appendix upstream downstream operations data to...168 appendix appendix 169 upstream downstream...

appendix 169168 appendix

Upstream

Downstream

Operations Data

Appendix

Reservoir porosity reflected in different colors

Top of reservoir Geological fault

dammam dome

A 3-D reservoir model of the Dammam Dome from 2008 is aligned with the corresponding area from the first map of the Dammam Dome, drawn in 1934.

The 3-D model illustrates the reservoir, roughly 1,500 meters below ground.

reservoir quality

Poor

Good

excellent


upstream encompasses all the activities from the drill bit to the refinery: the

exploration for, and development, production and processing of, oil and gas.

Water injection, oil stabilization, gas processing and pipelines are included

within the scope of upstream operations.

upstream begins with earth scientists searching for oil and gas by examin-

ing rock outcrops on the surface to try to understand the subsurface strata.

they integrate their interpretations with data collected from inside the well:

from drill cuttings (bits of rock that rise to the surface as a well is drilled),

core samples and wire-line logs (instruments that record electrical values,

radioactivity, temperature and other rock properties). the integrated data

are used to identify prospects—areas likely to contain petroleum.

once a prospect has been identified, geoscientists acquire and interpret

seismic data to develop integrated geological and geophysical models that

are used to select the best drilling locations. after a discovery is made, drilling

to delineate and develop a field takes place, and reservoir engineers design

production plans. improvements in technology continue to increase recovery

rates, enabling geoscientists and petroleum engineers to manage reservoirs

efficiently and for the long term. saudi aramco also places significant emphasis

on operations safety and environmental protection.

the oriGins of oil and Gas Oil and gas originate almost entirely from the remains of ancient

plants and animals as shown in the diagram on the facing page. The solar energy absorbed by

these organisms and stored as carbon molecules in their bodies has been recycled into petroleum

energy in the form of organic compounds composed mostly of hydrogen and carbon. These

hydrocarbon compounds were created when microscopic marine organisms and plant matter

were buried by layers of sediment and, over millions of years, transformed through bacteria, heat

and pressure into oil and gas, which gradually seeped up through layers of rock, collecting in

underground structures called traps.

Upstream

The fossilized remains of ancient marine organisms, seen in the core samples pulled up from wells thousands of meters deep and collected from rock outcrops on the surface, yield a wealth of clues to geologists searching for oil and gas. These specimens, as seen by a scanning electron microscope in expeC, are acritarchs, fossil marine organisms of unknown biological affinity, and date to the early Silurian age, about 430 million years ago.

The origins of hydrocarbonsLand

Sea

Tiny forms of sea life such as plankton die and accumulate on the ocean floor.

Layers of sediment form as the accumulation process continues over time.

Parts of the dead material change to hydrocarbons mixed with other sedimentary materials.

Layers become more and more compresssed as further layers settle on top.

New material–depositing sediment forms an impervious layer called cap rock.

Gas

Oil

Gas, oil and water

Earth movements cause folds in the crust.


a Brief GeoloGical timeline of saudi araBia The Earth’s interior, composed of semi-molten

rock, is in constant motion. The outer rigid layer, the lithosphere, consists of large plates

that slide over the semi-molten layer. These plates pull apart from, slip past, dive under and

collide with each other in a process called plate tectonics, forming mountains, basins and the

continents themselves.

Around 1.1 billion years ago in the Precambrian, the Earth’s landmasses formed one

supercontinent, Rodinia, which, some 250 million years later, broke apart. The supercontinent

of Gondwana formed around 514 million years ago, in the late Cambrian Period. Gondwana,

which included the landmass of Arabia, stretched from the Equator to the South Pole, and it and

the other continents were flooded by shallow seas. Algae were dominant, and hard-shell marine

animals appeared in great numbers.

About 100 million years later, in the early Devonian Period, the Paleozoic oceans began to

close, and eventually the supercontinents of Gondwana and Euramerica collided to form Pangea.

Pangea began to break apart in three main episodes, with the first occurring in the middle

Jurassic Period, about 180 million years ago. This age was dominated by the giant dinosaurs,

the first appearance of birds and extensive inland seas where, 30 million years later, in the late

Jurassic Period, enormous layers of organic matter accumulated in what became Saudi Arabia.

In the last 20 million years, the Red Sea opened, rifting Arabia away from Africa.

stratiGraPhy of eastern saudi araBia The rich oil and gas fields of Saudi Arabia, located

mainly in the Eastern Province, are linked to the region’s long history of relative tectonic stability

in its subsurface. The virtually flat platform of the Arabian Shelf, which underlies the middle and

eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula and its shallow eastern offshore area, enabled an almost

uninterrupted accumulation of sediments, which provided both the source for oil and gas and

the reservoirs in which these hydrocarbons accumulated.

sea level

–304.8m

–609.6m

–914.4m

–1,219.2m

–1,524m

–1,828.8m

–2,133.6m

–2,438.4m

–2,743.2m

The final 10 million years of the late Jurassic Period witnessed significant environmental changes, as shallow seas receded and advanced, leaving behind alternate layers of nonporous anhydrite and porous and permeable limestone. The latter layers formed the Arab Zone, which contains the world’s largest petroleum reserves. Over the course of millions of years, infrequent tectonic events led to the formation of structural traps, capped by anhydrite, which captured the hydrocarbons.

Generalized cross sect ion of saudi araBia

165

150

140

135

130

120

100

in millions of years

Bahrain Zone

Lower Ratawi Zone

Manifa Zone

Arab A Member

Arab B Member

Arab C Member

Arab D Member

Mid-Jubaila Zone

Hadriya Zone

Fadhili Zone

Zubair Zone

Upper Ratawi Zone

67

– 14

0 m

ill

ion

ye

ar

s a

Go

cr

eta

ce

ou

s P

er

iod

ju

ra

ss

ic P

er

iod

14

0– 2

04

mil

lio

n y

ea

rs

aG

o

sand and mud

limestone

anhydrite

shale

sandstone

Porous l imestone

africa

south america

north america

araBia

india

australia

antarct ica

iranturkey

euroPe

s iBeria

t iBet

indochina

southeast as ia

china

early jurassic 195 mill ion years aGo

The enormous hydrocarbon reservoirs in what became Saudi Arabia accumulated in carbonate sedimentary rocks deposited in the late Jurassic Period, around 150 million years ago.

ancient landmass

modern landmass

suBduct ion zone (tr ianGles Point in the d irect ion of suBduct ion)

seafloor sPread r idGe

key

Hanifa Zone

key


Petroleum traPs Oil and gas are formed in organic-rich layers of rock exposed to heat and

pressure, called source rock. The oil and gas will migrate upward through the rock layers where,

if conditions are favorable, they will accumulate in reservoirs, layers of porous and permeable

rock such as limestone or sandstone. The migration of hydrocarbons to the surface is stopped

by an impermeable layer of rock that acts as a seal, or cap. Oil and gas accumulate only where

the reservoir and cap rock form traps.

