pdf in dutch 27.2 mb

Koert, P., Miedema, S.A., (1981), "Report on the field excursion to the USA April 1981". MSc study, 1981, 54 pages, Report, Delft University of Technology.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

REPORT ON THE FIELD EXCURSION

TO THE U.S.A.

APRIL 1981

Section The Technology of Soil Movement

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Delft University of Technology

The Netherlands



Cover photo A dredge man, working with the "baggerbeugel",

a long rod with a basket attached to it.

This simple method was used when dredging started in the Netherlands

and, despite the great technical developments which have taken place

more recently, it is still in use today.

Courtesy Dredging Museum Sliedrecht~ the Netherlands.

Field excursion: organisation: Winfried Ponsioen, Hugo de Blank

and Jan Brakel

under the guidance of: Prof. ir. J. de Koning

and ing. J. Brouwer

Report: editing and layout: Sape Miedema and Peter Koert

translation: Lorraine van Dam

photography: Wim den Breejen

typing and layout: Marja Koert

Printed by: Repro-graphic service, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Delft University of Technology,

Ap ri I 1982.



Foreword

Students from the section liThe Technology of Soil Movement"

of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Delft

University of Technology have at least one opportunity,

to take part in a foreign field excursion during the final

stages of their study. The aim of such field excursions,

which are organised every two years, is to visit companies

and organi sations outside The Netherlands, which specialise

in dredging technology and this is an essential part of their

study programme.

For thi 5 reason a field trip was planned, to visit the

Eastern and South-Eastern part of the U.S.A.

Such a study visit is. possible only with the support of

organisations and companies in The Netherlands and no less

important is the goodwil I of those who are prepared to

receive the students, in this case the Americans, who gave us

such a warm welcome. We should 1ike to express to them the

gratitude of all who participated in the excursion.

'We should also I ike to thank the members of the Student

Society for the excel lent organisational work which they put

in and our expert mentors, Prof. ir. J. de Koning and ing. J. Brouwer

for thei r technical and touristic advice.

The touristic aspects of the visit were naturally much appreciated

and we had the pleasure of making the aquaintance of our spontaneous

and warmhearted American friends, all of which contributed greatly

to the valuable experience gained during the excursion.

Peter Koert

and Sape Miedema.



Contents Page

Participants in the field excursion.

Route fo 11 owed.

Schedule of the field excursion.

1

2

3

1 Introduction. 5

16

13

9

9

9

10

22

22

23

24

26

2 Dredging.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Operation of equipment on the sites.

2.2.1 Introduction.

2.2.2 The operation of a split hull trail ing suction hopper

dredger in Charleston, South Carolina.

2.2.3 The operation of a cutter suction dredger in Morgan

City, Louisiana and Mobile Bay, Alabama.

2.2.4 The operation of a dustpan dredger in Mobile Bay,

Alabama.

2.2.5 The operation of a grab dredger in Baltimore, Maryland. 18

2.2.6 A dipper dredger of Great Lakes & Dock Company in 20

Morgan City, Louisiana.

2.3 The Shipbuilders.

2.3.1 Introduction.

2.3.2 Avondale Shipyards, New Orleans, Louisiana.

2.3.3 Southern Shipbuilding Corporation, Slidell, Louisiana.

2.3.4 American Marine & Machinery Co. Inc., Nashville,

Tennessee.

2.3.5 Dredge Masters International, Hendersonvil Ie,

Tennessee.

27

2.3.6 Ellicott, Baltimore, Maryland. 28



2.4 Dredge Components. 31

2.4.1 Introduction. 312.4.2 Dredge pumps of Georgia Iron Works, Grovetown,Georgia. 32

2.4.3 Ball-joints of Mobile Pulley & M~chine Works, Mobile, 32

Alabama.

2.4.4 Cutter heads of Florida Machine & Foundry, 34

Jacksonville, Florida.

2.4.5 Deforestation equipm~nt of Fleco, Jacksonville, 36Florida.

3 Research and Development. 37

3.1 Introduction. 373.2 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterway Experiment 37

Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

3.3 The Hydraulic laboratory of Georgia Iron Works, Grovetown, 40

Georgia.

4 Excavation by the use of heavy Earth Moving Equipment. 41

4 .1 In trod uc t ion. 41

4.2 Description of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, 41

Miss iss i pp i .

4 2 1 Ri

4.2.2 Canal Section. 43

4.2.3 Divide Section. 434.3 E~rth Moving equipment used. 45

5 Environmental Aspects. 47



The following 16 persons participated on the field excursion.

From left to right: Sape Miedema, Peter Koert, Rob Hoek,

Hugo de Blank, Jan Brakel, Ron Rijkers,

Kees Jan Verkaik, Pieter de Vries, Prof. ir. J. de Koning,

Winfried Ponsioen, Evert van der Hilst, Rikke van Berk,

ing. J. Brouwer, Peter Akerboom, Rob Gijtenbeek and

Wi m den Breej en.

- 1 -



......:.:...;:

New York, New Jersey

Baltimore, Maryland

Rockwell City, Maryland

Hendersonville, Tennessee

Washington, District of Columbia

Jacksonville, Florida

Mobile , Alabama

Slidell, Louisiana

Morgan City, Louisiana

New Orleans, Louisiana

1 Atlanta,Georgia

2 Grovetown, Georgia

3 Charleston, South Carol ina

4

5

6

78

9

12

Vicksburg, Mississippi

Columbus, Mississippi

11 Amory, Mississippi

Nashville, Tennessee

13

14

15

16

17

10

The route fol lowed of the field excursion.

- 2 -



Schedule of the field excursion to the U.S.A. in April 1981.

April 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday

Arrival in Atlanta, Georgia (1).

Pick up cars.

General orientation in Atlanta.

Drive to Augusta, Georgia.

Visit to Georgia Iron Works, Grovetown,

Georgia (2).

Drive to Charleston, South Carolina (3).

Visit to Great Lakes Dredge & Dock

Company in Charleston.

Drive to Jacksonvil Ie, Florida (4).

Visit to Florida Machine & Foundry,

Jacksonvi lIe.

Drive to Mobile, Alabama (5).

Visit to Mobile Pulley & Machine Works,

Mobile.

Visit to Bean Dredging Corp, Mobi Ie Bay.

Drive to Slidell, Louisiana (6).

Visit to Southern Shipbuilding Corp., Slidell.

New Orleans - free day.

Visit to Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company,

Morgan City, Louisiana (7).

- 3 -



- 4 -

Apri I 21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

May

2

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Satu rday

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Visit to Avondale Shipyard, New Orleans,

Lou is i ana (8).

Heading for Vicksburg, Mi ssissippi (9).

Visit to Waterway Experiment Station, Vicksburg.

Drive to Tennessee-Tombigbee waterway.

Visit to Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, between

Columbus (10) and Amory (11), Mississippi.

Drive to Nashvil Ie/Hendersonville.

Visit to American Marine & Machinery Co. Inc.,

Nashville, Tennessee (12).

Visit to Dredge Masters International Inc.,

Hendersonville, Tennessee (13).

Drive to Washington, D.C. (14).

Drive to Washington.

Visit to Washington- free day.

Drive to Baltimore, Maryland (15).

Visit to Ellicott Machine Corporation

Internat iona 1, Ba It imore.

Vis i t Ba I t imo re .

Visit Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Comp.,

Rockwell City, Maryland (16).

Drive to New York, New Jersey (17).

New York- free day.

New York - free day.

Depa rt airport.



1 Introduction

In order to assess the present situation in the field of

dredging in the U.S ..A., it is necessary to place it in its

historical context. It is also advisable to gain fi rst hand

experience of the philosophy of those who are involved in

dredging, in relation to their mode of work and the appl ication

of technology. Though the development of dredging technique in the

U.. S.A. cannot be considered in detail in this work, it is

necessary to mention a few of the more noteworthy aspects.

It was around 1855 that the centrifugal pump was first used

for soil/water mixtures in the U,.S.A .. , while the first cutterhead

was introduced about five years later~ The development of the

cutter suction dredger was exclusive to the U.S.A. up to the

Second World War, and as a result the U.S.A. has retained her

leading role in the production of cutterheads, replacable

cutterteeth and wear resistant materials, up to the present time.

Improvements in the techniques relating to the process of, dredging

however, such as the use of spudcarriages, underwater pumps and

more extensive instrumentation, have occured in Europe.

After 1880, the principle of the suction hopper dredger, invented

in the Netherlands in 1878, was further developed by the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers in the U.S.A. and remained an almost completely

American concern up to about 1960 .. An accelerated development

occured after 1960, especially in the Netherlands, and from this

grew the modern split-hopper trailing suction dredger.

Most of the trai 1ing suction hopper dredgers date from the 1940'ies.

The first dustpan dredgers appeared in the U.S.A. around 1900

and were above alr used for maintenance VtIOrk in the great rivers.

The steam-powered vessels of the U.. S. Army Corps of Engineers

almost all date from the 1930' ies.

- 5 -



- 6 -

The somewhat dated state of the dredg ing fleet of both the

u.s. Army Corps of Engineers and of private industry

stimulated the "National Dredging Study" ( 1973-1975 ).

The need to bring the major American harbours to a suitable

navigational depth is one of the primary reasons for the

desire to increase hopper capacity.

This is related, among other things, to the anticipated revival

of the coal trade.

The most important conclusion which arises from the "National

Dredging Study" is that both the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

and private industry need to extend and modernise their fleets

of trailing suction dredgers and this applies equally to their

dustpan dredgers.

