n spfbmcmin urhnemznbf stfbi ngaojfrnbf.
Ezfv slan hulovne`o p'm st 'fiy Hamey kf loao%mtfae" ol >>. stoaft.
Oslafe ohiaopukb iraovsi" `rnl hyao posaflejm T'fjysaovbm vf >2. stoaft
v souvmsaostm s eovou vaeou ioaoemznbf, provzfe p'amvfj p'flfv$j e!jfbiyjauvb`o ohyvntfastvn, en`rnzfeo j!stfj iraovsi"j. E!jfbi ohyvntfastvo pro
ozen&fe j!stn u%vnao ezfvNussmg, itfr"sf zlf ulr%fa n%lo poaovmey 84. stoaft.74
Iraovsi j!sto st v$ni po zhytfi st'flov!iu efpnt'mao v rjbm zfj!jfzm
j!stn efkl(af%mt!k$, polstnte hyan sp$f kf`o strntfgmbi poao`n en Anhm n j!sto hyao
t% v"b`olmsifj &fsi tfrmtormae poamtmiy, ensj!rovne p'flfv$j i Au%mbm. Kf$t!
v eovov!ij ohloh hyao st enl Anhfj, v porovee s ostntejm v"zenje"jm
&fsi"jm j!sty, kflej z efkjfe$b`, n to tni v rjbm sfvfreb` )fb`. \nto stngenbftrvnan v polstnt!lo >0. stoaft.
Xyb`aju rozvokm, olstnrtovneju n% v poaovme! >=. stoaft, vl!&mao j!sto
knism iojhmenbm p(vole!ve!k$b` cnitor(, tk. p'flfv$j po&ti(j t!%hy `e!l`o u`a
v hfzprost'flej oioa j!stn n vyhulove %fafzembf. [snle roam proj!ey j!stn tfly
sf`ra pr(jysa, rfprfzfetovne" v st znao%fej ioebfreu Rpoaiu pro b`fjmbiou
n `ute v"rohu (p(vole!; stfrrfmb`msb`fr Sfrfme cr b`fjmsb`f uel jftnaaurgmsb`f
Troluitmoe) n lna$b` nibmov"b` spoaf&eost m %mveost. Afve loprnvn u`a po Anhm loRnsin n p'mpokfe i `anve %fafzem&e trnsf joenrb`mf vytvo'may z j!stn l(af%mt
loprnve bfetruj.
Truli"rozvok j!stn tni kfleozen&e!loial m ryb`a"r(st po&tu kf`o ohyvntfa.
S prve lfil! rnznete proj!ey j!stn, jfzm roifj >0067, sf zv"$ma po&ft
ohyvntfastvn o 83> %, en tj!' sflj tmsb. Nuto'm puhaminbf o l!kmeb` st enl
74 Sf 84. stoaft hyan t) u)ven corjn ezvu Nussmg ne lfr Fahf pro kfleozen#e ur#fe
v p$pnl"zj"ey s jnaou vfsem#iou Numg, itfr sf enb`z v E"jfbiu (vzlafe >64 ijol st enl Anhfj en zfj Rnsin).
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aogmbiy usuzuk, %f tfeto p'r(stfi ohyvntfa j!stn efjo`a h"t le p'mrozfe"j
p'r(stifj ohyvntfastvn (tk. rozlafj jfzm po&tfj enrozfe"b` n zfj'fa"b`), naf %f hya
kfleozen&e! v"saflifj vfai mjmgrn&e vaey. Eov ohyvntfa j!stn polaf emb`
p'mb`zfam zfkjen z oioaeb`, kf$t! zfj!l!asi"b` oirfs(, nhy v rozvkfkbj sf
pr(jysaovj bfetru enafzam afp$ %mvote poljeiy. \feto trfel enlaf poirn&ovna
n v robf >03= p'fs`a po&ft ohyvntfa >4 444, v robf >004 pni >3 444 n v robf >0=4 %mao
v st enl Anhfj km%vbf ef%82 444 ohyvntfa.78
R p'b`olfj eov"b` ohyvntfa sf tni eute! zj!eman m trnlm&e struiturn
ohyvntfastvn, ily po&ft eov"b` ohyvntfa v irti loh! p'fv"$ma po&ft ohyvntfa
p(voleb`. Nuto'm puhaminbf o l!kmeb` st enl Anhfj tfeto cnit loinzuk en tf`ly
saflovne"b` lnkb` o lojovsi p'sau$eostm, ily enp'. p'm s&te amlu v robf >03=
hyan vbf ef% 74% v!t$men ohyvntfa b`nrnitfrmzoven knio bmzmebm. Lojovsiou
p'sau$eost v jst! pohytu hyao totm% jo%e zsint efkl'vf po lfsftm aftfb` pohytu
n hyao to envb vzeo sb`vafej j!stsiou rnlou.
