pdf catalogue - durham university

PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUEPUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE

University of Durham, Department of Geography, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

Telephone: +44 (0)191 334 1961 Fax: +44 (0)191 334 1962 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dur.ac.uk/ibru

This authoritative series offers a unique insight

into key territorial issues around the world.

Each briefi ng focuses on a specifi c regional

territorial problem or boundary-related

technical issue. An expert analysis of the issues

is offered, including the geographical context,

the legal and historical background, the

military, strategic and security implications,

and a summary of the current situation with an

assessment of future prospects.

There are three volumes of the Boundary

& Territory Briefi ngs composed of eight

briefi ngs per volume, each one written by an

internationally acknowledged expert in the

fi eld.

Volume 1

Who Owns Antarctica? Governing and Managing the Last ContinentVol.1 No.1

Peter Beck

In spite of its inhospitable environment and isolated position, Antarctica consistently attracts the attention of the most powerful countries in the world. The continent acts as the environmental engine which drives the ocean currents, and possesses untold resource potential. Antarctica also plays host to a vast spectrum of invaluable scientifi c research which has re-defi ned our understanding of geologic history and climate change.

No fewer than seven states claim sovereignty over parts of the ice-covered continent which accounts for some 10% of the world’s land surface. The exception to many of the norms of sovereignty, Antarctica is maintained by a complex territorial regime under the Antarctic Treaty System. This briefi ng examines the background to those territorial claims and traces the evolution of, and prospects for, the Antarctic Treaty System. This System provides a framework for the preservation of peace, stability and scientifi c cooperation in the ‘last great wilderness on earth’.

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-05-5, 1994, 57pp

Price of Briefings

Full price: Volume: Issue:Hard Copy* £195 £28PDF Copy £175** £25

CD-ROM of all three volumes: £499

CD- ROM of all three volumes of both Boundary & Territory Briefi ngs and Maritime Briefi ngs series: £899

All UK orders will be subject to VAT at 17.5%. Orders from other European Union countries will be subject to VAT at 17.5% unless a VAT registration number is supplied.

* A charge for postage and packing will be added to all printed publication orders.

** Whole volumes ordered in PDF format will be supplied on CD-ROM

Boundary & Territory Briefings

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Ceuta and the Spanish Sovereign Territories: Spanish and Moroccan ClaimsVol.1 No.2

Gerry O’ Reilly

Both Morocco and Spain claim sovereignty over the fi ve territories of Ceuta, Melilla, Penon de Vélez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucémas and the Chafarinas Islands in North Africa. The most important of these is Ceuta which is located at the eastern entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. Spain claims these territories on largely historical grounds: right of conquest, terra nullis principles and longevity of occupation. Spain stresses that the majority of residents there are Spanish and wish to remain under Spanish rule. It also argues that military bases in the territories are important for Spanish national security. Morocco argues that United Nations principles of decolonization should be applied, that Spanish occupation obstructs the economic and political independence of the kingdom, and that the Spanish bases threaten Moroccan national security. Morocco also stresses that Spanish arguments for the recovery of the British Crown Colony of Gibraltar substantiate Morocco’s claim. Both countries attempt to justify their claims in terms of the UN principle of the territorial integrity of the state. This dispute has on occasion reached boiling point, such as the face-off between Moroccan and Spanish forces in July 2002 over the islet of Perejil near Ceuta.

This briefi ng examines the Spanish and Moroccan arguments concerning the disputed territories from historical, geographical, demographic and legal perspectives. It argues that, fundamentally, territorial confl icts in the region are the legacy of the historical geopolitical organisation of the area, and that the dispute cannot be seen as a purely bilateral affair. In this context it also considers issues such as economic and strategic security, the impact of the dispute on the issue of Gibraltar, the potential for confl ict, and possible scenarios for the future.


Territorial Proposals for the Settlement of War in Bosnia-HercegovinaVol.1 No.3

Mladen Klemenc ic

Written over the course of the fi rst two years of the war in Bosnia-Hercegovina, this briefi ng represents a unique record of the various proposals for the partition of the country put forward between the spring of 1991 and May 1994. Drawing on local sources which were largely overlooked by Western media, Mladen Klemenc i c paints a vivid picture of the disintegration of the ‘land of hidden hatred’ and the political machinations which undermined every attempt to resolve the confl ict. The research is drawn from the territorial claims and proposals of the Bosnian communities (made fi rst to one another and later to international mediators) and the proposals assembled by international organisations in search of a solution to the ‘Bosnian knot’. This briefi ng explores the justifi cations for those territorial claims and positions taken by the international community. The study is a systematic analysis of the territorial dimensions of the struggle, within the greater chaos of events in Bosnia during this critical period.

Containing thirty specially-prepared maps and detailed demographic statistics drawn from over a hundred years of population censuses, this study is essential reading for anyone who wishes to understand the tragedy of Bosnia.



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The Boundary Between Ecuador and PeruVol.1 No.4

Ronald Bruce St John

Ronald Bruce St John fi rst visited Ecuador and Peru in 1968 and has been a regular commentator on Andean affairs since then, publishing more than 100 books and articles. His timely and authoritative briefi ng traces the historical roots of the boundary dispute between Ecuador and Peru, analyses the legal cases of the two sides, and discusses the various attempts that have been made to resolve the confl ict from the Spanish arbitration of 1887 to the present day.

Note: Much of the material in this briefi ng has been incorporated into the updated study in Boundary & Territory Briefi ng Vol. 3 No.1.


Cross-Border Crime in the Former Soviet UnionVol.1 No.5

Mark Galeotti

“For you [Westerners], borders represent barriers and termini, for us they represent opportunities.” (Chechen gangster, 1993)

From the assassination of a respected Russian television presenter to Moscow’s guerilla war in Chechnya, there have been numerous warnings indicating the extent to which crime has exploded in all the post-Soviet states. This is not only a problem of domestic politics, it has direct implications for the rest of the world:

• for business executives looking towards investment and operation within Eurasia; • for insurance fi rms being called upon to make risk assessments in the region; • for fi nancial institutions facing illegal money laundering operations; • for security analysts considering the potential dangers posed by the new gangs, and their trade in guns, narcotics and even nuclear materials; • for every Westerner faced with the implications of criminal penetration, from the eastwards fl ow of stolen cars to the impact of cheaper eastern drugs on the streets.

This fascinating contribution to the Boundary & Territory Briefi ngs series offers a timely and concise assessment of the scale and implications of cross-border crime in, from and through post-Soviet Eurasia. Written by an acknowledged international expert in the fi eld, it addresses both the activities of the criminals and their main theatres of operation, with maps and charts showing the ‘soft borders’ most at risk, the penetration of gangs from the former Soviet Union into Europe and their principal routes in Europe and Asia as well as the global ‘criminal economy’. Its conclusions should be required reading for anyone seeking an informed assessment of the region’s prospects.



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The Bolivia-Chile-Peru Dispute in the Atacama DesertVol.1 No.6


The Atacama Desert, situated on the central-west coast of South America, is one of the more remote and inhospitable areas in the world. In spite of its location this arid, sparsely inhabited region occupies a unique place in the contemporary pantheon of outstanding boundary and territorial disputes. In a continent awash with territorial controversy the dispute in the Atacama Desert stands apart as one of the most involved and intractable. The dispute refl ects the confl icting geopolitical ambitions of Bolivia, Chile and Peru. It began before two of the disputants won their independence from Spain, and it is still active today, although the salient issues have changed considerably over the last century.

A number of interrelated concerns combine to distinguish the Atacama Desert dispute from neighbouring territorial questions. Post-independence Bolivian politicians almost immediately characterised the issue as a question of national survival. Faced with a highly disadvantageous geopolitical position, the Bolivian government placed improved access to the Pacifi c coast at the very top of its early foreign policy agenda. With the discovery of, fi rst, guano and later, nitrate deposits, the actual or potential wealth of the region subsequently infl uenced the diplomatic claims of the governments of both Chile and Peru. Consequently, the dispute soon involved a

wide range of interrelated territorial, economic, and political issues which defi ed energetic, creative attempts at settlement. Over time the controversy reached beyond the original three protagonists to repeatedly involve other regional powers, including the governments of Argentina, Brazil, and the United States.

This briefi ng provides a detailed overview of the Atacama Desert question, tracing the development of the dispute from the early nineteenth century through to the present day. Territorial changes and proposals are clearly illustrated in a series of specially-drawn maps, and Dr St John’s commentary highlights the key events and actors in this long and seemingly intractable dispute.



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Boundaries in Flux: The ‘Green Line’ Boundary Between Israel and the West Bank - Past, Present and FutureVol.1 No.7

David Newman

Until 1967, the boundary between Israel and the West Bank was known as the ‘Green Line’. This line, delimited in the armistice agreement of 1949, was formally removed in 1967 following the Israeli occupation of the West Bank. However, it has continued to function as an important boundary between Israel and the Occupied Territories, albeit with different, and constantly changing, formal and functional defi nitions.

This briefi ng examines the history and present characteristics of the ‘Green Line’. It shows how the ‘Green Line’ has been preserved as an important administrative and perceptual boundary since 1967. It also examines, and proposes, scenarios in which the ‘Green Line’ (or a modifi ed Green Line) will return to become the eventual political boundary separating Israel from a Palestinian state under a fi nal peace agreement between the two parties.

The study also touches on the role of the ‘Green Line’ within Jerusalem, probably the single most complex, and, at this stage, seemingly insoluble aspect of the confl ict. The history of the ‘Green Line’ in Jerusalem closely mirrors the functional changes which have taken place along the remainder of the course of the boundary. While both sides to the confl ict see Jerusalem as the political and administrative centre of their respective state/ autonomous entities, neither side supports the idea of a city physically redivided.

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-25-X, 1995, 52pp

The Evolution of the Egypt - Israel Boundary: from Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders

Vol.1 No.8

Nurit Kliot

The formation of the present Egyptian-Israeli border has taken place over a period of almost 80 years during which four wars have been fought between Israel and Egypt themselves, as well as two world wars involving the colonial powers which formerly ruled Egypt and Israel/Palestine. The fi nal border line thus refl ects three major factors:

• The colonial struggle which took place between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire, with the participation of such bystanders as Russia, Germany, France and Austria.

• The wars between Egypt and Israel, the most important being the 1948-9 war (the Israeli War of Independence).

• The Peace Treaty which was signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979 and which provided the fi nal formal recognition of the border line as a mutually recognised permanent and peaceful border between the two nations.

This briefi ng is divided into two main parts. The fi rst part examines the development of the border between 1906 and 1948. The second deals with developments in the period 1949 to 1982 and the ‘cold peace’ which developed along the boundary thereafter. In addition, a special section is devoted to the Taba dispute and its settlement.



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Volume 2

Positioning and Mapping International Land BoundariesVol.2 No.1

Ron Adler

The architects of international boundaries are the statesmen and politicians who negotiate and eventually reach an agreement on the choice of boundary site and its defi nition within the framework of delimitation. In this process they are aided by diplomats, lawyers and political advisors with backgrounds in fi elds such as political science, law, history and economics. Ideally, they should also be assisted by boundary engineers skilled in geography, geodesy, cartography and computer science, who can provide the treaty negotiators with reliable information about the potential boundary site and, subsequent to delimitation, supervise the demarcation of the boundary on the ground. Unfortunately, this rarely happens, and all too often matters dismissed by negotiators as ‘technical issues’ later to re-emerge as sources of serious political friction.

The purpose of this briefi ng is twofold: fi rstly, it provides an overview of the scientifi c and technical services offered by boundary engineers today; secondly, it proposes a model for the incorporation of these services into the overall boundary-making process, thereby helping to bridge the gap between boundary architects and boundary engineers. As the fi rst serious study of the technical aspects of land boundary delimitation to be published for than fi fty years, Dr Adler’s briefi ng is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the establishment and management of international boundaries.

Note: Much of the material in this briefi ng has been incorporated into an updated study in Boundary & Territory Briefi ng Vol. 3 No.4.


The Territorial Dispute Between Indonesia and Malaysia Over Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan in the Celebes Sea: a Study in International LawVol.2 No.2

Renate Haller-Trost

Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan are two small islands in the Celebes Sea off the south eastern coast of the Malaysian state of Sabah, whose sovereignty are disputed between Indonesia and Malaysia. The dispute flared up in 1991 when Indonesia discovered that Malaysia had built some tourist facilities on Pulau Sipadan. Indonesia claimed that the two governments had made a verbal agreement in 1969 to discuss the question of sovereignty at a later date; Malaysia denied this, maintaining that the islands have always been part of Sabah.

