P.D.Bahukhandi Ex.DIR(QC)Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.(MD) ,30 July 2010

CONTENTSAviation fuel - scenario in India

Development of Aviation Fuel Specifications

Harmonization of Jet Fuel Specification

Aviation Fuel Specification in India,

Critical Characteristics and trend

QC Monitoring Practices

Aviation Bio-fuels – developments & CSR

Conclusion

REFINERIES PRODUCING JET-A-1

S.No Refinery Installed Capacity (MMTA)

ATF Production (TMTPA)

01 Gujarat 13.7 48002 Mathura 8.0 90003 Panipat 12.0 90004 Haldia 7.5 30005 CPCL 9.5 84006 MRPL 9.5 4507 RPL 27 (Dom) +27 (SEZ) 120008 BPCL(M) 7.5 54009 NRL 3.0 3610 HPCL(M) 7.5 65011 HPCL(V) 7.5 7012 Guwahati 2.0 60

JET-A-1 SALES IN INDIA & FUTURE GROWTH

Year

Industry Indian oilSales % Growth Sales Market

Share% Growth

2004-05 3622654 12.18 2339044 64.6 % 7.10

2005-06 4247408 17.25 2722602 64.1 % 16.40

2006-07 5128563 20.75 3226344 62.9% 18.5

2007-08 5841815 13.90 3656403 62.6% 13.33

2008-09 5619548 -3.5 3560448 63.4% -2.1

2009-10 5792275 3.1 3642561 62.9% 2.3

Jet fuel Specifications at a Glance

Country SpecificationUSA ASTM D 1655 –04a, 6615-04aUK DEF STAN 91-91/6, 91-86/4, 91-88/2RUSSIA GOST 10227-86(TS-1, T-1, T-1S, T-2, RT)

GOST R 52050-2003

France DCSEA 134/AColombia NTC 1899Canada CAN/CGSB 3.23-02 & 3.22-02Brazil QAV-1India IS 1571 & IS 1587China GB 6537-94Japan JFSCL Issue 16 & DSP K2206DVenezuela COVENIN-1023

Major Specifications Comparison

USA UK RUSSIA India  China 

Characteristics D‐1655 91‐91/6 R 52050 IS 1571  GB 6537

Olefins 5.00% Deleted ‐ Deleted ‐08  5

Aromatics 22% 25% 25% 25 / 22  %  20%

Silver Strip 1 max ‐‐ Deleted Deleted ‐08*  1 max

Lubricity ‐ 0.85 0.85 0.85 / 0.65 mm  ‐‐‐

Refining Comp ‐ Report Report Report  ‐‐‐

Sulphur/  0.30/  0.30/  0.30/  0.3  0.2

Mercaptan % m 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003/.0020  0.002

18 19 19 19  20Smoke Point & Naphthalene's 3 3 3 3  3

Colour ‐ Report ‐ Report  Report

Particulate ‐ 1.0 mg/l ‐ 1.0 mg/l  Report

Conductivity 50 ‐ 450 50 ‐ 600 50 ‐ 450 50 ‐ 600  50 ‐450

*Being re intoduced

9/2/2009

Harmonisation Of Jet Fuel Specification

Modern aviation recognizes few frontiers.

Need for similar characteristics & requirement.

Common name & standard specifications.

Its availability in all parts of the world.

Globalization.

BUT

Despite efforts differences in minimum quality requirement among the major internationally used specifications.

International airlines are faced with confusing array of names, definitions & specifications for jet fuels.

As a partial solution airlines to quote requirement against DEF STAN AFQRJOS or IATA spec. Russia also follows.

