chapter 5: spanning the internet divide to drive … 5: spanning the internet divide to drive...
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Chapter 5: Spanning the Internet divide to drive development (ITU)
Vanessa GRAYHead of LDCs, SIDS &
Emergency Telecommunications DivisionTelecommunication Development Bureau
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Aid for Trade workshop2017 Aid‐for‐trade monitoring and evaluation exercise
30 May, 2017, OECD, Paris
Committed to Connecting the World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*
Per 1
00 inhabitants/ho
useh
olds
Active mobile‐broadband subscriptions Fixed‐broadband subscriptionsFixed‐telephone subscriptions Households with a computerHouseholds with Internet access Individuals using the InternetMobile‐cellular telephone subscriptions
Note: * ITU estimates.Source: ITU .
A decade of strong growth in ICTs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Fixed‐telephonesubscriptions
Mobile‐cellularsubscriptions
Fixed‐broadbandsubscriptions
Mobile‐broadbandsubscriptions
Households with acomputer
Households withInternet access
Individuals usingthe Internet
Per 1
00 inhabitants/ho
useh
olds
World Developed countries Developing countries LDCs
Note: ITU estimates.Source: ITU.
Inequalities in ICT access and use
ITU ICT Development Index: LDCs are not catching up fast enough
• Composite index combining 11 indicators for ICT access use and skills into one value
• Make comparisons between countries and over time
• All of the bottom 27‐ranked countries are LDCs
Source: ITU.
Mobile as the key driver of accessMobile network coverage and evolving technologies in LDCs
Source: ITU.
LTE or higher
Driving development: mobile broadband
Mobile broadband Fixed broadband
30.018.9 15.4
4.810.5
0.7
30.1
11.9 8.20.8PE
R 100 INHA
BITA
NTS76.6 78.2
53.047.6 42.6
29.3
90.3
49.440.9
19.4
PER 100 INHA
BITA
NTS
Note: ITU estimates.Source: ITU.
Falling prices, more affordable mobile services
• Average handset based mobile‐broadband prices have dropped from USD 26 in 2013 to USD 9 in 2015
• On average, these mobile broadband prices in LDCs still represent 11% of GNI per capita
• Number of services and pricing models are increasing, also to adapt to the needs of LDCs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2013 2014 2015
As a % of G
NI p
.c.
LDCs Developed World Developing
Mobile‐broadband prices as a percentage of GNI per capita, 2013‐15 , 500 MB prepaid handset‐based
Source: ITU.
Fixed versus mobile networks
• Mobile‐broadband remains inferior in terms of speed, latency, and capacity
• IMT‐2020 (5G) networks promise to address some of the challenges but backbone infrastructure is critical
• Key policy implications:– Governments must foster investments in the latest generation of mobile networks
– Countries must invest in fixed‐broadband infrastructure: national backbones and international connectivity
Backbone infrastructureInternational Internet bandwidth in kbit/s per inhabitant, 2015
Source: ITU.
0.4
0.9 1.1
4.3 4.0
1.1
‐
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Africa ArabStates
Asia &Pacific
CIS Europe TheAmericas
Route metres p
er cpa
ita
Route metres of fibre and microwave backbone per capita by region, 2016
G5
G4
G3
G2
G1
•Collaborative regulation• Inclusive dialogue and harmonized approach across sectors
• Integrated regulation• Led by economic and social policy goals
• Enabling investment, innovation and access • Dual focus on stimulating competition in service and content delivery, and consumer protection
• Opening markets• Partial liberalization and privatization across the layers
• Regulated public monopolies• Command & control approach
Generations of regulation
Source: ITU.
Adressing connectivity bottlenecks• Develop National ICT/Broadband Plans, set targets and track and monitor implementation
• Liberalization, privatization and inter and intra platform competition
• Creating an enabling environment, removing entry barriers, allow foreign ownership and investment
• When private investment is not sufficient– Direct government investment – Public private partnerships (PPPs) – Use of universal service funds and obligations– State aid, tax incentives
What policy makers can doWinning formula for mobile broadband• Competition in mobile broadband• Competition in international
gateways• Mobile number portability
enabled (implemented, available to consumers)
• Spectrum band migration allowed• Infrastructure sharing for mobile
operators permitted, including MVNOs
• National broadband plan adopted
Winning formula for fixed broadband• Competition in DSL/cable• Fixed number portability
enabled (implemented, available to consumers)
• Infrastructure sharing/co‐location and site sharing for fixed mandated
• Converged licensing framework in place
• National broadband plan adopted
Paradox of connectivity versus use
• More than 50% of the population in LDCs is covered by a mobile‐broadband signal, but:
• Only 15% use the Internet
Source: ITU.
Mobile network coverage and evolving technologies in LDCs
LTE or higher
Internet users per 100 inhabitants, 2016>50%
coverage
ICT divides, and barriers outside the ICT ecosystem
Education IncomeGender Age Content Language
22
37
39
64
65
76
80
45
37
13
28
46
47
66
69
82
82
51
45
18
Africa
Arab States
Asia & Pacific
The Americas
CIS
Europe
Developed
World
Developing
LDC
Female Male
Proportion of individuals using the Internet, by gender, 2016*
Source: ITU.
Education, education, education
Notes: *Latest data available. ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education.Source: ITU Measuring the Information Society Report 2016.
Internet use by level of education in developing countries, 2013‐15*
Highlights
• Growth in ICT infrastructure, connectivity, access and use promise great development opportunities
• ICTs are key building blocks of the digital economy, to facilitate trade and drive e‐commerce
• Internet divide remains a key barrier to the global information society, particularly for LDCs
• Governments have an important role to play in creating an enabling environment, to make ICTs affordable, and to address key barriers
• Broader socio‐economic barriers and inequalities outside the ICT ecosystem also need to be addressed