The dispute is significant as it was the first south-east Asian territorial dispute to be settled at the International Court of Justice. Dr Haller Trost’s thoroughly-researched legal analysis of the claims of the two parties examines the origins of the dispute, relevant international treaties, cartographic evidence and state practice. This briefing provides a unique overview of a hitherto little understood dispute.



The Riau Islands and Economic Cooperation in the Singapore - Indonesian Border ZoneVol.2 No.3

Karen Peachey, Martin Perry and Carl Grundy-Warr

In the early 1990s, Indonesia’s Riau islands to the south of Singapore experienced an investment boom. Singaporean investment in infrastructure and management combined with low operating costs in Indonesia produced dramatic growth. Between 1988 and 1993, Batam, the closes Riau island to Singapore, experienced population growth of over 50%, an eight-fold increase in the value of its exports and a fifteen-fold increase in annual private investment. Similar rates of growth have also taken place on the neighbouring islands of Bintan and Karimun.

The transformation of the Indonesia-Singapore border region is of more than local interest for several reasons. First, the investment strategy employed by Singapore in Batam has become the model for a much larger regional programme. Second, the Indonesia-Singapore cooperation in the Riau has become part of a tripartite initiative in subregional cooperation with the inclusion of the Malaysian state of Johor. Thirdly, the experience of Batam and neighbouring islands is a test of the Indonesian development model. Fourthly, the Riaus also provide a case study of the constraints on seeking to ‘fast track’ development in a low-income country with high levels of population migration.

This briefing provides a detailed analysis of the Riau Islands project and its consequences. It begins by discussing the context for Indonesian-Singaporean cooperation in the area and outlines the development strategy being followed. It then examines the flagship projects and their impact on the Riau islands. Finally, it considers the influence of the project on the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle and the region in general.



How to Prove Title to Territory: a Brief, Practical Introduction to the Law and EvidenceVol.2 No.4

John McHugo

This monograph is developed from a lecture given by John McHugo of Trowers and Hamlins at the IBRU workshop on negotiating international boundaries in December 1997. Its purpose is to show readers how to assess the strength of a claim to a territory and how to prove it before an international tribunal (or in mediation or negotiations). It is based on eleven years’ experience by the author assembling and collating evidence, writing objective assesments of the strength of territorial claims, and preparing pleadings to substantiate them.

The author sets out the basic rules for acquiring and maintaining title to territory in international law, giving concrete examples of how the conduct states has affected the strength of their claims. He then turns his attention to the evidence which can prove a claim, including the use and value of archival material, maps and expert evidence. Before concluding, he takes the reader through two of the leading cases concerning title to territory this century, and examines which arguments by the parties convinced the Tribunal. This well thought out and clearly written paper is designed in particular for diplomats and others who have not previously acquired an in-depth background in this area, but wish to develop quickly a grasp of how to prove title to territory. It concentrates on the practical, and explains concepts and technical terms in approachable language, avoiding complicated jargon.


War or Peace on the Line of Control?: the India - Pakistan Dispute over Kashmir Turns FiftyVol.2 No.5

Robert G Wirsing

The Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India passed the fiftieth anniversary of its formal origins in mid-August 1997. It is one of the world’s longest-running boundary conflicts, with a record of interstate violence which continues to justify maintenance of the United Nations’ second oldest peacekeeping mission. Efforts by the international community to mediate the dispute stretch back nearly the entire fifty years, and the two feuding governments of India and Pakistan have themselves for the same length of time repeatedly attempted to sort out their differences through bilateral talks. The dispute’s intractability, in the face of all these efforts, warrants it being clubbed amongst the world’s ‘conflicts unending’

The aim of this briefing is firstly to explain why progress in regard to Kashmir up to this point in South Asian history has been so painfully difficult. Secondly, it hopes to evaluate the prospects under current conditions for India and Pakistan to negotiate an agreement on Kashmir that would finally place this dispute on the road to peaceful resolution. The importance of an agreement over Kashmir has been dramatically underscored by the back-to-back series of nuclear tests conducted by the two countries in May 1998.

The briefing includes sections on: the origins of the dispute; the evolution of the Line of Control; the Aksai Chin question; the Siachen Glacier dispute; the Kashmiri uprising of 1989; diplomatic moves to negotiate a solution for Kashmir; and proposals for a settlement.



The Land Boundaries of Indochina: Cambodia, Laos and VietnamVol.2 No.6


This briefing explores the history of the delimitation and demarcation of the land boundaries of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

The indigenous rulers of the pre-modern states which constituted Southeast Asia at the beginning of the nineteenth century were unable to resist either the modern armaments of a determined European power or the hegemonic thrust of European concepts of political space. France began its occupation of the area it designated Indochina with the Treaty of Saigon in 1862 and concluded it with the addition of Laos to the Indochinese Union in 1893. Where the former rulers of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam were generally content with shared sovereignty, leaving their frontier areas fluid, French authorities insisted on the delimitation and demarcation of administrative boundaries through fixed lines drawn on maps and border markers implanted in the soil. As a result, the colonization of French Indochina went beyond mere nineteenth century power politics to redefine and reconstruct spatial realities throughout the region.

This resolution of fundamental differences in conceptual approaches to geography and sovereignty, and the spatial reconstruction which resulted, produced an enduring and paradoxical legacy. Colonial rule sparked a heady vintage of Asian nationalism, but the new wine was poured into old wineskins in the form of colonial boundaries. Consequently, the current boundaries of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam amount to only small deviations from colonial boundaries albeit with the notable difference that they were concluded between equal and independent states. Boundary by boundary, this briefing examines each of the land boundaries between these three states, in adddition to discussing their respective boundaries with China.


The German - Danish Border: A Successful Resolution of an Age Old Conflict or its Redefinition?Vol.2 No.7

Norman Berdichevsky

The Danish-German frontier is one several European borderlands that have undergone vigorous competition for the ‘hearts and minds’ of individuals regarding their ethnic origins and future loyalties.

This briefing explores the conflict over South Jutland because it demonstrates that national and ethnic identity are not necessarily the same thing and because its resolution was based on the principles of mutual respect for minority rights, instread of the more usual ‘ethnic cleansing’ pattern and wholesale exchange of populations. It highlights current disagreement over how much EU regional, economic and political co-operation should be sought by both sides at the expense of jeopardising the mutual recognition of minority rights.

The author also considers the change in status of the Danish minority in the Schleswig-Holstein region. Although it felt abandoned following Denmark’s refusal to press for a plebiscite or annexation of South Schleswig in 1945, it has re-established a firm footing in the cultural, social and political life of the region, and is considerably stronger than the German minority in Denmark, a reversal of the situation that prevailed in 1920 or 1939.



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Estoppel, Acquiescence and Recognition in Territorial and Boundary Dispute SettlementVol.2 No.8

Nuno Sérgio Marques Antunes

International law is based on the concept of the state, with a stable international territorial order one of its cardinal aims, territorial changes only taking place, prima facie, in accordance with the principle of consent. Acquiescence, recognition and estoppel are juridicial concepts to which international tribunals have frequently resorted in order to reach decisions in situations where the evidence based on treaties and custom is found inadequate or the application of uti possidetis is seen to be inconclusive.

The purpose of this study, including an analysis of relevant case law, is to describe how these concepts have been used in both territorial and boundary dispute settlement, and to look at some of the problems that may result there from.


Volume 3

The Ecuador - Peru Boundary Dispute: the Road to SettlementVol.3 No.1


Throughout Latin America, the exact borders of the newly-formed republics at the outset of the independence era were often a highly controversial subject. In consequence, bitter territorial disputes, often involving vast tracts of land and considerable wealth, soon developed. Many of these territorial questions were in fact boundary disputes resultng from the failure of the Spanish government to delineate its administrative units during the colonial period with precision.

The emotionally charged and highly involved boundary dispute between Ecuador and Peru, sometimes referred to as the Zarumilla-Marañón dispute, was one of the last unresolved issues dating from this period. After complicating and disrupting inter-American relations throughout most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the dispute was fi nally settled with the signing of the package of accords known as the Brasilia Agreements in October 1998.

Containing 27 highly detailed maps, this study should be required readong for those interested in Latin America territorial issues or dispute resolution.


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Siem ReapSiem ReapSiem Reap

Preah VihearPreah VihearPreah Vihear

Ko ChangKo ChangKo Chang

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G u l fG u l fG u l f

o fo fo f

T h a i l a n dT h a i l a n dT h a i l a n d

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●LouangphrabangLouangphrabangLouangphrabang

● Chiang Khan

● Dan Sai

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●MukdahanMukdahanMukdahan

●KhemmaratKhemmaratKhemmarat

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n

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Ceded to France, 13th February 1904

Ceded to France, 29th June 1904

Ceded to France, 23rd March 1907

Retroceded to Thailand, 23rd March 1907

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kilometres0 150

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0 200kilometres

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2

3

4

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Nudo de Sabanilla Zone

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Boundaries, Borders and Peace - Building in Southern Africa: the Spatial Implications of the ‘African Renaissance’Vol.3 No.2

Richard A Griggs

Border and boundary problems have enormous implications for peace-building and demilitarisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). On one hand, secessionist movements, conflicting state claims to territory, ethnic claims to state powers and territories, and the illegal movement of people and goods bring instability and conflict to the region. On the other hand, the spatial plans associated with the concept of an African Renaissance propose opportunities for building stability, peace and prosperity through regionalisation, cooperative management of resources and transport corridors that link Southern African economies.

This briefing uses geographic analysis and maps to assess the potential of the African Renaissance to provide peaceful solutions to boundary problems affecting the SADC region.


War and Peace on the Danube: The Evolution of the Croatia - Serbia BoundaryVol.3 No.3

Clive Schofield and Mladen Klemenc ic

The Croatia-Serbia border was the scene of some of the most intense fighting that accompanied the disintegration of communist Yugoslavia in 1991. This Briefing offers a historical overview of the evolution of the Croatia - Serbia boundary, detailing events in Eastern Slavonia between 1991 and 2001. The authors examine the success of UN efforts to defuse ethnic and nationalist tensions, and bring about dispute resolution through the peaceful reintegration of Eastern Slavonia into Croatia. Events in the region in the aftermath of the UN’s withdrawal are also studied to identify remaining points of dispute, explore the prospects for the region and analyze whether and how new borderland regional identities are being forged in Eastern Slavonia. In addition, the authors outline the prospects for the emergence of a borderlands identity in the region.

Including detailed maps and colour images, this briefing is essential for understanding the historical and political aspects of the Croatia-Serbia boundary specifically, as well as the variety of complications associated with a meandering river boundary.


International boundaryRoadsRailway

H U N G A R Y

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C R O A T I AC R O A T I AC R O A T I A

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˘

ZmajevacZmajevacZmajevac

KaranacKaranacKaranacKamenacKamenacKamenac

KotlinaKotlinaKotlina

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BranjinaBranjinaBranjina

BatinaBatinaBatinaGajicGajicGajic DrazDrazDraz

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BolmanBolmanBolmanN. BolmanN. BolmanN. Bolman

PetlovacPetlovacPetlovac

˘N. BezdanN. BezdanN. Bezdan

Novo NevensinjeNovo NevensinjeNovo Nevensinje

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0 10kilometres

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˘

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..

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TANZANIA

DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OFTHE CONGO

(formerly ZAIRE)

ANGOLA ZAMBIA

MALAWI

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

SOUTHAFRICA

NAMIBIA

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Benguela

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UGANDA

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NACALALA CORRIDOR

Links the agricultural,forestry, andmining industries of landlockedstates with the Mozambicanport of Nacalala

BEIRA CORRIDOR

Links landlocked states to theMozambican port of Beira,offering an alternative toSouth African ports.

TAZARA CORRIDOR

Links Tanzania and significantareas of Zambia into theBenguela Developmentcorridor

TRANS AFRICA RAIL LINK

Links the narrow guage railroadsnorth of Zambia with the widerguages to the south througha transhipment facility atKidatu, Tanzania.This creates a Trans Africarailway to stimulate North-Southtrade through lower transport costs.

MAPUTO CORRIDOR

Links the industrial heartlandof South Africa to its nearestport in Maputo.

TRANS-KALAHARI CORRIDOR

Links ports on the Indian Oceanwith those on the Atlantic to becomea major transport artery tied intoboth the Maputo Corridor andother intra-state SDIs.