IS No. Salient Features Ref StdIS : 1571 – 1960 - Two Grades were covered, namely K 40 & K 50 DERD

2482/24941st Revision 1965 - Requirement of WSI, Smoke Point, & Thermal

Stability included- Requirement of ROE, Calorific Value, Accelerated Gum , & Mercaptan aligned with DERD2494

Latest IssueDERD 2494

2nd Revision 1967 - Requirement of Silver Strip included &WSI replaced With WSIM

(Issue 3 & 5)

3rd Revision 1976 -Grade K-40 deleted , being no longer used.-Reqt of Acidity , Relative Density & Viscosity aligned with DERD

DERD 2494 (Issue 7)

4th Revision 1982 - Aromatics contents increased from 20 to 22%- Thermal Stability by JEFTOT introduced , alignment with DERD

DERD 2494 (Issue 8)

5th Revision 1985 -Sulphur Contents relaxed from 0.20 to 0.30%Max. Freezing Point relaxed from – 50 to – 47 Deg C. FBP modified from 288 to 300Deg C.-Oxidation Stability deleted . Hydrogen contents &Conductivity added introduced

DERD 2494 (Issue 9)

Indian JET A-1 Specification Development

JET A-1 Specification Development

IS No. Salient Features Ref Std

6th Revision 1992 Silver Strip Corrosion relaxed i.e. 1 at refinery at Delivery end (4 Hrs). Defence Requirement of Aromatics 20 max deleted

DERD 2494 (Issue 10)

7th Revision 2001 Lubricity Requirement introduced 0.85mmMax. Aromatics revised to 25 % .WSIM modified as MSEP with /without SDA .Lumino number deleted

Def Stan (Issue 2)

8th Revision 2008 • Olefins contents deleted• Silver Strip Corrosion Test deleted.*•Sulphur Contents 0.3 %by Mass for Def and Civil • Aromatics Contents revised to 25 for Civil and 22

for Defence (Earlier 25 ( C )/22 ( D)/20 (Russion)• Conductivity Range enhanced from 50-450 to 50-600 * Being reintroduced

DEF STAN 91/91 (Issue 6 ) amendment April 2008 with amendment 1 12/08/2008 is issued with requirement of check fame and report particulate contamination in size

DEF STAN (Issue-5)

DEF STAN (Issue-6)

Trend in Development in Specification Jet Fuel vis-à-vis Auto Fuel

Characteristics Jet Fuel Auto FuelSulphur Content Increased Decreased

Aromatic Content Increased Decreased

Olefin Content Deleted Limit Introduced

Benzene content Not Required/ Specified Decreased

Lubricity Under specified conditions Limit Introduced

FBP, Distillation Increased Decreased

Density Range No Change Narrowed down

Freezing Point Less Stringent Not Applicable

Indian Jet Fuel vis-a-vis of USA & UK

RequirementS.No

Characteristic ASTMD 1655

DEF STAN 91-91/6

IS 1571:2008

1 Appearance C & B C & B,Colour – reportParticulate – 1

mg/l

C & B

2 Composition :

a) Total Acidity, mgKOH/g, Max 0.10 0.015 0.015

b) Aromatics, % by vol., Max 25 25 25/ 22

c) Olefins content, % by vol., Max --- --- Deleted -08

d) Total Sulphur, % by mass, Max 0.30 0.30 0.30Earlier .30/.25)

e) Mercaptan Sulfur, % by mass, Max ORDoctor Test

0.003

Negative

0.0030

Negative

0.003/ 0.002

Negative

JET A-1 Specifications – IOCL products

S.No CHARACTERISTICS DEF STAN 91/91 ISSUE 6

BIS 1571:2008

IOC

1 Aromatics, % by Volume Max

25 25 22

2 Sulphur, total % by mass, Max

0.30 0.30 0 .25

3 Sulphur, mercaptan % by mass, Max

0.003 0.003 0.002

4 Lubricity, WSD mm Max 0.85 0.85 0.65

5. Silver Strip Corrosion Test Dropped 0 Max* (Refinery)

1 Max (Field)

0 (Ref)1 (Field)

*being re-introduced

QC Monitoring Practices: JIG Vs AQCAM

S.NO JIG AQCAM1 Fuel storage Tank internally

inspected and cleaned every three Years.

Fuel storage Tank internally inspected and cleaned every Two Years. Three Years for tanks having 5 Micron filters on receipt line.

2 _ Storage Tank Bottom sample of storage tank subjected for Microbiological test to ascertain tank Hygiene

3 _ Storage Tank Bottom sample subjected for Cu strip corrosion test Monthly.

4 Storage Tanks Floating suction arms shall be checked monthly.

Storage Tanks Floating suction arms shall be checked Weekly.

