pcb contaminated rice oil in taiwan

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7/28/2019 PCB Contaminated Rice Oil in Taiwan http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pcb-contaminated-rice-oil-in-taiwan 1/7 Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 59, pp. 59-65, 1985 Polychiorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzofurans and Quaterphenyls in Toxic Rice-Bran Oil and in the Blood and Tissues of Patients with PCB Poisoning (Yu-Cheng) in Taiwan by Paul H. Chen,* Chu-Kwan Wong,t Christoffer Rappe* and Martin Nygren* A mass outbreak of poisoning occurred in central Taiwan in 1979 due to the ingestion of rice-bran oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and quaterphenyls (PCQs). The incident was called PCB poisoning or Yu-Cheng in Taiwan. The major PCB and PCDF congeners in the toxic oil and in the blood and tissues ofthe poisoned patients were characterized by gas chromatogra- phy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using highly efficient glass capillary columns. The levels of toxic agents in the rice oil samples collected from the factory and school cafeterias and the families of the poisoned patients are in the range of 53 to 99 ppm, 0.18to0.40 ppm and 25 to 53 ppm for PCBs, PCDFs, and PCQs, respectively. The blood samples of 165 patients collected 9 to 18 months after the onset of poisoning contained 10 to 720 ppb of PCBs, with a mean value of 38 ppb. The blood samples of 10 patients collected 9 to 27 months after poisoning contained 0.02 to 0.20 ppb of PCDFs. Comparative rates of elimination of some PCB congeners from the blood of patients were studied. Various tissues from a patient who died 2 years after poisoning were analyzed for PCBs, PCDFs and PCQs. The intestinal fat contains the highest level of PCBs, while the liver contains the highest concentration of PCDFs. The PCB congeners retained in the tissues either do not have adjacent unsubstituted carbon atoms or havea pair at ortho-meta positions of the biphenyl ring. The major PCDF congeners retained in the tissues were 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexa- chloro-DF, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-DF and 1,2,4,7,8-pentachloro-DE The former two congeners, especially 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-DF, are very toxic PCDFs; they may play important roles in the etiology of Yu-Cheng. Introduction The problems of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have aroused a great deal of concern and interest among scientists and health officials. The first most serious incident of PCB and PCDF poisoning in humans occurred in western Japan in 1968 (1). The incident was named Yusho by the Japanese. A similar mass outbreak of poisoning oc- curred in Taichung and Changhwa in central Taiwan in 1979 due to the ingestion of rice-bran oil contaminated with PCBs, PCDFs and polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs) (2-5). This incident was called PCB poisoning or * Department of Biochemistry, National Yang Ming Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Address reprint requests to: LBNT, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO. Box 12233, Re- search Triangle Park, NC 27709 U.S.A. t Department of Dermatology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. t Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden. Yu-Cheng (oil disease) in Taiwan. The unfortunate incident provided us a rare opportunity to study the toxic agents (PCBs, PCDFs, and PCQs) present in the contaminated oil and retained in the blood and tissues of Yu-Cheng patients. This paper describes the results of our studies on the toxic agents involved in the incident. Materials and Methods PCB, PCDF and PCQ Standards 2,4,5,2',5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PnCB), 2,3,4,2', 4',5'-, 2,4,5,2',4'5'- and 2,3,4,5,3',4'-hexachlorobiphenyls (HxCB) were purchased from Ultra Scientific Inc. 2,3,4,5,2',4',5'-and2,3,4,5,2',3' ,4'-heptachlorobiphenyls (HpCB), Kanechlor PCB standards (KC-400 and KC- 500), a PCDF mixture, and PCQ standard were gifts from Professor Y. Masuda of Daiichi College of Pharma- ceutical Sciences, Japan. Individual PCDF standards

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Page 1: PCB Contaminated Rice Oil in Taiwan

7/28/2019 PCB Contaminated Rice Oil in Taiwan

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pcb-contaminated-rice-oil-in-taiwan 1/7

E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h P e r s p e c t i v e sV o l . 5 9 , p p . 5 9 - 6 5 , 1 9 8 5

P o l y c h i o r i n a t e d B i p h e n y l s , D i b e n z o f u r a n sa n d Q u a t e r p h e n y l s i n T o x i c R i c e - B r a n O i la n d i n t h e B l o o d a n d T i s s u e s o f P a t i e n t sw i t h PCB P o i s o n i n g ( Y u - C h e n g ) i n T a i w a n

b y P a u l H . C h e n , * Chu-Kwan W o n g , tC h r i s t o f f e r R a p p e * a n d M a r t i n N y g r e n *

A m a s s o u t b r e a k o f p o i s o n i n g o c c u r r e d i n c e n t r a l T a i w a n i n 1 9 7 9 d u e t o t h e i n g e s t i o n o f r i c e- b ra n o i lc o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s ( P C B s ) , d i b e n z o f u r a n s ( P C D F s ) a n d q u a t e r p h e n y l s ( P C Q s ) .

T h e i n c i d e n t w a s c a l l e d PCB p o i s o n i n g o r Y u - C h e n g i n T a i w a n . T h e m a j o r PCB a n d PCDF c o n g e n e r s i nt h e t o x i c o i l a n d i n t h e b l o o d a n d t i s s u e s o f t h e p o i s o n e d p a t i e n t s w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y g a s c h r o m a t o g r a -

p h y a n d g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y u s i n g h i gh l y e f f i c i e n t g l a s s c a p i l l a r y c o l u m n s . T h e l e v e l so f t o x i c a g e n t s i n t h e r i c e o i l s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e f a c t o r y a n d s c h o o l c a f e t e r i a s a n d t h e f a m i l i e s o f

t h e p o i s o n e d p a t i e n t s a r e i n t h e r a n g e o f 5 3 t o 9 9 p p m , 0 . 1 8 t o 0 . 4 0 ppm a n d 2 5 t o 5 3 ppm f o r P C B s , P C D F s ,a n d P C Q s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e b l o o d s a m p l e s o f 1 6 5 p a t i e n t s c o l l e c t e d 9 t o 1 8 m o n t h s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f

p o i s o n i n g c o n t a i n e d 1 0 t o 7 2 0 p p b o f P C B s , w i t h a mean v a l u e o f 3 8 p p b . T h e b l o o d s a m p l e s o f 1 0 p a t i e n t sc o l l e c t e d 9 t o 2 7 m o n t h s a f t e r p o i s o n i n g c o n t a i n e d 0 . 0 2 t o 0 . 2 0 p p b o f P C D F s . C o m p a r a t i v e r a t e s o f

e l i m i n a t i o n o f s o m e PCB c o n g e n e r s f r o m t h e b l o o d o f p a t i e n t s w e r e s t u d i e d . V a r i o u s t i s s u e s f r o m a p a t i e n tw h o d i e d 2 y e a r s a f t e r p o i s o n i n g w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r P C B s , PCDFs a n d P C Q s . T h e i n t e s t i n a l f a t c o n t a i n s t h e

h i g h e s t l e v e l o f P C B s , w h i l e t h e l i v e r c o n ta i ns t h e h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f P C D F s . T h e PCB c o n g e n e r sr e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e s e i t h e r d o n o t h a v e a d j a c en t u n s u b s t i t u t e d c a r b o n a t o m s o r h a v e a p a i r a t o r t h o - m e t a

p o s i t i o n s o f t h e b i p h e n y l r i n g . T h e m a j o r PCDF c o n g e n e r s r e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e s w e r e 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - h e x a -c h l o r o - D F , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - p e n t a c h l o r o - D F a n d 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 - p e n t a c h l o r o - D E T h e f o r m e r t w o c o n g e n e r s , e s p e c i a l l y

2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - p e n t a c h l o r o - D F , a r e v e r y t o x i c P C D F s ; t h e y may p l a y i m p o r t a n t r o l e s i n t h e e t i o l o g y o f Y u - C h e n g .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e p r o b l e m s o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s ( P C B s )a n d d i b e n z o f u r a n s ( P C D F s ) h a v e a r o u s e d a g r e a t d e a l

o f concern a n d i n t e r e s t among s c i e n t i s t s a n d h e a l t h

o f f i c i a l s . T h e f i r s t m o s t s e r i o u s i n c i d e n t o f PCB a n d