Links Durban and Maputo

initiative focussed on tourismand agriculture.

LUMBOMBO SPATIALDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE

in a spatial development

BENGUELA DEVELOPMENTCORRIDOR

Links mining areas of Zaireand Zambia to theAngolan port of Lobito.

BURUNDI

Lobito

KGALAGADI PEACE PARK

Links South Africa's KalahariGemsbok Park and Botswana'sGemsbok National Park into asingle cross-border authority.

ZIMBABWE

Graphics: J. McDowell

Development corridor

Rail links

Mbabane

Johannesburg

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Nairobi

Geographical Information in Delimitation, Demarcation and Management of International Land BoundariesVol.3 No.4

Ron Adler

Positioning and mapping techniques have advanced greatly in recent years, particularly positioning by global positioning systems (GPS or satellite methods) and geographical information systems (GIS) tools. This briefing provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of boundary making on land.

The technical aspects of international boundary delimitation and demarcation are considered, including what a boundary consists of, what a boundary agreement involves, what demarcation involves and the role of the boundary engineer at all stages.

The technologies of boundary engineering are described in detail, including boundary coordinates, maps, remote sensing applications, and global positioning systems. The nature and importance of geographical information systems is considered in depth.

Two case studies of modern demarcation and recording surveys - the Iraq-Kuwait boundary and the Israel-Jordan boundary - provide comprehensive examples of the considerations and techniques described in the Briefing being put into practice.


The International Boundaries of East TimorVol.3 No.5

Neil Deeley

The purpose of this briefing is to serve as an introduction to the recent crisis on the island of Timor, and to provide a background to the history of the international boundary between Indonesia and the most recent addition to the international community, the independent state of East Timor. This analysis provides an insight into the relevant historical, geopolitical, resource and functional factors applying to, and at, the boundary between these neighbours, dating back to the period of the Dutch and Portuguese colonists.

The land boundary alignment on Timor is examined in detail, relative to the recognised treaty materials, according to the current principles of international law, and against the best geographic source materials at a variety of scales. The evolution of the maritime boundary is also examined in some detail, and a number of illustrative figures are included. All of this information is set firmly within the historical context, and a full chronology of key events is provided as an appendix.

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-42-X, 2001, 61pp


T I M O R S E AT I M O R S E AT I M O R S E A

E A S T T I M O R

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I N D O N E S I A

EASTTIMOR

(Oecussi)

S A V U S E AS A V U S E AS A V U S E A Batugade Maoe boesa

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O’KusiO’KusiO’Kusi(Pante Macassar)(Pante Macassar)(Pante Macassar)

0 20kilometres

SuaiSuaiSuai

Maue besiMaue besiMaue besi

Dutch territory ceded to Portugal(Article I of the 1904 convention)

Disputed territory allocated to Portugal(Articles III and V of the 1904 convention)

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9°S9°S9°S

124°E 125°125°125°

Towards a Framework for Resolution of the Territorial Dispute over the Kurile IslandsVol.3 No.6

Seokwoo Lee

Territorial disputes arising from the aftermath of World War II continue to hamper international relations in the Asia Pacific region. Japan is a disputant in three such cases involving islands in East Asia. In the first of three briefings focusing on these disputes, Dr Lee examines the Kurile Islands case in detail, starting with the geographical and historical background to the dispute. Both claimants, Japan and Russia, marshal support for their cases from historical sources, and these are the decisions taken on boundaries and territorial dispositions at the end of World War II, chiefly within the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Interpretation of the territorial clauses of that treaty and their implementation are pivotal to an understanding, and even an eventual solution, of the dispute.

Drawing upon international law, together with a study of the recent history and developments in the dispute, this briefing assesses the respective claims of Japan and Russia to the Kurile Islands and the likelihood of a resolution to the dispute in the near future.

See also Boundary & Territory Briefings Vol.3 No.7 and Vol 3. No.8 for information on two additional island disputes in East Asia involving Japan.


Territorial Disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku IslandsVol.3 No.7

Seokwoo Lee

The ongoing territorial disputes between Japan, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Taiwan over the Pinnacle Islands/Senkaku Islands/Diao-yu-tai involves a number of significant issues, including future offshore oil development. The dispute has impeded the promotion of stability in East Asia and, in particular, bilateral relations between Japan and China and Japan and Taiwan. This briefing, the second in Dr Lee’s series concerning East Asian island disputes, begins by examining the geographical and historical background to the dispute. It then analyses the legal argument made by each of the three claimants concerning sovereignty over the islands. This analysis includes assessment of a potential critical date in the dispute and the implication of existing treaties between the parties. Lastly, the author seeks to discern which of the parties has the best legal claim to the important Pinnacle Islands Senkaku Islands/Diao-yu-tai.


Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-50-5, 2002 37pp


SeaSeaSeaofofof

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0 500kilometres

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Miyako ShimaMiyako ShimaMiyako ShimaYaryama RettoYaryama RettoYaryama Retto

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Babaryan IslandsBabaryan IslandsBabaryan Islands

Takara ShimaTakara ShimaTakara Shima

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The Resolution of the Territorial Disputes between Korea and Japan over the Liancourt RocksVol.3 No.8

Seokwoo Lee

Concluding Dr Lee’s survey of island sovereignty disputes in East Asia, this briefing provides a detailed historical and legal analysis of the dispute over a cluster of tiny islands which lie midway between the Korean and Japanese mainlands. Variously called Liancourt Rocks, Tokdo (in Korea) and Takeshima (in Japan) the islands have a potentially dramatic effect on the division of maritime space in the East Sea / Sea of Japan. In spite of their small physical size, if the Liancourt Rocks were deemed to be islands under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea their possession could affect some 16,600 square nautical miles of maritime space between the two countries. With such high stakes involved, both Japan and Korea are keen to establish their respective claims. With in-depth research the author critiques the legal arguments of both parties, particularly in the wake of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951. This briefing provides a unique analysis of this strategically important but little-known dispute.




SOUTHSOUTHSOUTHKOREAKOREAKOREA

NORTHNORTHNORTHKOREAKOREAKOREA

C H I N A

RU

SSIA

JAPANYellowYellowYellow

SeaSeaSea

East ChinaEast ChinaEast ChinaSeaSeaSea

P A C I F I CP A C I F I CP A C I F I C

O C E A NO C E A NO C E A N

Sea of JapanSea of JapanSea of Japan

TsushimaTsushimaTsushimaCheju-doCheju-doCheju-do

ShikokuShikokuShikoku

KyushuKyushuKyushu

Oki-ShotoOki-ShotoOki-Shoto

Ullung-doUllung-doUllung-doSagoda-shimaSagoda-shimaSagoda-shima

HonshuHonshuHonshu

Liancourt Liancourt Liancourt RocksRocksRocksTakeshima / Tok-doTakeshima / Tok-doTakeshima / Tok-do

HokkaidoHokkaidoHokkaido

TokyoTokyoTokyo●

SeoulSeoulSeoul●

kilometres 6000

The Maritime Briefi ngs series presents detailed case studies and expert technical guides to maritime boundary issues. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) fi nally entered into force in 1994 and, as its full implications are recognised, maritime boundary issues are becoming increasingly contentious. Technological developments have unlocked a wealth of ocean resources and the subsequent scramble for maritime space has yielded a new generation of disputes. This series is designed to refl ect developments in geographical, legal and technical approaches to questions of maritime sovereignty and boundary delimitation, and to provide a detailed assessment of the changing status of maritime boundaries.

Volume 1

Historical Legal Claims: A Study of Disputed Sovereignty over Pulau Batu Puteh / Pedra BrancaVol.1 No.1

Renate Haller-Trost

Sovereignty over the “white rock” of Pulau Batu Puteh/Pedra Branca is disputed between Malaysia and Singapore. Situated at the eastern entrance of the Strait of Singapore, its signifi cance is primarily strategic, although it also has an impact on the delimitation of territorial sea boundaries in the area. Singapore’s claim is based primarily on an Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1824 and the fact that the authorities in Singapore have maintained a lighthouse on the rock since 1851. However, Malaysia argues that it has exercised sovereignty over Pulau Batu Puteh since the foundation of the Johore-Riau-Lingga Sultanate in the early 16th century.

This detailed briefi ng examines the competing claims of Malaysia and Singapore from a historical and legal perspective. Analysing relevant documents and state practice, the author concludes that Singapore has the stronger case but emphasises that the dispute is a complex one whose resolution will require careful political as well as legal judgement. The argument put forward by the author will be of particular interest considering that Malaysia and Singapore took their dispute over Pulau Batu Puteh to the International Court of Justice in 2003.


B M

Maritime Briefings

MAP

Rectangle

Maritime Briefings

Technical Aspects of Maritime Boundary DelimitationVol.1 No.2

Peter Beazley

Following the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1994, many states are seeking to define the limits of their zones of maritime jurisdiction and any maritime boundaries that need to ne agreed witht their neighbours.

This expert briefing offers a clear and concise guide to the key technical issues associated with maritime boundary delimitation. Topics covered include: zones of jurisdiction; charts, basepoints and baselines; map and chart projections; geodetic and tidal datums; methods of boundary determination; and matters arising from juridicial decisions such as relevant area and proportionality coastal configuration, the relationship between the continental shelf and EEZ, and the importance of geological, geomorphological and economic factors.

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-08-X, 1994 32pp

The Brunei - Malaysia Dispute over Territorial and Maritime Claims in International LawVol.1 No.3

Renate Haller-Trost

This briefing analyses an issue which has been widely neglected in international law, namely the land and maritime claims of the south-east Asian Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam towards its only territorial neighbour, Malaysia. There are two areas of dispute between the two countries: the first concerns land claims originating from the colonial period which, if decided in Brunei’s favour, would affect the maritime zones in Brunei Bay; the second involves overlapping maritime areas in the South China Sea. Since both governments refuse to discuss the details of their competing claims, Dr Haller-Trost’s meticulously researched study represents a major contribution to our understanding of the Brunei-Malaysia disputes.

This briefing provides a detailed historical overview of Brunei’s land and maritime claims, together with an analysis of the status of the disputes in the context of current international law and the prospects for their eventual resolution.


S TAT E A

S TAT E B

FE

D

C

B A

f

e

d

c

b

a

Maritime Briefings

Acts of Piracy in the Malacca and Singapore StraitsVol.1 No.4

Robert Beckman, Carl Grundy-Warr and Vivian Forbes

No less than 69 per cent of worldwide piracy attacks in 1992 occurred in south-east Asian waters. This briefing examines the issue of piracy in the busy waters of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, and the jurisdictional rights of a coastal state with regard to piracy. The changing historical nature of piracy in these straights is examined, but the main focus of the study is on recent efforts by the littoral states of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as various other international bodies and shipping companies, to combat piracy in the region.

The authors argue that the current cooperative measures by the littoral states seem to be having the desired effect of reducing incidents of piracy attacks in the straits. Suggestions are also offered on how international and transboundary cooperation may be enhanced in future should the current measures prove insufficient.


Some Problems Relating to the Definition of ‘Insular Formations’ in International Law: Islands and Low-tide ElevationsVol.1 No.5

Clive Symmons

Of the many possible sources of disagreement between states over issues of maritime sovereignty and jurisdiction, the treatment of insular formations (i.e. islands, low-tide elevations, islets, rocks, reefs, cays, etc) is probably the most complex and problematic. In some instances, the way an insular formation is defined can affect jurisdiction over literally thousands of square miles of ocean space.

This briefing sets out to highlight the key issues in the definition of insular formations. Written by one of the world’s leading legal experts in this area, the briefing covers issues such as: the regimes attached to insular formations in international law; insular sub-categories; the effect of government or estoppel on insular status; analysis of the ‘above-tide requirement’ in international law; the optimal tidal choices for insular definition; and the importance of locational permanence of an island.


Maritime Briefings

A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst Those IslandsVol.1 No.6

David Hancox and Victor Prescott

Unlike most of the recent literature dealing with the Spratly Islands, this study by Captain Hancox and Professor Prescott avoids politics. In this briefing the authors provide information on two topics which contribute to the foundation for any historical, legal, political or economic analysis of that area.

The first part consists of a geographical description of the features that are called the Spratly Islands. These features comprise islands and rocks that stand above high water, reefs that uncover at low water and shoals that reach near the surface of the sea but are always submerged. These descriptions have been based on the best available sailing directions and charts which have been published by American, British, Chinese, French, Japanese, Malaysian, Philippine and Taiwanese authorities. Where there are unresolved discrepancies in these sources they have been noted.