S.NO JIG AQCAM5. Refuelling vehicle Hose end

strainers not coarser than 60 mesh

Refuelling vehicle Hose end strainers not coarser than 100 mesh

6. Refuelling vehicle Hose end strainers removed & inspected Monthly

Refuelling vehicle Hose end strainers removed & inspected Fortnightly.

7. Filters on vehicles supplying jet fuel be checked by Gravimetric test at least every six months.

Filters on vehicles supplying jet fuel are checked by Gravimetric test every Quarter(three months).

QC Monitoring Practices: JIG Vs AQCAM

Particulate ContaminationSl. Standard Requirement Limiting values

1 DEF STAN 91/91 (ISSUE 5)

At point of Manufacture

Max 1.0 mg/l

2 IATA At the point of delivery

< 0.20 mg/l – Acceptable> 0.20 mg/l - Investigate> 1 mg/l – Reject Fuel

3 IOC At the point of delivery

0.22 mg/l Max is Operating Specification> 0.15 mg/l – Repeat On repetition >0.15 mg/l investigate.> 0.5 mg/l Equipment withdrawn. Re-commission after investigation/ corrective action.

9/2/2009

Bio-FuelsFossil Fuels Bio Fuels

ObtainedFrom

Non-Renewable Mineral resources

Renewable plant resources [Absorb CO2 , sunlight to grow]

Reserves Will exhaust one day Can be grown as per requirement

Emit CO2 during :Use as fuel Each stage of distribution

Emit CO2 during :Use as fuel Auxiliary growth operations

Do not absorb CO2 during any stage of their life-cycle

Absorb CO2 during biomass growth in next generation

Environmental Effect

0% Carbon-Neutral 84 % Carbon-Neutral

Impurities Sulphur Nil

Supply Supply only from regions having petroleum fields

Local smaller supply chains can be established

Prices Fluctuating Stable

Carbon Life-Cycle Diagram

Carbon Life-Cycle DiagramFossil Fuel Bio Fuel

CO2 is emitted at each stage of distribution chain

CO2 is reabsorbed as the next generation bio-stock is grown

Importance of Aviation

Importance of Aviation

Impact on Global Economy

Has direct, indirect, induced & catalytic impact

Equivalent to USD 3560 billion

Equals 7.5 % of world Gross Domestic Product

Huge growth since its beginning (5 % per annum)

Moves 2.2 billion passengers annually

Generates 32 million jobs globally

Social ImpactImproves quality of life by rapid worldwide transport

Has shrunk cultural barriers like no other transport sector

Indispensable for tourism & facilitates world trade

Aviation to Climate ChangeAviation to Climate Change

Contribution ToGlobal Warming

2% of manmade CO2 emissionsMay be 3% by 2050 (increase of 2-3% per yr)Lesser pollution than other sectors

Responsible attitude Working towards carbon-neutral growth

Technological Measures Adopted70 % more Fuel-Efficiency in past 40 years

Aircraft EnginesCutting age of efficiency (70% more in 40 yrs)A-380 / B-787 consume less than 3 ltr/100 km/PsgrCompare favorably with small family cars

Aircraft Shape More aerodynamic & lighter than ever before

Air Traffic Control Huge improvements in efficiency

Airport Operations Much more environ-friendly

Generations of Bio-FuelsGenerations of Bio-FuelsFirst Generation Second Generation

Sources Sugar-rich Plants Bio-derived oils

Land for Growth Need food-crop land Affect food-availability

May be grown in desert or salt-water

Examples of Sources

Sugarcane, (Ethanol), Corn (Bio-Diesel)

Soybeans, algae, jatropha, halophytes, camelina

Suitability for modern jet engines

Not suitableDo not have necessary performance & Safety attributes

SuitableMake high quality jet & diesel fuels

Current Use

--Transport--Home-heating, Cooking --Power generation from stationary engines

Jet & Diesel engine fuels

Key Advantages for Aviation

Second Generation Sustainable Bio-FuelsKey Advantages for Aviation

Environmental Reduction in CO2 emissions across their lifecycle

Diversified Supply

Viable alternative to fossil fuels Can substitute traditional jet fuel More diverse geographical fuel supply through non-

food crop sources

Economic / Social

Solution to fuel-price-fluctuations facing aviation Economic benefits to developing world with land

unviable for food but viable for 2G bio-fuels

Technical ChallengesAviation Bio-Fuels : Technical Challenges

Technical Requirements

High performance level to meet : Range of operational conditionsStringent performance targets