There are sufficient cutter suction dredgers, grab dredgers and

backhoe dredgers in the hands of private industry, to satisfy

present requirements, though it might be advisable to modernise

these vessels too.

As a resul t of the "Nat ional Dredg ing Study" the Corps of Eng ineers

wi I I have a number of vessels built, in the following classes:

large hopper sucton dredger (capacity greater than 4590 m3,

6000 c.y.)

4 medium sized hopper suction dredgers (capacity between 765 and

4590 m3, 1000-6000 c.y.)

3 small hopper suction dredgers (capacity less than 765 m3, 1000 c.y.)

The large trailing suction hopper dredger, the "Wheeler" was in

the last stage of building and has since been del ivered.

Since 1974 the private dredging industry has entered into a number

of "joint ventures", especially with Dutch companies.

This may be related to the extensive development of dredging

equipment in The Netherlands, in particular that of the trailing

suction hopper dredgers.



In order of their establ ishment the existing Joint Ventures betv-.een

American and Dutch companies are:

North American Trail ing Co., 27-4~974, a joint venture between

Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company and Amsterdam Ballast Dredging.

- Eagle Dredging, 3-7-1975, a joint venture between C.F.Bean Corp.

and Adr.Volker Dredging Co.

- Stuyvesant Dredging Inc., 9-2-1979, a joi'nt venture between

Zapata Corp. and Bos-Kal is Westminster.

Another form of co-operation is the Gulf Coast Trailing Co.,

a recent Partnership tetween Atlas Trai 1ing Co. (T .L.James) and

Handy U.S. (H.A.M. U.S. Co. and Dredging International), 1981.

There is also a joint venture between an American and a Dutch

shipbuilder: D.T.C., a joint venture betv-.een John J. McMullen Ass.

Inc. and I.H.C. Holland (30-10-1977).

In general the contribution of a foreign company to such a joint

venture is limited to 25% as a result of the "Jones Act l' (1910).

In addition the direct import of dredging equipment built outside

the U.S.A. is not permitted.

This restriction appl ies only to vessels for use in navigable waters,

equipment intended for the extraction of sand and gravel from pits

may be imported.

In the second chapter the differing aspects of dredging wi 11 be

discussed, though it should be noted that the impressions were gathered

during a number of short visits and therefore they are in no way

camp rehens i ve .

The third chapter is devoted to research and development at the

'IGeorgia Iron Works Hydraulic Laboratory" and the "U.S. Army Engineers

Waterways Exper iment Stat ion 'l .

- 7 -



- 8 -

The fourth chapter is devoted to major earth, moving operations

and the Tennessee-Tombigbee canal is considered.

Though dredging is also included in this project we devoted

most of our attention to the large scale earth moving aspects

during our visit to it.

Finally a number of environmental aspects are discussed in chapter

five, in particular the influence whtch the environmental activist

groups are able to exert, especially upon the mode of operation.



2 Dredging

2 . 1 tnt roduct ion

In order to obtain an impression of the mode of operation and the

dredging techniques used in the U,.S.A. it is necessary to look at

them from as many angles as possible.

Only when a general yjew has been formed it is possible to evaluate

the separate components and place them in the context of the whole.

Naturally visits to a 1 imited number of companies and work sites,

such as we made, cannot give a true reflection of the state of the

art ,.

Thi s chapter deals with various aspects of dredging,.

Firstly various types of work which produce a variety 'of boundary

conditions,which determine the use of various types of dredging

equipment,are dealt with,.

Secondly a number of builders of the types of equipment used are

considered and finally a number of components used by the builders

are discussed ..

2.2 Operation of equipment on the sites

2.2.1 Introduction

Very diverse boundary COl1ditions determ'ine which type of equipmen

is used for a particular job. The type of material to be dredged

is obviously one of the most important of these.

The extent of the work is also a determining factor, not only the

volume of material in terms of cubic metres, but also the length,

width and depth of the work play their part.

- 9 -



- 10 -

Other points which must be taken into consideration are:

- possible interference with navigation

- the regulations which govern the protection of the environment

- local government regulations

This is only a limited number of the whole range of possible boundary

conditions.

Visits to different types of work on a number of sites, made it possi ble

for us to become aquainted with a number of situations and to observe

the cho ise of the most su i tabl e equ i pment ava i lab 1e at the time in

question.

The dredgers on the sites visited were diverse in character but had

thei r American origin in common.

A second characteristic was that a further development in the design

of this equipment had taken place in Europe.

The trailing suction hopper dredgers now be'ing built are equipped

with the most recently developed dredge components and instrumentation.

The cutter suction dredgers are in general rather dated though some of the

more recent ones, however, do have underwater pumps and production

meters.

The dustpan dredgers, the grabs and the dipper dredgers are well

tried and trusted in America, they are less we,ll known and thus used

less in Europe.

2.2.2 The operation of a split hull trailing suction hopper dredger

in Charleston, South Carol ina

General: The trai I ing suction hopper dredger originated in the U.S.A.

and after a period during which it inspired little interest,

it came to the forefront once again towards the end of the seventies,

largely as a result of the development of this type of vessel in

Europe during the sixties and seventies.

In recent years both private industry and the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers have attempted to increase the trailing suction hopper

dredger capacity by building a number of such vessels of various

sizes.



These ships are extremely modern in design and are also automated.

A trend towards the use of underwater pumps for the purpose uf

increasing production as well as the use of the principle of the

spl it hopper can be detected.

The use of the split hopper is applied in both the I'Manhattan Island ll

class and the 'IEagle I".

Charleston: A study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has shown

that the depth of the approach channel giving access

to the harbour of Charleston must be increased from the present

10.5 m (35 ft) to 12 m (40 ft).

Shipyard River, where there are many terminals owned by private

industry, is also being deepened from 9 m (30 ft) to 11.4 (38 ft).

The reason for this is the commercial need to accomodate ships of

greater draught.

Since a trai ling suction hopper dredger does not interfere with

navigation and it can handle the silt which is present. it is the most

suitable type of vessel for this job.

The work on the approach channel is being done by the split hull

trailing suction hopper dredger IIDodge Island l' of the North American

Trail ing Company (NATCO).

This ship is of the 'IManhattan Island'l class and was built by the

Southern Shipbuilding Company, Sl idell, Louisiana.

The cost of the project is estimated to be $ 60 m, with a possible

extension up to $ 10 m more as the material which is dredged must

be di scharged in the Atlantic Ocean to conform the environmental

requirements.

The IIDodge Islandl' is equipped with a constant tonnage loading system,

which in fact is not in use for this project as overflowing over the

coaming during the dredging of the type of si It encountered gives

a higher production.

- 11 -



- 12 -

The "Dodge Island"J (NATCO).

The vessel has an installation which enables the silt to be conveyed

ashore by pipel ine.

It is unfortunate that so many of the construction elements for this

installation are located in the hopper, because this substantially

diminishes the advantage of the spl it hopper principle and of the

four ancillary hoppers via which the mixture flows evenly into the

hopper. This also affects the flow and the sinking of the material

in the hopper adversely.

In order to achieve the highest possible production the tangent

line method of economic loading is used.



The "Dodge Islandll has a completely automated engine room, which

makes it one of the most modern spl it hull suction hopper dredgers.

The rapid purchase of four of these vessels by the NATCO indicates

that these vessels can competerwell in the American Market.

2.2.3 The operation of a cutter suction dredger in Morgan City,

louisiana and Mobile Bay, Alabama.

General: The older American cutter suction dredgers are in general

characterised by a large super structure, mainly as a result

of the amount of accomodation for the crew, limiting the available

deckspace.

The heavy construction of the spud pole gantry and the ladder gantry

is conspicious, spud carriages not yet being widely used.

The pump and drive motors are often placed together in the engine

room and it is apparently not considered necessary to use watertight

bu 1kheads between them '.

There is however good access to the pump and driving engines, which

facilitates maintenance.

Underwater pumps have only been in use since the beginning of the

seventies.

There is a tendency to increase the degree of instrumentation.

Morgan City: In the Mississippi delta a 120 m (3 broad

navigation channel is be ng dredged to a depth of 7.5 m

(25 ft) from Morgan City. The ground is a soft clay mixed with sand.

The project involves dredging a total of approximately 20.106 m3

(26.106

c.y.) of material.

Thi 5 $ 14 m work has been contracted td' the joint venture between

T.l. James and Williams-McWilliams.

The cutter suction dredger IIFritz Jahncke ll, of the latter company

is being used. This ship, built in 1965, has a total installed

capacity of approximately 4854 kW (6600 hp), of which 3383 kW (4600 hp)

supplies the dredge pump and 883 kW (1200 hp) the cutterhead.

- 13 -



- 14 -

The crew of the I'Fritz Jahncke l' , totalling 45, works in three shifts,

two weeks on and one off.

We estimated the production at about 2100 m3/hr (2745 c.y./hr), the

spoil being discharged via a floating pipeline of ca.686 mm (27 inch)

over a distance of 1300 m (4265 ft).

The "Fritz Jahncke".. (Williams-McWilliams).

Mobile May: The IIJim Bean ll, flagship of the C.F. Bean Corp., may

serve as an example of a more modern cutter suction dredger.

This ship was put into operation in Mobile Bay, together with the

cutter suct ion dredger 'IDave Blackburn 'i and the dustpan dredger

"Lenel Bean l' •

The special aspects of the work with this dustpan dredger will be

considered in the section devoted to Mobile Bay.



The IIJim Bean " , built in 1973, is a very large cutter suction

dredger with a total power capacity of ca. 11768 kW (16000 hp).