Geologists classify petroleum traps into two basic types: structural traps, formed by Earth

movements and rock folds, and stratigraphic traps, the result of the deposition of layers favor-

able to the formation and trapping of petroleum. Two common examples of structural traps are

anticline and fault traps.

an anticline trap is an upward fold in the layers of rock shaped like an arch. petroleum migrates into the highest part of the fold and is pre-vented from escaping by an overlying bed of impermeable cap rock. The great majority of oil reservoirs are found in anticline traps.

Gas

Cap rock

Oil

Reservoir rock and water

a fault is the result of horizontal layers of rock being folded or deformed, creating a fracture. When the rocks on the two sides of a fracture move in opposite directions, a fault is created. a fault trap occurs when formations on either side of a fault prevent further migration of petroleum.

Oil


Gas

Cap rock

Stratigraphic traps occur when a reservoir layer, also called a bed, is sealed by other beds or by a change in porosity or permeability within the reservoir bed itself.

Oil


Gas

Cap rock

petroleum Traps

Rimthan

Dibdibah

Wari‘ah

Suban

Jauf

Habari

El Haba

Watban

Faridah

Bakr

Dhib

Juraybi‘at

Sharar

Jaladi

Abu Hadriya

KhursaniyahFadhili

Samin

Manifa

SafaniyaZuluf Marjan

Hasbah

RibyanHarqus

Karan

JuraydKurayn

Abu Sa‘fahBerri

Qatif

Dammam

Jaham Abqaiq

Shedgum

Fazran

‘Ain Dar

Haradh

Harmaliyah

‘Uthmaniyah

Hawiyah

Niban

Jawb

Lughfah

Tukhman

Tinat

Jufayn

Qirdi

Nujayman

Halfa

Yabrin

Zimlah

Sham‘ah

AwtadManjurah

Abu Jifan

FarhahWarid

Khurais

Sahba

Muraiqib

Kassab

Waqr

Wudayhi

Shaden

Mazalij

Abu Shidad

Duayban

Abu Rakiz

Mulayh

Abu Markhah

Nuayyim

Abu Sidr

Ghinah

Umm Jurf

Usaylah

Layla

Dilam

ShiblahRaghib

Burmah

Nisalah

Hawtah

Hilwah

Hazmiyah

KhuzamaMarzouk

‘Amad

Maghrib

Shutfah

Kidan

South

North

Kahla

Shaybah

Ramlah

Midrikah

Lawhah

Hamur

Maharah

Dhahran

Riyadh

Jana

MidyanBarqan

Sidr

Kahf

Tabuk

UmlujAl Wajh

est imated WorldWide Gas reserves (TRiLLiON CUBiC FEET) AS OF JANUARY 1, 2010

RuSSia

iRan

qaTaR

Saudi aRabia

TuRKMeniSTan

estimated WorldWide crude oil reserves (BiLLiON BARRELS) AS OF JANUARY 1, 2010

260

211

175

137

115

Saudi aRabia

VeneZueLa

Canada

iRan

iRaq

1,680

1,045

895

279

265

united araBemirates

qatar

Bahrain

ar a

B i a n G u l f

re

d s

ea

GhaWar

Niyashin

Rabib

Arabiyah

Dirwazah

toWns

caPital

oil f ield

Gas f ield

key

Nearly all of Saudi Aramco’s oil and gas fields are located in the Eastern Province. Other fields are located in the Central Province, south of Riyadh, and in the Western Province, on the Red Sea coast. Total recoverable crude oil reserves are roughly 260 billion barrels—the largest in the world. Reserves of natural gas are roughly 279 trillion cubic feet, fourth largest in the world.

oil and Gas f ields of saudi araBia

scale in k ilometers


0 50 100

0 100 200

As Sayd

Namlan

Duhaynah

ArsanSirayyan

Sanaman

Qamran

Jalamid


exPloration The professionals in Saudi Aramco’s Exploration organization cover Saudi Arabia

on a scale that extends from wide swaths of desert, basins and mountains to the micron level.

They also consider a fourth dimension in their quest: time, which they measure in the hundreds

of millions of years.

the fossil record Core samples, drill cuttings, plugs (a kind of mini-core pulled from the

larger core) and thin sections mounted on slides are examined by geoscientists. The rock yields a

wealth of knowledge about the reservoir: porosity and permeability, basic and structural geology,

petroleum physics, stratigraphy, sedimentology and other data.

Geoscientists are especially interested in microfossils such as pollens, spores, protists

(one-celled organisms, including algae, dinoflagellates and others) and Foraminifera—organisms

with calcium carbonate shells. The fossil record illustrates the historical environment of Arabia:

from shallow, warm seas during the Jurassic Period to glaciers and ice sheets when Arabia, in its

continental wandering, was located near the South Pole.

a new road, cut through a hill, allows a young geologist to map rock layers near al-‘ula, Saudi arabia.

Sedimentologists and carbonate geologists in Saudi aramco’s Core Lab study the separate layers, or beds, within hydrocarbon reser-voirs as revealed by core samples. Thin sections are cut from the core samples and examined by company micropaleontologists, who look for fossils of marine and land organ-isms, and by palynologists, who look for ancient pollens and spores.

Fossil remains of the single-celled aquatic organisms known as Foraminifera serve as excellent records of the environment and geologic age of the rock layers in which they are found. Foraminifera, with their hard exoskeletons, small size, short reproductive cycles, prolific numbers and wide distribu-tion over marine environments, are especially valuable fossil clues.