[aoj v mjmgrnbm enstna n% po robf >0=4 n en p'faoju stoaft mjmgrnbf tj!'
ustnan. Bfey pozfji(los`ay spfiuanbfjm tniov v"$f, %f stnvfhe proluibf tj!'
ustnan n bfey ekfje`o los`ay efeose rove!. Eov! p'b`oz, naf m jste
ohyvntfa zn&nam vy`aflvnt hylafe v hfzprost'flej oioa j!stn, ilf hyao afve!k$
efkfe ekfje, naf tni bfey potrnvme. Toprv tni v lfsftmaft >=44 n% >=>4
znzenjfev st enl Anhfj hytfi ohyvntfastvn (o 3,3 %) n ohbf v kf`o oioa sf
znpa*uk n stvnk sf kni"jmsm eobaf`renjm j!stn pro l!aeiy stfbi"b` tovrfe.
S esaflukbb` lfsftmaftb` proto po&ft ohyvntfa en `mstormbij zfj j!stn stngeovna,
roi >=>4 kf tni ur&mt"j jfzeifj vy&frpe slfae inpnbmty `mstormbi`o j!stn
n lfjogrncmbi"v"vok znzenjfenk pouzf kf`o p'flj!st.72
Jfzm e! eaf%fay Irse H'fzeo (e!jfbiy Rb`eprmfsfe) n Ia$f (e!jfbiyIafmsb`f), p'mpokfe i st enl Anhfj v robf >0==. Laf potoj Huiov (e!jfbiy
Tobinu), T'flambf (e!jfbiy Trlamtz), Rt'fiov (e!jfbiy Rb`rfbifestfme), \rjmbf
(e!jfbiy \rjmtz) n S$fho'mbf (e!jfbiy Rb`hrmtz), p'mpokfe n%v robf >=2=.
7>L!kmey j!stn st enl Anhfj, >==6, 70.
78@OXRI 8448, >==.72
L!kmey j!stn st enl Anhfj, >==6, 70.
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=24 hyao st enl Anhfj sf sv"jm 00 444 ohyvntfam u% $fst"j efkv!t$j
j!stfj &fsi"b` zfj.7280, z(stvnan
v jnkftiu $afb`ty n%lo poaovmey >=. stoaft.73[nb`ovnan sm p'm toj mlyambiou struituru
lrohe`o vfeiovsi`o slan s st'fle evs s inpa n rnlmae! uspo'lne"jm
`ospol'si"jm lvory, itfr vvolma vfai" popau%e lv(r st'flov!i`o klrn, kf`o%
sou&st hya rozs`a" pozfjiov" jnkftfi. Rprvu enl vf$ifr"jm sprvejm
zaf%mtostjm ohbf p'fvzna tfprvf v robf >064 ohfbe v"hor v &faf s jstej stnrostou.
S robf >0=0 pni pnesi" vfaiostntfi m e!itfr kme lvory n vf$ifr i emj eaf%fkb
pozfjiy (bfaifj >=>= kf$t! proenkjnao
i zfj!l!asi &meeostm, hyao z'fkj, %f sprvn j!stn st enl Anhfj tjto joulr"j
iroifj zsinan rozs`a" pozfjiov"jnkftfi knio strntfgmbiy ia&ovou iojolmtu pro
7=7.
76Rtntmstmsb`fs Gfjfmelfafxmioe >=24, 2=4.73
KN@EFA, B. Eob` fmemgf Enb`rmb`tfe hfr lmf Ganez voe Nat`oc uel m`r Gut Gafmb`f.Jmtt`fmauegfe lfs Sfrfmes cr lmf Gfsb`mb`tf lfr Lfutsb`fe me H`jfe. Trng, ro#. >=4>,s. 6238.