The cutterhead power is ca. 1324 kW (1800 hp) and the length of the

ladder, almost 44 m (144 ft), makes dredging to a depth of 38 m (125 ft)

possible. An underwater pump is located on the ladder, while two

2648 kW (3600 hp) pumps are installed in the vessel, so that it is

possible to discharge spoil over a long distance without the use of

booster stations.

The pipeline has a diameter of ca. 686 mm ( 27 inch). The instrumentation

includes a velocity meter and a concentration meter.

Significant data are monitored together with the calculated production.

There is accomodation for 35 men on board.

The ladder of the "Jim Eean".. (C.F. Bean Corp.).

- 15 -



- 16 -

2.2.4 The operation of a dustpan dredger in Mobil Bay, Alabama.

General: The dustpan dredger is typically American in origin being

designed for use in the great rivers such as the Mississippi.

During the last few years there has been a revival in interest in

the use of dustpan dredgers for special works in the Netherlands

(Storm Surge Barrier, Eastern Scheldt).

The dustpan dredger is by definition, suitable for the removal of

layers of sand and gravel to produce a smooth level bottom.

Mobile Bay: During the visit to Mobile Bay where, among other things,

a navigation channel was being dredged, the dustpan dredger

"Lenel Bean" could be observed in action. The IILenel Bean ll is the

only dredger of the dustpan type in the possession of a private

company and was built in 1979.

The $ 49 m project in Mobile Bay comprises the removal of 24.106 m3

(31.106 c.y.) of material.

Near the Theodore Industrial Park a turning circle is being made and

also a new 1inking canal of 10.4 km (34000 ft) long, 122 m (400 ft)

wide and 12.2 m (40 ft) , from the turning circle to the Mobile

ship channel,.

Three dredgers are being used for this work, the cutter suction dredgers

IIDave Blackburn" and "Jim Bean ll and the dustpan dredger !ILene 1 Bean!l.

It would appear that no more suitab work was or the

IILenel Bean l'; such dredgers are usually used for work in rivers,

when the material dredged s s coohe~si,.te.

The making of the turning circle is a typical work for a cutter

suction dredger, in view of the scale of the job.

The 'ILenel Bean ll was the upper layer channel,

comprising silt, mud and clay.

Despite the fact that the suction mouth was frequently blocked,

a good rate of production was being achieved.

During our visit this was estimated at ca. 1250 m3/hr (1634 c.y./hr).



In order to progress ahead in the work, the IILene'l Bean ll uses two

crossed bow wires and two propulsion drives on the stern, each

about kW (900 hp). The bow winches are equipped with a constant

regulator (0 -5 in, .. 8-16 ft/min), while the

propulsion di rection can be ed he use of 2 adjustable

z-dr ve screws.

The 9.5 m (31 ft) wide suction head has an inlet height of ca. 0.6 m

(2 ft) which enables a height of 0.9-1.5 m (3-5 ft) 'to be attained.

The suction head is divided into four sections, each of which has

its own suction pipe. These pipes join each other at a bigger one,

which has a diameter of ca. 1067 mm (42 inch). The 1067 mm 1 ine is

directly connected to the 2648 kW (3600 hp) dredge pump, which is

installed in the ship.

The discharge 1 ine has a diameter of about 965 mm (38 inch).

The dredger is connected with a floating booster station by means

of a floating line of about 150 m (500 ft) long, which also has a

diameter of about 965 mm (38 inch).

After this booster station the pipeline is submerged' and this section

has a diameter of ca 686 mm (27 inch)

The distance to the spot 1 area is ca. 4500 m (15000 ft).

The jet systems cons sts of ts above the suction opening.

Twenty of the jets are 51ig y downwards whilst the three

central j s are di upwards These jets are connected to a

central jet-pipeline ader. next page).

crew of the IILene 1 Bean ll s ts of 40 men, who work in three

shifts, two weeks on and one week off

- 17 -



- 18 -

The jet system on the "LeneZ Bean".. (C.F. Eean Corp.).

2.2.5 The operation of a grab dredger in Baltimore, Maryland.

General: Grab dredgers are in very general use in the U.S.A. and

can be operated in a wide range of conditions.

They are much used in situations where there is I ittle room available

for work ing, such as in harbours and on quays.

A big advantage is that great depths can be dredged, although the

rate of production does decl ine rapidly as the depth increases.

If such a dredger is used for works requiring smaller depths, its

production is comparable to that of other types of dredgers.



Baltimore: In the Chesapeake Bay, near Rockwell City, a grab dredger

of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company (the G.L.54) was

being used to deepen and widen the navigation channel.

This involved digging out a cohesive clay to a depth of 9 m (30 ft)

and transporting it to the spoil area.

The dredger consisted of a grab crane, mounted on a pontoon of

20 x 60 m2 (66 x 197 ft 2).

In the operating position this pontoon is supported by three spud

poles, two fixed forward spuds and one spud aft.

The use of spuds reduces the hindrance to navig@tjon to a minimum

as anchorage wires are not necessary.

When it is necessary to move the pontoon the forward spuds are raised

and then the wa I ki ng spud is used to push the pontoon ahead by

means of a hydraul ic ram.

During our visit the length of the stepD was 16 m (52.5 ft). in a time

of ca. 2m in.

During the movement the direction is more or less controlled by

placing the grab bucket on the ground. The capacity of the grab

is ca. 17 m3 (22 c.y.), the maximum liftspeed is ca. 120 m/min

094 ft/min).

The total installed power is 2942 kW (4000 hp).

We estimated the production during our visit to be ca. 1000-1200 m3/hr

(1300-1600 c.y./hr).

The spoil is transported in large split barges of 2500 m3 (3270 c.y.),

which are equipped with an extra hinge at the middle of the hopper,

necessary to meet the stiffness requirements of the construction

of the vesse I .

- 19 -



- 20 -

The "G.L.54" ~oading a hopper barge~ (Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Compo J.

2.2.6 A dipper dredger of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company

in Morgan City, Louisiana.

A very large dipper dredger of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company

was in Morgan City, Louisiana,for repair and maintenance after a

period spent dredging rock in Dubai.

The capacity of the bucket was max. 12 m3 (15,7 c.y.) and the maximum

dredg ing depth was ca. 15 m (50 ft).

The steel construction of the boom and some other parts of this old

dipper dredger consisted of rivetted sections.



This boom must be of a very heavy construction owing to the very

great breakout forces on the bucket.

In general dippers, I ike backhoe dredgers, are used for very heavy

work, especially in boulder clay and fragmented rock.

A dipperdredge of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company.

- 21 -



- 22 -

2.3 The shipbuilders

2.3.1 Introduction

The basic philosophy behind the design of American dredgers differs

on at least one point from the European one.

Most of the dredgers are designed around standard power units

(for pump drives, cutter drives etc.), while in Europe these drives

are more or less adapted to the requirements of the customer, especially

for the larger dredgers.

This means that in America the drives are delivered by the suppliers

out of stock.

In Europe, however, the drives are often designed or adapted for a

particular ship so that, in view of the many possible modifications

which may be called for, it is more expensive to keep them in stock.

American dredgers are also usually built for the American market

with the result tha.t, in view of the general shallowness of American

waterw'ays, it is mainly small and medium .sized vessels which are built.

Of the five American shipyards visited Dredge Masters International

and American Marine & Machinery Co. Inc. concentrated strongly on

the dredging industr~ their principal roducts being demountable

cutter suction dredgers.

Ellicott Machine Cor 0 rnati wi mining

equipment and a s ast.andard·series ()fdE~m()urttalble

cutter suction dre rs and suction dredgers ich are equipped

with the Ellicott dredg el.

In addition Ell icott also produces custom built dustpan dredgers,

grab cranes on pontoons, backhoe dredgers and trail ing suction

hopper dredgers.



Southern Shipbuilding Corporation is a typical example of

American private enterprise.

Thi s company has emerged as a pioneer in the building of a new

gene rat ion of Amer i can trai 1ing suct ion hoppe r dredge rs, the

IIManhat tan Is land ll class. These vessels are of functional

construction, with modern equipment.

Finally Avondale Shipyards has one of the largest yards in the

U.S.A., with the characteristics of a major company, it is able

to del iver vessels of the highest technical qual ity (the IIWheeler ll).

2.3.2 Avondale Shipyards, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Avondale Shipyards is one of the largest shipyards in the U.S.A.

Since 1938 more than 2300 vessels have been built by this company.

Avondale builds many types of ships and is also very active in the

offshore field, building drill ing rigs, production platforms and

tanker jetties for the open sea.

The yard is part of the Ogden Corporation. It is a non-union concern,

there are no trade unions in the yard.

Other points worthy of note are that the yard has its own foundry

and that much of the building is done in sections, the maximum weight

per section being about 2500 tons.

The iiWheelerii for example was built in 88 sections. In this sectionai

building, pipelines, pumps etc., are installed before the sections

are assembled.

A number of trail ing suction hopper dredgers have been built by

Avondale Shipyards. These include the "Eagle I", the ""'-'heeler" and

the "Stuyvesant".

The "Eagle III has already been delivered by the time of our visit.

It was built for the Eagle Dredging Company and, with a hopper capacity

of 4820 m3 (6304 c.y.), it is one of the worlds largest seegoing

split hull trailing suction hopper dredgers.

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The IIWheeler has been commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of

Eng ineers.

An unusual technical feature is the third suction arm, which is

located in acentre4Nell in the hopper and is intended for

agitation dredging. It is one ~f the worlds largest trai 1ing suction

hopper dredgers with a hopper capacity of 6423 m3 (8400 c.y.).