This short interval of a core sample, pulled from 1,468 meters deep in the Shaybah field, shows the contact between crude oil and gas. The light brown section of the core is filled with arabian Super Light crude oil while the gray section is from the gas column of the reservoir, above the oil column. The limestone core is composed of fragments of an ancient bivalve, and the oil and gas are stored in the inter-particle pore spaces between the shell fragments.

a hydrocarbon reservoir is similar to a sponge soaked with oil and gas. Two key factors in a reservoir’s potential productivity are how big the holes in the sponge are and how they connect, known as porosity and permeability. using a scanning electron microscope, company scientists can examine the reservoir rock at the 2- to 5-micron level, close enough to see the individual pores in the stone, and better understand the porosity and permeability of the reservoir. The rock on the left reveals poor reservoir quality, while the sample on the right shows excellent porosity and good permeability.


seismic imaGinG Seismic surveying is used in conjunction with structure drilling in the search

for oil and gas. Sound waves, produced by mechanical vibrators mounted on the underside

of large trucks, penetrate layers of rock thousands of meters beneath the Earth’s surface. The

sound waves are reflected back to the surface where their altered waveforms are recorded as

raw seismic data. This information is manipulated by powerful computers to produce an image

of the underground rock formations.

reservoir characterization Reservoir characterization plays a critical role throughout the

productive life of an oil or gas field. Every producing reservoir has a reservoir simulation model that

is continually updated with new drilling and production data and is used to develop and evaluate

alternative reservoir management strategies. Because of the huge size and large well spacing of

Saudi Arabia’s hydrocarbon resources, Saudi Aramco has developed its own reservoir simulator,

POWERS (Parallel Oil Water and Gas Reservoir Simulator), to produce 3-D geo-cellular models,

comprising billions of individual cells. These reservoir models are used in reserves estimation and

reservoir simulation models, which are also used to evaluate proposed well locations.

Company earth scientists and petroleum engineers use the latest in 3-d reservoir simulation technology in the upstream professional development Center in dhahran. Such technology provides a better understanding of prospects before an exploratory drilling program begins, and in reservoir develop-ment, it helps delineate fields and place wells to optimize production.


reservoir nano-aGents: resBots™ One promising avenue of research in reservoir manage-

ment is the development of nano-scale reservoir robots, called Resbots. Company researchers

are studying the feasibility of deploying Resbots, 1/1,000Th the size of a human hair, with the

fluids injected into a hydrocarbon reservoir. Resbots would gather information about reservoir

properties, including pressure, temperature and fluid type, in onboard memory. The Resbots

would be retrieved through production wells and the data downloaded and analyzed, helping

delineate the extent of the reservoir, map fractures and faults in the rock, define areas of higher

permeability, identify bypassed oil, optimize well placement and help design even more precise

geological models of the reservoir. For the Resbots concept, the Exploration and Petroleum

Engineering Center (EXPEC) Advanced Research Center won the prestigious New horizons Idea

Award at the 2008 World Oil Awards.

drillinG and reservoir enGineerinG Drilling is conducted for both exploration and production

purposes. Structure drilling is used to determine key subsurface strata. Wildcat wells are drilled

to test whether oil or gas is present in the structures that geologists have recommended. Once a

new field has been discovered, a number of delineation wells are drilled some distance apart in

order to outline the configuration and size of the field. Finally, the field is put into production by

drilling development wells in a pattern recommended by petroleum engineers. Water injection

wells inject treated seawater to maintain reservoir pressure.

Drilling technology has come a long way since the early days of the industry. Directional

drilling was first introduced in the 1920s, driven by the need to drill from difficult onshore sites

and, later, from offshore platforms. Horizontal wells became popular in the 1980s and were

developed for deeper wells in the 1990s. A horizontal well penetrates a reservoir bed across the

target zone, rather than down through it, improving recovery rates. More recent developments

include multilateral wells, with multiple junctions like the branches of a tree.

A maximum reservoir contact (MRC) well is a multilateral horizontal well with more than

five kilometers of total contact with the reservoir rock. Such wells also employ “smart” well

features that enable a reservoir management team to intervene remotely. For example, the

team can shut off one lateral without disturbing the remaining laterals. Smart wells also include

downhole sensors, which provide real-time monitoring of the well, helping optimize production

and reservoir management.

A further refinement of the MRC is the extreme reservoir contact (ERC) well, a smart

multilateral well that does not require individual control lines from the wellhead on the surface to

each lateral. This allows an unlimited number of smart laterals, which can be remotely controlled

using real-time data.

The Geosteering Operations Center (GOC) in Dhahran is staffed by teams of geologists and

engineers who monitor drilling operations anywhere in the field. They analyze downhole data

in real time to remotely guide drilling activities and ensure that each well is optimally placed.

drilling wells, whether for exploration, delineation, production or water injection, is at the heart of the petroleum industry.

a multilateral well extends multiple branches within the hydrocarbon reservoir. Multilateral wells improve well productivity and reduce field development costs by requiring fewer wells to produce a field.

Geologists direct well drilling from Saudi aramco’s Geosteering Center in dhahran as real-time information is transmitted from sensors near the drill bits. The center operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.


oil & Gas Production and Processing

For a diagram of Saudi Aramco’s oil and gas production operations and a map of production

facilities, see the Operations Data section.

Saudi Aramco’s oil and gas production operations encompass Saudi Arabia, including

territorial waters in the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea. Totaling more than 1.5 million square

kilometers, this area is larger than the combined areas of Texas, California, Oklahoma and Utah,

or of France, Spain and Germany.

oil Production and ProcessinG Most oil-producing wells are free-flowing with a typical oil

flow rate of 5,000 bpd. Once the oil is extracted, it is piped to a gas-oil separation plant (GOSP)

where water and the majority of dissolved gases are extracted. The remaining oil is then sent to

a stabilization facility, such as the Abqaiq Plants, for final gas separation and removal of hydrogen

sulfide. The extracted gas is sent to Gas Operations facilities for additional processing, while the

water is injected back into the ground. This oil is now dry (no water), sweet (no hydrogen sulfide)

and stabilized (no gas), and can be refined or exported.

Gas Production and ProcessinG Natural gas is processed to produce clean fuel (methane, or

sales gas) and feedstock (methane, ethane, propane, butane and natural gasoline). Sales gas and

ethane are consumed entirely by Saudi Arabia’s utilities and industry. Excess propane, butane and

natural gasoline (collectively known as NGL) that are not used by the domestic petrochemicals

industry are exported to world markets.

This gas-oil separation plant (GOSp) is one of four that perform the initial processing of oil from the Shaybah field.

Fluids produced from an oil well are typically under pressure and comprise oil, dissolved gas, salty water and some hydrogen sulfide. This mixture is sent to a gas-oil separation plant (GOSp) for initial processing. at the GOSp, a pressure step-down process releases most of the dissolved gas. a desalting process then removes the salt water. The resulting sour crude oil is then sent for stabilization.