PCDF p o i s o n i n g i n h u m a n s o c c u r r e d i n w e s t e r n J a p a ni n 1 9 6 8 ( 1 ) . T h e i n c i d e n t was n a m e d Y u s h o b y t h e

J a p a n e s e . A s i m i l a r mass o u t b r e a k o f p o i s o n i n g o c -

c u r r e d i n T a i c h u n g a n d C h a n g h w a i n c e n t r a l T a i w a n i n

1 9 7 9 d u e t o t h e i n g e s t i o n o f r i c e - b r a n o i l c o n t a m i n a t e dw i t h P C B s , PCDFs a n d p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d q u a t e r p h e n y l s( P C Q s ) ( 2 - 5 ) . T h i s i n c i d e n t was c a l l e d PCB p o i s o n i n g or

* D e p a r t m e n t o f B i o c h e m i s t r y , N a t i o n a l Y a n g M i n g M e d i c a l C o l l e g e ,T a i p e i , T a i w a n , R O C . A d d r e s s r e p r i n t r e q u e s t s t o : L B N T , N a t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t e o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h S c i e n c e s , P O . B o x 1 2 2 3 3 , R e -

s e a r c h T r i a n g l e P a r k , NC 2 7 7 0 9 U . S . A .

t D e p a r t m e n t o f D e r m a t o l o g y , V e t e r an s G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , T a i p e i ,T a i w a n , R O C .

t D e p a r t m e n t o f O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f U m e a , U m e a ,S w e d e n .

Y u - C h e n g ( o i l d i s e a s e ) i n T a i w a n . T h e u n f o r t u n a t ei n c i d e n t p r o v i d e d u s a r a r e o p p o r t u n i t y t o s t u d y t h e

t o x i c a g e n t s ( P C B s , P C D F s , a n d P C Q s ) p r e s e n t i n t h ec o n t a m i n a t e d o i l a n d r e t a i n e d i n t h e b l o o d a n d t i s s u e s o fY u - C h e n g p a t i e n t s . T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t h e r e s u l t s o fo u r s t u d i e s o n t h e t o x i c a g e n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e i n c i d e n t .

M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s

P C B , PCDF a n d PCQ S t a n d a r d s

2 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 5 ' - P e n t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l ( P n C B ) , 2 , 3 , 4 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' - ,2 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' 5 ' - a n d 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 3 ' , 4 ' - h e x a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l s( H x C B ) w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m U l t r a S c i e n t i f i c I n c .2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' - a n d 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 3 ' , 4 ' - h e p t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l s( H p C B ) , K a n e c h l o r PCB s t a n d a r d s ( K C - 4 0 0 a n d K C -5 0 0 ) , a PCDF m i x t u r e , a n d PCQ s t a n d a r d w e r e g i f t sf r o m P r o f e s s o r Y . M a s u d a o f D a i i c h i C o l l e g e o f P h a r m a -c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s , J a p a n . I n d i v i d u a l PCDF s t a n d a r d s

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CHEN ET A L .

s u c h a s 2 , 3 , 6 , 8 - a n d 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - t e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o f u r a n( T C D F ) , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - a n d 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 - p e n t a c h l o r o d i b e n z o -f u r a n s ( P n C D F ) , a n d 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - h e x a c h l o r o d i b e n z o -f u r a n (HxCDF) w e r e s y n t h e s i z e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y o fo n e o f u s ( C R ) .

O i l , B l o o d a n d T i s s u e S a m p l e s

F i v e t o x i c r i c e - b r a n o i l s a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o mt h e s c h o o l a n d f a c t o r y c a f e t e r i a s a n d t h e f a m i l i e s o f t h ep o i s o n e d p a t i e n t s i n T a i c h u n g . O n e s a m p l e w a s c o l -l e c t e d f r o m t h e r i c e o i l r e t a i l s t o r e i n T a i c h u n g . T h ec a f e t e r i a s a n d f a m i l i e s a l l b o u g h t t h e t o x i c o i l f r o m t h i so i l r e t a i l e r . B l o o d s a m p l e s o f Y u - C h e n g p a t i e n t s w e r ec o l l e c t e d i n t h e h o s p i t a l w a r d a n d t h e o u t - p a t i e n t c l i n i co f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f D e r m a t o l o g y , V e t e r a n s G e n e r a lH o s p i t a l , T a i p e i , a n d i n p a t i e n t s ' h o m e s o r w o r k p l a c e sd u r i n g t h e p e r i o d D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 t o S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 0 .T i s s u e s a m p l e s o f a d e c e a s e d p a t i e n t w e r e k i n d l y g i v e nt o u s b y t h e F o o d a n d D r u g B u r e a u o f t h e R e p u b l i c o fC h i n a . T h e p a t i e n t d i e d a b o u t 2 y e a r s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f

p o i s o n i n g .

E x t r a c t i o n a n d C l e a n u p

T h e m e t h o d f o r t h e e x t r a c t i o n a n d c l e a n u p o f PCBsa n d PCDFs f r o m t h e t o x i c o i l a n d t h e t i s s u e s w a se s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e a s t h a t d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r t h et o x i c o i l ( 3 ) . A s i m i l a r m e t h o d w a s u s e d f o r t h ee x t r a c t i o n a n d c l e a n u p o f PCBs f r o m t h e p a t i e n t s ' b l o o d( 2 ) . T h e m e t h o d f o r t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f PCQs f r o m t h e o i la n d t h e t i s s u e s w a s t h e s a m e a s t h a t d e s c r i b e d f o r t h eo i l ( 3 ) . T h e c o n d e n s e d e x t r a c t w a s c l e a n e d u p b y F l o r i s i lc o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y s i m i l a r t o t h e o n e u s e d b y t h eJ a p a n e s e s c i e n t i s t s t o o b t a i n t h e PCQ f r a c t i o n ( 6 ) .

G a s C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c ( G C ) A n a l y s i sT h e P C B , PCDF a n d PCQ f r a c t i o n s w e r e a n a l y z e d b y

GC e q u i p p e d w i t h ' N i - e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e d e t e c t o r ( E C D ) .

2 1 - 7

4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 5 6 6 0 6 4 6 8

T i m e , m i n

F I G U R E 1 . G a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCBs i n t h e t o x i c r i c e - b r a n o i l

o b t a i n e d f r o m T a i c h u n g u s i n g a D B - 5 f u s e d s i l i c a c o l u m n . Some o f

t h e p e a k s a re i d e n t i f i e d i n T a b l e 3 . From C h e n e t a l . ( 7 ) .

T h e c o l u m n s a n d GC c o n d i t i o n s u s e d h a v e b e e n d e -s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e ( 2 - 5 , 7 ) .

G a s C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c - M a s s S p e c t r o m e t r i c

( G C - M S ) A n a l y s i s

T h e P C B , PCDF a n d PCQ f r a c t i o n s w e r e a n a l y z e d b y

e l e c t r o n i m p a c t - G C - M S o r n e g a t i v e c h e m i c a l i o n i z a t i o n( N C I ) - G C - M S o p e r a t i n g i n a s e l e c t e d i o n - m o n i t o r i n gm o d e t o c o n f i r m t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h en u m b e r o f c h l o r i n e a t o m s i n P C B , PCDF a n d P C Q . T h eGC c o l u m s a n d GC-MS c o n d i t i o n s u s e d h a v e b e e nd e s c r i b ed e l s e w h e r e ( 2 - 5 , 7 ) .