The IIStuyvesant ll was built for the Stuyvesant Dredging Company and

is kept in commission by Wi 11 iams-McWi 11 iams.

It is also one of the worlds largest trail ing suction hopper dredgers,

with a hopper capacity of 6735 m3 (8809 c.y.).

Both the IIWheeler l1 and the IIEagle III were designed by D,.T.C. and

in addition D.T.C. has supplied the principle dredge components,

hull hinges and service installations for the IIEagle III.

2.3.3 Southern Shipbuilding Corporation Slidell, louisiana.

This yard has been in existence since 1957, being preceded by the

Conulet Shipyard established in 1918.3 2The extent of the yard is 240.10 m (60 acres) and employs about

350 men.

Southern Shipbuilding Corporation specialises in repair, but is also

moving into other markets.

Flat barges, push boats and tugsand split hull trailing suction

hopper dredgers are built.

Since 1975 Southern Shipbuilding Corporation, a pioneer in the

development of large split hopper systems, has delivered three split

hull trailing suction hopper dredgers of the IIManhattan Island ll class,

while the fourth, the "Padre Island ll 'has under construction, at the

time of our vi sit.

These vesse 1s were a 11 comm i ss ioned by NATCO.



The succes of these vessels is illustrated by the fact that NATCO

can submit a lower tender for maintenance work in the approach

channel to the port of Savannah by the "Manhattan Island l' than the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers can give with the much larger

"Essayons".

An unusual feature of the method of building these vessels is that

parts of them are bui It upside-dovm. This 'greatly facil itates the

welding process and is a building method based on the experience gained

in the construction of tugs in this way.

This is possible because the ships are bui It in sections.

A 1imitation is the hoisting capacity of the yard which has one

movable crane of 50 tons and one floating crane of 350 tons capacity.

The hopper of the "Padre Island", (Southern Shipbuilding Corporation).

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The "Padre Island ll was being built in six sections, two centre

sections which form the hopper, two bow sections and two stern sections.

The deckhouse weighs 200 tons and was also being buiJt by Southern

Shipbuilding Corporation.

The split system consists of two hinges and four hydraulic cylinders

with a range of 4.8 m (16 ft).

This gives a maximum opening angle of 2 times 16 degrees which can

be reached in 20 seconds.

The weight is distributed in such a way that the loaded hopper will

open itself, while the unladen hopper will close itself.

Hbrizontal bending moments cause the ship to bend open and these

partly deform the closing beams.

The sealing is achieved by a heavy rubber profile.

The hinges are of a very heavy construction to take up the forces

which might develop in the longitudinal axis as a result of colI ision

or going aground.

The ships of the "Manhattan Island" class have a completely automated

engine room, which places them amongst the most modern types.

The "Padre Island", the building of which took about one year,was completed in September 1981.

2.3.4 American Marine & Machinery Co. Inc., Nashville, Tennessee.

A.M.M.Co. produces demountable cutter suction dredgers which can

be delivered in various sizes.

In addition to the cutter suction dr~4gers, A.M.M.Co. also builds

work boats for the dredging industry.

These tenders are propelled by hydrojets.

The company has been engaged in the bui lding of dredgers for 21 years.

At present there is a staff of 80 men, 40 of whom work in the

production while two or three are concerned with the engineering.

The turnover is $ 6-7 m per annum. About 20 units are produced every

year, more than 70% of these being exported.



To ensure that the company can remain in production it is necessary

that at least one large vessel should be delivered each year.

The price of the smallest type of dredger is.$> 210000 and the

1a rg es t $ 5 m.

The smallest cutter suction dredger has 85 kW(115 hp)and a

discharge line with a diameter of 150 mm (6 inch), giving a

production of 78 m3/hr (102 c.y./hr).

The largest cutter suction dredger has 4192 kW (5700 hpJ and a

discharge line with a diameter of 680 mm (27 inch) and delivers

a maximum product ion of 2340 m3/hr (3060 c.y./hr).

It was not clear for what types of material and depth these

production figures were val id.

2.3.5 Dredge Maste rs 1nternat j ona 1, Hende rsonv i lIe, Tennes see.

D.M. I. was established by Don Killom and Don B. King in 1973.

The company is a daughter of Valley Industries Inc., St. Louis,

Mis sou r i .

D.M.I. grew very rapidly and is now an importah~ producer of

cutter suction dredgers and components for the dredging industry.

The cutter suction dredgers are in use in 25 countries throughout

the world.

The work force in Hendersonvil Ie now totals 150 men, working in

two sh ifts, six days per week.

The works has an area of 160.103 m2 (40 acres)., very advantageously

positioned in relation to road, rail and water transport.

The turnover of D.M. I. was $ 7.75 m in 1980 and-is expected to reach

$ 17-18m i n 1981 .

To achieve this, the production staff has bee~more than doubled

and the production capacity increased by the extension of the

machine shops and crane facilities.

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It has been real ised that it is very important for a manufacturer

of dredging equipment to be able to deliver spare parts quickly,

so a good stock is held.

In 1980 D.M. I. took over the Dixie Dredge Corporation.

Dixie Dredge produces cutter suction dredgers of standard design

and was one of the pioneers in this field.

It is remarkable that a growing company such as D.M'.I. does not

have a research department though it does co-operate in research

by Texas A. & M. University and other organisations.

D.M. I. has five series of cutter section dredgers on the market,

the "Mudmaster ll being unusual in that it has a ladder on which all

main machinery is mounted.

The ladder therefore runs past its bearings through to the rear.

For this reason the dredge does not need a centre hull.

The power unit is mounted on the rear section of the ladder, while

the underwater pump and the cutter installation are forward.

The raising and lowering of the ladder is accomplished by the use

of hydraulic cylinders. All the cutter suction dredgers built by

D.M.I. are equipped with Hydromaster pumps.

The Hydromaster pumps are also used in the mining and coal

processing industry to pump fly-ash and for various proces~es in the

paper industry.

The pumps were developed by D.M.I ~ in co-operation with Georgia Iron

Works and Mobile Pulley & Machine Works.

The pumps are tested at the hydraulic laboratory of Georgia Iron Works.

2.3.6 Ellicott, Ba.ltimore, Maryland.

The company was founded by Charles E. Ellicott in 1885 and the first

complete dredger, the IIS an Pedro", was built in 1904 and continued

in service for 50 years. Ellicott dredge~s were used during the

excavation of the Panama Canal and on maintenance work in the Suez

Canal as well as many other projects.



Up to date ca. 1000 dredgers have been delivered by the company,

600 of these being spread throughout the world.

About 225 men are employed by Ell icott in Baltimore, ca. 100 of them

on production and the rest in office work.

It is noteworthy that the control of stock, production and staff

and general administration has been fully computerised, while the

production machinery is somewhat dated.

In addition to a great number of cutter suction dredgers, Ell icott

also produces other types of dredgers such as dustpan dredgers, grab

cranes on pontoons, backhoe dredgers, trai ling suction hopper

dredgers and the dredge wheel.

Since Ell icott has no slipwa~ it is necessary to hire one for the

assembly of the vessels.

The dredge wheel has proved to be a great success for Ellicott,

especially owing to the alluvial mining industry in the U.S.A.,

for which it has particular advantages.

The use of the dredge wheel makes possible the achievement of the

same production in both cutting directions and the cutting power

is 2-3 times greater than that of a cutterhead with the same power

consumpt ion.

There is 1 ittle spillage and the cutting angle of the buckets is

not influenced by the angle of the ladder.

If a bucket wheel is to be mounted onto a standard suct ion

dredger it is necessary to strengthen the spudpole construction

and to use a spudpole carriage as the greater cutting force must

be absorbed by the spuds.

To secure good production it is essential to have a very accurately

designed spud system.

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The present market, 20% dredging and 80% mining, does not have

much interest in the increasing of production ~ the application

of new technical developments.

Little research is done by Ellicott, their production development

being largely the result of feedback from the industry.

A result of this is a conservative product of high quality.

Ellicott stands a good change of international success with the

series of demountable cutter suction dredgers and the new dredge

wheel.

An Ellicott cutter suction dredger.



2.4 Dredge Components

2.4.1 Introduction

An important characteristic of many of the components such

as pumps, trail ing suction heads, cutter heads and pipelines,

used in the dredging industry, is that they" are subjected

to very great abrasion when cutting or transporting soil mixtures.

To combat this heavy wear it is necessary to use very wear

resistent material in their fabrication. This leads to the production

of very hard components which are difficult to machine.

For this reason an attempt is made to produce castings to such

a degree of accuracy that very I ittle subsequent working is

requ ired.

Often hardening techniques are used, weld-on methods are developed

and there is a close control on the composition of the materials

used.

The Americans are in the forefront in the field of wear-resistant

materials as illustrated by the example of their replaceable

cutter teeth for cutter-heads.

A visit was made to three companies of about the same size,

(ca. 300-350 personnel), each of which specialised in a specific

product. Georgia Iron Works concentrates on dredge pumps, Mobile

Pulley in the same field, but specialising in bal I-joints and

Florida Machine & Foundry on cutter heads and replaceable teeth.

A possible boundary condition which may face a contractor during

a specific work may be that the area in question is heavily

forested so that before the dredging activities can commence

it is necessary to remove the trees. For this specialised work

earthmoving machinery fitted with special ancillary equipment is used.

An important manufacturer of this equipment is Fleco, a subdivision

of F.M.F.

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. 2 Dredge pumps of Georgia Iron Works, Grovetown, Georgia .