Condensate Sour Associated Gas

Sulfur Recovery

Unit

Acid Gas

Liquid Sulfur

Sour Non-Associated Gas

High Pressure Amine

Sales GasNGL

Sweet Gas

Water

Compression

Dehydration

Cooling

NGL Recovery

Condensate Stripper

Low Pressure Amine

Saudi Aramco’s Master Gas System (MGS) is fed with two types of gases: the gases associated with crude oil that are removed by the gas-oil separation plants (GOSPs), and the non-associated gases that come from gas wells that do not produce crude oil. Gas processing involves removing the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce sweet gas, and separating sales gas (methane) from the heavier components. The heavier products are liquefied and pumped to NGL plants for fraction-ation and final delivery to customers. The H2S is converted to elemental sulfur and sold to domestic and export markets.

Gas Production

in the gas plant, gas is received at slug-catchers, which separate condensate and water from gas and capture liquid ”slugs.“ These slugs, traveling at high velocity, may damage piping systems. Condensate liquids go to the stripping section, where H2S and water are removed. The separated sour gas feed goes to the gas treating modules, where, via contact with alkylamine, the H2S and CO2 are stripped away, creating sweet gas. The sweet gas is compressed and chilled to separate ethane and heavier gases. The H2S- and CO2-rich gas, now referred to as acid gas, is sent to the sulfur plants where H2S is converted to elemental sulfur, recovered and made into solid pellets for domestic and export sales.

Basic Process of Gas Plants

Gas outlet

Water outlet Oil outlet

Water

Emulsion

Oil

inlet for oil/water/gas mixture

Foam

Gas

Non-Associated GasAssociated Gas

Oil

Water

Gas

Water

Gas

Gas Plant

NGLSales Gas

Oil CondensateGasGOSP

Sulfur


downstream encompasses all the activities that occur after crude oil and gas

have been produced and initially processed. the fractionation of natural gas

liquids (nGl), the refining of crude oil and the petrochemical industry are

downstream activities. shipping and distribution of crude oil and refined

products are also included within this scope.

osPas The Oil Supply Planning and Scheduling (OSPAS) organization is the nerve center for the

movement of all of Saudi Aramco’s crude oil, natural gas and refined products. OSPAS plans,

schedules, coordinates and monitors the quantity—and quality—of millions of barrels of crude

oil every day of the year from the wellhead to company terminals.

OSPAS also tracks refined product movements from seven refineries, 19 bulk plants, 18 air

refueling sites, five strategic storage facilities and 1,600 kilometers of refined products pipeline.

It also tracks gas and NGL from six gas plants, three fractionation centers and more than 5,000

kilometers of pipeline. Saudi Aramco also operates 44 export berths at five marine ports, loading

millions of barrels of oil and refined products each day onto supertankers destined for ports in

the world’s three major energy markets: Asia, North America and Europe.

Within OSPAS, the “Big Board” of the Operations Coordination Center (OCC) tracks the

movement of oil, gas, NGL and refined products, and also oversees terminal operations and

electrical power distribution.

Operators in the Operations Coor-dination Center can, at a glance, see the entire scope of the company’s hydrocarbon production and distribu-tion operations. With the click of a mouse, operators can check the status of individual pipeline valves, the feed rate of a distillation column at a refinery, the volume of a storage tank or the loading status of a supertanker.

Downstream

PiPelines Saudi Aramco operates a pipeline network nearly 20,000 kilometers long—roughly

equivalent to the flying distance between Rome and Sydney—including flow lines from oil and

gas wells, water injection pipelines and systems for refined products distribution. Major cross-

country pipelines include the Saudi Arabia–Bahrain Pipeline and the East-West Crude Oil and

NGL pipelines to Yanbu‘ on the Red Sea. The NGL pipeline linking Yanbu‘ and Shedgum is the

longest and most advanced gas line ever built—1,170 kilometers long.

terminals Saudi Aramco’s enormous storage tank farms and shipping terminals supply crude oil,

NGL and refined products to customers around the globe. Every year, more than 9,000 tankers

call at company terminals at Ras Tanura and Ju‘aymah on the Arabian Gulf, and at Yanbu‘, Jiddah

and Rabigh on the Red Sea.

The Ras Tanura Terminal consists of the South Pier, the North Pier and the Sea Islands.

The South Pier, currently abandoned, is where Saudi crude oil was first loaded onto the

tanker D. G. Scofield in May 1939. The North Pier, connected to the mainland by a 1,200-meter-

long causeway and trestle, operates six berths for the loading of crude oil, refined products and

refined liquid petroleum gasses (RLPG).

The Ras Tanura Sea Islands are a complex of man-made islands approximately 1½ kilometers

northeast of the North Pier. The four Sea Islands (one of which is decommissioned) each feature

a loading station for crude oil and bunker fuel (to power marine vessels) and two berths. Six

supertankers of up to 500,000 deadweight tons can load simultaneously.

in addition to linking wells to processing plants, Saudi aramco’s pipeline system delivers crude oil, gas, nGL and refined products to domestic industries and utilities and to company export terminals.


The Ju‘aymah Offshore Terminal is a crude oil and bunker fuel loading facility designed

for loading and topping off deep-draft tankers. The loading facilities are roughly 29 kilometers

north-northwest of Ras Tanura and 11 kilometers offshore. The largest supertankers afloat

take on cargo from six single-point moorings (SPM), each with a crude oil loading rate of up to

130,000 barrels per hour. There is also a two-berth RLPG loading facility at Ju‘aymah, accessible

from the shore via a 10-kilometer trestle.

The Yanbu‘ crude oil terminal consists of four loading berths, two of which can be used

simultaneously for a combined loading rate of 300,000 barrels per hour. Ships taking on cargo at

Yanbu‘ for Europe or North America can save about 7,400 kilometers (4,000 nautical miles) per

round trip, compared with sailing around the Arabian Peninsula from Ras Tanura or Ju‘aymah.

The Yanbu‘ NGL Plant has an associated two-berth RLPG terminal that can also handle

natural gasoline tankers. The nearby Yanbu‘ Refinery also has its own terminal, consisting of four

berths for loading fuel oil and marine diesel for cargo or bunker, motor diesel oil, regular and

premium gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, naphtha and RLPG.

The Jiddah Terminal imports crude oil for the Jiddah Refinery and exports finished and

unfinished naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, premium gasoline and fuel oil from four crude oil

and refined product berths and five bunker loading berths.