R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n

PCBs i n t h e T o x i c O i lA g a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCBs i n t h e t o x i c r i c e - b r a n

o i l o b t a i n e d f r o m a p o i s o n e d p a t i e n t i n T a i c h u n g i s

s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 . I n F i g u r e 1 , t h e n u m b e r a f t e r ah y p h e n i n e a c h p e a k i s t h e n u m b e r o f c h l o r i n e a t o m s i ne a c h PCB p e a k a s d e t e r m i n e d b y G C - M S . T h e s t r u c -t u r a l a s s i g n m e n t s o f m o s t o f t h e m a j o r p e a k s a s w e l l a st h e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l PCB c o m p o -n e n t s i n t h e t o x i c o i l h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e( 4 , 5 ) ( s e e a l s o T a b l e 3 ) . T h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f p e n t a c h l o r o - ,t e t r a c h l o r o - , h e x a c h l o r o - , h e p t a c h l o r o - a n d t r i c h l o r o -b i p h e n y l s i n t h e t o x i c o i l w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a s 4 7 . 1 % ,3 3 . 8 % , 1 2 . 4 % , 4 . 5 % , a n d 2 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A c o m p a r i -s o n o f GC p a t t e r n s o f PCBs i n T a i w a n a n d J a p a n t o x i cr i c e o i l i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e f o r m e r c o n s i s t e d o f a l a r g e rp e r c e n t a g e o f PCB c o m p o n e n t s w i t h l o n g e r r e t e n t i o nt i m e s ( 3 , 8 ) . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t i f t h e s a m e a m o u n t s o f

PCBs w e r e i n g e s t e d b y b o t h J a p a n e s e a n d C h i n e s ep a t i e n t s , t h e n i t w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t h a t h i g h e r a m o u n t so f a c c u m u l a t i v e PCBs w o u l d b e r e t a i n e d i n t h e b o d y o fC h i n e s e p a t i e n t s b e c a u s e i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o e x c r e t e t h eh i g h l y c h l o r i n a t e d PCBs f r o m t h e h u m a n b o d y .GC p a t t e r n s o f PCBs i n t h e t o x i c o i l o b t a i n e d w i t h a

S E - 3 0 p a c k e d c o l u m n i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f K C - 4 0 0 / K C - 5 0 0( 1 : 1 ) e x c e p t t h a t i n t h e f r o n t p o r t i o n o f t h e c h r o m a t o -g r a m p e a k s a r e s m a l l e r i n t h e r i c e o i l ( 3 ) . T h i s s i m i l a r i t yd o e s n o t mean t h a t t h e t o x i c o i l w a s a c t u a l l y c o n t a m i -n a t e d w i t h K C - 4 0 0 a n d K C - 5 0 0 , b u t t h a t i t m i g h t b ec o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h a n o t h e r PCB p r e p a r a t i o n t h a t g i v e sa s i m i l a r GC p a t t e r n ( 3 , 5 ) . T h e d e c r e a s e i n i n t e n s i t y o fe a r l y e l u t i n g p e a k s i n t h e r i c e o i l i s a t l e a s t i n p a r t d u e

t o t h e e v a p o r a t i v e l o s s o f t h e m o r e v o l a t i l e PCBc o m p o n e n t s d u r i n g h e a t i n g a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e . T h ea s s u m p t i o n t h a t PCBs i n t h e t o x i c o i l h a d b e e n s u b -j e c t e d t o h e a t i n g a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e i s b a s e d o n t h ef a c t t h a t e l e v a t e d l e v e l s o f PCQs a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t ,PCDFs w e r e f o u n d i n t h e t o x i c o i l ( s e e T a b l e 1 ) . T h ef o r m a t i o n o f t h e e l e v a t e d l e v e l s o f PCQs a n d PCDFs i nt h e t o x i c o i l i s p r o b a b l y d u e t o t h e h e a t i n g o f PCBsb e c a u s e i t h a d b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t P C Q s a n dPCDFs c a n b e p r o d u c e d b y h e a t i n g PCBs a t h i g h

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P C B S , PCDFS AND PCQS IN O I L , BLOOD AND TISSUES

t e m p e r a t u r e ( 9 , 1 0 ) . I t w a s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t h a tPCBs i n t h e t o x i c o i l c a m e f r o m a c c i d e n t a l l e a k a g e o ft h e h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m d u r i n g t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n gp r o c e s s i n w h i c h PCB w a s p r e s u m a b l y u s e d a s a h e a t

t r a n s f e r m e d i u m .C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f PCBs i n t h e t o x i c o i l s a m p l e s w e r e

d e t e r m i n e d b y GC e q u i p p e d w i t h EC D u s i n g a S E - 3 0

p a c k e d c o l u m n ( 3 ) . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d b yUgawa e t a l . ( 1 1 ) w a s u s e d f o r q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f P C B s .T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . T h i s t a b l e s h o w s t h a t ,w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s a m p l e A , w h i c h h a d a h i g h PCBl e v e l o f 4 0 5 p p m , t h e o t h e r f i v e s a m p l e s c o n t a i n PCB i nt h e r a n g e o f 5 3 t o 9 9 p p m . S a m p l e A w a s g i v e n t o u s b y

t h e F o o d a n d D r u g B u r e a u ( F D B ) o f t h e N a t i o n a lH e a l t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a . A c c o r d -

i n g t o t h e F D B ' s r e p o r t , t h i s s a m p l e c o n t a i n e d t h e

h i g h e s t l e v e l o f PCB a m o n g t h e 3 9 s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d b y

t h e m a t t h e r i c e o i l r e t a i l s t o r e f r o m w h i c h t h e p a t i e n t si n T a i c h u n g b o u g h t t h e t o x i c r i c e o i l . T h e o t h e r f i v e o i ls a m p l e s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e f a c t o r y a n d s c h o o l c a f e t e r i a sa n d t h e f a m i l i e s o f P C B - p o i s o n e d p a t i e n t s i n T a i c h u n g

c o n t a i n e d m u c h l o w e r l e v e l s o f PCBs t h a n s a m p l e A .I f PCB l e v e l s o f t h e f i v e s a m p l e s ( B t o F ) i n T a b l e 1a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e t o x i c o i l i n g e s t e d b y t h ep a t i e n t s i n T a i c h u n g , t h e n PCB l e v e l s i n t h e t o x i c o i lc o n s u m e d b y t h e p a t i e n t s i n T a i c h u n g w a s o n l y a b o u to n e - t e n t h t o o n e - t w e n t i e t h o f t h a t i n t h e J a p a n e s e t o x i co i l ( 5 , 1 2 ) . T h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n t h a t t h eC h i n e s e p a t i e n t s i n T a i c h u n g i n g e s t e d l e s s PCBs t h a n

t h e J a p a n e s e Y u s h o p a t i e n t s b e c a u s e t h e f o r m e r c o n -s u m e d a b o u t 1 5 t o 2 0 t i m e s m o r e t o x i c o i l t h a n t h e l a t t e r( 1 3 , 1 4 ) . A m o r e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e t o t a l o i lc o n s u m p t i o n w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d l a t e r . T h e l e v e l o f PCBsi n t h e t o x i c o i l c o n s u m e d b y t h e p a t i e n t s i n C h a n g h w a i sn o t k n o w n , b e c a u s e n o t o x i c o i l s a m p l e h a s e v e r b e e n

a v a i l a b l e f o r a n a l y s i s . H o w e v e r , b a s e d o n t h e s e v e r i t y o fc l i n i c a l s y m p t o m s f o r t h e p a t i e n t s i n C h a n g h w a a n d t h eb l o o d PCB a n a l y s i s w h i c h s h o w e d t h a t t h e p a t i e n t s i nC h a n g h w a h a d i n g e n e r a l h i g h e r PCB l e v e l s t h a n t h o s ei n T a i c h u n g , o n e c a n p r e s u m e t h a t t h e t o x i c o i l i n g e s t e db y t h e p a t i e n t s i n C h a n g h w a c o n t a i n e d h i g h e r l e v e l s o fPCB t h a n t h a t c o n s u m e d b y t h e p a t i e n t s i n T a i c h u n g

( 3 , 5 ) .

