DST’s Programme on Bio-fuels

Sanjay Bajpai

Department of Science & Technology (DST)Ministry of Science and Technology,

Government of IndiaWebsite: www.dst.gov.in

Acknowledgement:All Academicians, Scientists and Technologists who enthusiastically

responded to DST’s foray in Biofuels and Contributed to enrichment of the Programme.

Department of Science and Technology (DST)

DST, currently enjoys the status of India’s main Extra Mural Research Support system with a share of about 50% of fundingfor research through EMR route

NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE AND ITS PERCENTAGE TO GNP

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

90-91 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07* 07-08*

YEAR

R&D

EX

PEN

DIT

URE

(RS.

CR

ORE

S)

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

PERC

ENTA

GE

OF

GN

P

R&D Expenditure GNP (%)

NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE SECTOR- WISE, 2005-06

Central Govt.57%

Private Sec. Ind.26%

State Govt.8%Public Sec. Ind.

5%

Higher Edu. Sec.4%

Central Govt. Private Sec. Ind. State Govt. Public Sec. Ind. Higher Edu. Sec.

Total = Rs. 28776.65 Crores

695.87302.65

130.44

79.04

47.30

46.64

43.15

36.55

27.24

18.90

39.40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

DST

DBT

MOS

MOCIT

ICMR

DRDO

CSIR

DAE

UGC

AICTE

OTHERS

R&D SUPPORT BY CENTRAL S&T AGENCIES DURING 2007-08

Others include : DOC,MOEF,MNRE ,PCRA ,ISRO ,DSIR and AYUSH

Total Approved cost = Rs. 1467.19 CrTotal Projects = 3515

Select Mandate of DST

S&T Policies (1983, 2003) R&D in emerging areas ( Biotechnology, Renewable

Energy, Environment, Earth System, Nano Technology etc.)

Interdisciplinary & multi Institutional R&D (Gyrotron, Hospital Waste Incineration, Water Purification etc.)

Demonstration of technology for replication (Micro Hydel) International Cooperation on Science & Technology Collation of R&D Data

Electron gun (CEERI)

Collector insulator

Collector magnet coils (IPR)

Collector (CEERI)

Main Magnet coil(IPR)

Cathode (CEERI)

Electron Beam

IIT (R)

Cavity (BHU)

Gun magnet coil (IPR) Power Supply

(IPR)

Window(SAMEER)

Institutional Responsibilities

Illustrative examples

Inter Disciplinary & Multi Institutional R&D Cooperation-Gyrotron

Illustrative examplesIndustry Institute Collaboration Plasma Technologies

Plasma Pyrolysis System Development

Hospital Waste disposal

Ilustrative examplesIndustry Institute CollaborationSafe Drinking Water Distributed Energy

Generation

Defluoridation

Arsenic Removal

2 X 50 kW Micro Hydel Project at Thuvopisu, Nagaland

Pan IIT Initiative• Department of Science and Technology has initiated a PAN IIT

network programme on solar energy research

– Thematic Network research• Solar energy materials• Solar energy devices (for user direct load applications)• Storage devices• Power electronics for grid synchronization• Convergent Solar thermal technology solutions (25 kw to 1 MW)

– Off Grid– 24X7 complete with storage and power electronics

• Convergent Solar PV technology solutions– Power plant requirements

Islanded Grid1 MW 8 hour per day

Autonomous Grid with

Utility Connectivity

Can link to Main Grid

Power Electronics Storage100s kW Energy Sources

Pool of Expertise from different IITs and other institutions; DST funding

Sol

ar T

herm

al

PV

–H

igh

Effi

cien

cy S

i

PV

–C

once

ntra

tors

PV

–C

IGS

PV

–O

ther

s

Fuel

Cel

ls w

ith F

uel F

lexi

ble

Bat

terie

s

Oth

er O

ptio

ns

PV

–A

mor

phou

s S

i

Solar Desalination

Utilisation of concentrated solar thermal energy for supplying potable water to a costal community in Ramanathapuram

Solar- Multi Effect Desalination (MED) Systems delivers 6000 lts/ hour potable water.