Saudi Aramco also operates smaller bulk plant marine terminals at Jazan and Duba.

a crude oil loading line is lifted into place aboard a supertanker calling at the Ju‘aymah Offshore Terminal in the arabian Gulf.

refininG Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules, the simplest of which, methane, is

one carbon atom linked with four hydrogen atoms. The three principal groups of hydrocarbon

compounds that occur naturally in crude oil are paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes.

The refining process begins with the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oil into separate

hydrocarbon groups. Each hydrocarbon fraction has its own boiling point. The light fractions,

such as kerosene, have low boiling points while heavier fractions, such as fuel oil, have high

boiling points.

In the refining process, crude oil is heated in a distillation column, and the vapors resulting

from the boiling are drawn off and condensed. The fractions produced by a distillation column are

only the products that are in the crude oil to begin with—to produce more of a desired fraction,

such as gasoline, refineries must add conversion processes.

The earliest conversion process was thermal cracking, in which the heavy fractions of

crude oil are heated to a high temperature and the hydrocarbon molecules “cracked” to release

the lighter fractions, gasoline, for example. In visbreaking, residual (heavy oils leftover from the

distillation process) is heated, cooled with gas oil and rapidly burned or flashed. Visbreaking

reduces the viscosity of heavy oils and produces tar. Coking involves heating residual, but at

higher temperatures than visbreaking, until it cracks into heavy oil, gasoline and naphtha. The

heavy, almost pure carbon residue left behind is called coke and is also a commercial product.

The fractional distillation of crude oil is the first step in the refining process, which yields a range of products, includ-ing petroleum gas (methane, ethane, propane and butane); naphtha; gaso-line; kerosene; gas oil or diesel distillate, used to make diesel fuel and heating oil; lubricating oil; fuel oil; and residuals such as coke, asphalt, tar and waxes.

Light fractions of crude oil, such as methane and butane, are drawn from the top of the distillation column, while heavier molecules, such as diesel, come from lower in the column.

Furnace

Gas

Naphtha*

Reflux

Kerosene**

Heavy Diesel Oil

Fuel Oil

Crude Oil

Asphalt

* For processing into gasoline or petrochemicals** For further processing into jet fuel

Steam

Light Diesel Oil

Crude Oil distillation Column

C16H34– Diesel

C3H8– Propane

CH4– Methane (Natural Gas)


Catalytic cracking involves the use of a solid material, called a catalyst, mixed with the oil to help

crack the heavier fractions. The process of hydrocracking adds high-pressure hydrogen gas to catalytic

cracking, producing additional volumes of gasoline and other light fractions. Catalytic reforming uses

a catalyst to combine low-weight naphtha into aromatics, which are used in blending gasoline and

making chemicals.

The various products from the distillation and cracking processes must be treated to remove

undesirable compounds, such as sulfur, and to meet various performance and environmental specifica-

tions.

Saudi Aramco operates four domestic refineries, at Riyadh, Ras Tanura, Yanbu‘ and Jiddah,

and owns 50 percent of two domestic joint-venture refineries, with ExxonMobil in Yanbu‘ (SAMREF)

and with Shell in Jubail (SASREF). Saudi Aramco also has a 37.5 percent stake in Petro Rabigh, with

Sumitomo Chemical Co. holding 37.5 percent and the Saudi public 25 percent. Work is also under

way on three additional refining complexes. Two of the projects are 400,000-bpd full-conversion

refineries integrated with petrochemical facilities: The Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petroleum

The Saudi aramco Shell Refinery Co. (SaSReF), a joint venture between Saudi aramco and Shell, operates this refinery complex in Jubail.

Company (SATORP), a venture with Total of France, will be located in Jubail, and the Red Sea Refining

Co., a subsidiary of Saudi Aramco, will be located in Yanbu‘. The third project is a company-owned

refinery and terminal in the Jazan region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Internationally, Saudi Aramco,

through subsidiary offices, is a joint or equity venture partner in refineries in the United States, the

Republic of Korea, China and Japan.

The Ras Tanura Refinery is the most complex refinery in the company’s domestic portfolio. The

refinery includes facilities for crude oil stabilization and distillation, NGL processing, gas condensate

distillation, hydrocracking, visbreaking and catalytic reforming.

The Yanbu‘ Refinery is a hydroskimming plant, which is more complex than a topping refinery,

and it produces liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oil, mainly for the domestic

market. The Jiddah Refinery features catalytic cracking and a catalytic reformer, and is a key supplier

of fuel to the Jiddah and Makkah areas, especially during peak demand periods such as Ramadan and

hajj. The Riyadh Refinery, like the Jiddah facility, contains a vacuum column, which permits processing

of the heavier crude fractions. The Riyadh plant also features a hydrocracker and a catalytic reformer.


Gas fractionation Natural gas liquids recovered at the gas plants are sent to the NGL frac-

tionation plants at Yanbu‘, Ju‘aymah and Ras Tanura for further processing. Typically, NGL plants

receive ethane plus NGL in a combined feed from the gas plants via pipelines. The NGL is then

pumped to the de-ethanizer columns in the fractionation modules, where the ethane is separated

overhead as a vapor product. The ethane is sent to consumers as petrochemical feedstock or

injected into the sales gas system. The heavier gas at the bottom of the de-ethanizer column is

fractionated in additional steps, yielding propane, butane, natural gasoline, hexane and pentane.

Natural gasoline and pentane are blended and sent to refining, while the hexane and heavier

components are used as feedstock for petrochemical plants.

The sales gas (methane) system is extensive, covering large areas of Saudi Arabia from

coast to coast. Adding to its complexity is the integration and interdependence of the three main

systems: oil, gas and NGL.

The sales gas system depends greatly on oil production, since associated gas represents a

significant part of the system feed. It is also fully integrated into the NGL system, since any NGL

component recovered during processing causes a reduction in the sales gas supply. Sales gas is

piped to more than 54 industrial customers, including power, desalination and petrochemical

plants, throughout the Eastern, Central and Western provinces of Saudi Arabia.