PCDFs i n t h e T o x i c O i lA g a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCDFs i n t h e t o x i c o i l

o b t a i n e d f r o m T a i c h u n g i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2 . I n t h i sf i g u r e , a l l o f t h e m a j o r p e a k s e x c e p t p e a k s A a n d B a r e

T a b l e 1 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f P C B s , PCDFs a n d PCOs i n t h et o x i c r i c e - b r a n o i l o b t a i n e d i n T a i c h u n g . a

S a m p l e P C B s , ppm P C D F s , ppm P C O s , ppm

A 4 0 5 1 . 6 8 -

B 5 3 0 . 1 8 2 5

C 9 9 0 . 4 0 4 0

D 7 8 0 . 2 5 -

E 7 7 0 . 2 1 4 3

F 6 5 0 . 3 0 5 3

a D a t a f r o m C h e n e t a l . ( 5 ) .

d u e t o P C D F s . GC-MS a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t p e a k s 1t o 3 w e r e t e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o f u r a n s , p e a k s 4 t o 9 w e r ep e n t a c h l o r o d i b e n z o f u r a n s , a n d p e a k s 1 0 a n d 1 1 w e r ePCDFs w i t h 6 a n d 7 c h l o r i n e a t o m s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h es t r u c t u r a l a s s i g n m e n t s o f m o s t o f t h e s e p e a k s h a v e b e e np u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e ( 5 , 7 ) . U s i n g a D B - 5 f u s e d s i l i c ac o l u m n f o r a n a l y s i s , p e a k 3 i s c o i n c i d e n t a l i n r e t e n t i o n

t i m e w i t h t h a t o f t h e a u t h e n t i c s t a n d a r d o f a v e r y t o x i cP C D F , n a m e l y , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - T C D E H o w e v e r , w h e n a f u s e d

s i l i c a c o l u m n c o a t e d w i t h S u p e l c o 2 3 3 0 w a s u s e d f o ra n a l y s i s , w e f o u n d t h a t 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - T C D F w a s o n l y a m i n o r

c o m p o n e n t i n t h i s p e a k . T h e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s o f t h i sp e a k a r e 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 - T C D F a n d a n o t h e r u n i d e n t i f i e d TCDEI t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t a n o t h e r v e r y t o x i c P C D F , i . e . ,2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F ( p e a k 8 o f F i g . 2 ) , i s o n e o f t h e m a j o rPCDFs i n t h e t o x i c o i l .

Q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f PCDFs i n t h e t o x i c o i l w a s m a d e b yGC-MS o p e r a t i n g i n s e l e c t e d i o n m o n i t o r i n g n o d e ( 3 ) .T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . I t i s n o t e d t h a t w i t h

t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s a m p l e A , t h e PCDF l e v e l s i n t h e

s a m p l e s B t o F i n T a b l e 1 a r e a b o u t 1 0 t i m e s l o w e r t h a n

t h a t o f t h e J a p a n e s e t o x i c o i l ( 5 ) .

PCQs i n t h e T o x i c O i lA g a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCQs i n t h e t o x i c o i l t h a t

c a u s e d Y u - C h e n g h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e ( 5 ) .T h i s c h r o m a t o g r a m i s s i m i l a r t o t h e c h r o m a t o g r a m o fPCQs i n t h e J a p a n e s e t o x i c o i l ( 6 ) . GC-MS a n a l y s i s o ft h e PCQ f r a c t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t PCQs i n t h e t o x i c o i lc o n t a i n e d 6 t o 1 0 c h l o r i n e a t o m s .

T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f PCQs i n t h e t o x i c o i l s a m p l e sw e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y c o m p a r i n g t h e a r e a o f t h e b r o a d

PCQ p e a k i n t h e g a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f t h e s a m p l e w i t h

1 1

3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 5 6T i m e , m i n

6 0

F I G U R E 2 . G a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCDFs i n t h e t o x i c r i c e - b r a n o i l

o b t a i n e d f r o m T a i c h u n g u s i n g a D B - 5 f u s e d s i l i c a c o l u m n . F r o m

C h e n e t a l . ( 7 ) .

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62 CHEN ET A L .

t h a t o f PCQ s t a n d a r d i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e J a p a n e s e t o x i co i l . T h e r e s u l t s o f q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f PCQs i n t h e t o x i c o i ls a m p l e s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . T h e l e v e l s o f PCQs s h o w ni n t h i s t a b l e a r e o n l y a b o u t o n e - t w e n t i e t h o f t h a t o f t h e

J a p a n e s e t o x i c o i l .

O t h e r P o l y c h l o r i n a t e d A r o m a t i c C o m p o u n d s

I n a d d i t i o n t o P C B s , PCDFs a n d P C Q s , GC-MSa n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e dq u a t e r p h e n y l e t h e r s , d i p h e n y l e t h e r s , a n d t e r p h e n y l s i nt h e t o x i c o i l .

E s t i m a t e o f Amounts o f t h e T o x i c A g e n t s

I n g e s t e d b y t h e P a t i e n t s

T h e a m o u n t o f t o x i c o i l c o n s u m p t i o n b y 9 8 p a t i e n t sf r o m f o u r p a t i e n t g r o u p s w a s e s t i m a t e d o n a v e r a g e a s1 . 0 2 t o 1 . 5 5 k g / m o n t h f o r a d u l t s ( 1 3 ) . T h e p e r i o d o f t o x i co i l i n g e s t i o n w a s a b o u t 9 m o n t h s ( 1 3 ) . From t h e s e d a t a ,t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f t o x i c o i l c o n s u m p t i o n b y a n a d u l t f o r

t h e s e p a t i e n t g r o u p s i s e s t i m a t e d o n a v e r a g e a s 9 t o 1 4k g . T h i s i s a b o u t 1 5 t o 2 0 t i m e s t h e a v e r a g e t o t a l o i lc o n s u m p t i o n b y t h e J a p a n e s e Y u s h o p a t i e n t s w h i c h w a se s t i m a t e d a t 6 8 8 m L ( 1 4 ) .An a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n o f t o t a l P C B s , PCDFs a n d

PCQs i n t a k e b y Y u - C h e n g p a t i e n t s i s d i f f i c u l t . H o w -e v e r , i t c o u l d b e e s t i m a t e d r o u g h l y b y t h e a s s u m p t i o nt h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e s e t o x i c a g e n t s i n t h e o i l( s e e T a b l e 1 ) w h i c h w a s c o l l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s a t t h e e n do f a 9 - m o n t h p e r i o d o f t o x i c o i l t a k e n r e p r e s e n t t h ec o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e s e t o x i c a g e n t s i n t h e o i l t a k e n i nt h e w h o l e 9 - m o n t h p e r i o d . B a s e d o n t h i s a s s u m p t i o n ,t h e a v e r a g e t o x i c a g e n t s i n t a k e f o r t h e s e p a t i e n t g r o u p sw a s e s t i m a t e d a t 9 7 3 m g , 3 . 8 m g a n d 5 8 6 m g f o r P B s ,

PCDFs a n d P C Q s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e v a l u e s a r ec o m p a r a b l e t o 6 3 3 m g , 3 . 3 m g a n d 5 9 6 m g e s t i m a t e d f o rt h e J a p a n e s e Y u s h o p a t i e n t s f o r P C B s , PCDFs a n dP C Q s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( 1 4 ) .

