PCMI-2004PCMI-2004

Luis HernándezLuis Hernández

lhernandez@mail.cmsfq.edu.eclhernandez@mail.cmsfq.edu.ec

EDUCATION ISSUESEDUCATION ISSUESIN ECUADORIN ECUADOR

ECUADOR ECUADOR The Middle of the WorldThe Middle of the World

ECUADOR ECUADOR The Middle of the WorldThe Middle of the World

ECUADOR ECUADOR - Statistics- Statistics Area: 283,560 sq km (110,760 sq miles. Slightly smaller than Nevada)

Capital: Quito (9,350 ft)

Population: 13,212,742

Population below poverty line: 65% (2003 est.)

Religions: Roman Catholic 95%

Languages: Spanish (official), Amerindian languages

Currency: US dollar (USD)

ECUADOR - ECUADOR - A country of diversityA country of diversity

ECUADOR - ECUADOR - A country of diversityA country of diversity

15,000 ft12,500 ft 9,900 ft 7,200 ft 4,600 ft 2,600 ft 1,300 ft

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

THE COAST

THE MOUNTAINS

THE JUNGLE

ECUADOR - ECUADOR - A country of diversityA country of diversity

•Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m •Highest point: Chimborazo 6,310 m (20,697 ft)•Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower •Land use: arable land: 5.69%, permanent crops: 5.15%, other: 89.16% •Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity;

floods; periodic droughts •Geography - note: Cotopaxi (19,550 ft) is the highest active volcano in

the world. •Ethnic groups: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%,

Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3% •Indigenous groups: over 40 indigenous nations including the Quichua,

Huaorani, Shuar (Jivaro), Achuar, Cofan, Siona, Secoya, Otavaleño,

Tchatchilas (Colorados), Zaparo, Salasacas, Canaris, Saraguro &

Chachi

THE HUAORANIS

OTAVALO GIRL

SARAGURO BOY

TSACHILA COUPLE

ECUADOR - ECUADOR - A country of diversityA country of diversity

•Ecuador boasts one of the highest levels of bio-diversity in the world: 1/3 of all the bird species in the entire Amazon region live In the Ecuadorian Amazon (2% of the whole basin), and 10% of all the tree species on

earth are found here.

•One hectare of lowland rainforest can contain as many frog species as all of North America; one tree can contain more ant species than all of the British Isles combined; and of the world's known bird species (about 9,000), pint-sized Ecuador is home to over 1,500.

•Ecuador also has one of the greatest levels of endemism anywhere in the world:

mammals: 302 plants: 18,250 birds: 1,559 reptiles: 374 amphibians: 402 freshwater fish: 706

A MALE FRAGATA PAPAGAYO

LONESOME GEORGE

CONDOR

OSO DE ANTEOJOS

A DANGEROUS FROG

ORCHID

FRAILEJONES

GRANADILLAS

TREE TOMATO

GENERAL CONCERNS IN EDUCATIONGENERAL CONCERNS IN EDUCATION

National Education Budget:National Education Budget:– Constitution: 30% of the General State Budget.Constitution: 30% of the General State Budget.– Actual: 13%.Actual: 13%.

Political Instability: 19 Education Ministers in the last 24 years.Political Instability: 19 Education Ministers in the last 24 years.– Education is controlled by a political party (MPD).Education is controlled by a political party (MPD).

Very low salaries:Very low salaries: – average in 2002 was $250/month (including all the benefits)average in 2002 was $250/month (including all the benefits)– 20 different categories: starting at $50 and up to $245.20 different categories: starting at $50 and up to $245.– 10% increase between categories10% increase between categories– Multiple jobs, schools abandonment and immigration.Multiple jobs, schools abandonment and immigration.

No follow-up, or evaluation of teacher’s performances. No follow-up, or evaluation of teacher’s performances. No Integration between University Research and other Education No Integration between University Research and other Education

levelslevels Very little information and research in Education Field.Very little information and research in Education Field.