The second part reviews the history of charting the Spratly Islands from the end of the 18th century to the present. This account reveals the extent to which surveys produced by hydrographers of one country were incorporated, with or without acknowledgement, onto the charts of other countries. Appendices attached to this part list all published charts of the Spratly Islands and unpublished surveys and sketches made by Captain Hancox or other salvage masters in this region.

The information in this briefing provides a valuable research tool for those interested in the politics and development of the Spratly Islands, which can be improved in the future as more information becomes available.


Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic StraitsVol.1 No.7

William V Dunlap

With Russia seeking to develop the Northern Sea Route and open it to international commercial shipping, this timely study explores the effect that such an action would have on the legal status of the North-east Passage straits along the route. The recent increase in Russian hydrocarbon production could make the Northern Sea Route a vital transport link for oil and gas destined for North America.

From the Barents Sea, through the Kara, Laptev and Siberian seas on to the pacific, this study provides detailed analysis of the specific straits and various islands that will be affected by the Northern Sea Route. It examines the new regime of international straits and transit rights defined in the 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, both in a general sense and specifically as they apply to the waters of the Russian Arctic. In addition, this briefing takes a look at Soviet and Russian jurisdiction policies towards the Arctic region.


Rf = Reef

Bk = Bank

Sh = Shoal

B O R N E O

Templer Bk

115°18'E115°18'E115°18'E

118°118°118°116°116°116°

6°N6°N6°N

12°12°12°

10°10°10°

8°8°8°

PALAWAN

Sandy Sh

Reed

Bank

Seahorse or Routh BkBrown Bk

Lord Auckland Sh

Carnatic Sh

Sabina Sh

Bombay Sh

N.E. InvestigatorSh

Half MoonSh

WeedBk

Hardy RI

CommodoreRI

1stThomas Sh

Southern Bk

Alicia AnnieAlicia AnnieAlicia AnnieRfRfRf

2nd Thomas Sh2nd Thomas Sh2nd Thomas ShMischief RfMischief RfMischief Rf

Southampton RfSouthampton RfSouthampton RfJackson AtollJackson AtollJackson Atoll

Nanahan INanahan INanahan IFlat IFlat IFlat I

Nares BkNares BkNares Bk

Amy DouglasAmy DouglasAmy DouglasBkBkBk

0 1500kilometres

●

●●

●●

●

●

●

MurmanskMurmanskMurmansk

DiksonKhatanga

TiksiNizhneyansk

Chokurdakh

Pevek

Mys ShmidtaMys ShmidtaMys Shmidta

B a r e n t s S e aB a r e n t s S e aB a r e n t s S e a

Kara SeaKara SeaKara Sea

Laptev SeaLaptev SeaLaptev Sea

E a s t S i b e r i a n S e aE a s t S i b e r i a n S e aE a s t S i b e r i a n S e a

B e r i n gB e r i n gB e r i n g

S e aS e aS e a

NovayaNovayaNovayaZemlyaZemlyaZemlya

SevernayaSevernayaSevernayaZemlyaZemlyaZemlya

NovosibirskiyeNovosibirskiyeNovosibirskiyeOstrovaOstrovaOstrova

Mys KarasaveyMys KarasaveyMys Karasavey

Zelenyy Mys●

●

● Yamburg

●ProvideniyaProvideniyaProvideniya

Northern Sea Route

A R C T I C O C E A NA R C T I C O C E A NA R C T I C O C E A N

Maritime Briefings

The Maritime Boundaries of the Adriatic SeaVol.1 No.8

Gerald Blake and Dus ko Topalovic

The disintegration of Yugoslavia has led to a proliferation in the number of Adriatic littoral states and thus an increase in the number of potential maritime boundaries and - almost inevitably - maritime boundary disputes.

This briefing provides an overview of maritime boundary agreements and outstanding claims of the Adriatic states. Particular attention is paid to the consequences arising from the emergence of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia (Serbia/Montenegro) as distinct states, but consideration is also given to the maritime boundaries of Albania and Italy. Although a number of thorny issues have yet to be fully resolved - for example the Bay of Piran dispute between Croatia and Slovenia, the Croatia-Yugoslavia boundary on the Prevlaka peninsula and the Bay of Kotor, as well as the question of Bosnian access to the sea - the study concludes that the prospects for peaceful cooperation in the Adriatic are quite good, particularly with regard to environmental collaboration.


Volume 2

The Spratly Islands Dispute: Who’s on First?Vol.2 No.1

Daniel J Dzurek

The Spratly Islands, scattered over a UK-sized area of the South China Sea, are the most contested real estate in the world. This briefi ng by one of the world’s leading experts on this dispute, analyses the claims of Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam, and describes how those claims have been reinforced by island-hopping, conducting marine research, fi shing, and contracting with multinational oil companies. The study emphasises legal positions and political developments since 1990, including the 1995 PRC occupation of Mischief Reef - the 44th outpost to be taken by one of the claimants.

The author argues that none of the claimants demonstrates clear title. China, Taiwan and Vietnam assert strong claims, but Vietnam’s position is weakened by its 1958 recognition of Chinese sovereignty. Although the contesting countries have begun preliminary negotiations and adopted confi dence-building measures, the author believes that a settlement in the Spratlys is unlikely until well into the twenty-fi rst century.


●

●

CaorleCaorleCaorle

VENICEVENICEVENICE

GradoGradoGradoTRIESTETRIESTETRIESTE

KOPERIzolaIzolaIzola

UmagUmagUmag

NovigradNovigradNovigrad

Piran S L O V E N I AS L O V E N I AS L O V E N I A

C R O AT I A

I s t r i a

I T A L Y

B a y o f T r i e s t e



A D R I A T I CA D R I A T I CA D R I A T I C

S E AS E AS E A

CapeCapeCapeSavudrijaSavudrijaSavudrija

D r a g o n j a

M i r n a

Land boundaries

Baselines

1968 continental shelf boundary(Italy - Yugoslavia)

First point for continental shelfboundary (i.e. high seanorthernmost point)

Italy - Yugoslavia territorial sea boundaryin the Bay of Trieste (1975 agreement)

Territorial sea limits

Possible maritime boundaryin the Bay of Piran

Unofficial Slovenian proposal(possibly for exit to the high sea)

The most extreme proposalfrom Slovenia

km 300

N

Maritime Briefings

Maritime Boundaries in the Baltic Sea : Past, Present and FutureVol.2 No.2

Erik Franckx

This detailed and informative briefing provides an overview of boundary-making in the Baltic Sea. The author first describes the background to the current situation, and then discusses the maritime boundary processes at work in the region between 1945 and the early part of the 1990s when dramatic world events led to the Baltic Sea gaining several new littoral states. In addition, the author assesses the impact of the re-emergence of the three independent Baltic republics and the reunification of Germany on the delimitation process.

A clear and concise chronological overview of maritime delimitation in the Baltic, this briefing should be required reading for those interested in this region.


The Falkland Islands and their Adjacent Maritime AreaVol.2 No.3

Patrick Armstrong and Vivian Forbes

This briefing documents the origins of the sovereignty dispute over these remote islands in the South Atlantic, and traces its development over 200 years up through 1997. The British government’s efforts to promote the islands’ economic development in the post-1982 era based on fisheries and hydrocarbons exploitation, are also discussed. In addition, the authors examine recent moves toward cooperative offshore development such as the two countries’ ‘Joint Declaration on Cooperation over Offshore Activities in the South West Atlantic’, signed on 27 September 1995.


F I C M Z 29 Oc t1

98

6

Falkland Islands

ARGENTINEEEZ

OUTERZONE

26 Dec 1990SPECIAL

AREA27 Sep 1995

8

7

6

5

1

2 34 5

6 7

89

1011

12

43 2

91

ARGENTINAARGENTINAARGENTINA

CHILECHILECHILE

65° 60° 55°W

50°

55°S

nm 2000

Læsø (Denmark)Læsø (Denmark)Læsø (Denmark)

Anholt (Denmark)Anholt (Denmark)Anholt (Denmark)

Hesselø (Denmark)Hesselø (Denmark)Hesselø (Denmark)

S W E D E NS W E D E NS W E D E N

NORWAYNORWAYNORWAY

F I N L A N DF I N L A N DF I N L A N D

LITHUANIALITHUANIALITHUANIA

LATVIALATVIALATVIA

ESTONIAESTONIAESTONIA

RUSSIARUSSIARUSSIA

P O L A N DP O L A N DP O L A N DGERMANYGERMANYGERMANY

Christiansø I.Christiansø I.Christiansø I.(Denmark)(Denmark)(Denmark)

BornholmBornholmBornholm(Denmark)(Denmark)(Denmark)

Greifswalder OieGreifswalder OieGreifswalder Oie(Germany)(Germany)(Germany)

Utklippan I.Utklippan I.Utklippan I.(Sweden)(Sweden)(Sweden)

Gotland I.Gotland I.Gotland I.(Sweden)(Sweden)(Sweden)

GotskaGotskaGotskaSandönSandönSandön

(Sweden)(Sweden)(Sweden) Saaremaa I.Saaremaa I.Saaremaa I.(Estonia)(Estonia)(Estonia)

Hiiumaa I.Hiiumaa I.Hiiumaa I.(Estonia)(Estonia)(Estonia)

BogskärBogskärBogskär(Finland)(Finland)(Finland)

GulfGulfGulfofofof

BothniaBothniaBothnia

NorwegianNorwegianNorwegianSeaSeaSea

55°N55°N55°N

60°60°60°

65°65°65°

10°E10°E10°E 15°15°15° 20°20°20° 25°25°25° 30°30°30°

International maritime boundary

Tripoint still to be delimited

Settled tripoints

Öland I.Öland I.Öland I.(Sweden)(Sweden)(Sweden)

DE

NM

AR

K

DE

NM

AR

K

DE

NM

AR

K

RU

SS

IAR

US

SIA

RU

SS

IA

KaliningradKaliningradKaliningrad(RUSSIA)(RUSSIA)(RUSSIA)

Maritime Briefings

Island Disputes and the Law of the Sea: An Examination of Sovereignty and Delimitation DisputesVol.2 No.4

Robert W Smith and Bradford L Thomas

The use, or non-use, of islands in establishing national jurisdiction over ocean space has been somewhat inconsistent and troublesome on a global scale for many years. While on the one hand, islands are to be treated in the same manner as any mainland territory, the extent of this ‘equal’ treatment is often disputed. Consideration of islands in the law of the sea is often influenced by their size, location, political status, and the nature of the island itself.

This briefing provides an overview of islands and the law of the sea, highlighting the major disputes involving islands around the world.


Basic Legal Issues of Joint Development of Offshore Oil and Gas in Relation to Maritime Boundary DelimitationVol.2 No.5

Masahiro Miyoshi

Maritime boundary negotiations between coastal states have become increasingly complicated, especially when hydrocarbon resources are present. This briefing show how joint development arrangements around the world have been reached in connection with efforts towards maritime boundary delimitation. It begins with a brief history of joint development before dealing with the following key issues: the basic concept of joint development; eight precedents of joint development in the absence of boundaries and six precedents as part of boundary delimitation; a theoretical review of the precedents, discussing the presence or absence of joint boundaries, definition of joint development, powers of joint commissions, other legitimate uses of the sea and the interests of third countries; the outlook for joint development.

This study represents the most up-to-date exposition available of joint development arrangements in relation to maritime boundary delimitation.


●

●

●

● ●

●

P e r s i a n / A r a b i a nG u l f

MANAMAMANAMAMANAMA

SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIA

Kish

DOHADOHADOHA

ABU DHABI

DubaiDubaiDubai Al Fujayrah

Bandar-e AbbasBandar-e AbbasBandar-e Abbas

UNITED ARAB EMIRATESUNITED ARAB EMIRATESUNITED ARAB EMIRATES

OMANOMANOMAN

IRANIRANIRAN

QATARQATARQATAR

OMANOMANOMAN

Gulf ofOman

Forur

Sirri

Dayyinah

Sir Bu Nu'ayr

QeshmQeshmQeshm

kilometres0 100

IRANQATAR

QATAR

U.A.E.

IRAN

OMAN

Mubarakoil field

IRAN

U.A.E.