PCBs i n t h e B l o o d o f Y u - C h e n g P a t i e n t s

T h e b l o o d PCB l e v e l s o f 1 6 5 Y u - C h e n g p a t i e n t s s a m -p l e d a b o u t 9 t o 1 8 m o n t h s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f p o i s o n i n gw e r e i n t h e r a n g e o f 1 0 t o 7 2 0 p p b w i t h a mean v a l u e o f3 8 p p b ( 5 ) . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b l o o d PCB l e v e l s o f t h e s ep a t i e n t s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 . T h e b l o o d PCB l e v e l s o ft h e s e Y u - C h e n g p a t i e n t s a r e m u c h h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o ft h e J a p a n e s e Y u s h o p a t i e n t s , w h i c h h a d a mean PCB

T a b l e 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f b l o o d PCB l e v e l sf o r 1 6 5 Y u - C h e n g p a t i e n t s . a

PCB l e v e l s

1 0 - 1 9 2 0 - 2 9 3 0 - 3 9

p p b p p b p p b4 0 - 4 9

p p b5 0 - 1 0 0

p p b1 0 0 - 8 0 0

p p b

l e v e l o f 5 . 9 p p b f o r 7 2 p a t i e n t s 5 y e a r s a f t e r p o i s o n i n g

( 1 5 ) . T h i s g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e i s l a r g e l y d u e t o t h e d i f f e r -e n c e i n t i m e l a g s b e t w e e n PCB i n g e s t i o n a n d s a m p l i n go f b l o o d f o r PCB a n a l y s i s ( 2 ) . A n o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h i sa t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t t h e T a i w a n e s e t o x i co i l c o n t a i n s a l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e o f h i g h l y c h l o r i n a t e dPCBs w h i c h w o u l d b e r e t a i n e d i n t h e h u m a n b o d y f o r a

l o n g e r t i m e ( 2 ) .A f e w l a b o r a t o r i e s i n T a i w a n h a v e b e e n e n g a g e d i nb l o o d PCB a n a l y s i s s i n c e t h e o u t b r e a k o f Y u - C h e n g . Al a r g e r a n g e o f v a r i a t i o n i n t h e b l o o d PCB l e v e l s h a sb e e n r e p o r t e d b y t h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s . F a c t o r s t h a t c o n -t r i b u t e t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e o r d i s c r e p a n c y i n c l u d e a n a l y t i -c a l t e c h n i q u e s i n v o l v e d , d i f f e r e n c e i n p a t i e n t g r o u p s ( f o ri n s t a n c e , i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f p o i s o n i n g p a t i e n t s f r o mC h a n g h w a g e n e r a l l y h a d m u c h h i g h e r b l o o d PCB l e v e l st h a n t h o s e f r o m T a i c h u n g ) , a n d t i m e o f s a m p l i n g b l o o df o r a n a l y s i s .

R a t e s o f E l i m i n a t i o n o f

PCBs f r o m B l o o d

T h e t o x i c o i l i n g e s t e d b y t h e p a t i e n t s c o n t a i n e d PCBsw i t h t h r e e t o e i g h t c h l o r i n e a t o m s . T h e s e PCBs c o m p o -n e n t s a r e m e t a b o l i z e d a n d e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e p a t i e n t ' sb o d y a t d i f f e r e n t r a t e s , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e n u m b e r a n d

p o s i t i o n o f c h l o r i n e s u b s t i t u t i o n s . We s t u d i e d t h ec h a n g e s i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l PCB i s o m e r sa n d c o n g e n e r s i n t h e b l o o d o f a g i v e n p a t i e n t a td i f f e r e n t t i m e s d u r i n g t h e p o s t - p o i s o n i n g p e r i o d . T h i sh a d e n a b l e d u s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c o m p a r a t i v e r a t e s o fe l i m i n a t i o n o f s o m e i n d i v i d u a l PCBs f r o m t h e b l o o d o fp a t i e n t s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y w e r e p u b l i s h e dr e c e n t l y ( 4 ) a n d a r e r e p r o d u c e d i n T a b l e 3 . T h e r e s u l t si n d i c a t e t h a t m o s t o f t h e h e x a - a n d h e p t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l s

T a b l e 3 . C o m p a r a t i v e r a t e s o f e l i m i n a t i o n o f s o m e m a j o r PCBsf r o m t h e b l o o d o f P C B - p o i s o n e d p a t i e n t s . a

S u b s t i t u t i o n E l i m i n a t i o n A d j a c e n tP e a k n o . b p a t t e r n r a t e c u n s u b s t d . c a r b o n

9 - 4 - a 2 , 4 , 5 , 4 ' ( ? ) + + + 2 ' , 3 ' ; 5 ' , 6 '9 - 4 - b 2 , 5 , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + + + 3 , 4 ; 5 ' , 6 '9 - 4 - c 2 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + + 5 , 6 ; 5 ' , 6 '1 0 - 4 2 , 3 , 3 ' , 4 ' ( ? ) + + + + + 4 , 5 , 6 ; 5 ' , 6 '1 1 - 5 - a 2 , 5 , 2 ' , 3 ' , 5 ' + + + + 3 , 41 1 - 5 - b 2 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' + + + + 3 , 41 1 - 5 - c 2 , 4 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' + + 5 , 61 2 - 5 - a 2 , 3 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' + + + + + 4 , 5 , 61 2 - 5 - b 2 , 5 , 2 ' , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + + + 3 , 4 ; 5 ' , 6 '1 2 - 5 - c 2 , 4 , 2 ' , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + + ( ? ) 5 , 6 ; 5 ' , 6 '1 3 - 5 2 , 3 , 6 , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + + + 4 , 5 ; 5 ' , 6 '

1 5 - 5 2 , 4 , 5 , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + 5 ' , 6 '1 6 - 5 2 , 3 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' + + + 5 , 6 ; 5 ' , 6 '1 6 - 6 2 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' + n o n e1 8 - 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' + 5 , 61 9 - 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 2 ' , 3 ' , 4 ' + + 5 , 6 ; 5 ' , 6 '2 0 - 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 3 ' , 4 ' + 5 ' , 6 '2 1 - 7 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' + n o n e2 2 - 7 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 3 ' , 4 ' + 5 ' , 6 '

a D a t a f r o m C h e n e t a l . ( 4 ) .b P e a k n o . c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h a t s h o w n i n F i g . 1 .c T h e s y m b o l s + , + + , + + + , + + + + , + + + + + d e n o t e e x t r e m e l y

s l o w , v e r y s l o w , s l o w , l e s s r a p i d a n d r a p i d , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

N o . o f p a t i e n t s 2 9 5 7 3 9 1 4 2 2 4

P e r c e n t a g e 1 7 . 6 3 4 . 6 2 3 . 6 8 . 5 1 3 . 3 2 . 4

a B l o o d s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a b o u t 9 t o 1 8 m o n t h s a f t e rp o i s o n i n g .

6 2

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PCBS, PCDFS AND PCQS IN O I L , BLOOD AND TISSUES

w i t h a d j a c e n t u n s u b s t i t u t e d c a r b o n atoms a t t h eo r t h o - m e t a p o s i t i o n s o f t h e b i p h e n y l r i n g a re e l i m i n a t e d

very s l o w l y a n d w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t o r e m a i n i n t h e

p a t i e n t ' s b o d y f o r a l o n g t i m e . T h e r e s u l t s a l s o i n d i c a t et h a t t e t r a - a n d p e n t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l s w i t h a d j a c e n tu n s u b s t i t u t e d c a r b o n a t o m s a t metapara p o s i t i o n s a re

r a p i d l y e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e b l o o d o f p a t i e n t s , w h i l ePCB w i t h t h e same d e g r e e o f c h l o r i n a t i o n b u t w i t ha d ja c e n t u n s u b s t i t u t e d c a r b o n a t o m s a t o r t h o - m e t ap o s i t i o n s a re e l i m i n a t e d more s l o w l y . P e a k s 1 5 - 5 a n d1 6 - 5 a re t w o m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e t o x i c o i l ( 5 ) . T h e yare e l i m i n a t e d s l o w l y f r o m t h e p a t i e n t ' s b o d y , a n d t h er a t e s o f e l i m i n a t i o n vary g r e a t l y among t h e p a t i e n t s ( 4 ) .