The Ju‘aymah and Yanbu‘ gas plants receive ethane (C2) plus NGL, and Ras Tanura receives

propane (C3) plus NGL for fractionation and sweetening. The Ju‘aymah plant also receives C3 plus

NGL streams from the Berri Gas Plant and the Qatif and Abqaiq crude stabilization facilities. The

Ju‘aymah and Yanbu‘ gas plants produce ethane, propane, butane and natural gasoline products,

while the Ras Tanura Refinery produces all but ethane. The Ju‘aymah facility also has a depentanizer

column and associated facilities necessary for the delivery of a hexane (C6) stream to petrochemical

customers in Jubail. Propane is primarily used as petrochemical feedstock in the industrial cities of

Yanbu‘ and Jubail and the excess is exported. Butane is used as domestic petrochemical feedstock

and is also exported as a liquid. NGL products are used to produce more than 50 petrochemical

products and are sold to customers in more than 100 countries worldwide.

distriBution In addition to the giant storage tank farms that feed shipping terminals with crude

oil, NGL and refined products, Saudi Aramco operates a vast network of bulk plants and air fueling

units strategically located throughout Saudi Arabia. Overall capacity of the company’s storage

facilities for all hydrocarbons is roughly 200 million barrels. Pipelines, marine crude oil tankers,

product carriers and trucks are the principal delivery systems for the company’s petroleum and

petroleum products.

Through its 19 bulk plant operations, Saudi Aramco annually supplies around 375 million

barrels of refined products to about 5,000 domestic bulk customers. Compliance reviews and

periodic spot checks are conducted to assist in maintaining product quality and to assure opera-

tions compliance with established safety and environmental policies and procedures.

Approximately 2,000 trucks are used to transport refined products over the Kingdom’s

150,000 kilometers of highways. The use of these trucks, which are subject to strict safety and

quality standards, is being minimized as Saudi Aramco replaces them with new pipeline systems.

Shipping vessels account for almost all of Saudi Aramco exports of crude oil, NGL and

refined products and are also used to transport hydrocarbons to supply and distribution facilities

on the Red Sea.

The company’s shipping subsidiary, Vela International Marine Limited, was established in

1984, when rights to Vela’s name and four existing tankers were acquired. Vela currently operates

a fleet of 17 very large crude carriers (VLCCs), each capable of carrying 2.1 million barrels of crude

oil. Vela also owns and operates five product tankers that perform coastal trade in the Red Sea

and the Arabian Gulf. Overall, Vela ships make roughly 1,000 voyages per year—83 percent of

which are international, with the remainder domestic—safely transporting roughly 2 million bpd.

The Master Gas System, which handles more than 9 billion standard cubic feet per day of gas, provides fuel and feedstock to domestic indus-tries, such as this plant in Jubail.

The Saiph Star, a double-hull crude oil carrier, joined the Vela fleet in 2009.


The next year, Saudi Aramco and The Dow Chemical Co. began exploring the possibility of

building a petrochemical complex. The proposed joint venture, to be located in the Jubail industrial

area, is perhaps the largest and most complex project in Saudi Aramco’s downstream portfolio.

The project proposal includes chemicals and plastics production units and an associated conversion

park for local and foreign private-sector companies to build industries to use the products.

Petrochemicals The petrochemical industry traces its roots to World War II, when the demand

for synthetic materials rose due to shortages of, and lack of access to, natural resources. Before

the war, petrochemicals were an experimental sector: synthetic rubbers were developed in the

early 1900s; Bakelite, the first petrochemical-derived plastic, in 1907; and polystyrene in the

1930s. Today, petrochemicals are found in furniture, kitchen appliances, medical equipment,

automobiles, airplanes and ships, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides,

computers, paints, epoxies, clothing and shoes, flooring and insulating materials, cosmetics,

luggage, and recording disks and tapes.

Petrochemical facilities receive their raw material, known as feedstocks, from refineries

and NGL and gas plants. Feedstocks include ethane, naphtha, propane, butane and hexane,

among others. These feedstocks are then further cracked to create the basic building blocks for

petrochemical products: olefins (mainly ethylene, propylene and the C4 derivatives, including

butadiene) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene).

A significant proportion of the basic petrochemicals are converted into polymers: polyethylene,

polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, all derived from ethylene, and polypropylene, derived from

propylene. Polymers are used in plastics, synthetic rubbers and synthetic fibers, such as polyester,

nylon and acrylic.

Beginning in the 1990s with a series of international joint and equity ventures in refining and

marketing, Saudi Aramco has been transforming itself from a crude oil producing and exporting

company into an integrated petroleum enterprise, with activities all along the value chain. The

most recent development in the company’s transformation is the petrochemical sector. The

goal is to create more value from Saudi Arabia’s hydrocarbon resources, principally by bringing

petrochemicals processing and manufacturing to the Kingdom rather than exporting commodity

petrochemicals to foreign markets where they are used in associated industries.

In March 2006, Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical Co. of Japan broke ground on the

Petro Rabigh joint venture, one of the world’s largest integrated refining and petrochemical facilities.

The complex commenced operations in early 2009 and has the capacity to produce 18.4 million

tons of high-value petroleum products and 2.4 million tons of ethylene- and propylene-based

petrochemical derivatives per year. An associated industrial city will use the materials produced by

Petro Rabigh to manufacture a wide range of products for local and international consumption.

The final destination of most crude oil is the fuel tank of a vehicle, whether a motorcycle, car, truck, airplane or train. Saudi aramco exports of crude oil power the transportation industries in europe, north america and asia— in this case, China.

Petrochemicals

The petrochemical industry converts crude oil and natural gas into basic petrochemical building blocks that, in turn, are used to produce consumer goods ranging from heart valves to raincoats.

* Butylene, butadiene and derivatives

ethylene

Plastics, polyesters and synthetic rubber used in products such as luggage, appliances, automo-tive parts, footwear, flooring and tires.

ProPylene

Resins, fibers and plastics used in such products as detergents, solvents, varnishes, super-absorbent materials, acrylic fibers, pharmaceu-ticals, cosmetics and food packaging.

c4 Box*

Synthetic rubbers and plastics used in such products as automotive parts, tires, aviation gaso-line and the gasoline additive MTBE.

PyGas

Used for gasoline blending or as feedstock.

Benzene

Plastics used in boats, cars, computers, food containers and pack-aging, construction materials, nylon, toys, carpets, shampoo, cleaning products, emulsifiers and pharmaceuticals.

toluene

industrial chemicals used in coatings, sealants, adhesives, paints and the foam used in furniture, bedding, car seats and building insulation.

xylenes

Solvents, dyes, fibers and films used in products such as polyester fibers and plastics and in plasticizers, sub- stances that make plastics more flex-ible and are used in medical tubing and blood bags, toys and footwear.