BAHRAINBAHRAINBAHRAIN12 nautical miles

Ash Shariqah(Sharjah - western section)

No definedboundary

Strait of H

ormuz

1965 boundary, renegotiatedand revised in 1992not official depiction

administrative lineadministrative lineadministrative lineagreed maritime

boundaries

Greater TunbTunb al Kubra /

Jazireh-ye Tonb-e BozorgLesser Tunb

Tunb as Sughra /Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek

Abu Musa /Abu Musa /Abu Musa /Jazireh-ye Abu MusaJazireh-ye Abu MusaJazireh-ye Abu Musa

Agreed maritime boundaries

HONDURASHONDURASHONDURAS

NICARAGUANICARAGUANICARAGUA

COSTA RICACOSTA RICACOSTA RICAC O L O M B I A

J A M A I C AJ A M A I C AJ A M A I C A

CaboCaboCaboGraciasGraciasGraciasa Diasa Diasa Dias

Isla de Providencia CayIsla de Providencia CayIsla de Providencia Cay

Isla de San AndresIsla de San AndresIsla de San Andres

Albuquerque CayAlbuquerque CayAlbuquerque Cay

SerranaSerranaSerranaBankBankBank

Quita SueñoQuita SueñoQuita SueñoBankBankBank

Bajo NuevoBajo NuevoBajo NuevoSerranilla BankSerranilla BankSerranilla Bank

Alice ShoalAlice ShoalAlice Shoal

JamaicaJamaicaJamaica

ColombiaColombiaColombia

VENEZUELAVENEZUELAVENEZUELA

84°W 82°82°82° 80°80°80° 78°78°78° 76°76°76° 74° 72°72°72°

16°N16°N16°N

14°

12°

10°

C A R I B B E A N S E AC A R I B B E A N S E AC A R I B B E A N S E A

82°

W

es

t M

erd

ian

82°

W

es

t M

erd

ian

82°

W

es

t M

erd

ian

Maritime boundary

Colombia-Hondurasmaritime boundary

Joint regime area

nmls 1000

Maritime Briefings

When is an ‘Island’ Not an ‘Island’ in International Law? The Riddle of Dinkum Sands in the Case of US v AlaskaVol.2 No.6

Clive Symmons

This briefing deals with the problem of defining an ‘island’ in international law arising from the United States Supreme Court case of US v Alaska concerning the status of a small formation in the Beaufort Sea known as ‘Dinkum Sands’. Dispute between Federal and State authorities centred on the meaning of “above water at high tide” (part of the definition of an island under Article 10 of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea) and its application to an offshore feature which itself goes up and down. The debate also addressed other issues concerning islands, such as the relevant tidal datum, the meaning of the term ‘land’ and the possible necessity for locational permanence.

A central notion in the case was whether there is such a phenomenon in international law as a ‘seasonal’ or ‘occasional’ island. Although this was not international litigation, it did directly involve international legal considerations. It is suggested, therefore, that the case has future importance for other insular disputes throughout the world as, to date, such issues concerning the law of the sea have never been judicially determined in any international tribunal.


BBB OOO UUU NNN DDD AAA RRRYYY

if Dinkum Sands is an island

if Dinkum Sands is not an island

B e a u f o r t S e aB e a u f o r t S e aB e a u f o r t S e a

A R C T I C O C E A NA R C T I C O C E A NA R C T I C O C E A N

S T A T ES T A T ES T A T E

SSS EEE AAA WWW AAA RRR DDD

MidwayMidwayMidwayIslandsIslandsIslands

ReindeerReindeerReindeerIslandIslandIsland

Cross IslandCross IslandCross Island

DinkumDinkumDinkumSandsSandsSands

NarwhalNarwhalNarwhalIslandIslandIsland

MMMcccCCCllluuurrreee IIIssslllaaannndddsss

RRReeetttuuurrrnnn

IIIssslllaaannndddsss

StumpStumpStumpIslandIslandIsland

BeecheyBeecheyBeecheyPointPointPoint

PrudhoePrudhoePrudhoeBayBayBay

Foggy Island Bay

Foggy Island Bay

Foggy Island Bay

S t e f a n s s o n S o u n d



30'30'30' 15'15'15' 149°00'W149°00'W149°00'W 45'45'45' 30'30'30' 15'15'15' 148°00'148°00'148°00' 45'45'45' 30'30'30' 15'15'15'

71°N71°N71°N

72°72°72°

The Importance of the Tidal Datum in the Definition of Maritime Links and BoundariesVol.2 No.7

Nuno Sérgio Marques Antunes

The periodical rise and fall of oceanic waters in coastal areas - the tides - is a phenomenon that has been observed for centuries. However, their practical effects concerned only seamen and those whose life was somehow directly related to the sea. The relevance of the tidal phenomenon in the international law of the sea only emerged recently, alongside other developments during the twentieth century, namely the appropriation of vast oceanic areas by states and the need to define the spatial limits of their jurisdiction at sea.

The existence of tides and their effects were addressed in both the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea/ Contiguous Zone and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Both conventions refer to concepts such as ‘low-water line’, ‘low-tide elevations’ and ‘high tide’. These concepts play an important part in establishing the limits of state jurisdiction over maritime zones. In turn, the accurate definition of these lines and features is dependent upon the tidal datum adopted in a particular area.

The main aim of this briefing is to discuss the significance of the tidal datum in the unilateral definition of maritime limits and in bilateral maritime boundary delimitation. The author first provides some elementary notions related to tides. The concept of a tidal datum is then introduced, and its relationship with nautical charts examined. The relevant provisions of UNCLOS are analysed, with special emphasis placed upon the importance of tidal datums to the interpretation of these provisions. Finally, examples of state practice and jurisprudence are examined in order to determine whether there is a ‘more suitable’ or legally binding tidal datum.


HAT

MHWSMHWSMHWS

MHWNMHWNMHWN

MSL

MLWN

MLWSMLWSMLWS

CD (usually LAT onCD (usually LAT onCD (usually LAT onBA charts)BA charts)BA charts)

Spring range of tideSpring range of tideSpring range of tide

Height of tide

Charted depth

Observed depth(sounding) Drying height

Charted elevation

Charted vertical clearanceHW datum (or MSL)

Charted LW (drying) lineCharted LW (drying) lineCharted LW (drying) line

Land survey datumLand survey datumLand survey datum

Charted HWCharted HWCharted HW(coast) line(coast) line(coast) line

Sea surface at any time

Neap range of tideNeap range of tideNeap range of tide

Planes of reference are not exactly as shown for all charts.Planes of reference are not exactly as shown for all charts.Planes of reference are not exactly as shown for all charts.

Vertical clearance - ID Tidal Gauge - IT Tidal Levels & Charted Data

IH 20

Maritime Briefings

Undelimited Maritime Boundaries in the Pacific Ocean Excluding the Asian RimVol.2 No.8

Victor Prescott and Grant Boyes

This innovative briefing is the first of a two-part series to consider boundaries that remain to be delimited in the region around the world’s largest body of water, the Pacific Ocean. The first review looks at the 42 undelimited boundaries within the Pacific Ocean proper, from the western shores of the Americas, through the mid-ocean archipelagos to Australia. The range of boundary situations addresssed in the briefing varies from the more or less compact groups of islands in the central and southern ocean to the adjacent states on the west coast of Central America lacking offshore islands.

The analysis of each undelimited bilateral boundary begins with a short introduction that notes the status of each country and the types of marine regimes (such as territorial waters and exclusive economic zones) that might eventually be separated by a delimited boundary. The second section defines the line of equidistance related to all appropriate base-points located on the mainland or islands. The final section explores the possibility that circumstances might persuade one or both countries to argue that the line of equidistance would create an inequitable maritime boundary.

Notable disputes which are considered include the Canada-USA disagreements in the Dixon Entrance and Juan de Fuca Strait, and maritime claims around Tonga.

Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.3 No.1 for information concerning undelimited maritime boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean.

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-39-X, 2001 50pp

D i x o n E n t r a n c e

H e c a t e

S t r a i t

LeamouthBank

Canadian Claim

United S

tates

Claim

806 n.m.2806 n.m.2806 n.m.2

Prince of Wales Is landPrince of Wales Is landPrince of Wales Is land

Da

l l I sl a

nd

Da

l l I sl a

nd

Da

l l I sl a

nd

G r a h a m I s l a n dG r a h a m I s l a n dG r a h a m I s l a n d

StephenIsland

DundasIsland

CapeCapeCapeChaconChaconChacon

KetchikanKetchikanKetchikan

CapeCapeCapeMuzonMuzonMuzon

ForresterIsland

LangaraIsland

NunezNunezNunezRocksRocksRocks

55°N

54°

133°W133°W133°W 132°132°132° 131°

‘A’ ‘B’

●

International maritime boundary

Fishing zone limit

Disputed zone

Q u e e n C h a r l o t t e I s l a n d s

Volume 3

Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacifi c OceanVol.3 No.1

Victor Prescott and Clive Schofi eld

The second of a two-part series, this briefi ng provides a systematic review of 20 undelimited maritime boundaries in the seas and gulfs lying between the mainland of Asia and the chain of archipelagos stretching from Indonesia to Japan via the Philippines and Taiwan. For each potential delimitation the analysis notes the status of each country and the types of maritime regimes that might eventually be separated by a delimited boundary. The line of equidistance related to all appropriate basepoints is noted and the authors give consideration to the possible creation of inequitable maritime boundaries using a line of equidistance.

Additionally, the authors take into account all relevant disputes (including disputes over rocks and islands) throughout the region and their subsequent effects on future boundary delimitation. Comprehensively-researched, this briefi ng gives a clear impression of how the undelimited boundaries in this large and infl uential region might look in years to come.

Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.2 No.8 for information concerning undelimited maritime boundaries of the Pacific Ocean excluding the Asian Rim.


PHILIPPINES

120˚

20˚

Map: CSJ

CH I N A

JAPAN

Lan Yu

Amianan I

Ibayat

Taiwan

Calayan

PratasReef

Lincoln I

BombayReef

Oluan Pi

Bashi Channel

North I

C. Bojeador

C.Bolinao

Busuanga

Libro Pt.N. DangerReef Flat I

Cabra I

120˚

20˚

ScarboroughReef

Tre

aty

Lim

its

Lin

e o

feq

uid

ista

nce

200 nm

HaderumaShima

Parting the Red Sea: Boundaries, Offshore Resources and TransitVol.3 No.2

Daniel J Dzurek

The Red Sea has been a pivot of international relations since the dawn of recorded history. It divides Africa from the Middle East and exhibits many of the salient issues of marine policy. Linking the resources of the Persian Gulf with Western Europe and North America, the Red Sea is also a vital component of the world’s energy and transport system, in addition to having un-explored resources of its own.

In spite of its global importance, there are only three settled maritime boundaries in the Red Sea. Boundary by boundary the author examines the island and territorial disputes which have complicated efforts towards delimitation, particularly in the light of the 1998 and 1999 Eritrea-Yemen arbitral decisions. Excessive or ambiguous straight baseline claims by the littoral states also persist in obscuring boundary analysis. Tensions continue over offshore resources, such as hydrocarbons and fisheries. Marine environmental degradation endangers fragile coral reefs and tourist attractions. Transit disputes dating to the Arab-Israeli conflict raise the questions of innocent and straits passage. Overarching all these issues are the larger regional tensions that inhibit cooperation in this crucial semi-enclosed sea.


Developments in the Technical Determination of Maritime Space: Charts, Datums, Baselines, Maritime Zones and LimitsVol.3 No.3

Chris Carleton and Clive Schofield

In the delimitation of maritime boundaries, technical issues play a critical role. Even small technical mistakes in delimitation can lead to the loss of huge areas of maritime space or necessitate re-negotiation. The first volume of two companion briefings provides a general overview of the technical considerations that have to be addressed in the determination of maritime space.

The authors explain the importance of chart projections and datums together with the meaning of a ‘straight line’. Many issues are closely examined, including: the use and abuse of nautical charts in delimitation; the determination of all forms of baselines (including normal, closing lines, archipelagic and straight); as well as the importance of the vertical datum and low tide elevations. The generation of maritime zones is then described, covering all areas from internal waters to an extended continental shelf and the respective regimes under the 1982 UN Convention for the Law of the Sea. The concluding part of the briefing deals with the definition of the limits of these zones of maritime jurisdiction. Using a wide variety of illustrative and real-life examples, the authors clarify many of the technical details in maritime delimitation.

Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.3 No.4 for additional information on technical issues relating to maritime boundary delimitation.


Maritime Briefings

E G Y P T

S A U D I

A R A B I A

JORDANJORDANJORDAN

ISRAEL●Elat

●Al’ AqabahAl’ AqabahAl’ Aqabah

● Haql

●Taba

EEExxxcccllluuusssiiivvveee EEEcccooonnnooommmiiiccc ZZZooonnneee LLLiiimmmiiittt (((AAArrrttt... 555777)))

Te r r i t o r i a l S e a L i m i t ( A r t . 3 )

C o n t i g u o u s Z o n e L i m i t ( A r t . 3 3 )

S t r a i g h t B a s e l i n e ( A r t . 7 )

Bay Closing LineBay Closing LineBay Closing LineMax. 24nmMax. 24nmMax. 24nm(Art. 10)(Art. 10)(Art. 10)

Normal BaselineNormal BaselineNormal Baseline(Art. 5)(Art. 5)(Art. 5)

Island (Art. 21)Island (Art. 21)Island (Art. 21)

STATE B EEZSTATE B EEZSTATE B EEZ(Part V)(Part V)(Part V)

STATE A EEZSTATE A EEZSTATE A EEZ(Part V)(Part V)(Part V)

TTTSSS

LLLiii mmm

iii ttt

CCCZZZ

LLLiii mmm

iii ttt

ARCHIPELAGIC STATE AARCHIPELAGIC STATE AARCHIPELAGIC STATE A(Part V)(Part V)(Part V)

CCC ooo nnn ttt iiinnn

eeennn

ttt aaalll

MMMaaa

rrrgggiiinnn

High SeasHigh SeasHigh Seas(Part VII)(Part VII)(Part VII)

The AreaThe AreaThe Area(Part XI and(Part XI and(Part XI and

implementingimplementingimplementingagreement)agreement)agreement)

State B Continental ShelfState B Continental ShelfState B Continental Shelf(Part VI)(Part VI)(Part VI)

200nm200nm200nm

24nm24nm24nm

12nm12nm12nm

MMM aaa rrr iii ttt iii mmm eee BBB ooo uuu nnn ddd aaa rrr yyy((( AAA

rrr ttt ...777 444 )))

ArchipelagicArchipelagicArchipelagicwaterswaterswaters

State A ContinentalState A ContinentalState A ContinentalShelf (Part VI)Shelf (Part VI)Shelf (Part VI)

Low Tide ElevationLow Tide ElevationLow Tide Elevation(Art. 13)(Art. 13)(Art. 13)

Internal WatersInternal WatersInternal Waters(Art. 8)(Art. 8)(Art. 8)

Not to Scale

Developments in the Technical Determination of Maritime Space: Delimitation, Dispute Resolution, Geographical Information Systems and the Role of the Technical ExpertVol.3 No.4

Chris Carleton and Clive Schofield

This second volume of the companion set of briefings, considers the actual delimitation of maritime boundaries between coastal states. The authors reveal the various methods of delimitation including an in-depth examination of equidistance lines. The briefing goes on to discuss questions concerning the regime of islands, such as what does and does not constitute an island? The growing use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) applications in the calculation and depiction of maritime space is discussed. Finally, the study explores the avenues for maritime boundary dispute resolution and the role of the technical expert in maritime boundary negotiations.

Comprehensive in scope and clearly depicted, these two briefings take the mystey out of the technical details involved in maritime boundary delimitation.

Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.3 No.3 for additional information on technical issues relating to maritime boundary delimitation.


The Sino-Vietnamese Approach to Managing Boundary DisputesVol.3 No.5

Ramses Amer

The primary objective of this study is to examine how China and Vietnam have handled their border disputes, both on land and at sea. The analysis revolved around two main issues: firstly, how the border disputes affect the relationship between the two countries and secondly, more specifically, how the two countries are trying to manage their border disputes.

The briefing is divided into two main sections. The first of these traces the importance of the border disputes between the two states and the way in which they were managed in the 1975-1991 period. The second, more substantive, section is devoted to the developments relating to the border disputes following the full normalisation of bilateral relations in November 1991 to the end of 2000. The concluding section provides a critical analysis of the efforts of the two countries to manage their territorial disputes with a view of explaining the progress achieved and tensions endured during the 1990s. It also encompasses a discussion relating to the prospects for the future.


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Maritime Briefings

Maritime Briefings

The Qatar v Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions CaseVol.3 No.6

Barbara Kwiatkowska

The Qatar v Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions case was the first major maritime delimitation dispute settled by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) since the 1993 Denmark v Norway Maritime Delimitation in the Area Between Greenland and Jan Mayen Judgment. The latter was followed by the 1998 Territorial Sovereignty and Scope of the Dispute Award and the 1999 Maritime Delimitation Award rendered by the Eritrea / Yemen Arbitral Tribunal. All three landmark cases provided instances of the application of modern law of maritime boundary delimitation, as developed in what the President of the ICJ, Judge Stephen M Schwebel, described as the “notably successful” equitable jurisprudence of the ICJ and arbitral tribunals. Like the Eritrea / Yemen arbitration and the recent Land and Maritime Boundary (Cameroon v Nigeria; Equitorial Guinea Intervening) proceedings, the Qatar v Bahrain case involved issues of maritime delimitation in combination with those of territorial sovereignty and belonged to cases of particularly procedural and substantial importance.

This briefing provides a detailed analysis of the Qatar v Bahrain case, including the 1994 and 1995 Jurisdiction and Admissibility Judgments and the 2001 Merits Judgment and Opinions. Topics covered include: the course of the proceedings; the delivery and components of the Judgment; the geographical setting; territorial sovereignty questions (Zubarah, the Hawar Islands, Janan Island and Qit’at Jaradah and Fasht ad Dibal); and the maritime boundary delimitation.


The Boundary & Security Bulletin was

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and international peacekeeping operations.

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articles on critical issues by leading academics,

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Boundary & Security Bulletins

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Listed by region and theme:

AFRICA

Somaliland: Passing the Statehood Test?2000; Vol. 8 No. 3Peggy Hoyle

Caprivi Strip: World Court Awards Islands to Botswana2000; Vol. 8 No. 2Alan Perry

Facts on the Ground: War and Peace in the Horn of Africa, May-June 20002000; Vol. 8 No. 2Justin Pearce

Breaking Down the Barricades1999; Vol. 7 No. 3John Warburton-Lee

Bad Times in Badme: Bitter War Continues Along the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border1999; Vol. 7 No. 1Margaret Fielding

Gulf of Guinea Boundary Disputes1999; Vol. 7 No. 1Daniel J Dzurek

The Return of the Old Guard: Boundary and Security Implications of the Congo War1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Richard Griggs

The Eritrea - Ethiopia Border Conflict1998; Vol. 6 No. 2Jean-Louis Peninou

Creating Geographies of Peace: Provinces, Referenda and Spatial Decision-making in South Africa1998; Vol. 5 No. 4Richard Griggs

The Boundaries of an African Renaissance1997; Vol. 5 No. 2Richard Griggs

The Great Lakes Conflict and Spatial Designs for Peace: A Neorealist Analysis1997; Vol. 4 No. 4Richard Griggs

The Boundaries of Afrikaner Self-determination(995; Vol. 3 No. 2Richard Griggs

Boundaries and War in Africa in 19951995; Vol. 3 No. 1Richard Griggs

The Boundaries of a New South Africa1995; Vol. 2 No. 4Richard Griggs

Rwanda in Crisis: Why are we Surprised?1994; Vol. 2 No. 3A B Featherstone

A Note on the International Court of Justice Ruling on the Chad - Libya Dispute1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Gerald Blake

The Bondage of Boundaries1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Ali A Mazrui

AMERICAS

The World’s Longest Defended Border: A Return to the Days of Militarisation2002; Vol. 9 No. 4David Bercuson

Navassa: Legal Nightmare in a Biological Heaven?2001; Vol. 9 No. 3Fabio Spadi

The Work and Value of International Boundary Commissions: The Canadian / American Experience2001; Vol. 9 No. 3Michael O’ Sullivan

The Guyana - Suriname Maritime Boundary Dispute and its Regional Context2001; Vol. 9 No. 2Peggy A Hoyle


The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea2001; Vol. 9 No. 2Martin Pratt

The US - Mexico International Boundary and Water Commission in the Sustainable Development Era2001; Vol. 9 No. 2Stephen P Mumme

Discovering Rocks Off Labrador: A Photo Essay2000; Vol. 8 No. 2David H Gray

Chile, Peru and the Treaty of 1929: The Final Settlement2000; Vol. 8 No. 1Ronald Bruce St John

US - Mexico Borderlands Studies at the Millennium2000; Vol. 7 No. 4Stephen P Mumme

The International Peace Garden: A Case Study in Locational Harmony1999; Vol. 7 No. 3Stanley D Brunn & Douglas C Munski

Ecuador - Peru Endgame1999; Vol. 6 No. 4Ronald Bruce St John

Canada’s Unresolved Maritime Boundaries1997; Vol. 5 No. 4David H Gray

Doughnut Holes in the Gulf of Mexico1997; Vol. 5 No. 3David Applegate

After NAFTA: Trade Integration and the Border Three Years On1997; Vol. 5 No. 2Stephen P Mumme & Donna Lybecker

Ecuador and Peru Discuss Border Impasses1997; Vol. 5 No. 2Bradford L Thomas

Conflict in the Cordillera del Cóndor: The Ecuador - Peru Dispute1996; Vol. 4 No. 1Ronald Bruce St John

Territorial Implications of Quebec’s Referendum1996; Vol. 3 No. 4Stephen P Mumme & Pamela Duncan

Fishing Beyond the Limit: the Canada - European Union Dispute1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Douglas Day

Transboundary Dimensions of Petroleum Development in Ecuador and Peru1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Edward Korzetz

Falkland Islands Hydrocarbon Exploration1995; Vol. 2 No. 4Patrick Armstrong

Canada Asserts Jurisdiction over High Seas Fisheries1994; Vol. 2 No. 2William V Dunlap

Falklands Oil1994; Vol. 2 No. 2Patrick Armstrong

Stalemate in the Atacama1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Ronald Bruce St John

The Hardening of the United States - Mexican Borderlands: Causes and Consequences1994; Vol. 1 No. 4Edward J Williams & Irasema Coronado

The Gulf of Fonseca and St Pierre and Miquelon Cases1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Keith Highet

The Laguna del Desierto Case Between Argentina and Chile1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Marcelo G Kohen


The Maritime Limits of the Falkland Islands1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Patrick Armstrong & Vivian L Forbes

ASIA - PACIFIC

The Association of South-East Asian Nations and the Management of Territorial Disputes2002; Vol. 9 No. 4Ramses Amer

What Vietnam Could Gain from Redrawing its Baselines2002; Vol. 9 No. 4Johan Henrik Nossum

Disorder in Megawati’s ‘New’ Indonesia2001; Vol. 9 No. 3Lesley McCulloch

Geopolitics of Drugs and Cross-Border Relations: Burma - Thailand2001; Vol. 9 No. 1Carl Grundy-Warr & Elaine Wong

Land Boundaries of Indochina2001; Vol. 9 No. 1Ronald Bruce St John

The China - Vietnam Border Delimitation Treaty of 30 December 19992000; Vol. 8 No. 1Nguyen Hong Thao

The Question of East Timor’s Maritime Boundaries2000; Vol. 7 No. 4Victor Prescott

Joint Development in the Gulf of Thailand1999; Vol. 7 No. 3Nguyen Hong Thao

Scarborough Reef: A New Flashpoint in Sino-Philippine Relations?1999; Vol. 7 No. 2Zou Keyuan

The Moscow Declaration, the Year 2000 and Russo - Japanese Deadlock over the ‘Four Islands’ Dispute1999; Vol. 6 No. 4Yakov Zinberg

Cross-border Crime and the Grey Area Phenomena in southeast Asia1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Peter Chalk

Between Deterrence and Cooperation: East Asian Security after the ‘Cold War’1998; Vol. 6 No. 2Liselotee Odgaard

Russia’s Far East - Russian or Eastern?1998; Vol. 6 No. 1Mark Galeotti

The Uncertainties of Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs1998; Vol. 6 No. 1Victor Prescott

The Australia - Indonesia Maritime Boundary Delimitation Treaty1998; Vol. 5 No. 4Vivian L Forbes

The Kurile Islands Dispute: Towards Dual Sovereignty1998; Vol. 5 No. 4Yakov Zinberg