TEACHER'S CATEGORIES

CATEGORY NUMBER BASIC SALARY TOTAL INCOME

  OF TEACHERS PER MONTH PER MONTH

First 659 $ 40.00 $ 210.00

Second 94 $ 44.00 $ 214.00

Third 932 $ 48.40 $ 218.40

Fourth 2,862 $ 53.24 $ 223.24

Fifth 14,215 $ 58.56 $ 228.56

Sixth 11,661 $ 64.42 $ 234.42

Seventh 10,795 $ 70.86 $ 240.86

Eighth 12,014 $ 77.95 $ 247.95

Nineth 14,193 $ 85.74 $ 255.74

Tenth 30,770 $ 94.32 $ 264.32

Eleventh 3,026 $ 103.75 $ 273.75

Twelfth 2,645 $ 114.12 $ 284.12

Thirteenth 1,495 $ 125.54 $ 295.54

Fourteenth 846 $ 138.09 $ 308.09

Fifteenth 396 $ 151.90 $ 321.90

Sixteenth 115 $ 167.09 $ 337.09

Seventeenth 23 $ 183.80 $ 353.80

Eighteenth 13 $ 202.18 $ 372.18

Nineteenth 5 $ 222.40 $ 392.40

Twentieth 8 $ 244.64 $ 414.64

106,767

Very weak Professional Development ProgramsVery weak Professional Development Programs No access to Concrete MaterialNo access to Concrete Material No access to TechnologyNo access to Technology Two school systemsTwo school systems

– Coast & Galapagos: April-DecemberCoast & Galapagos: April-December

– Sierra & Oriente: September-June (October-July) Sierra & Oriente: September-June (October-July)

Many different types of schools:Many different types of schools:– Public schools (national & municipal)Public schools (national & municipal)

– Private schools (religious, non-religious, only girls/boys, technical, Private schools (religious, non-religious, only girls/boys, technical, vocational, foreign) vocational, foreign)

National curriculumNational curriculum

Schools Teachers Students Schools Teachers Students Schools Teachers Students Schools Teachers Students

Urban 3,542 11,569 164,684 5,192 51,329 1,157,859 2,251 63,438 832,123 10,985 126,336 2,154,666

Rural 1,664 3,037 46,467 12,723 35,100 818,329 1,116 16,375 146,949 15,503 54,512 1,011,745

Public 2,827 5,461 119,881 14,250 58,355 1,493,152 2,022 56,234 713,056 19,099 120,050 2,326,089

Municipal 22 55 931 100 539 11,827 9 285 3,490 131 879 16,248

Private L. 2,003 7,656 71,195 3,034 20,784 317,934 1,047 16,418 165,516 6,084 44,858 554,645

Private R. 354 1,434 19,144 531 6,751 153,275 289 6,876 97,010 1,174 15,061 269,429

Hispanic 5,165 14,547 210,219 16,118 81,837 1,884,766 3,239 78,294 966,969 24,522 174,678 3,061,954

Indian 41 59 932 1,797 4,592 91,422 128 1,519 12,103 1,966 6,170 104,457

Coast 2,740 7,079 111,527 10,770 46,639 1,150,335 1,871 41,063 529,207 15,381 94,781 1,791,069

Sierra 2,466 7,527 99,624 7,145 39,790 825,853 1,496 38,750 449,865 11,107 86,067 1,375,342

Night - - - 297 1,304 19,321 523 10,464 91,916 820 11,768 111,237

Day 5,206 14,606 211,151 17,618 85,125 1,956,867 2,844 69,349 887,156 25,668 169,080 3,055,174

5,206 14,606 211,151 17,915 86,429 1,976,188 3,367 79,813 979,072 26,488 180,848 3,166,411

SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

Total

school year 2001-2002

Zone

Support

Type

System

HIGH SCHOOL TOTAL COUNTRYEARLY CHILDHOOD ES & MS

Journey

SCHOOL TEACHER’S EDUCATIONSCHOOL TEACHER’S EDUCATION ECH – ES – MS Teacher’s requirements:ECH – ES – MS Teacher’s requirements:

– High School Degree High School Degree

– + 6 semesters courses: + 6 semesters courses: 800 hours per semester800 hours per semester 120 hours of Mathematics Didactics (3.75%)120 hours of Mathematics Didactics (3.75%) First two semesters: Basic Professional EducationFirst two semesters: Basic Professional Education Semesters 3, 4, 5: Specific Professional EducationSemesters 3, 4, 5: Specific Professional Education Semester 6: PracticeSemester 6: Practice