77 KVLr. Crnez O`esorg (>0=6>=>07< #afefj j"stsi`o
znstupmtfastvn n rnly, v aftfb` >0=6>=>< hya stnrostou. [nsaou)ma sf o v%stnvhu iojueae`ovolovolu, fafitrmcminbm j"stn, z$zfe fafitrmbi `rojnle loprnvy npol.
zlrok; Osoheostm j"stn st enl Anhfj. J.R\O R\ ENL ANHFJ. Rtntutre j!sto stenl AnhfjYoeamefZ. Ybmt. 84>2-42-8
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=26 p'mv$fb` voahb`70 lojmenete postnvfe e!jfbi sobmae lfjoirnbmf (LRNT), zn e
esaflovnam e!jf&t enbmoenamst (LET) n pozl!km enbmst (LERNT). )tvrtou n% ptou
pozmbm znukjnan metfrenbmoeae IR&. [ &fsi"b` strne zsivnan efkvbf `ans(
)fsiosaovfesi strnen erole! sobmnamstmbi (&RER), kfk% voam&m sf rfirutovnam
p'flfv$j z 'nl &fsi"b` stteb` znj!steneb(. Jnrinete zj!en rozao%fe enstnan
v robf >=26, ily v pnranjfeteb` voahb` vf voafhej oirsiu st enl Anhfj
s lrtmvou v!t$meou zvt!zman @feafmeovn Rulftoe!jfbi strnen. [sinan efkfe `ansy
voam&(, v robf >=22 znizne"b` enbmoenamstmbi"b` strne LET n LERNT, naf
m &fte `ansy l!aembi"b` voam&(, itf' l'vf prfcfrovnam e!jfbiou sobmae lfjoirnbmm
n IR&. S"safliy pnranjfeteb` voafh v robf >=26 zntj v$ni efzj!emay ormfetnbm
iojueae poamtmiy, 'zfe v st enl Anhfj n% lo atn >=20 e!jfbi"jm sobmaejm
lfjoirnty.7=
T'mpojf*jf, %f E!jfbi sobmae! lfjoirntmbi strnen l!aembi
v &fsiosaovfesiu (Lfutsb`f sozmnalfjoirntmsb`f Nrhfmtfrpnrtfm me lfr
\sb`fb`osaownimsb`fe Xfpuhami LRNT) vzemian v \fpambb` v z' roiu >=>=
v polstnt! z orgnemzn&e euteostm z rozl!afe rniousi sobmae lfjoirnbmf. Ol roiu
>=84 sta v kfkj &faf Aulwmg Bzfb`04. Ol pnranjfeteb` voafh roiu >=8=, ily LRNT
zsinan tj!'7% voafhe zmsi, sf stnan v prn%sij erolej s`roj%l!e efksmae!k$
e!jfbiou pnranjfete crnib n posanefb n p'flsfln Aulwmg Bzfb` znsfla vf val!en
post jmemstrn pro sobmae p&m. S tojto jmemstfrsij i'fsaf z(stna n% lo roiu >=22-4
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=20 p(sohma tni knio jmemstr prbf n enioefb znstvna 'nl
jmemstrn zlrnvotembtv.0>
Rv"j nitmvmstmbi"j p'stupfj sf tni LRNT v rjbm 'zfe sttu metfezmve!
polafan en 'f$fe sobmae prohafjntmiy, bo% hyao efkbmtfae!k$j tjntfj prv!
v irmzov"b` aftfb` n v e!jfbiou jfe$meou oslafe"b` po`rnem&eb` ohanstfb`. LRNT
hyan v polstnt! n% lo irmtmbi`o p'fljemb`ovsi`o ohloh efksmae!k$ e!jfbiou
strneou n v po`rnem&ej zfj valan (ohvyiaf losaovn, efho, efksmae!k$ hyan
m v ohfbeb` snjosprvb`). S ohloh irmzf v$ni ztrbfan, iroj! e!jfbi &stm IR&
hyan tfr&fj `anve`o eporu @feafmeov"b` cn$mst(.08Sf 24. aftfb` LRNT pro`auhukf
ziou spoauprbm s &fsi"jm sobmnamsty (&fsiosaovfesi sobmae! lfjoirntmbi strnen
l!aembi &RLRL) n sen% sf olvrtmt zem&ukb v"vok, itfr" postm`a e!jfbiou
n rniousiou sobmae lfjoirnbmm. S h'fzeu roiu >=20 kf lo &fan strney zvoafe Wfezfa
Knisb`, enlaf p(sohb v fjmgrnbm, n enbmst strneu n kfk p'zemvbf v Rulftfb`
systfjntmbiy zamivmluk.