Safety requirements“Drop-in replacement “ for Jet A-1

Without the need to redesign Aircraft engine & fuel delivery system

First Generation Bio-Fuels

Ethanol & BiodieselDo not meet high performance & safety requirements

Second Generation Bio-Fuels

Recent advances :Not only meet but exceed many of the current Jet A-1 specifications

Jet Fuel Specifications

Second generation Bio-Fuels Exceed Jet A-1 Specifications

Criteria Jet A-1 Spec

2nd Gen Bio-Fuel

Flash Point (oC) 38 Min √

Freezing Point (oC) -47 Max √

Combustion Heat (MJ/kg) 42.8 Min √

Viscosity (mm2/s) 8.000 Max √

Sulphur Content (ppm) 0.30 Max √

Density (kg/m3) 775-840 √

Economic ViabilityAviation Bio-Fuels : Economic Viability against Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels

Costs may increase due to :

Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels

Increasing carbon costs due to “Emission Trading Scheme”

Sustainable

Bio-Fuels

Costs may reduce due to :

Improvement in harvesting & processing technology

Reduction in taxes on low carbon fuels

New developments on advanced bio-fuels :

(1) Advanced cheaper refining techniques using bacteria

(2) Use of less costly feed-stocks including waste products

Bio-Fuels expected to be viable by 2020 (with 10% aviation market)[Estimate may vary due to fluctuating costs of fossil fuels]

From Field to WingsAviation Second Generation Bio-Fuels

From Field to WingsCultivation &Harvesting

Grown in fairly harsh condition with little water, Grown in non-food-crop land or even waste-landJust need to be planted, cared for, cultivated & harvested Major challenges :

Increasing productivity through advanced methodsDecreasing cost-to-unit ratio

ProcessingTo Extract

Feedstock is pressed to extract oilSolid waste (meal) is used for various purposes

Refining by Hydroprocessing

Removal of oxygen from feedstockIsomerisation to meet specs of Jet fuel

Blending with Jet Fuel

”drop-in” blend with traditional jet fuelBio-fuel quantities in blend to increase graduallyMay take place at : bio-fuel refinery / petro refinery / separate facility / airport

The Next StepsAviation Second Generation Bio-Fuels

The Next StepsTo Ensure Steady supply of feedstock is grown & processed into bio-fuel

Refining & blending facilities are in placeCost is right to compete with petro-based fuelShare-allocation for bio-fuel in spite of competitionIncentives for bio-fuel supplySustainability of the bio-fuel supplies

Positive Incentives

Assistance in identifying areas for bio-fuel growthSupport in starting farming & production o algaeIncentives to develop processing & refining capacityFiscal & legal framework to facilitate economic viability

Commitment Use of sustainable bio-fuels in commercial flights by 2012Significant supply of bio-fuel in jet fuel mix by 2020

Aviation Bio-Fuels Are

Aviation Second Generation Bio-Fuels Are

Essential Continuing to burn fossil fuels is not sustainable

Viable Tests prove that bio-fuels can be used in flight

SustainableSecond generation bio-fuels have low impact on land or water used for food-crops

CleanerThey have around 80% reduction in CO2 lifecycle emissions compared to fossil fuels

PracticalSecond generation bio-fuels can be mixed with existing aviation fuel supplies. Ass more bio-fuel is produced, we can use more across the industry

Coming Soon

With certification expected by 2011 bio-fuels could be used on commercial flights within 3-5 years

Save Humanity

Aviation Bio-Fuels Role to Save Humanity

Petro-Fuels End dependence on petro-fuels that are on the verge of extinction

Global-Warming Delay or Prevent devastating consequences of global warming

• Harmonization of Jet fuel specification for both civil and defence requirement will help in

Availability of Common JET fuel world wide.

Better Yields with less and friendly emissions

Flexibility in operations/Logistics, Import/Export.

Better Aviation Economics.

Enhanced Flight Safety

•Bio-fuel for sustainability and environment protection

CONCLUSION

9/2/2009

9/2/2009