The Tumen River Area Development Programme1998; Vol. 5 No. 4Richard Pomfret

Sanctuary Under a Plastic Sheet: The Unresolved Problem of Rohingya Refugees1997; Vol. 5 No. 3Carl Grundy-Warr & Elaine Wong

Vietnam’s First Maritime Boundary Agreement1997; Vol. 5 No. 3Nguyen Hong Thao


Border Conflicts Between Cambodia and Vietnam1997; Vol. 5 No. 2Ramses Amer

Ethnic, Religious and Political Conflict on China’s Northwestern Borders: The Background to the Violence in Xinjiang1997; Vol. 5 No. 1Michael Dillon

Japan’s Ratification of UN Law of the Sea Convention and its New Legislation on the Law of the Sea1997; Vol. 4 No. 4Yutaka Kawasaki-Urabe & Vivian L Forbes

Straddling Stocks in the Barents Sea Loophole1997; Vol. 4 No. William V Dunlap

The Vladivstok Curve: Subnational Intervention into Russo - Chinese Border Agreements1996; Vol. 4 No. 3Yakov Zinberg

Partitioned States, Divided Resources: North / South Korea and Cases for Comparison1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Peter Hocknell

The People’s Republic of China Straight Baseline Claim1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Daniel J Dzurek

The Sino - Russian Boundary Settlement1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Eric Hyer

Cross-Border Migrations, Trafficking and the Sex Industry: Thailand and its Neighbours1996; Vol. 4 No. 1Carl Grundy-Warr, Rita King & Gary Risser

Indonesia’s Maritime Claims and Outstanding Delimitation Problems1996; Vol. 3 No. 4Victor Prescott

China Occupies Mischief Reef in Latest Spratly Gambit1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Daniel J Dzurek

Recent Developments on the Thai - Burma Border1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Bertil Lintner

Cross-Border Wildlife Trade in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia1994; Vol. 2 No. 3Marcus J Phipps

Khmer Rouge Territoriality in Pre- and Post-Election Cambodia1994; Vol. 2 No. 3Carl Grundy-Warr

The Halockani Incident and the Redefinition of a Boundary Issue Between Burma and Thailand1994; Vol. 2 No. 3Ananda Rajah

A Pollock-Fishing Agreement for the Central Bering Sea1994; Vol. 2 No. 2William V Dunlap

An Arms Race in the South China Sea?1994; Vol. 2 No. 2Clive Schofield

Managing Boundaries in the South China Sea1994; Vol. 2 No. 2Greg Englefield

Emerging Asian Growth Circles: An Example in Between South-east Asia and China1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Lim Joo-Jock

Preah Vihear and the Cambodia - Thailand Borderland1994; Vol. 1 No. 4Ronald Bruce St John

CENTRAL / SOUTH ASIA

Another Kashmir? The Afghanistan - Pakistan Border Dispute2002; Vol. 9 No. 4Joanna Modrzejewska-Lesniewska

China’s Islamic Frontiers: Borders and Indentities2002; Vol. 8 No. 4Michael Dillon

The Sir Creek Boundary Dispute: A Victim of India - Pakistan Linkage Politics2001; Vol. 8 No. Ashutosh Misra

India and Pakistan: Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World1999; Vol. 7 No. 2Barry Bearak

Diego Garcia: Britain in the Dock1999; Vol. 7 No. 1Rachael Bradley

The Karenni: A Troubled Borderland People and a Destroyed State1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Carl Grundy-Warr

The Kashmir Territorial Dispute: Political Fallout of Nuclear Testing in South Asia1998; Vol. 6 No. 2Robert G Wirsing

The Azerbaijan - Turkmenistan Dispute in the Caspian1998; Vol. 5 No. 4Andrew Harris

Pakistan’s Straight Baselines1996; Vol. 4 No. 3Victor Prescott

Crime in Central Asia: A Regional Problem with Global Implications1996; Vol. 3 No. 4Mark Galeotti


A Spider’s Web: Jurisdictional Problems in the Caspian Sea1995; Vol. 3 No. 3Greg Englefield

From Tuva to Tyva: Nationalism Versus Economics1995; Vol. 2 No. 4Mark Galeotti

The Sector Principle: Two Indian Ocean Examples1995; Vol. 2 No. 4Vivian Forbes & Patrick Armstrong

Escalation of the Tajikistan Conflict1994; Vol. 1 No. 4James Sherr

Oil and Gas Pipelines in Central Asia1994; Vol. 1 No. 4Greg Englefield

EUROPE

Analysing Europe’s Borders2001; Vol. 9 No. 2Liam O’ Dowd

Clashes on the FYROM Border: the Regional Context and Prospects for Resolution2001; Vol. 9 No. 2Anissa Toscano

Delineation of the State Border Between the Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia2001; Vol. 9 No. 2Mile Milenkoski & Jove Talevski

The Borders of the Republic of Macedonia2001; Vol. 9 No. 1Mile Milenkoski & Jove Talevski

Threats to Macedonia’s Stability and Borders2001; Vol. 9 No. 1Mladen Klemenc ic


The Boundaries, Internal Order and Identities of Bosnia and Herzegovina2001; Vol. 8 No. 4Mladen Klemenc ic

Brave New Borderless State: Illegal Immigration and the External Borders of the EU2000; Vol. 8 No. 3Shelagh Furness

Football Across the Ethnic Divide2000; Vol. 8 No. 3Mladen Klemenc ic

Borderlands: An Unlikely Tourist Destination2000; Vol. 8 No. 1Dallen J Timothy

International Boundaries: The Next Generation2000; Vol. 7 No. 4William V Dunlap

Into the Millennium: The Study of International Boundaries in an Era of Global and Technological Change2000; Vol. 7 No. 4David Newman

The Border Agreement Between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: The First But Not the Last2000; Vol. 7 No. 4Mladen Klemenc ic

What Makes Some Boundary Disputes Important?2000; Vol. 7 No. 4Daniel J Dzurek

Permeating the Irish Border: Practical North-South Cooperation Under the Belfast Agreement1999; Vol. 7 No.3Austen Morgan

Boundaries and the Internet: A Surfer’s Guide1999; Vol. 7 No. 2Martin Pratt

The Impact of the Greek Military Surveillance Zone: On the Greek Side of the Side of the Bulgarian - Greek Borderlands1999; Vol. 7 No. 2Lois Labrianidis

Gibraltar: Sovereignty Dispute and Territorial Waters1999; Vol. 7 No. 1Gerry O’ Reilly

Kosovo: What Solutions for Albanians in the “Cradle of the Serbian People”?1999; Vol. 6 No. 4Mladen Klemenc ic

The Objectives of Land Boundary Management1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Gerald Blake

Dayton in the Balance: The Continuing Dispute over Brcko1998; Vol. 6 No. 1Mladen Klemenc ic & Clive Schofield

Ireland and the Rockall Dispute1998; Vol. 6 No. 1Clive Symmons

Problems, Progress and Prospects in a Post-Soviet Borderland: The Republic of Moldova1997; Vol. 5 No. 1Trevor Waters

The Chameleon Territory of South Schleswig (Slesvig): Fluctuations in the Perceptions of National Identity1997; Vol. 5 No. 1Norman Berdichevsky


Kaliningrad: NATO and EU Enlargement Issues Focus New Attention on Russia’s Border with Central Europe1996; Vol. 4 No. 3Lyndelle D Fairlie

Mostar: Make or Break for the Federation?1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Mladen Klemenc ic & Clive Schofield

Philatelic Propaganda: Stamps in Territorial Disputes1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Todd Pierce

The Imia / Kardak Rocks Dispute in the Aegean Sea1996; Vol. 4 No. 1Martin Pratt & Clive Schofield

The Question of NATO Expansion1996; Vol. 4 No. 1Roland Dannreuther

Some Lessons from the 1924-25 Irish Boundary Commission1996; Vol. 3 No. 4Gerald Blake

The Geography and Geopolitics of Europe’s Fourth World1996; Vol. 3 No. 4Richard Griggs & Peter Hocknell

Fourth World Faultlines and the Remaking of ‘International’ Boundaries1995; Vol. 3 No. 3Richard Griggs & Peter Hocknell

Summer Storms Over the Balkans1995; Vol. 3 No. 3Mladen Klemenc ic & Clive Schofield

An UNhappy Birthday in the Former Yugoslavia: A Croatian Border War1995; Vol. 3 No. 2Mladen Klemenc ic & Clive Schofield

The Cossacks: A Cross-Border Complication to Post-Soviet Eurasia1995; Vol. 3 No. 2Mark Galeotti

The Role of the United Nations in the Balkans1995; Vol. 3 No. 2Yasushi Akashi

United Nations Peacekeeping1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Colin Warbrick

Croatia and Slovenia: The ‘Four Hamlets’ Case1995; Vol. 2 No. 4Mladen Klemenc ic & Clive Schofield

Northern Ireland - A Time of Hope1995; Vol. 2 No. 4Dick Spring

Operating in Bosnia1994; Vol. 2 No. 3Alastair Duncan

The Criminal Implications of the ‘Soft Borders’ of the Former Soviet Union1994; Vol. 2 No. 3Mark Galeotti

Effects of the Economic and Political Changes in Eastern Europe for the Hungarian - Austrian Border Region - Results of a Research Project1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Wolfgang Aschauer

Northwest Bohemia: A Central European Border region in Transition1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Hans-Joachim Burkner

Relations Across the Boundaries Between the Old and the New Lander in Germany after Reunification: Which Side Makes More Profit?1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Wilfried Heller

The Crimea: Russia’s Ukrainian Peninsula1994; Vol. 1 No. 4Mark Galeotti

The Maastricht Treaty1994; Vol. 1 No. 4Jacques Delors


Shared Water Resources and Sovereignty in Europe and the Mediterranean1993; Vol. 1 No. 3Laurence Rose

The Single Market, Political Geography and Anomalies1993; Vol. 1 No. 3Andrew Marshall

The WEU’s Security Role in Post-Cold War Europe1993; Vol. 1 No. 3Willem van Eekelen

Back to the Finland Station1993; Vol. 1 No. 2Alan J Day

Foreign Policy and International Security1993; Vol. 1 No. 2Douglas Hurd

Kaliningrad: A Fortress Without a State1993; Vol. 1 No. 2Mark Galeotti

The International Boundary Between Hungary and Slovakia: The Nagymaros-Gabcikovo Dispute1993; Vol. 1 No. 2Greg Englefield

Boundary Issues Following the Breakdown of Yugoslavia1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Mladen Klemenc ic

Cyprus: A Christian / Muslim Fault Line1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Alan J Day

Dragon’s Teeth on the Irish Border1993; Vol. 1 No. 1James Corrigan & Liam O’ Dowd

Immigration Into an Internal Borderless Europe: ECJ Jurisdiction1993; Vol. 1 No. 1William Robinson

Macedonia: A War Over Words1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Michael Drury

MIDDLE EAST

From Peace to War: Relighting the Flames of the Israel - Palestine Conflict2001; Vol. 9 No. 3David Newman

Resolution 242: Why the Israeli View of the “Withdrawal Phase” is Unsustainable International Law2001; Vol. 8 No. 4John McHugo

The Israel - Lebanon Border Enigma2001; Vol. 8 No. 4David Eshel

The Saudi - Yemeni Boundary Treaty2000; Vol. 8 No. 2John Roberts

The Eritrea / Yemeni Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation2000; Vol. 8 No. 1Barbara Kwiatkowska

Israel’s “Human Sandbags” Set to Collapse in South Lebanon1999; Vol. 7 No. 3Ed Blanche

Along the Difficult Road of Israel - Palestinian Peace: The Wye Agreement and Early Elections1999; Vol. 6 No. 4David Newman

Turkey Looks Southeast1999; Vol. 6 No. 4John Roberts

Tribunal Determines Sovereignty Over Red Sea Islands1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Martin Pratt

The Netenyahu Administration and the Middle East Peace Process1997; Vol. 4 No. 4David Newman

The Kurdish Crisis of 19961998; Vol. 4 No. 3John Roberts

Eritrea - Yemen Dispute Over the Hanish Islands1996; Vol. 4 No. 1Daniel J Dzurek

Territorial Discontinuity and Palestinian Autonomy: Implementing the Oslo II Agreement1996; Vol. 3 No. 4David Newman

Oslo II: The September 1995 Palestinian - Israeli Accord1995; Vol. 3 No. 3John Roberts