EDUCATION DEGREE

OTHER DEGREE

EDUCATION DEGREE

OTHER DEGREE

EDUCATION DEGREE

OTHER DEGREE

EDUCATION DEGREE

OTHER DEGREE

Number of Teachers 12,191 2,415 74,915 11,514 58,733 21,080 145,839 35,009

Percent 83% 17% 87% 13% 74% 26% 81% 19%

Teacher's Education

ECH ES - MS HS TOTAL COUNTRY

HIGH SCH00L TEACHER’S EDUCATIONHIGH SCH00L TEACHER’S EDUCATION

High School Teachers requirements (Bachelor Degree):High School Teachers requirements (Bachelor Degree):– High School Degree High School Degree – ++ 4 University years (690 h/year) 4 University years (690 h/year)

Psycho-Pedagogy Area: 880 hours (31.9%)Psycho-Pedagogy Area: 880 hours (31.9%) Socio-Education Area: 160 hours (5.8%)Socio-Education Area: 160 hours (5.8%) Mathematics Education: 895 hours (32.4% )Mathematics Education: 895 hours (32.4% )

– Trigonometry: 52 hours (1.9%)Trigonometry: 52 hours (1.9%)– Geometry: 52 hours (1.9%)Geometry: 52 hours (1.9%)– Basic Mathematics: 104 hours (3.8%) Basic Mathematics: 104 hours (3.8%) – Algebra: 257 hours (9.3%)Algebra: 257 hours (9.3%)– Calculus: 331 hours (12%)Calculus: 331 hours (12%)– Analytical Geometry: 96 hours (3.5%) Analytical Geometry: 96 hours (3.5%)

Physics and Chemistry: 635 hours (23%)Physics and Chemistry: 635 hours (23%) Computers Area: 140 hours (5.1%)Computers Area: 140 hours (5.1%) Teaching Practice: 50 hours (1.8%)Teaching Practice: 50 hours (1.8%)

EDUCATION IN ECUADOREDUCATION IN ECUADOR 2 out of every 10 children do not attend school.2 out of every 10 children do not attend school. 9% of the population over 15 years is illiterate.9% of the population over 15 years is illiterate. 1 out of every 3 children do not complete the 6 years 1 out of every 3 children do not complete the 6 years

of elementary education.of elementary education. 9 out of every 10 children in the rural area do not 9 out of every 10 children in the rural area do not

attend middle school.attend middle school. 1 out of every 10 children repeat first grade.1 out of every 10 children repeat first grade. 64% of the population completes elementary school 64% of the population completes elementary school

and 29% completes high school.and 29% completes high school. 2 out of every 10 public schools do not have electricity 2 out of every 10 public schools do not have electricity

or water.or water. 4 out of every 10 public schools do not have 4 out of every 10 public schools do not have

access to telephone or fax.access to telephone or fax.

PCMI International SeminarPCMI International Seminar““Math Education around the world: Bridging Math Education around the world: Bridging

Policy and Practice”Policy and Practice”

5 days5 days Diversity:8 countries Diversity:8 countries (N. Zealand, Japan, Iran, Rumania, (N. Zealand, Japan, Iran, Rumania,

N. Ireland, Cameroon, USA, Ecuador) N. Ireland, Cameroon, USA, Ecuador) Sharing information: Sharing information: curriculum, teachers’ education, curriculum, teachers’ education,

policies & practicepolicies & practice Discussions: Discussions: similarities, differences, challengessimilarities, differences, challenges Informal interaction with other programs’ participantsInformal interaction with other programs’ participants

(HST, mathematicians & math educators)(HST, mathematicians & math educators) SponsorsSponsors Gail Burril and Joan Ferrini-MundyGail Burril and Joan Ferrini-Mundy

ICME-10ICME-10

““SHARING EXPERIENCES GROUP”SHARING EXPERIENCES GROUP”

• Who is in charge of the curriculum in Who is in charge of the curriculum in your your country and important implicationscountry and important implications

• What shifts are taking place in how What shifts are taking place in how teaching and learning math is perceived teaching and learning math is perceived and enactedand enacted

• Who is responsible for these shiftsWho is responsible for these shifts

HIGHLIGHTSHIGHLIGHTS

•Technology and resourcesTechnology and resources•OrganizationOrganization•Working groupsWorking groups•Cross-program activitiesCross-program activities•Night activitiesNight activities

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

•Math education around the Math education around the worldworld• Similarities and differencesSimilarities and differences•Ideas for practiceIdeas for practice•Concerns and commitmentConcerns and commitment•SharingSharing