Rtfke!knio sttotvore &RLRLhyan kfk sfstfrsi e!jfbi sobmae lfjoirnbmf
v"zenje"j irmtmifj sobmaeb` poj!r(n progrnjov! sf negn%ovnan en poam ob`rney
ekfjei( n prosnzovnan fcfitmve!k$ corjy stte polpory i 'f$fe hytov eouzf.
&RLRL sf v$ni polafan s v"kmjiou aft >=83>=8= en v$fb` valb` jfzmvaf&e`o
)fsiosaovfesin n kfk roaf en prosnzove sobmaeb` prmormt hyan pob`opmtfae!
v"zenje!k$, p'flfv$j v prveb` aftfb` eov`o sttu.02Kfk sfstfrsi e!jfbi strnen
v$ni efz(stvnan poznlu n z postu opozmbf vf 84. aftfb`, kf$t!p'fl sv"j vstupfj lo
valy v robf >=8=, hyan vf sv irmtmbf sobmaeb` poj!r( o pozee l(rnze!k$
n `ansmt!k$.
Kflmef&e"j loianlfj t!b`to poamtmbi"b` postok( n rtormiy sobmae!
lfjoirntmbi"b` posaneb(ohou eroleost ksou zpmsy sb`(z jfzmvaf&e`o Erole`os`roj%l!e, puhamiovne Rpoaf&eou &fsio-saovfesiou lmgmtae pnranjfete
iem`oveou Tosanefbi se!jovey Tnranjfetu )fsi rfpuhamiy.0
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6. h'fzen >=80, ily hyay
oh!strney spoaf&e!vf vale opozmbm. Sale strney tf`ly prosnzovnay evr`y zioe(,
itfr en kfle strne! tj!' ru$may p'flb`oz opnt'fe i ob`rne!ekfjei(n en lru`
strne!efvytv'fay fcfitmve estrokf polpory hytov v"stnvhy.
[n &fsiosaovfesiou sobmae lfjoirnbmm bmtukjf &st z metfrpfanbf posanebf
Crnetm$in Hm*ovbf 06 ; Sz`aflfj if senzf eye!k# ionambf sj!%ukb i hrziju
amivmlove zioeolrstv, %f#b`o hytovou eouzm, jy, sobmae lfjoirnt,
pro`an#ukfjf efkfe tf,, e$hr' m pro lnafiou huloubeost, 'f u)mejf v#f, nhyb`oj
p%meutmam stte sprvu i )faeju n proeminvju %f#fe hytov otziy efkfe po strebf
ivnetmty, e$hr' zfkjen tni ivnamty hytov. &fsiosaovfesi rfpuhamin efj"'f h$tm if
svju ohyvntfastvu jnbf##t!k#, ef'sf i e!ju b`ovnao l%v!k# Xniousio. S'ly*n'lo
lef#eb` loh sn` p"soheost zioe" o hytov p)m z h$vna`o Xniousin, ujo'+ukb
lru'stv"j n ohbj stte zruiu n'lo v$#f =4 % stnvfheb` n `ypotfireb` eianl".
Rtnrost o zp"soh hylafe kfst n jus h$tm kfleou z efkp%fle!k#b` povmeeost sttu,
n kfstam stt v ohoru jmemstfrstvn zfj!l!astv vfajm )mee$j zp"sohfj pf)ukf
o loioenaou v$rohu'mvo)m#eou, o spfbmae b`ov siotu, o b`ov vfp%ov`o lohytin, ovb,
ioz n i )fau toju z%mzukf eianleou ioetroau b`av", b`aveb` zn%zfe, pnstvme%stv
n snan#embtv, jy to efvyt$ijf, e$hr' knio l"volu pou'vjf i toju, 'f hy hya
svrb`ovne$)ns postnrntm sf tni o %leou ioetroau hyt", oh$vnbb` zn%zfe n zp"sohu
hylafe. \%fhn sf p%fsv!l)mtm, 'f vbf ef' lohytfi v b`av!, stse!eo kfst ohyvntfastvo
v r"ze$b` prmjmtmveb` n eflostntf)e$b` hytfb`. Trv opnt%fe, poiul sf %le!n )fae!