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Georgia Iron Works in Grovetown produces cast iron components

for the dredging industry, but even more for the mining industry

In addition to having a very modern foundry the company has a

spacious laboratory for research into pumps. This distinguishes the

G.I.W.from other pump manufacturers in America and Europe.

The largest castings weigh ca. 15 tons, which is comparable to

those produced in Europe.

As stated, the most important product of G.I.W. is the pump,

which is suitable for the transport of mixtures.

The necessary wear-resistance of the cast iron is achieved by

the special, closely control led composition of the charges and

the retention of great hardness. The hardening process involves

submersion in 1iquid nitrogen, after anneal ing by means of which

the hardness can be increased up to ca. 450-650 HB.

The casting can then sti 11 be machined by grinding. Hardness,

however is not the only requirement for a good product. It is

the optimum relationship between toughness and hardness which

produces a casting which will withstand the conditions encountered

i n p rac t i ce .

An attempt is being made to produce castings with ball shaped

carbide crystals in a martensitic structure. The carbides increase

the hardness, whi Ie the rounded form reduces the brittleness

so that the material is tougher.

Though Georgia Iron Works concentrates on standard pumps, special

models can be designed in co-operation with the customer.

2.4.3 Ball-joints of Mobile Pul ley & Machine Works, Mobile, Alabama.

Mobile Pulley & Machine Works has the capacity to produce very

heavy castings of up to ca. 23 tons. Though this permits the

production of very large dredge pumps, the most important product

of M.P.M. is the ball-joint and this commands a major part of the

worl d ma rket.



For the good functioning of a ball-joint, in to great

strength and wear-resistance, the most import is very

low friction between the ball and the socket he moveable joint.

For this reason the ball surfaces are worked in a special way.

The ball is first turned on a specially adapte.d lathe after which,

by mean 5 of a ro 11i ng prace 55 pa ra 11 e 1 to the gr00ves produced

during the machining, the hardness is incre'aseo by strengthening

the surface of the material. This alsb produces a smo&th surface.

The rewelding of worn pumps could also be observed at the M.P. I.

works. For a pump casing of medium size this process took about

one week. The process was effected by the use of a number of

rotating welding heads by means of which continuous welding

could be achieved.

In split pump casings the halves were bolted tog~ther and

provided with a wear layer of equal thickness throughout.

After the removal of the bolts the halves were separated

again by allowing the pump to fall from a suitible height.

Additional products of the M.P.H. are the winches used for the

ladder and spudpoles of suction dredgers.

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2.4.4 Cutter heads of Florida Machine & Foundry, Jacksonville, Florida.

Florida Machine & Foundry is above all specialised in the production

of cutter heads and replaceable teeth for cutter suction dredgers.

Together with ESCO, F .M.F. is the biggest supplier in the world

in this field.

The largest cutter heads of F.M.F. weigh ca. 32 tons and comprise

a variable numLer of blades, a ring and a hub. The heaviest castings

weigh ca. 4.5 tons.

The various components are connected to each other by the application

of the IIThermit l1 welding process. During this process a special

material is introduced into the enclosed space between the parts,

after which an exothermal reaction leads to the melting of this

material. The advantage of this process is that the properties

of the weld are comparable to those of the casting.

The connection between the blades and the hub is one of the most

heavily loaded parts of the cutter head.

In the design of the cutter heads used for cutting rock, in which

extremely heavy loads are encountered, a safety factor of between

a minimum of 5.7 and a maximum of 9.8 is applied by the F.M.F.

These figures do give some indication of the nature of pulsating

load, but as yet there is insufficient knowledge of the cutting

process to permit a more refined design.

The calculations of strength are based on conventional methods,

by which great simplifications have to be made.

The finite-element method is considered too expensive.



With regard to the hardness and weldability of the various components

F.M.F. gives the fol lowing:

- blades: 140-180 HB, welding quality good

- adapter: ca. 300 HB, reasonable to good welding quality

- teeth: 440-550 HB, almost un-weldable.

F.M.F. constructs many Ilcustom built ll cutter heads. The form of

the standard cutter-heads, the so called 'Isl ope arc" should lead

to a more even wear pattern.

A blade of a cutter-head in the mould.. (F.M. F.).

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2.4.5 Deforestation equipment of Fleco. Jacksonville. Florida.

Fleco is a subdivision of Florida Machine & Foundry. The firm

has specialised in the production of equipment for the machinery

used in deforestation and supplies much of this equlpment to

Caterpillar. The most important products include: a variety of

rakes. v-tree cutters, tree pushers and root ploughs.

An obvious piece of equipment is the millyard fork, which in

addition to being used for the removal of trees, can be used to

handle pipes in a spoil discharge area.

Trees and parts of trees such as roots. can be a great hindrance

during some dredging operations lncluding both dredging in cut

and dredging infil!. An example of this is the work in mangrove swamps.

A millyard fork~ (Fleco).



3. Research and Development

3.1 Introduction

In the U.S.A. large scale research in the field of dredging is

carried out by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at the U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg and the Coastal

Engineering kesearch Centre at Fort Belvoi r.

These two research centres carry out work simi lar in nature to

that done by the Delft Hydraul ics Laboratory, the major difference

being that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has a military structure,

while the Delft Hydraul ics Laboratory is a civil ian organisation.

In the private sector the Georgia Iron works hydraulic Laboratory,

where experimental work on hydraul ic transport and on the testing

of dredge pumps is possible, plays a prominent part in research.

3.2 The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,

Mis sis s ipp i .

The research centre at Vicksburg was established after the

Mississippi flood of 1929, its original purpose being to study

and, if possible, improve the course flow regime of the Mississippi

rive r.

After 1935 a number of facilities, such as the geotechnical and

env i ronmenta 1 1abo rato r i es we re added.

Although the organisation is military, both civi lian and army

engineers work in the "Department Military Projects ll•

This department carries out research for government projects,

but not for private industry.

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The most important function of the "Experiment Station" is research

into means of maintenance and possible improvement of the water

ways in the U.S.A.

During wartime research is di rected towards mi I itary objectives.

The budget for civil ian projects is $ 50 m, as against $ 25 m

for mi I itary research. The aim of the environmental laboratory

is_to investigate the effects of mans activities upon the environment,

for example the effects of the discharge of dredge spoil upon

the ecology.

The mi litary research is directed towards the influence of the

terrain upon forms of transport and on camouflage.

An attempt is made to maintain a balance between 'Itrouble shooting 'l

and fundamental research.

The budget of the environmental laboratory is $ 2 m per annum.

One of the projects of the Dredging Operations sections is a study

of the effects on the environment of the discharge of dredge spoil,

as the disposal of the very large volume of spoil produced each

year is a major problem.

Methods are being sought whereby the spoil can be deposited as

efficiently as possible. In this connection the effects on sedimentation

of the chemicals which are added to the spoi I are being studied.

The problem which arises is the disposal of the transport water

which has been polluted by these chemicals.

A model of the navigational channel from Cape Fear to Wilmington N.C.

(25 miles), where there is a marine base, has been bui It.

3 mill ion cubic yards must be dredged annually and this model

will be used to study the influence of the tides upon silt transport.

In this model velocity, sal inity and si It transport can te measured.



A modeZ of the navigation channeZ from Cape Fear to WiZmington N.C.

A model of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway has enabled the location

of the various locks and dams to be determined.

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3.3 The Hydraulic Laboratory of Georgia Iron Works, Grovetown, Georgia.

The Hydraulic Laboratory of the Georgia Iron Works was founded

five years ago for the purpose of measurement and research into

pumps and pipelines. The research is often done in co-operation

with other companies, for example the testing of doppler velocity

meters for Leeds & Notthrop Co.

In co-operation with Augusta College and well known research

scientists such as Prof. K.C. Wilson, annual courses on hydraulic

transport are organised.

These are intended for the designers of pipelines for the transport

of spo i 1.

The present faci 1ities include pipel ines of 76 mm (3 inch), 102 mm

(4 inch), 152 mm (6 inch), 203 mm (8 inch) and 457 mm (18 inch)

ttl i ameter for spoi 1 transport.

A 25 I'll (83 ft) vertical se~tion, for the measurement of the

resistance during the vert~al transport of manganese nodules

is included in the 203 mm (8 inch) pipeline.

All the pipeline systems have a radioactive concentration meter,

an electro-magnetic velocity meter and a doppler velocity meter.

Testing a pump with water takes 20 minutes while a test with

a sand/water mixture lasts 10 hours.

The aim is to achieve a stationary flow in the transport of the

mixture. The increasing price of energy makes it necessary to

achieve an increasing efficiency of the pumps, which explains

the interest in these experiments.



4. Excavation by the use of heavy Earth Moving Equipment.

4.1 Int roduct i on

The biggest civil engineering project in America at present is

the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. This connection between the

Tennessee River and the Tombigbee River wi'll link ca. 25.750 km

(16000 miles) of navigable inland waterways with the ports on

the Gulf of Mexico.

Because of the boundary conditions imposed by environmental and

technical considerations the major part of the wOrk is being

done by means of the use of heavy earth moving equipment rather

than by dredging.

Although the original plans are much older. the project was

started only in 1972, partly as a result of delays caused by

protests by envi ronmental ists.

According to the official plans the 373 km (232 miles) long canal

should be completed in 1986. In fact the work is 18 months in

advance of schedule and it is anticipated that the canal will

be opened to navigation during 1984.

The total cost of the project is estimated at ca. $ 1,814.106

(1979 prices).

