pcr polymerase chain reaction. pcr - a method for amplifying (copying) small amount of dna in nearly...
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PCRPCRPolymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain Reaction
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PCRPCR
- a method for amplifying (copying) small - a method for amplifying (copying) small amount of DNA in nearly any amount amount of DNA in nearly any amount required, starting with a small initial quantity.required, starting with a small initial quantity.
- an in vitro or cell-free method for - an in vitro or cell-free method for synthesizing DNA.synthesizing DNA.
- it was invented in 1985 by Kary Mullis - it was invented in 1985 by Kary Mullis (received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in (received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1993).1993).
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PCR Machine / ThermocyclerPCR Machine / Thermocycler
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PCRPCR
• Components of PCRComponents of PCR– Template DNA– primers– dNTPs (dATP, dTTP, dCTP & dGTP)– Taq DNA polymerase
– MgCl2
– PCR buffer, pH 8
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PCRPCR
• Three major phases in PCR: Three major phases in PCR: – Denaturing (94ºC)– Annealing (55ºC)– Extension (72ºC)
• The total time to perform a standard The total time to perform a standard PCR is approximately 4 hours. PCR is approximately 4 hours.
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Factors influencing PCRFactors influencing PCR
• Quality of template DNA• Concentration of template DNA• Primers
• Concentration of MgCl2
• Annealing temperature
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Quality of template DNAQuality of template DNA
- should be free of proteases that could degrade the DNA polymerase.
- template DNA with high levels of proteins or salts should be diluted or cleaned up to reduce inhibition of DNA polymerase activity.
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Concentration of template DNAConcentration of template DNA
- highly concentrated template DNA may yield nonspecific product or inhibit the reaction.
- it is rare that template DNA concentration is too low.
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PrimersPrimers- select primers with a random base distribution and GC content similar to template DNA being amplified.
- avoid sequences with secondary structure, especially at the 3’ end.
- check primers for complementary and avoid primers with 3’ overlaps to reduce primer-dimer artifacts.
- design so the base at the 3’ end of the primer is a G or C to enhance specificity.
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Concentration of MgClConcentration of MgCl22
- MgCl2 concentration is very important.
- excess Mg2+ promotes production of nonspecific product and primer-dimer artifacts.
- insufficient Mg2+ reduces yield.
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Annealing temperatureAnnealing temperature
- annealing temperature depends on length and GC content of primers (55ºC good for primers 20 nucleotides long; 50%).
- Higher annealing temperatures may be needed to increase primer specificity.