provl, saou' if btm jmemstfrstvn zfj!l!astv. Eflostntiy v p)m hytov ksou v#ni
`nehou n ostulou jmemstfrstvn sob. p)f n zlrnvotembtv!03
En sb`(zm v t!sej zv!su esaflovnan v e!j&me! p'flefsfe metfrpfanbf
posanebf e!jfbi sobmae lfjoirnbmf Crnezf Intzf 07 , vf itfr knio polp(re"
06Crnetm*fi Hm+ovfb (>076>=36) hya poamtmi, posanefb /*si rnly vf Slem (>=47>=>6), #afe
Xfvoau#e`o erole`o s`roj)l"e (>=>0>=84) n posanefb Erole`o s`roj)l"erfpuhamiy !fsiosaovfesi (v aftfb` >=84>=22-4Z.
03!tvrtfi >6. h$fzen >=80; >26. sb`&zf YoeamefZ, Tosanefbi se!joven Tnranjfetu %fsi
rfpuhamiy Ybmt. 84>2-4Z.07
Crnez Intz (>007?) hya #fsiosaovfesi%poamtmi n posanefb Erole`o s`roj)l"e rfpuhamiy
!fsiosaovfesi (v aftfb` >=83>=80) zn E"jfbiou sobmae" lfjoirntmbiou strneul"aembiou, kfkj)hya strnembi%j sfirft$fj.zlrok; Crnez Intz YoeamefZ, Wmimpflmn Ybmt. 84>2-4Z.
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.286 rolme 8.6707=. T(vol z rolmey 'fjfsaein n cmene&e smtunbf ju eflovoamay zsint vy$$ vzl!ae,
iroj! v"u&e`o amstu n uioe&fe %mveostfesi $ioay. Hrzy vstoupma lo olhor(
n esafle! lo sab sobmae! lfjoirntmbi strney. To robf >=4= sf pni Taza stna
iorutnesi"j strnembi"j sfirft'fj.
Tolaf &aeiu, itfr" vy$fa v robf >=68 v sulftoe!jfbij irnknesij
&nsopmsf=4, pokmao Afopoaln Tazan kf$t!z loh kf`o olhor'si"b` poamtmbi"b` zn&ti(
osohe p'tfastv s p'flejm rniousi"jm sobmae! lfjoirntmbi"jm poamtmiy. Hyam to
00!tvrtfi >6. h$fzen >=80; >26. sb`&zf. Me; Tosanefbi se!joven Tnranjfetu %fsirfpuhamiy; Lmgmtae lfpozmt&YoeamefZ. Trn`n; Tosanefbi se"joven Tnranjfetu !fsirfpuhamiy, >==7 Ybmt. 84>2-4Z. Lostupe z;
`ttp;//www.psp.bz/fiem`/>=86es/ps/stfeprot/>26sb`uz/s>2644>.`tj0=Afopoal Taza; Rfme Afhfe uel Wfri.Nussmgfr Hotf. >=68, ro#. 8, s. 88.=4
Afopoal Taza; Rfme Afhfe uel Wfri.Nussmgfr Hotf. >=68, ro#. 8, s. 8
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6>
kfleni pozl!k$ vlf*si" stnrostn Inra Rfmtz=> n jnrxmstn n sobmae! lfjoirntmbi"
sobmoaog Inra Xfeefr=8 . Kf kmst, %f prv! ioetnit s t!jmto tv(rbm Xul Sle!
n trvna osohe propokfe s Xniousifj Afopoaln Tazan povzhuzovnay v kf`o poamtmbi
prbm n mespmrovnay v p'prnv!prokfit(iojueae`o hylafe.
S robf >=>2 hya Taza povoae lo st enl Anhfj stfbi"j sfirft'fj Rvnzu
prnbukbb` b`fjmbi`o pr(jysau Xniousin, posanebfj Netoefj Rb`rnjjfafj. Taza
ju j!a v st pojobm s orgnemznb p'm hulove sobmae! lfjoirntmbi"b` olhor(.
S tto cueibm sf z'fkj!osv!l&ma, n tni sf po evrntu z hokm$t!prve sv!tov vaiy op!t
vrtma lo st n znpokma sf lo olhor'si &meeostm vf Rpoaiu pro b`fjmbiou n `ute
v"rohu.=2Knio eovme' n poamtmbi" ngmttor sf proto znh"vna p'flfv$j prnbovejm
n sobmaejm poljeinjm %mvotn l!aei(n efznj!stene"b`.