4.2 Description of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi.

the tennessee-Tomb igbee Waterway can be d.i v i ded i hto three

sections:- River Section

- Canal Section

- Divide Section

The most important features of each section are described in the

following:

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4 .2. 1 Rive r Se ct ion

A navigable channal of ca. 2.7 m (9 ft) deep and 91.4 m (300 ft)

wide is being dredged over a distance of 238 km (148 miles).

This canal runs from Demopolis, Alabama, to Amory, Missouri.

There are four locks and dams in this section. (Gainsville, Aliceville,

Columbus and Aberdeen). These can accommodate a difference in

height of ca. 35.7 m (117 ft).

At the time of our visit the Aberdeen lock and dam was almost

complete and as the construction pit was still dry the Ilunderwater"

construction work was still visible.

The lock chambe'rs are ca. 183 m (600 ft) long and 33.5 m (110 ft)

wide and wi I I accommodate a push tug with six barges. The lock

cycle is ca. 20 minutes.

The Columbus lock and dam was 99% ready and was already in use

for nav igat ion.

A special feature of the construction was the treatment of the

Lutew Clay, which was not only di.fficult to excavate but also

presented problems in relation to consol idation.

Columbus lock and dam.



4.2.2 Canal Section

Between Amory, Mississippi and Bay Springs, Tennessee, a canal

is being excavated by means of the use of heavy earth moving

equipment. This canal is ca. 71 km (44 miles) long and 91.4 m

(300 ft) wide and has five locks, (A,B,C,D and E), which together

accommodate a total difference in height of 42.7 m (140 ft).

Lock A.

4.2.3 Divide Section

Thi s section is one of the largest, 114.8.106 m3 (150.106 c.y.),

must be excavated,which is almost half the total amount which

must be moved during the work on the project and this wi 11 be

accompl ished by means of the use of heavy earth moving equipment.

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In this section (Divide Cut) the canal is ca. 85.3 m (280 ft)

and 3.7 m (12 ft) deep. At Bay Springs a lock and dam accommodating

a difference in height of 25.6 m (84 ft) is under construction.

This lock differs from the 9 others with regard to the difference

in height.

Bay Springs lock and dam.



4.3 Earth moving equipment used

In addition to the usual heavy earth moving equipment, such

as for example scrapers, bulldozers, shovels and dump trucks

of very large capacity, a special piece of equipment, the

"Holland Loader l' , is in use.

The "Holland Loader 'l is pulled and/or pushed by two Caterpillar

bulldozers and makes a lengthwise cut while the material excavated

is transported into a dumptruck driving alongside by means of a

conveyor belt. The dumptruck then disposes of its load.

Three "Holland Loaders" are in operation in the Divide Section.

These can each attain a production of ca. 2754 m3/hr (3600 c.y./hr),

which is comparable to the production of a medium sized cutter

suction dredger.

The "Bolland Loader".

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5. Environmental Aspects

Owing to the influence of environmental pressure groups a number

of environmental and dumping laws have been formulated, which

have contributed to the failure of a number of dredging companies.

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that an

HEnv i ronmenta 1 Impact Statement ll shoul d be prepared for every

project.

In this statement consideration must be given to following

environmental aspects:

- The effect of the proposed action upon the environment.

- The unavoidable unfavourable effects which the work wil 1 have on

the environment, during the period while work is in progress.

- The irreversible effects which the proposed action will have

on the natural environment.

- The relation between the short term effects on the environment

and the long term value of the proposed action.

- Possible alternatives to the paction.

The NEPA also provides a possibi lity to de ay a project for a

long period if there are fundamental environmental objections

to it. Work can only be commenced when all the conditions of

the NEPA have been satisfied. This means t in 0 ~ to meet

the requirements of the NEPA time consuming preliminary

is necessary

A number of other environmental and dumping laws exist, including

the IIFish and Wildlife Co-ordination Act", which requires that

before dredging activities can commence, the IIFish and Wildlife

Service ll must be consulted. The IIWater Pollution Control Act

Amendments ll, the IlMar i ne Protect ion 'Research & Sanctua ri es ll and

the "Ocean Dumping Act ll stipulate that only after a public

hearing, can permission be given for the discharge of dredge spoil

in navigable waterways, on spoi 1 s a.



Much administrative work is entailed in order to meet the requirements

of all these laws and the establ ishment of criteria relating to

the discharge of material into inland waters or the open sea is

by no means simple.

One such criterion has been established as a result of an agreement

between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Environmenta~

Protection Agency.

This specifies that the dredge spoil is not a pollutant when it

consists in the main of sand and gravel of a natural composition

and when the water in the neighbourhood of the discharge site

is suitable for fish, shellfish etc.



Bibliography Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema 1980-2010

1. Koert, P. & Miedema, S.A., "Report on the field excursion to the USA April 1981" (PDF in Dutch 27.2 MB). Delft University of Technology, 1981, 48 pages.

2. Miedema, S.A., "The flow of dredged slurry in and out hoppers and the settlement process in hoppers" (PDF in Dutch 37 MB). ScO/81/105, Delft University of Technology, 1981, 147 pages.

3. Miedema, S.A., "The soil reaction forces on a crown cutterhead on a swell compensated ladder" (PDF in Dutch 19 MB). LaO/81/97, Delft University of Technology, 1981, 36 pages.

4. Miedema, S.A., "Computer program for the determination of the reaction forces on a cutterhead, resulting from the motions of the cutterhead" (PDF in Dutch 11 MB). Delft Hydraulics, 1981, 82 pages.

5. Miedema, S.A. "The mathematical modeling of the soil reaction forces on a cutterhead and the development of the computer program DREDMO" (PDF in Dutch 25 MB). CO/82/125, Delft University of Technology, 1982, with appendices 600 pages.

6. Miedema, S.A.,"The Interaction between Cutterhead and Soil at Sea" (In Dutch). Proc. Dredging Day November 19th, Delft University of Technology 1982.

7. Miedema, S.A., "A comparison of an underwater centrifugal pump and an ejector pump" (PDF in Dutch 3.2 MB). Delft University of Technology, 1982, 18 pages.

8. Miedema, S.A., "Computer simulation of Dredging Vessels" (In Dutch). De Ingenieur, Dec. 1983. (Kivi/Misset).

9. Koning, J. de, Miedema, S.A., & Zwartbol, A., "Soil/Cutterhead Interaction under Wave Conditions (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 1 MB)". Proc. WODCON X, Singapore 1983.

10. Miedema, S.A. "Basic design of a swell compensated cutter suction dredge with axial and radial compensation on the cutterhead" (PDF in Dutch 20 MB). CO/82/134, Delft University of Technology, 1983, 64 pages.

11. Miedema, S.A., "Design of a seagoing cutter suction dredge with a swell compensated ladder" (PDF in Dutch 27 MB). IO/83/107, Delft University of Technology, 1983, 51 pages.

12. Miedema, S.A., "Mathematical Modeling of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge" (In Dutch). Published: The Hague, 18-9-1984, KIVI Lectures, Section Under Water Technology.

13. Miedema, S.A., "The Cutting of Densely Compacted Sand under Water (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 575 kB)". Terra et Aqua No. 28, October 1984 pp. 4-10.

14. Miedema, S.A., "Longitudinal and Transverse Swell Compensation of a Cutter Suction Dredge" (In Dutch). Proc. Dredging Day November 9th 1984, Delft University of Technology 1984.

15. Miedema, S.A., "Compensation of Velocity Variations". Patent application no. 8403418, Hydromeer B.V. Oosterhout, 1984.

16. Miedema, S.A., "Mathematical Modeling of the Cutting of Densely Compacted Sand Under Water". Dredging & Port Construction, July 1985, pp. 22-26.

17. Miedema, S.A., "Derivation of the Differential Equation for Sand Pore Pressures". Dredging & Port Construction, September 1985, pp. 35.

18. Miedema, S.A., "The Application of a Cutting Theory on a Dredging Wheel (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 745 kB)". Proc. WODCON XI, Brighton 1986.

19. Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1980_1983_MSc/Excursie/Report%20on%20field%20excursion%20to%20the%20U.S.A.%20April%201981.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1980_1983_MSc/Sc081103/Sc081103.pdf

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http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1983_Wodcon_10/wodcon_10.htm


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http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1985_DPC_Modelling/1985_DPC_MATHEMATICAL%20MODELLING.pdf

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http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1985_DPC_Derivation/1985_DPC_Derivation.pdf


http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1986_Wodcon_11/1986_Wodcon11_Brighton.pdf

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http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1986_DPC_Soil%20Cutting/1986_DPC_Underwater%20Soil%20Cutting.pdf

20. Miedema, S.A., "The cutting of water saturated sand, laboratory research" (In Dutch). Delft University of Technology, 1986, 17 pages.

21. Miedema, S.A., "The forces on a trenching wheel, a feasibility study" (In Dutch). Delft, 1986, 57 pages + software.

22. Miedema, S.A., "The translation and restructuring of the computer program DREDMO from ALGOL to FORTRAN" (In Dutch). Delft Hydraulics, 1986, 150 pages + software.

23. Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Cutting Forces when Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 16 MB)". Basic Theory and Applications for 3-D Blade Movements and Periodically Varying Velocities for, in Dredging Commonly used Excavating Means. Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, September 15th 1987.

24. Bakker, A. & Miedema, S.A., "The Specific Energy of the Dredging Process of a Grab Dredge". Delft University of Technology, 1988, 30 pages.