PCBs R e t a i n e d i n t h e T i s s u e s

V a r i o u s t i s s u e s f r o m a Y u - C h e n g p a t i e n t who d i e da b o u t 2 ye ars a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f p o i s o n i n g were a v a i l a b l et o i n ; f o r t . h p t n x i e a . n t sp n f ilvqiQ ( 7 9 ' A as o h . e r o m a t A -

gram o f PCBs r e t a i n e d i n t h e b r o n c h up a t i e n t i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 . GC p a t

o t h e r t i s s u e s o f t h i s p a t i e n t ( s e e T ;

s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n t h e b r o n c h u s s h o w nso n o f F i g u r e s 1 a n d 3 i n d i c a t e s t h a t Mo f 1 1 - 5 - c , a n d t o much l e s s e r e x t e n t s

B - 6

4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 5 6

T i m e , m i n

F I G U R E 3 . G a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCBs r e t a i n (t h e d e c e a s e d p a t i e n t . From C h e n e t a l . ( 7 )

PCBs w i t h f i v e or f e w e r c h l o r i n e atoms were a l m o s t

c o m p l e t e l y e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e p a t i e n t ' s t i s s u e a b o u t 2

ye ars a f t e r t h e i n g e s t i o n o f t h e t o x i c a g e n t s . I n c o n t r a s t ,

m o s t o f t h e PCB c o n g e n e r s w i t h s i x or more c h l o r i n ea t o m s w e r e s t i l l r e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e . T h e c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n s o f m a j o r i n d i v i d u a l PCB c o n g e n e r s r e t a i n e d i nv a r i o u s t i s s u e s a re s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 . As r e p o r t e d i n o u r

s t u d y o n t h e b l o o do f

Y u - C h e n gp a t i e n t s

( 4 ) a n dd e -s c r i b e d a b o v e i n t h i s paper, t h e s e very s l o w l y e l i m i n a t e d

PCB c o n g e n e r s e i t h e r d o n o t h a v e a d j a c e n t u n s u b -s t i t u t e d c a r b o n a t o m s i n t h e b i p h e n y l r i n g o r h a v e a p a i ro f a d j a c e n t u n s u b s t i t u t e d c a r b o n a t o m s a t o r t h o - m e t ap o s i t i o n s b u t n o t a t m e t a - p a r a p o s i t i o n s .

R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n t h e S e v e r i t y

o f D e r m a t o l o g i c a l S i g n s a n dt h e B l o o d PCB L e v e l s

. s o t h 5 The severity of der m a t o lo gic al manifestations of 79

t e r n s of PCBs in Yu-Cheng p a t i e n t s was graded from I t o IV a c c o r d i n g

' a b l e 4) are ver t o t h e method d e s c r i b e d by Go to a nd H i g u c h i ( 1 6 ) . Th e

h e r e Ac o m p a r - y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t o t a l PCBs a n d 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' - h e p t a -r i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n c h l o r o b i p h e n y l ( p e a k 2 1 - 7 i n F i g . 1 ) i n t h e b l o o d o f t h e s e

i , 9 - 4 - a and 1 5 - 5 ,p a t i e n t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a n d u s e d t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h es e v e r i t y o f s k i n s i g n s . A s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n( r =0 . 5 5 3 , p < 0 . 0 1 ) was o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e s e v e r i t yo f s k i n s i g n s a n d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e h e p t a c h l o r o -

b i p h e n y l . A s m a l l e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t was o b t a i n e d( r = 0 . 4 0 7 , p < 0 . 0 1 ) w h e n t h e l e v e l s o f t o t a l PCBs i n

2 1 - 7 t h e b l o o d w e r e u s e d f o r c o r r e l a t i o n .2 2 - 7 T h e r e a s o n t h a t a h i g h e r c o r r e l a t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d f o r

0 - 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' - h e p t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l c a n b e e x p l a i n e d a sf o l l o w s . T h e h e p t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l i s a n o n m e t a b o l i z e dP C B ; i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a p a t i e n t ' s b l o o d i s l e s s l i k e l yt o b e a f f e c t e d b y t h e t i m e o f s a m p l i n g t h e b l o o d a n d t h e

p a tie n t 's capability to excrete certain PCBcomponents

i n h i s b o d y , h e n c e i t ca n r e f l e c t more a c c u r a t e l y t h e t o t a l_ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ a m o u n t o f PCB i n g e s t e d b y t h e p a t i e n t . On t h e o t h e r

6 0 6 4 6 8 h a n d , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t o t a l PCBs i n t h e b l o o d i sa f f e c t e d b y t h e t i m e o f s a m p l i n g a n d t h e p a t i e n t ' s

e d in t h e b r o n c h u s o f c a p a b i l i t y t o e x c r e t e 2 , 4 , 5 , 3 ' , 4 ' - a n d 2 , 3 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' - p e n t a -I . chlorobiphenyls ( p e aks 15-5 a n d 16-5, r e s p e c t i v e l y , in

T a b l e 4 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f PCB c o n g e n e r s i n t h e t i s s u e s o f t h e d e c e a s e d p a t i e n t w i t h Y u - C h e n g i n T a i w a n . a

L e v e l o f PCB c o n g e n e r , p p m b

T i s s u e 1 1 - 5 - c 1 6 - 6 1 8 - 6 2 0 - 6 2 1 - 7 2 2 - 7 T o t a l m a j o r P C B , p p m c

I n t e s t i n a l f a t 1 . 8 4 1 . 4 7 3 . 4 4 1 . 5 7 1 . 2 8 1 . 2 1 1 0 . 8 1B r o n c h u s 0 . 9 2 0 . 7 5 1 . 7 9 0 . 8 6 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 1 5 . 5 6

L a r g e i n t e s t i n e 0 . 5 6 0 . 4 5 1 . 0 4 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 0 0 . 3 6 3 . 2 8H e a r t 0 . 4 1 0 . 3 2 0 . 8 0 0 . 3 8 0 . 2 9 0 . 2 8 2 . 4 8S t o m a c h 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 9 0 . 2 1 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 7 0 . 6 6L i v e r 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 8 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 7 0 . 6 5S m a l l i n t e s t i n e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 2 7K i d n e y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 2 5L u n g 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 8B r a i n 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8S p l e e n 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7

a D a t a f r o m C h e n e t a l . ( 7 ) .b S e e T a b l e 3 f o r t h e c h e m i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l PCB c o n g e n e r .c l b t a l m a j o r PCBs a r e t h e sum o f s i x c o n g e n e r s l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e w h i c h a r e a b o u t 7 4 % o f t o t a l PCBs r e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e s .

6 3

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CHEN ET A L .

F i g . 1 ) a n d o t h e r PCB c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e b o d y t h a t a re

m e t a b o l i z e d i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e r a t e s . T h e s e t w op e n t a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l s a re t w o o f t h e m o s t a b u n d a n tPCB c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e t o x i c o i l t a k e n b y t h e p a t i e n t s( 5 ) , a n d t h e i r r a t e s o f e l i m i n a t i o n f r o m p a t i e n t ' s b l o o dd i f f e r e d g r e a t l y among t h e p a t i e n t s ( 4 ) .

T h e f a c t t h a t t h e b l o o d PCB l e v e l ca n c o r r e l a t e w i t ht h e

c l i n i c a l s e v e r i t yd o e s n o t

n e c e s s a r i l ymean

t h a tPCBs a re c a u s a l a g e n t s f o r Y u - C h e n g i n T a i w a n .C a u s a l a g e n t s f o r Y u - C h e n g a re l i k e l y P C D F s , PCBsa n d PCQs w i t h PCDFs p r o b a b l y p l a y i n g m a j o r r o l e s .O u r f i n d i n g o f a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c a u s a l a g e n t s i n t h e t o x i c o i l i s d i r e c t l yp r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h a t o f PCBs i n t h e t o x i c o i l . T h i s ca n b es u b s t a n t i a t e d b y t h e r e s u l t s o f o u r a n a l y s i s o f o i ls a m p l e s o b t a i n e d f r o m T a i c h u n g ( s e e T a b l e 1 ) .