To rozpnlu joenrb`mf n potan&fe enl!k en ulr%fe provmebmf Lfutsb`h`jfe
sf Taza(v sifptmbi"po`afl en eov poj!ry ol ezoru stfbi"b` E!jb(emkni efam$ma,
p'fsto sf s lneou smtunb postupe! sj'ma n soust'flma sf en poamtmbiou
n sobmae prbm. Tozl!km sf v$ni vyrovena s &fsiosaovfesiou rfnamtou n p'mkna zn sv(k
m nitmvmstmbi"p'stup strney, itfr sf v robf >=8= stnan km%strneou vale. Knio bmzmefb
j!a z'fkj! tni enl`afl enl prokfvukbjm sf eroleostejm efvrn%mvostjm, n hya tni
sb`opfe sf vf sv prbm 'lmt rnbmoeae!km n saflovnt metfrenbmoeae proaft'siou mlfu.
Lo iojueae poamtmiy Taza vstupukf v"rnze! u% ioebfj roiu >=>0 n po
iojueaeb` voahb` v &frveu >=>= sf km%j!a stt zstupbfj stnrosty, bo%hyao, pro
kf`o nhsfebm &fsiosaovfesi`o stte`o oh&nestv, znjteuto n stnao sf tni n%v afleu
>=84. Naf km%v h'fzeu >=84, po e`a sjrtm losnvnle`o stnrosty lr. Crnezf Inpusty,
hya Afopoal Taza knio kflme" inelmlt zvoafe stnrostou j!stn, kj% z(stna lo
esaflukbb` voafh. \f`lfk$ zvoafe Afopoaln Tazan, rozfe`o Xniu$nen, azf m p'fs
spfbmcmbiou stfbiou lfjogrncmbiou struituru povn%ovnt zn lostm p'fivnpmv. ==82 ztrntman e!jfbi sobmae lfjoirnbmf v"snle
=>Inra Rfmtz (>03=>=64) hya rniousi% sobmae" lfjoirntmbi%poamtmi. S aftfb` >=82>=2< hya
vlf+si%j stnrostou, pozvfla j"sto i prospfrmt"n u#mema z e"k jfzmerole vzorov%p$ianlsobmae"lfjoirntmbi iojueae sprvy.zlrok;Inra Rfmtz YoeamefZ, Wmimpflmn Ybmt. 84>2-46Z.
=8 Inra Xfeefr (>074>=64) hya rniousi% sobmoaog n poamtmi (jnrxmstmbiy ormfetovne% sobmae
lfjoirnt). S aftfb` >=>0>=84 hya prvej ineba$fj Xniousi rfpuhamiy.zlrok; Inra Xfeefr YoeamefZ, WmimpflmnYbmt. 84>2-46Z.
=2B@X[ 8448, 0>4.==2> hya Afopoal Taza zeovu zvoafe stnrostou j!stn n to tni liy `ans(j
&fsi"b` znstupmtfa(. I enbmoenamsju sf Taza stnv!a oljtnv! u% p'fl prve sv!tovou
vaiou n esafle! p'm svj p(sohfe v )fsiosaovfesiu z prmebmpu oljtna
m poamtmbi" progrnj e!jfbi"b` eroleb` sobmnamst( (Lfutsb`f entmoenasozmnamstmsb`f
NrhfmtfrpnrtfmLERNT)=3, rfprfzfetovne"b` v st kf`o poamtmbi"j rmvnafj en i'fsao
stnrosty @nesfj Irfhsfj=7, pozl!k$j sulftoe!jfbi"j enbmstmbi"j p'flifj. Sf
24. aftfb` u% Taza kfleozen&e!usmaovna o znb`ove )fsiosaovfesin. Tolaf Jnrtmen
B`rzf, nutorn prve ubfafe prbf o Tazaovm, hokovna v#fjm sv$jm smanjm zn znb`ove
&fsiosaovfesin, p%flfv#j proto, 'f obf+ovna kf`o lfjoirntmbi z%zfe n jo'eost
svohole!zlf poamtmbiy p"sohmt. Enopni, s ohnvnjm saflovna smtunbm v oioaeb` zfjb`,
vf itfr$b` hyan lfjoirnbmf potan)fen, n sen'ma sf znhremt poloheju v$vokm m u es.=0
Taza sf p'fs z`or$ukb sf poamtmbiou smtun