25. Miedema, S.A., "On the Cutting Forces in Saturated Sand of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.5 MB)". Proc. WODCON XII, Orlando, Florida, USA, April 1989. This paper was given the IADC Award for the best technical paper on the subject of dredging in 1989.

26. Miedema, S.A., "The development of equipment for the determination of the wear on pick-points" (In Dutch). Delft University of Technology, 1990, 30 pages (90.3.GV.2749, BAGT 462).

27. Miedema, S.A., "Excavating Bulk Materials" (In Dutch). Syllabus PATO course, 1989 & 1991, PATO The Hague, The Netherlands.

28. Miedema, S.A., "On the Cutting Forces in Saturated Sand of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.5 MB)". Terra et Aqua No. 41, December 1989, Elseviers Scientific Publishers.

29. Miedema, S.A., "New Developments of Cutting Theories with respect to Dredging, the Cutting of Clay (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 640 kB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992.

30. Davids, S.W. & Koning, J. de & Miedema, S.A. & Rosenbrand, W.F., "Encapsulation: A New Method for the Disposal of Contaminated Sediment, a Feasibility Study (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 3MB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992.

31. Miedema, S.A. & Journee, J.M.J. & Schuurmans, S., "On the Motions of a Seagoing Cutter Dredge, a Study in Continuity (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 396 kB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992.

32. Becker, S. & Miedema, S.A. & Jong, P.S. de & Wittekoek, S., "On the Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges in Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1 MB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992. This paper was given the IADC Award for the best technical paper on the subject of dredging in 1992.

33. Becker, S. & Miedema, S.A. & Jong, P.S. de & Wittekoek, S., "The Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges in Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1 MB)". Terra et Aqua No. 49, September 1992, IADC, The Hague.

34. Miedema, S.A., "Modeling and Simulation of Dredging Processes and Systems". Symposium "Zicht op Baggerprocessen", Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 29 October 1992.

35. Miedema, S.A., "Dredmo User Interface, Operators Manual". Report: 92.3.GV.2995. Delft University of Technology, 1992, 77 pages.

36. Miedema, S.A., "Inleiding Mechatronica, college WBM202" Delft University of Technology, 1992.

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1986_Cutting_Tests/863GV2100.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1987_Dissertation/Dissertation.htm

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http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1988_Clamshell/883GV2439.pdf

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37. Miedema, S.A. & Becker, S., "The Use of Modeling and Simulation in the Dredging Industry, in Particular the Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges", CEDA Dredging Days 1993, Amsterdam, Holland, 1993.

38. Miedema, S.A., "On the Snow-Plough Effect when Cutting Water Saturated Sand with Inclined Straight Blades (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 503 kB)". ASCE Proc. Dredging 94, Orlando, Florida, USA, November 1994. Additional Measurement Graphs. (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 209 kB).

39. Riet, E. van, Matousek, V. & Miedema, S.A., "A Reconstruction of and Sensitivity Analysis on the Wilson Model for Hydraulic Particle Transport (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 50 kB)". Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Transport and Sedimentation of Solid Particles, 24-26 January 1995, Prague, Czech Republic.

40. Vlasblom, W.J. & Miedema, S.A., "A Theory for Determining Sedimentation and Overflow Losses in Hoppers (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 304 kB)". Proc. WODCON IV, November 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995.

41. Miedema, S.A., "Production Estimation Based on Cutting Theories for Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 423 kB)". Proc. WODCON IV, November 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995. Additional Specific Energy and Production Graphs. (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 145 kB).

42. Riet, E.J. van, Matousek, V. & Miedema, S.A., "A Theoretical Description and Numerical Sensitivity Analysis on Wilson's Model for Hydraulic Transport in Pipelines (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 50 kB)". Journal of Hydrology & Hydromechanics, Slovak Ac. of Science, Bratislava, June 1996.

43. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "Theory for Hopper Sedimentation (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 304 kB)". 29th Annual Texas A&M Dredging Seminar. New Orleans, June 1996.

44. Miedema, S.A., "Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of a Pump/Pipeline System (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 318 kB)". 17th Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association. New Orleans, June 1996.

45. Miedema, S.A., "Education of Mechanical Engineering, an Integral Vision". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1997 (in Dutch).

46. Miedema, S.A., "Educational Policy and Implementation 1998-2003 (versions 1998, 1999 and 2000) (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF_File 195 kB)". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1998, 1999 and 2000 (in Dutch).

47. Keulen, H. van & Miedema, S.A. & Werff, K. van der, "Redesigning the curriculum of the first three years of the mechanical engineering curriculum". Proceedings of the International Seminar on Design in Engineering Education, SEFI-Document no.21, page 122, ISBN 2-87352-024-8, Editors: V. John & K. Lassithiotakis, Odense, 22-24 October 1998.

48. Miedema, S.A. & Klein Woud, H.K.W. & van Bemmel, N.J. & Nijveld, D., "Self Assesment Educational Programme Mechanical Engineering (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 400 kB)". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1999.

49. Van Dijk, J.A. & Miedema, S.A. & Bout, G., "Curriculum Development Mechanical Engineering". MHO 5/CTU/DUT/Civil Engineering. Cantho University Vietnam, CICAT Delft, April 1999.

50. Miedema, S.A., "Considerations in building and using dredge simulators (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 296 kB)". Texas A&M 31st Annual Dredging Seminar. Louisville Kentucky, May 16-18, 1999.

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/1993_CEDA/1993_CEDA_The%20Use%20Of%20Modelling%20And%20Simulation%20In%20The%20Dredging%20Industry%20In%20Particular%20The%20Closing%20Process%20Of%20Clamshell%20Dredges..pdf

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51. Miedema, S.A., "Considerations on limits of dredging processes (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 523 kB)". 19th Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association. Louisville Kentucky, May 16-18, 1999.

52. Miedema, S.A. & Ruijtenbeek, M.G. v.d., "Quality management in reality", "Kwaliteitszorg in de praktijk". AKO conference on quality management in education. Delft University of Technology, November 3rd 1999.

53. Miedema, S.A., "Curriculum Development Mechanical Engineering (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 4 MB)". MHO 5-6/CTU/DUT. Cantho University Vietnam, CICAT Delft, Mission October 1999.

54. Vlasblom, W.J., Miedema, S.A., Ni, F., "Course Development on Topic 5: Dredging Technology, Dredging Equipment and Dredging Processes". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft July 2000.

55. Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., Bian, X., "Course Development on Topic 5: Dredging Technology, Power Drives, Instrumentation and Automation". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft July 2000.

56. Randall, R. & Jong, P. de & Miedema, S.A., "Experience with cutter suction dredge simulator training (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.1 MB)". Texas A&M 32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000.

57. Miedema, S.A., "The modelling of the swing winches of a cutter dredge in relation with simulators (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 814 kB)". Texas A&M 32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000.

58. Hofstra, C. & Hemmen, A. van & Miedema, S.A. & Hulsteyn, J. van, "Describing the position of backhoe dredges (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 257 kB)". Texas A&M 32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000.

59. Miedema, S.A., "Automation of a Cutter Dredge, Applied to the Dynamic Behaviour of a Pump/Pipeline System (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 254 kB)". Proc. WODCON VI, April 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2001.

60. Heggeler, O.W.J. ten, Vercruysse, P.M., Miedema, S.A., "On the Motions of Suction Pipe Constructions a Dynamic Analysis (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 110 kB)". Proc. WODCON VI, April 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2001.

61. Miedema, S.A. & Zhao Yi, "An Analytical Method of Pore Pressure Calculations when Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 2.2 MB)". Texas A&M 33nd Annual Dredging Seminar, June 2001, Houston, USA 2001.

62. Miedema, S.A., "A Numerical Method of Calculating the Dynamic Behaviour of Hydraulic Transport (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 246 kB)". 21st Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association, June 2001, Houston, USA 2001.

63. Zhao Yi, & Miedema, S.A., "Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4.8 MB)". CEDA Dredging Day 2001, November 2001, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

64. Miedema, S.A., "Mission Report Cantho University". MHO5/6, Phase Two, Mission to Vietnam by Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema DUT/OCP Project Supervisor, 27 September-8 October 2001, Delft University/CICAT.

65. (Zhao Yi), & (Miedema, S.A.), "

" (Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water

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Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4.8 MB))". To be published in 2002.

66. Miedema, S.A., & Riet, E.J. van, & Matousek, V., "Theoretical Description And Numerical Sensitivity Analysis On Wilson Model For Hydraulic Transport Of Solids In Pipelines (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 147 kB)". WEDA Journal of Dredging Engineering, March 2002.

67. Miedema, S.A., & Ma, Y., "The Cutting of Water Saturated Sand at Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 3.6 MB)". Proc. Dredging02, May 5-8, Orlando, Florida, USA.

68. Miedema, S.A., & Lu, Z., "The Dynamic Behavior of a Diesel Engine (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 363 kB)". Proc. WEDA XXII Technical Conference & 34th Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, June 12-15, Denver, Colorado, USA.

69. Miedema, S.A., & He, Y., "The Existance of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4 MB)". Proc. WEDA XXII Technical Conference & 34th Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, June 12-15, Denver, Colorado, USA.

70. Ma, Y., Vlasblom, W.J., Miedema, S.A., Matousek, V., "Measurement of Density and Velocity in Hydraulic Transport using Tomography". Dredging Days 2002, Dredging without boundaries, Casablanca, Morocco, V64-V73, 22-24 October 2002.

71. Ma, Y., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., "Theoretical Simulation of the Measurements Process of Electrical Impedance Tomography". Asian Simulation Conference/5th International Conference on System Simulation and Scientific Computing, Shanghai, 3-6 November 2002, p. 261-265, ISBN 7-5062-5571-5/TP.75.