C4 box*

olef ins

Pygas

Crude Oil

Propylene

LPG

Associated Gases

Methane Ethane

EthyleneToluene BenzeneXylenes

aromatics

NGL

Methane

Natural Gas

Naphtha


domest ic oPerations

major crude oil P iPel ine

major nGl P iPel ine

trans-araBian P iPel ine

shayBah-aBqaiq P iPel ine


0 200

key

toWns

caPital

seaWater treatment Plant

inteGrated ref inery and Petrochemical Plant

major oil Process inG comPlex

domest ic ref ined Products d istr iBut ion facil ity

Gas Process inG Plant

domest ic ref inery

joint /equity venture ref inery

oil f ield

Gas f ield

crude oil terminal

ref ined Products terminal

nGl terminal

domest ic ref ined Products terminal

saudi araBia

yemen

iraq

jordan

united araBemirates

kuWait

oman

Dammam

Ras Tanura

Ju‘aymah

Jubail

‘Uthmaniyah‘Udhailiyah

Haradh

Tanajib

Safaniya

Abqaiq

Shedgum

Khurais

Qurayyah

BerriKhursaniyah

Nariya

Qatif

al-hasa

Dhahran

Layla

al-Kharj

al-Sulayyil

SafaniyaTanajib

Jubail

Ras TanuraQatifDhahranAbqaiq

Hofuf

Salwah

Haradh

Nariya

Riyadh

al-hasa

Dammam

al-Khafji

Khurais

al-Zilfi

Tabuk

TaymaDuba

al-‘Ulaal-Wajh

Madinah

MakkahTayif

al-BahahBishah

Tathlith

Khamis Mushayt

ash-Sharawrah

al-Dawadimi

Buraydah

Yanbu‘

Rabigh

Jiddah

Abha

Jazan

Najran

Hayil

Turaif

‘Unayzah

Rafha

Hafar al-BatinQaisumah

Sakaka

Dawmat al-Jandal

al-Jawf

Badanah

Khaybar

EAST-WEST CRUDE OiL PiPELiNE

EAST-WEST NGL PiPELiNE

Hawiyah

■ domestic operations map■ international operations map■ oil and Gas operations■ Production and Workforce history

Operations Data


SingaporeSaudi Petroleum Ltd.

jaPan

rePuBl ic of korea

Hong KongAramco Overseas Company B.V.Saudi Aramco Sino Co. Ltd.

Aramco Overseas Company B.V.Shanghai

Fujian

> Fujian Refining and Petrochemical Co. Ltd.> Sinopec SenMei (Fujian) Petroleum Co. Ltd.

Seoul

> S-Oil Corporation

Saudi Petroleum Ltd.Beijing

Toyko> Saudi Petroleum Ltd. > Aramco Overseas Company B.V.> Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.

> Saudi Petroleum Overseas Ltd.> Aramco Overseas Company B.V.

| Aramco Overseas Company B.V.The Hague

Dubai Vela International Marine Limited

Dhahran

al-Khafji

Aramco Gulf Operations Co. Ltd.

Jubail | > Saudi Aramco Shell Refinery Co. (SASReF)

> MARAFIQ

Ras Tanura

Ju‘aymah

Sidi Kerir

Ain SukhnaSUMeD Arab Petroleum Pipelines Co.

Rabigh | Petro Rabigh

Yanbu‘

> Luberef> Saudi Aramco Mobil Refinery Co. Ltd. (SAMReF)> MARAFIQ

Thuwal Jiddah > Luberef> Jiddah Oil Refinery Co.

saudi araBia

Rotterdam> Texaco esso AOC Maatschap> TeAM Terminal B.V.

New York City Saudi Petroleum International Ltd.

Washington, D.C. Aramco Services Company

Houston

> Aramco Services Company> Saudi Refining Inc.> Motiva enterprises LLC

LOOP

P a c i f i c o c e a n

a t l a n t i c o c e a n

i n d i a n o c e a n

united states

international oPerations

saudi aramco headquarters

marafiq : electric ity and Water ut il ity for juBail and yanBu‘

lonG-term storaGe and terminal facil it ies

key

toWns

aff il iate , suBs idiary or jo int /equity venture

Ports

looP: louis iana offshore oil Port

l iGhterinG areas

PrinciPal exPort routes

vela shiPP inG routes

London

> >

luBeref : saudi aramco luBricat inG oil ref inery co.

> Aramco Overseas Company B.V. New Delhi

Okinawa


Abu Hadriya

Zuluf

SafaniyaMarjan

Qatif Khursaniyah

Abu Sa‘fah Berri

Shaybah Ghawar

Abqaiq Harmaliyah

Abqaiq

Dhahran Tanks

Bahrain*Ras TanuraKhurais

Jubail***

Ju‘aymah

Ras Tanura

Riyadh Yanbu‘** Jiddah

Yanbu‘

Qatif Ras Tanura

Central Arabian

Fields

Tapline

Petro Rabigh

Gas produced with crude oil is collected from gas-oil separation plants and fed to gas processing plants. There, impurities are removed, hydrogen sulfide is recovered for conversion into elemental sulfur, and sweet, dry gas is extracted for use as an industrial fuel or feedstock. From gas processing centers at Shedgum, Hawiyah, Khursaniyah and

‘Uthmaniyah, NGL (natural gas liquids) and ethane are piped to plants at Yanbu‘ and Ju‘aymah for fractionation. After removal of the ethane, the NGL is further fractionated into LPG (propane and butane) and natural gasoline.

Gas produced independently of crude oil (non-associated gas) is processed at the Haradh and Hawiyah gas plants for delivery into the sales gas system. The Hawiyah NGL Plant processes sweet gas from the Hawiyah and Haradh gas plants. NGL from the Berri Gas Plant goes to Ju‘aymah or Ras Tanura for fractionation. LPG is exported from Yanbu‘ and Ju‘aymah. From the fractionation plants, ethane is delivered to the industrial complexes at Yanbu‘ and Jubail for use as a petrochemical feedstock.

Gas oPerations key

Gas Plant

nGl : natural Gas l iquids Plant

industrial comPlex

GosP : Gas-oil seParation Plant

fract ionation Plant

marafiq : electric ity and Water ut il ity for juBail and yanBu‘ sWcc: sal ine Water conversion corPoration

terminal

saudi electric comPany

other industry

keyoil oPerations

The crude oil produced by Saudi Aramco from both onshore and offshore fields first goes to gas-oil separation plants for removal of gases, water and salt, after which it is sent for further processing at stabilizers or refineries. Most of the crude oil is delivered to tankers at Ras Tanura, Ju‘aymah or Yanbu‘.

staBil izer

* The refinery in Bahrain is not a Saudi Aramco facility.