PCDFs R e t a i n e d i n t h e T i s s u e s

PCDFs r e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e s o f a p a t i e n t who d i e d 2

years a f t e r p o i s o n i n g was p u b l i s h e d r e c e n t l y ( 7 ) . F i g u r e

4 s h o w s a g a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCDFs r e t a i n e d i n t h e

2 3 4 7 8 - P C D F

44

1 2 4 7 8 - P C D F

2 3 7 8 - T C D F2368-TCDDF1

3 2 3 6 40

1 2 3 4 7 8 - H x C D F

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 - H p C D F

48 5 2

T i m e , m i nF I G U R E 4 . G a s c h r o m a t o g r a m o f PCDFs r e t a i n e d i n t h e l i v e r o f t h e

d e c e a s e d p a t i e n t . From C h e n e t a l . ( 7 ) .

l i v e r o f t h e d e c e a s e d p a t i e n t . T h i s f i g u r e s h o w s t h a t t h em a j o r PCDFs r e t a i n e d i n t h e l i v e r o f t h e p a t i e n t a r e1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - H x C D F , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F a n d 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 -PnCDF M i n o r a m o u n t s o f 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 - H p C D F , 2 , 3 ,6 , 8 - T C D F a n d 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - T C D F w e r e a l s o f o u n d i n t h el i v e r . T h e PCDF c o n g e n e r s r e t a i n e d i n o t h e r t i s s u e s a r ee s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e a s t h o s e r e t a i n e d i n t h e l i v e r .

H o w e v e r , t h e r e l a t i v e a m o u n t s o fe a c h

i n d i v i d u a l PCDFc o n g e n e r s a r e s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e l i v e r a n do t h e r t i s s u e s ( s e e T a b l e 5 ) .

I n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s b y o t h e r w o r k e r s i nt h e s t u d y o f J a p a n e s e Y u s h o p a t i e n t s ( 1 7 ) , we f o u n dt h a t a l l PCDF c o n g e n e r s t h a t w e r e r e t a i n e d i n t h e

p a t i e n t ' s t i s s u e s h a d n o v i c i n a l h y d r o g e n s i n t h ed i b e n z o f u r a n r i n g ( 7 ) . I n c o n t r a s t , a l l PCDF c o n g e n e r st h a t w e r e e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e p a t i e n t ' s b o d y h a d a t l e a s tt w o v i c i n a l h y d r o g e n s i n t h e r i n g ( 7 ) . T h e s e e x c r e t e dPCDF c o n g e n e r s i n c l u d e 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 - T C D F , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 -P n C D F , 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 - P n C D F a n d 1 , 2 , 3 ,4 , 6 , 7 - H x C D F w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d t o p e a k s 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , a n dp a r t o f 1 0 i n F i g u r e 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T h e l e v e l s o f t h r e e m a j o r PCDF c o n g e n e r s i n t h et i s s u e s w e r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 5 . T h i s t a b l e s h o w s t h a t t h ec o n c e n t r a t i o n o f PCDFs i n t h e l i v e r i s a b o u t t h r e e t i m e sa s m u c h a s i n t h e i n t e s t i n a l f a t , w h e r e a s t h e l e v e l s o fPCBs i n t h e l i v e r i s o n l y a b o u t 1 / 1 7 o f t h a t i n t h ei n t e s t i n a l f a t ( s e e T a b l e 4 ) . T h i s h i g h a c c u m u l a t i o n o fPCDFs i n t h e l i v e r h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d b y o t h e r w o r k e r si n a n a n i m a l s t ud y ( 1 8 ) a s w e l l a s f o r J a p a n e s e Y u s h op a t i e n t s ( 1 9 ) .

T h e m o s t t o x i c PCDF c o n g e n e r s r e t a i n e d i n t h ep a t i e n t ' s t i s s u e s a r e 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , - T C D F a n d 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 -PnCDF S i n c e 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F i s o n e o f t h e m a j o rPCDFs r e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e s w h i l e 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - T C D F i so n l y a v e r y m i n o r PCDF r e t a i n e d i n t h e t i s s u e s a n d a

m i n o r PCDF p r e s e n t i n t h e t o x i c o i l , t h e f o r m e rp r o b a b l y p l a y s a m u c h m o r e i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h ee t i o l o g y o f Y u - C h e n g i n T a i w a n ( 7 ) . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - H x D F i st h e m o s t a b u n d a n t PCDF c o m p o n e n t r e t a i n e d i n t h et i s s u e s ; i t i s a l s o a t o x i c PCDF ( 2 0 ) . T h i s P C D F , a l o n gw i t h 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F ( 8 ) , c o u l d p l a y i m p o r t a n t r o l e s i nt h e e t i o l o g y o f Y u - C h e n g .

T a b l e 5 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f PCDF c o n g e n e r s i n t h e t i s s u e s o f t h ed e c e a s e d p a t i e n t w i t h Y u - C h e n g i n T a i w a n . a

L e v e l o f PCDF c o n g e n e r , p p b

T i s s u e 1 2 4 7 8 2 3 4 7 8 1 2 3 4 7 8

L i v e r 3 . 4 6 . 3 2 5 . 4I n t e s t i n a l f a t 0 . 9 4 . 0 7 . 8B r o n c h u s 0 . 4 1 . 8 3 . 2L a r g e i n t e s t i n e 0 . 3 1 . 2 2 . 3H e a r t 0 . 2 0 . 8 1 . 4S t o m a c h 0 . 0 5 0 . 2 3 0 . 4 0

S m a l l i n t e s t i n e 0 . 0 5 0 . 2 1 0 . 3 4K i d n e y 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 8 0 . 3 2L u n g 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 1 5B r a i n 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 1 5S p l e e n 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 0 . 1 0

a D a t a f r o m C h e n e t a l . ( 7 ) .

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PCBS, PCDFS AND PCQS IN O I L , BLOOD AND TISSUES 6 5

PCDFs i n t h e B l o o d

PCDFs i n t h e b l o o d o f 1 0 p a t i e n t s w e r e a n a l y z e d b yN C I - G C - M S . T h e b l o o d s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d 9 t o 2 7m o n t h s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f p o i s o n i n g . T h e t o t a l PCDFs i nt h e b l o o d o f 1 0 p a t i e n t s r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 0 2 t o 0 . 2 0 p p b .T h e m a j o r PCDFs f o u n d i n t h e b l o o d w e r e 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 -HxCDF a n d 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F M i n o r a m o u n t s o f 1 , 2 , 3 ,

4 , 6 , 7 , 8 - H p C D F a n d 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 - P n C D F w e r e a l s o f o u n di n t h e b l o o d .

PCQs i n t h e T i s s u e s

T h e t i s s u e s f r o m t h e d e c e a s e d p a t i e n t s w e r e a l s oa n a l y z e d f o r P C Q s . T h e b r o n c h u s a n d t h e i n t e s t i n a l f a tw e r e f o u n d t o c o n t a i n h i g h l e v e l s o f P C Q s , a m o u n t i n g t o4 . 3 ppm a n d 3 . 8 p p m , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e l a r g e i n t e s t i n ea n d t h e h e a r t a l s o c o n t a i n e d h i g h l e v e l s o f P C Q s .

3 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' - T e t r a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l

3 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' - T e t r a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e

m o s t t o x i c PCB p r e s e n t i n c o m m e r c i a l PCB p r e p a r a -t i o n s ( 2 1 ) . T h i s t e t r a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l w a s f o u n d i n t h et o x i c o i l i n t h e a m o u n t o f a bo ut 1 . 0 % o f t o t a l PCBs i nt h e o i l ( 5 ) . T h i s t o x i c PCB c o m p o n e n t w a s a l s o f o u n d i nb o t h b l o o d a n d a n a d i p o s e t i s s u e ( b i o p s y ) o f a p a t i e n ts a m p l e d a b o u t 1 0 m o n t h s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f p o i s o n i n g o r1 t o 2 m o n t h s a f t e r s t o p t a k i n g t h e t o x i c o i l . H o w e v e r ,t h i s t o x i c PCB w a s n o t d e t e c t e d i n t h e b l o o d o f m o s t o ft h e p a t i e n t s n o r w a s i t f o u n d i n t h e i n t e s t i n a l f a t o f a

p a t i e n t w h o d i e d a b o u t t w o y e a r s a f t e r t h e p o i s o n i n g( 5 ) . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t 3 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' - t e t r a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l c a nb e m e t a b o l i z e d a n d e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e b o d y . T h i s i s i na g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e r e s u l t o f a n a n i m a l s t u d y ( 2 1 ) .