Separating Israelis and Palestinians: Demarcating De Facto Boundaries1995; Vol. 3 No. 2David Newman

Turkey’s Invasion of Northern Iraq1995; Vol. 3 No. 1John Roberts

Israel and Jordan: Bridges over the Borderlands1995; Vol. 2 No. 4John Roberts

Territorial Disputes of the Middle East Peace Process1994; Vol. 2 No. 3David Newman

The Iraq - Kuwait Boundary Dispute: Historical Background and the UN Decisions of 1992 and 19931994; Vol. 2 No. 3Harry Brown

Civil War in Yemen1994; Vol. 2 No. 2John Roberts

Chechnia: The Theft of a Nation?1994; Vol. 2 No. 1Mark Galeotti

The Kuwait - Iraq Boundary: A Geopolitical Perspective1994; Vol. 1 No. 4Ewen Anderson & Jasem Karam

Gaza Viability: The Need for Enlargement of its Land Base1993; Vol. 1 No. 3Saul B Cohen

The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Peacekeepers: The Experience of UNFICYP and UNIFYL1993; Vol. 1 No. 3Carl Grundy-Warr and Clive Schofield

The Syria - Israel Front in the 1990s: The Golan Heights, Lebanon and ‘Peace Process’1993; Vol. 1 No. 2William W Harris

The United Nations Settlement of the Iraq - Kuwait Border, 1991-19931993; Vol. 1 No. 2Richard Schofield

POLAR

Cooperative Preparations for Determining the Outer Limit of the Juridicial Continental Shelf in the Arctic Ocean2001; Vol. 9 No. 1Ron Macnab, Paul Neto & Rob van de Poll

The Exploitation of Antarctica’s Natural Resources and the Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System: An Overview1995; Vol. 3 No. 3Tom Cioppa

A Natural Reserve, Devoted to Peace and Science: Antarctica Today1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Peter J Beck


GENERAL GEOPOLITICAL

What Makes Some Boundary Disputes Important?2000; Vol. 7 No. 4Daniel J Dzurek

Philatelic Propaganda: Stamps in Territorial Disputes1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Todd Pierce

The Question of NATO Expansion1996; Vol. 4 No. 1Roland Dannreuther

Fourth World Faultlines and the Remaking of ‘International’ Boundaries1995; Vol. 3 No. 3Richard Griggs & Peter Hocknell

United Nations Peacekeeping1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Colin Warbrick

Foreign Policy and International Security1993; Vol. 1 No. 2Douglas Hurd

GENERAL LEGAL

Protecting Maritime Zones From the Effects of Sea-level Rise1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Alain Khadem

Clarifying Article 121(3) of the Law of the Sea Convention: The Limits Set by the Nature of International Legal Processes1998; Vol. 6 No. 2Alex G Oude Elferink

An Introduction to International Litigation1998; Vol. 6 No. 1Shabtai Rosenne

The Unanticipated Effects of Boundaries: The Exclusive Economic Zone and Geographically Disadvantaged States Under UNCLOS III1997; Vol. 5 No. 1James Bailey

International Straits: An Issue Concerning Japan’s Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea1995; Vol. 3 No. 2Yutaka Kawasaki

The Influence of Provisional Arrangements in Negotiations on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries1993; Vol. 1 No. 1Alex G Oude Elferink

GENERAL TECHNICAL

GIS as a Tool for Territorial Negotiations2000; Vol. 8 No. 3Alain Khadem

Geographers and International Boundaries2000; Vol. 7 No. 4Gerald Blake

Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration: Boundary Definition; Boundary Disclaimer Notes; Toponymy1999; Vol. 7 No. 1Dennis Rushworth

Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration: Maps as Evidence1998; Vol. 5 No. 4Dennis Rushworth

Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration: Coordinates1997; Vol. 5 No. 3Dennis Rushworth

Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:Delimitation and Demarcation1997; Vol. 5 No. 1Dennis Rushworth

Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:Delimitation and Demarcation1996; Vol. 4 No. 3Dennis Rushworth

Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration1996; Vol. 4 No. 2Dennis Rushworth


The Depiction of International Boundaries on Topographic Maps1995; Vol. 3 No. 1Gerald Blake


MISCELLANEOUS

Borderlands: An Unlikely Tourist Destination2000; Vol. 8 No. 1)Dallen J Timothy

International Boundaries: The Next Generation2000; Vol. 7 No. 4William V Dunlap

Into the Millennium: The Study of International Boundaries in an Era of Global and Technological Change2000; Vol. 7 No. 4David Newman

Boundaries and the Internet: A Surfer’s Guide1999; Vol. 7 No. 2Martin Pratt

The Objectives of Land Boundary Management1998; Vol. 6 No. 3Gerald Blake

Other IBRU Publications

BOUNDARY BRIEFINGS (£10 each)

Number 1 - The Hong Kong - China Boundary1990Ian Kelly

Number 2 - The Canada - USA Boundary in the Gulf of Maine and over Georges Bank1990Louis De Vorsey

Number 3 - Libya: The Gulf of Sirte Closing Line1990Stephen R Langford

Number 5 - The Saint Pierre & Miquelon Maritime Boundary1990Douglas Day

Number 7 - The USA - Mexico Boundary1991Stephen P Mumme

Number 8 - The Boundary Between Bulgaria and Greece1991Michael Drury

TERRITORY BRIEFINGS (£10 each)

Number 1 - Cross-Border Drug Trade in the Golden Triangle (South-east Asia)1991Bertil Lintner

Number 2 - Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia: Re-emerging Boundaries1992Greg Englefield

Number 3 - Ethno-territorial Disputes in the Former Soviet Union1992Vladimir Kolossov

Number 4 - Gibraltar: Spanish and United Kingdom Claims1992Gerry O’ Reilly

BOUNDARY BULLETINThe Predecessor to the Boundary and

Security Bulletin

Number 1 - Articles: The Gulf Crisis; Kuwait - Iraq Border Issue; Lithuania; Cyprus; Trans-Border Pollution in Europe1990

Number 2 - Articles: UN and the Kurds; Border Conflicts in the USSR; US - Mexico; The Free-Trade Agreement; Internal Crisis in Yugoslavia; Falkland Islands Fishing Zone; Kuwait - Iraq: Is the Problem Solved?1991

Number 3 - Articles: Republic Boundaries in Former Yugoslavia; Borders and Collective Security Systems; Territorial Alternatives; Borderlands of Israel, Syria and Lebanon1991

Number 4 - Articles: The New Maps of Europe; Anglo - Scottish Borderlands; The Irish Border; Malta: Boundaries, Threats and Risks; Iraq - Kuwait UN Boundaries Commission; The US - Mexico Border; Former Yugoslavia1992

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Other IBRU Publications

Published by Routledge, 1994Series ISBN: 0-415-08838-0.(http://www.routledge.com)

THE PEACEFUL MANAGEMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY RESOURCES

Editors: Gerald Blake, William Hildesley, Martin Pratt, Rebecca Ridley, Clive Schofield

The papers in this volume represent an important contribution to the debate about how natural resources which cross international boundaries can be managed as effectively and peacefully as possible.

The proceedings of IBRU’s third international conference which was held in Durham on 14-17 April 1994 and was attended by over 130 participants from 33 countries.

Published by Graham & Trotman / Kluwer Law International, 1995ISBN: 1-85966-173-4(http://www.kluwerlaw.com)

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

IMPORTANT NOTICE: With the exception of the proceedings for the 1989 International Boundaries and Boundary Conflict Resolution conference, all of the following publications are NOT held for sale by IBRU. Please contact the publisher direct or your regular bookseller to order.

International Boundaries and Boundary Conflict ResolutionConference Proceedings, 1989Grundy-Warr, C.E.W. (ed 1992). IBRU. University of Durham

WORLD BOUNDARIES

Volumes 1 - 5

Series Editor: Gerald Blake

A unique series embracing the theory and practice of boundary delimitation and management, boundary disputes and conflict resolution, and territorial change in the new world order.

Volume 1: Global BoundariesISBN: 0-415-08838-0

Volume 2: The Middle East and North AfricaISBN: 0-415-08839-9

Volume 3: EurasiaISBN: 0-415-08834-8

Volume 4: The AmericasISBN: 0-415-08836-4

Volume 5: Maritime BoundariesISBN: 0-415-08835-6

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International Boundaries Study Series

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: FRAMEWORKS FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION

Editors: Gerald Blake, Chia Lin Sen, Carl Grundy-Warr, Martin Pratt and Clive Schofield

This collection is based on the proceedings of an international conference held in Singapore in June 1995, co-hosted by the Centre for Advanced Studies, the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, and IBRU. Detailed studies by geographers, lawyers and political scientists are complemented by contributions from practitioners and technical experts to produce a unique survey of the problems which arise when environmental systems cross international borders and of the transboundary cooperative projects designed to reduce the threat of ecological catastrophe and political conflict between competing neighbours around the world. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the complex relationship between boundaries, environment and international security.

Published by Kluwer Law International, 1997ISBN: 90-411-0669-3, 370pp(http://www.kluwerlaw.com)

BOUNDARIES AND ENERGY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Editors: Gerald Blake, Martin Pratt, Clive Schofield and Janet Allison Brown

This collection of papers by leading experts explores the relationship between boundaries and energy on land and at sea. Global overviews are combined with detailed case studies to produce a comprehensive survey of the key issues confronting governments and the energy industry in this increasingly complex area. Contributors also discuss a range of ideas for overcoming boundary-related problems which are hindering the development of energy resources in various parts of the world. The papers in this volume represent the proceedings of the fourth IBRU conference in July 1996.


THE CONTESTED MARITIME AND TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES OF MALAYSIA: AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

Renate Haller-Trost

The purpose of this work is to compile a detailed study on the origins of the maritime and territorial disputes of Malaysia. This South-east Asian country has been chosen because Malaysia provides a good example of boundary problems faced by most countries throughout the region. The author reviews the maritime claims arising from a map publication in 1979, and examines the five territorial disputes which Malaysia is involved in with its neighbours. The main issues throughout the work include the necessity to analyse the claims in their historical context and details in order to achieve delimitation results that will withstand the test of time even if political and economic circumstances change.


BORDERLANDS UNDER STRESS

Editors: Martin Pratt, and Janet Allison Brown

As international political and economic relations have become increasingly complex, so have the pressures on international boundaries and the borderlands which surround them. Although there are still many examples of ‘traditional’ boundary problems associated with disputes between states concerning control over territory and maritime space, the papers in this volume demonstrate the vulnerability of borderlands to other forces, most notably illegal immigration and cross-border crime. This book aims to investigate the causes and implications of borderland stress. The papers in this volume represent the proceedings of the fifth IBRU international conference in 1998.

International Boundaries Study Series

edge on which hangs suspended the modern issues of war and peace, of life and death to nations”) the book contains a fascinating selection of papers written by colleagues and former students reflecting the main thematic and regional interests of Professor Gerald Blake during his long and distinguished career as a political geographer and boundary scholar.

Published by Kluwer Law International, 2002ISBN: 90-411-9874-1, 573pp(http:www.kluwerlaw.com)


BOUNDARIES OF COOPERATION: CYPRUS, DE FACTO PARTITION AND THE DELIMITATION OF TRANSBOUNDARY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Peter R. Hocknell

As a developing international norm, the process of managing transboundary resources represents a significant opportunity for the development of peaceful cooperation through equitable and sustainable means - and yet, paradoxically, this management process has the power also to create new tensions and reinforce pre-existing divisions amongst interested parties. This book explores the manifestations of this contradiction in the de facto partitioned state of Cyprus. How has transboundary resource management operated across Cypus’s de facto boundary? Why have problem-solving mechanisms, formed to deal with some transboundary resources, failed to achieve success in connection with others? Has it been able to de-link resource conflict issues from the protracted political conflict, so that the former could be resolved without reference to the latter?

Published by Kluwer Law International, 2001ISBN: 90-411-9809-1, 466pp(http:www.kluwerlaw.com)

THE RAZOR’S EDGE: INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

Editors: Clive Schofield, David Newman, Alasdair Drysdale and Janet Allison Brown

The sixth volume in Kluwer Law International’s International Boundary Studies series is a collection of essays in honour of Professor Gerald Blake, who founded IBRU in 1989 and retired as Director in September 2001. Entitled The Razor’s Edge (from Lord Curzon’s famous comment that “frontiers are indeed the razor’s

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