** Two Yanbu‘ refineries (one joint venture)

GosP : Gas-oil seParation Plant

Plant

oil f ield

terminal

ref inery

local customer

inteGrated ref inery and Petrochemical Plant

*** Joint venture

non-associated Gas Wells

Abqaiq

Jubail Yanbu‘

Yanbu‘Ju‘aymahRas Tanura

Ju‘aymahRas Tanura Yanbu‘

MARAFiQSWCC

MARAFiQ

Qatif

HawiyahHaradhShedgum ‘Uthmaniyah Khursaniyah

Hawiyah

Berri


saudi aramco Production h istory 1938–2010 (THOUSANDS OF BARRELS) key

crude oil

natural Gas l iquids

Average daily production of crude oil and NGL

1971

1972

1973

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

7,33

4.65

97

.12

5,73

3.40

54

.07

4,49

7.58

52

.07

3,54

8.87

52

.12

2,99

2.66

46

.17

2,82

9.98

38

.47

2,59

7.56

20

.40

2,39

2.74

15

.56

2,02

4.87

13

.87

1,71

6.11

11

.01

1,62

9.02

5.

80

1,52

0.70

2.

90

1,39

2.52

1,24

7.14

1,09

5.40

1,01

5.03

992.

11

986.

13

965.

04

953.

00

844.

64

824.

76

761.

54

546.

70

476.

74

390.

31

246.

17

164.

23

58.3

9

21.3

0

13.3

4

12.4

1

11.8

1

13.8

7

10.7

8

1.36

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

8,92

4.14

1,

098.

92

8,53

1.91

1,

081.

00

8,91

2.17

1,

093.

24

9,06

4.62

1,

096.

94

8,61

0.58

1,

058.

14

8,10

3.45

94

5.43

6,79

2.32

86

8.32

7,57

0.64

80

1.05

7,80

0.07

77

8.71

7,27

4.05

73

7.35

8,00

6.24

76

4.83

7,75

1.93

76

7.45

7,86

4.83

75

6.15

7,80

7.63

73

1.85

7,83

3.28

68

7.93

7,85

4.74

63

9.76

8,15

6.57

62

2.06

8,05

3.40

58

6.74

6,25

7.56

53

3.23

4,86

3.53

42

0.95

4,92

8.10

41

6.21

3,99

1.00

34

4.92

4,68

9.80

30

4.18

3,04

1.10

31

6.31

3,92

2.08

35

5.07

4374

.30

330.

10

6,32

7.22

42

9.50

9,62

3.83

44

8.17

9,63

1.37

36

9.23

9,25

1.08

30

9.26

8,06

6.11

25

3.11

9,01

6.95

21

9.45

8,34

3.95

18

4.78

6,82

6.94

14

1.42

1974

8,20

9.71

13

7.63

2009

2010

7,91

0.20

1,

219.

30

7,91

2.56

1,

123.

96


saudi aramco Workforce h istory 1935–2010 (at year-end)

key

saudi

exPatriate

total Workforce

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

44,7

02

6,65

4

44,9

91

6,85

2

45,5

05

7,01

5

46,3

65

7,58

9

46,4

96

7,99

1

45,8

69

8,20

8

46,3

15

8,18

6

45,5

86

8,49

0

46,1

72

9,36

0

46,1

33

10,3

47

12,2

16

5,40

8

46,1

80

11,5

96

44,9

38

12,5

48

34,6

15

14,1

07

33,8

47

13,0

08

32,9

00

12,9

48

32,1

06

11,5

82

31,7

12

12,2

16

32,0

85

12,3

99

31,6

23

12,5

55

31,9

06

13,9

58

33,3

82

18,2

09

34,8

82

23,2

73

34,2

26

24,7

36

33,0

67

28,1

65

29,7

53

27,8

85

26,3

21

24,2

60

21,8

39

20,4

13

17,8

94

16,7

55

16,7

40

8,78

7

15,1

87

6,54

3

14,9

31

5,45

1

12,4

32

4,39

0

10,6

36

3,33

4

1971

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

9,13

3 2,

099

9,43

8 2,

213

9,89

4 2,

483

10,2

94

2,67

8

10,7

61

2,84

8

10,7

93

2,95

8

10,8

05

2,99

9

10,8

92

2,99

8

11,3

41

3,12

4

11,4

42

3,55

8

11,6

60

4,29

6

12,2

16

5,40

8

12,5

72

6,07

6

13,2

22

6,63

5

13,6

71

7,53

5

13,8

44

8,09

1

14,6

65

8,78

2

14,0

51

9,39

3

14,8

19

10,2

73

13,7

86

8,85

2

10,7

67

6,73

4

10,0

26

6,09

9

12,2

26

7,37

9

12,0

18

4,87

9

7,29

7 2,

684

8,08

7 3,

379

7,58

5 1,

475

2,69

2 19

0

1,65

4 17

1

1,64

7 19

3

2,66

8 38

2

3,17

8 46

3

2,74

5 34

0

548 54

1,07

6 62115 26

9,10

9 2,

225

11,3

34141

1,13

8

602

3,08

5

3,64

1

3,05

0

1,84

0

1,82

5

2,88

2

9,06

0

11,4

66

9,98

1

16,8

97

19,6

05

16,1

25

17,5

01

22,6

38

25,0

92

23,4

44

23,4

47

21,9

35

21,2

06

19,8

57

18,6

48

17,6

24

15,9

56

15,0

00

14,4

65

13,8

90

13,8

04

13,7

51

13,6

09

12,9

72

12,3

77

11,6

51

11,2

32

1972

9,59

0 2,

575

12,1

65

13,9

70

16,8

22

20,3

82

21,7

30

25,5

27

34,6

49

42,2

52

50,5

81

57,6

38

61,2

32

58,9

62

58,1

55

51,5

91

45,8

64

44,1

78

44,4

84

43,9

28

43,6

88

45,8

48

46,8

55

48,7

22

57,4

86

57,7

76

56,4

80

56,3

45

55,5

32

54,0

76

54,5

01

54,0

77

54,4

87

53,9

54

52,5

20

51,8

43

51,3

56

2008

2007

45,4

64

6,62

947

,502

6,

939

54,4

41

52,0

93

2010

2009

48,0

53

7,01

347

,741

7,

057

54,7

98

55,0

66

appendix upstream downstream operations data to...168 appendix appendix 169 upstream downstream...

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