T h e a u t h o r s w i s h t o e x p r e s s t h e i r s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o P r o fe s s o r R . A .H i t e s o f I n d i a n a U n i v e r s i t y f o r h i s s u p p o r t i n p r o v i d i n g h i s l a b o r a t o r yf a c i l i t i e s f o r p a r t o f t h i s s t u d y . T h e a u t h o r s a l s o w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n kP r o f e s s o r Y . M a s u d a o f D a i i c h i C o l l e g e o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s ,J a p a n , f o r t h e g i f t o f P C B , PCDF a n d PCQ s t a n d a r d s . T h e a u t h o r sa r e a l s o g r a t e f u l t o t h e F o o d a n d D r u g B u r e a u o f t h e R e p u b l i c o fC h i n a f o r t h e d o n a t i o n o f a r i c e o i l s a m p l e a n d t i s s u e s a m p l e s , a n d a l s ot o t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e C o u n c i l o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a f o r t h ef i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f o r p a r t o f t h i s w o r k .

REFERENCES

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E p i d e m i o l o g i c s t u d y o n Y u s h o , a p o i s o n i n g c a u s e d b y i n g e s t i o n o fr i c e o i l c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h a c o m m e r c i a l b r a n d o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d

b i p h e n y l s . E n v i r o n . H e a l t h P e r s p e c t . 1 : 1 1 9 - 1 2 8 ( 1 9 7 2 ) .2 . C h e n , P H . , G a w , J . M . , W o n g , C . K . , a n d C h e n , C . J . L e v e l s a n d

g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c p a t t e r n s o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s i n t h eb l o o d o f p a t i e n t s a f t e r PCB p o i s o n i n g i n T a i w a n . B u l l . E n v i r o n .

C o n t a m . I b x i c o l . 2 5 : 3 2 5 - 3 2 9 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

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C o m p a r a t i v e r a t e s o f e l i m i n a t i o n o f s o m e i n d i v i d u a l p o l y c h l o r i -n a t e d b i p h e n y l s f r o m t h e b l o o d o f P C B - p o i s o n e d p a t i e n t s i nT a i w a n . F o o d C h e m . T o x i c o l . 2 0 : 4 1 7 - 4 2 5 ( 1 9 8 2 ) .

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8 . M a s u d a , Y . , K u r o k i , H . , Y a m a r y o , T . , H a r a g u c h i , K . , K u r a t s u n e ,M . , a n d H s u , S . T . C o m p a r i s o n o f c a u s a l a g e n t s i n T a i w a n a n dF u k u o k a PCB p o i s o n i n g s . C h e m o s p h e r e 1 1 : 1 9 9 - 2 0 6 ( 1 9 8 2 ) .

9 . M o r i t a , M . , N a k a g a w a , J . , a n d R a p p e , C . P o l y c h l o r i n a t e dd i b e n z o f u r a n ( P C D F ) f o r m a t i o n f r o m PCB m i x t u r e b y h e a t a n do x y g e n . B u l l . E n v i r o n . C o n t a m . T o x i c o l . 1 9 : 6 6 5 - 6 7 0 ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

1 0 . Y a m a r y o , T . , M i y a z a k i , T . , M a s u d a , Y . , a n d N a g a y a m a , J .F o r m a t i o n o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d q u a t e r p h e n y l s b y h e a t i n g p o l y c h l o r i -

n a t e d b i p h e n y l s . F u k u o k a A c t a M e d . 7 0 : 8 8 - 9 2 ( 1 9 7 9 ) .1 1 . U g a w a , M . , N a k a m u r a , A . , a n d K a s h i m o t o , T . S t u d i e s o n a

c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d f o r p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l i s o m e r s . I n : Ne wM e t h o d s i n E n v i r o n m e n t a l C h e m i s t r y a n d T o x i c o l o g y ( F . C o u l -s t o n , F . K a r t e a n d M . G o t o , E d s . ) , I n t e r n a t i o n a l A c a d e m i cP r i n t i n g C o . , T o k y o , 1 9 7 3 , p p . 2 5 3 - 2 6 7 .

1 2 . N a g a y a m a , J . , M a s u d a , Y , a n d K u r a t s u n e , M . C h l o r i n a t e d

d i b e n z o f u r a n s i n K a n e c h l o r s a n d r i c e o i l s u s e d b y p a t i e n t s w i t hY u s h o . F u k u o k a A c t a M e d . 6 6 : 5 9 3 - 5 9 9 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

1 3 . L a n , C . F . , C h e n , P H . , S h i e h , L . L . , a n d C h e n , Y H . Ane p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d y o n p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s p o i s o n i n g i nT a i c h u n g a r e a . C l i n . M e d . ( T a i p e i ) 7 : 9 6 - 1 0 0 ( 1 9 8 1 ) .

1 4 . H a y a b u c h i , H . , Y o s h i m u r a , T . , a n d K u r a t s u n e , M . C o n s u m p t i o no f t o x i c r i c e o i l b y Y u s h o p a t i e n t s a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o t h e c l i n i c a lr e s p o n s e a n d l a t e n t p e r i o d . F o o d C o s m e t . T o x i c o l . 1 7 : 4 5 5 - 4 6 1

( 1 9 7 9 ) .1 5 . K o d a , H . , a n d M a s u d a Y R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n PCB l e v e l i n t h e b l o o d

a n d c l i n i c a l s y m p t o m s o f Y u s h o p a t i e n t s . F u k u o k a A c t a M e d . 6 6 :6 2 4 - 6 2 8 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .1 6 . G o t o , M . , a n d H i g u c h i , K . T h e s y m p t o m a t o l o g y o f Y u s h o

( c h l o r o b i p h e n y l s p o i s o n i n g ) i n d e r m a t o l o g y . F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .6 0 : 4 0 9 - 4 3 1 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

1 7 . R a p p e , C . , B u s e r , H . R . , K u r o k i , H . , a n d M a s u d a , Y I d e n t i f i c a -t i o n o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d d i b e n z o f u r a n s ( P C D F s ) r e t a i n e d i n p a t i e n tw i t h Y u s h o . C h e m o s p h e r e 8 : 2 5 9 - 2 6 6 ( 1 9 7 9 ) .

1 8 . K u r o k i , H . , M a s u d a , Y . , Y o s h i h a r a , S . , a n d Y o s h i m u r a , H .A c c u m u l a t i o n o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d d i b e n z o f u r a n s i n t h e l i v e r s o fm o n k e y s a n d r a t s . F o o d C o s m e t . T o x i c o l . 1 8 : 3 8 7 - 3 9 2 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

1 9 . K u r o k i , H . , a n d M a s u d a , Y . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e dd i b e nb o fu r an i s o m er s r e t a i n e d i n p a t i e n t s w i th Y us h o. C h e m o -s p h e r e 7 : 7 7 1 - 7 7 7 ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

2 0 . Y o s h i h a r a , S . , N a g a t a , K . , Y o s h i m u r a , H . , H u r o k i , H . , a n dM a s u d a , Y . I n d u c t i v e e f f e c t o n h e p a t i c e n z y m e s a n d a c u t e t o x i c i t yo f i n d i v i d u a l p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d c o n g e n e r s i n r a t s . T o x i c o l . A p p l .

P h a r m a c o l . 5 9 : 5 8 0 - 5 8 8 ( 1 9 8 1 ) .2 1 . A b d e l - H a m i d , F . M . , M o o r e , J . A . , a n d M a t t h e w s , H . B .C o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f 3 , 4 , 3 ' , 4 ' - t e t r a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l i n m a l e a n df e m a l e r a t s a n d f e m a l e m o n k e y s . J . I b x i c o l . E n v i r o n . H e a l t h 7 :1 8 1 - 1 9 1 ( 1 9 8 1 ) .