72. Thanh, N.Q., & Miedema, S.A., "Automotive Electricity and Electronics". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft December 2002.

73. Miedema, S.A., Willemse, H.R., "Report on MHO5/6 Mission to Vietnam". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft Januari 2003.

74. Ma, Y., Miedema, S.A., Matousek, V., Vlasblom, W.J., "Tomography as a Measurement Method for Density and Velocity Distributions". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003.

75. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical Simulation of a Development of a Density Wave in a Long Slurry Pipeline". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003.

76. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical simulation of the development of density waves in a long pipeline and the dynamic system behavior". Terra et Aqua, No. 93, p. 11-23.

77. Miedema, S.A., Frijters, D., "The Mechanism of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles - Velocity and Friction Measurements". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003.

78. Tri, Nguyen Van, Miedema, S.A., Heijer, J. den, "Machine Manufacturing Technology". Lecture notes, Delft University of Technology, Cicat and Cantho University Vietnam, August 2003.

79. Miedema, S.A., "MHO5/6 Phase Two Mission Report". Report on a mission to Cantho University Vietnam October 2003. Delft University of Technology and CICAT, November 2003.

80. Zwanenburg, M., Holstein, J.D., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., "The Exploitation of Cockle Shells". CEDA Dredging Days 2003, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 2003.

81. Zhi, L., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., Verheul, C.H., "Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Behaviour of TSHD's Suction Pipe System by using Adams". CHIDA Dredging Days, Shanghai, China, november 2003.

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82. Miedema, S.A., "The Existence of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles". CHIDA Dredging Days, Shanghai, China, november 2003.

83. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical Simulation of the Development of Density Waves in a Long Pipeline and the Dynamic System Behaviour". Terra et Aqua 93, December 2003.

84. Miedema, S.A. & Frijters, D.D.J., "The wedge mechanism for cutting of water saturated sand at large cutting angles". WODCON XVII, September 2004, Hamburg Germany.

85. Verheul, O. & Vercruijsse, P.M. & Miedema, S.A., "The development of a concept for accurate and efficient dredging at great water depths". WODCON XVII, September 2004, Hamburg Germany.

86. Miedema, S.A., "THE CUTTING MECHANISMS OF WATER SATURATED SAND AT SMALL AND LARGE CUTTING ANGLES". International Conference on Coastal Infrastructure Development - Challenges in the 21st Century. HongKong, november 2004.

87. Ir. M. Zwanenburg , Dr. Ir. S.A. Miedema , Ir J.D. Holstein , Prof.ir. W.J.Vlasblom, "REDUCING THE DAMAGE TO THE SEA FLOOR WHEN DREDGING COCKLE SHELLS". WEDAXXIV & TAMU36, Orlando, Florida, USA, July 2004.

88. Verheul, O. & Vercruijsse, P.M. & Miedema, S.A., "A new concept for accurate and efficient dredging in deep water". Ports & Dredging, IHC, 2005, E163.

89. Miedema, S.A., "Scrapped?". Dredging & Port Construction, September 2005. 90. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., " Bureaustudie Overvloeiverliezen". In opdracht

van Havenbedrijf Rotterdam, September 2005, Confidential. 91. He, J., Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "FEM Analyses Of Cutting Of Anisotropic

Densely Compacted and Saturated Sand", WEDAXXV & TAMU37, New Orleans, USA, June 2005.

92. Miedema, S.A., "The Cutting of Water Saturated Sand, the FINAL Solution". WEDAXXV & TAMU37, New Orleans, USA, June 2005.

93. Miedema, S.A. & Massie, W., "Selfassesment MSc Offshore Engineering", Delft University of Technology, October 2005.

94. Miedema, S.A., "THE CUTTING OF WATER SATURATED SAND, THE SOLUTION". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.

95. Miedema, S.A., "La solution de prélèvement par désagrégation du sable saturé en eau". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.

96. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "THE CLOSING PROCESS OF CLAMSHELL DREDGES IN WATER-SATURATED SAND". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.

97. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "Le processus de fermeture des dragues à benne preneuse en sable saturé". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.

98. Miedema, S.A. "THE CUTTING OF WATER SATURATED SAND, THE SOLUTION". The 2nd China Dredging Association International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006.

99. Ma, Y, Ni, F. & Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Blade Cutting Force for small Cutting Angles based on MATLAB". The 2nd China Dredging Association

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International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006.

100. ,"" (download). The 2nd China Dredging

Association International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006.

101. Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

102. Schols, V., Klaver, Th., Pettitt, M., Ubuan, Chr., Miedema, S.A., Hemmes, K. & Vlasblom, W.J., "A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF FUEL CELLS IN OIL AND GAS SURFACE PRODUCTION FACILITIES". Proceedings of FUELCELL2006, The 4th International Conference on FUEL CELL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING and TECHNOLOGY, June 19-21, 2006, Irvine, CA.

103. Miedema, S.A., "Polytechnisch Zakboek 51ste druk, Hoofdstuk G: Werktuigbouwkunde", pG1-G88, Reed Business Information, ISBN-10: 90.6228.613.5, ISBN-13: 978.90.6228.613.3. Redactie: Fortuin, J.B., van Herwijnen, F., Leijendeckers, P.H.H., de Roeck, G. & Schwippert, G.A.

104. MA Ya-sheng, NI Fu-sheng, S.A. Miedema, "Mechanical Model of Water Saturated Sand Cutting at Blade Large Cutting Angles", Journal of Hohai University Changzhou, ISSN 1009-1130, CN 32-1591, 2006. 绞刀片大角度切削水饱和沙的力学模型, 马亚生[1] 倪福生[1] S.A.Miedema[2], 《河海大学常州分校学报》-2006年20卷3期 -59-61页

105. Miedema, S.A., Lager, G.H.G., Kerkvliet, J., “An Overview of Drag Embedded Anchor Holding Capacity for Dredging and Offshore Applications”. WODCON, Orlando, USA, 2007.

106. Miedema, S.A., Rhee, C. van, “A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTS OF DIMENSIONS AND GEOMETRY OF TRAILING SUCTION HOPPER DREDGES”. WODCON ORLANDO, USA, 2007.

107. Miedema, S.A., Bookreview: Useless arithmetic, why environmental scientists can't predict the future, by Orrin H. Pilkey & Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. Terra et Aqua 108, September 2007, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands.

108. Miedema, S.A., Bookreview: The rock manual: The use of rock in hydraulic engineering, by CIRIA, CUR, CETMEF. Terra et Aqua 110, March 2008, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands.

109. Miedema, S.A., "An Analytical Method To Determine Scour". WEDA XXVIII & Texas A&M 39. St. Louis, USA, June 8-11, 2008.

110. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Production Of Clamshells". WEDA XXVIII & Texas A&M 39. St. Louis, USA, June 8-11, 2008.

111. Miedema, S.A., "An Analytical Approach To The Sedimentation Process In Trailing Suction Hopper Dredgers". Terra et Aqua 112, September 2008, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands.

112. Hofstra, C.F., & Rhee, C. van, & Miedema, S.A. & Talmon, A.M., "On The Particle Trajectories In Dredge Pump Impellers". 14th International Conference Transport & Sedimentation Of Solid Particles. June 23-27 2008, St. Petersburg, Russia.

113. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Production Of Clamshells". WEDA Journal of Dredging Engineering, December 2008.

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114. Miedema, S.A., "New Developments Of Cutting Theories With Respect To Dredging, The Cutting Of Clay And Rock". WEDA XXIX & Texas A&M 40. Phoenix Arizona, USA, June 14-17 2009.

115. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Scaling Of TSHD's". WEDA XXIX & Texas A&M 40. Phoenix Arizona, USA, June 14-17 2009.

116. Liu, Z., Ni, F., Miedema, S.A., “Optimized design method for TSHD’s swell compensator, basing on modelling and simulation”. International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation, pp. 48-52. Chengdu, China, May 15-16, 2009.

117. Miedema, S.A., "The effect of the bed rise velocity on the sedimentation process in hopper dredges". Journal of Dredging Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1 , 10-31, 2009.

118. Miedema, S.A., “New developments of cutting theories with respect to offshore applications, the cutting of sand, clay and rock”. ISOPE 2010, Beijing China, June 2010.

119. Miedema, S.A., “The influence of the strain rate on cutting processes”. ISOPE 2010, Beijing China, June 2010.

120. Ramsdell, R.C., Miedema, S.A., “Hydraulic transport of sand/shell mixtures”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.

121. Abdeli, M., Miedema, S.A., Schott, D., Alvarez Grima, M., “The application of discrete element modeling in dredging”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.

122. Hofstra, C.F., Miedema, S.A., Rhee, C. van, “Particle trajectories near impeller blades in centrifugal pumps. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.

123. Miedema, S.A., “Constructing the Shields curve, a new theoretical approach and its applications”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.

124. Miedema, S.A., “The effect of the bed rise velocity on the sedimentation process in hopper dredges”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_WEDA/2009_WEDA-TAMU.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_WEDA/2009_WEDA-TAMU.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_WEDA/Miedema%202%202009_WEDA-TAMU.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_China/Optimized_Design_for_TSHDs_Swell_Compensator.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_China/Optimized_Design_for_TSHDs_Swell_Compensator.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_JDE/WEDA-J_SEPT09_Journal.pdf

http://www.dredgingengineering.com/dredging/media/LectureNotes/Miedema/2009_JDE/WEDA-J_SEPT09_Journal.pdf

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