Integration of Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) based solar thermal steam generating system with the MED system and performance evaluation

Vacuum

BrineDischarge

BrineDischarge

BrineDischarge

Saline Feed

Vapour

Fresh Water

Steam in

Condensate

VapourVapour

VacuumVacuum

A parallel feed multi-effect distillation process

Hybrid Biomass- Solar Power Plant

Pilot scale Demonstration power plant(in association with Thermax)Off grid village level hybrid technology

A 256 kW Solar Thermal Technology Demonstration Project at village Shive, Pune in partnership with M/S Thermax Ltd.

Operation with solar energy and biomass boiler as backup during the non-insolation period.

Parabolic Trough at Shive Village, Pune

International Cooperation

EPSRC-DST Joint Initiative– (Joint fund of 10 million UK pounds with India supporting

Indian researchers and UK supporting UK researchers) complete with IPR sharing on reciprocity and parity principle• Joint workshop among researchers of India and UK in solar PV

research was held– Joint call was made and project support mechanism developed

EU-India S&T cooperation in solar energy research– 5 million Euro on either side earmarked

• Coordinated call for proposals with joint peer review mechanism placed on ground

Allocation of Business to DST on Biofuels

( 3rd April,2006)

• Development of indigenous technologies concerning Biofuel :- Production - Processing- Standardisation and - Application

• R&D to promote utilisation of by-products

National Consultations by DST

Workshop on Strategies for utilisation of Biofuels (2003)- at Bangalore

Interaction on R&D activities on bio-fuels and by-products (2006)- at Pune

Outcome of National Consultations -Major Recommendations

- Feedstock: Jatropha and Karanja

- Use of Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) : scientific validation and field trials

- Development of Small capacity Bio-diesel Plant : design, fabrication and demonstration

- R&D on value addition in by- products, seed variety, engine performance etc

Use of Straight Vegetable Oil -Findings

Use of Straight vegetable oils leads to severe carbon deposits on engine parts-Cylinder Heads, Pistons etc, and Clogging of Injector.

Erosion marks

10 % SVO + Diesel

White deposit formation

10 % blend

High injector deposits

10 % blend

Remedial Measures Suggested• Filtration and Preheating of the Vegetable Oils before

injection, and

• Frequent Maintenance: Injector clearing fuel filter change, Tube oil change, fuel pump clearing, engine overhauling etc.

OutcomeRetrofit for pre-heating and Dual Fuel Engine developed for Karanja and Jatropha SVO utilization in single cylinder engine

10 kW Dual Fuel Engine10 kW Dual Fuel EngineRetrofit For PreheatingRetrofit For Preheating

Indigenous technology for Bio-Diesel Production (Public Private

Partnership)

Demonstrations at

- Chhattisgarh- Uttar Pradesh- Karnataka- Orissa - Uttarakhand - Assam - Arunachal Pradesh

Features of the Plant

Feedstock - Karanja and Jatropha

Crushing Capacity – 1 tonne seeds per day

Yield – 250 ltrs per day

Bio-diesel as per BIS standards

Plant Cost - Rs 12.50 lakhs

Center for Biofuels (TIFAC)

Set up at NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram Mandate is to promote bio-refinery related

technologies through- Cutting edge research activities - Knowledge based training- Collaboration with international agencies - Development of strategies and

technologies

Centre for Bio-fuel technologies-AchievementsTechnology demonstration of ligno-

cellulosic bio-ethonal for 5 select feedstocks Study report on `Availability of Indian Bio-

mass resources for Exploitation’Efficient utilisation of Jatropha seedcake

by detoxification and recovery of residual hydrocarbon

Research & Development - Ongoing

By-Product Utilisation (Karanja)- Use of Cake for development of protein and starch based

products

- Removal of toxins from Jatropha and Karanja cake

- Value added products from crude glycerol

Research & Development - Ongoing

Studies on Biodiesel / SVO

• Long term oxidation stability of Biodiesel• Bio-diesel blends• SVO blends• Bio-diesel production through alternate routes -

Cellulosic biomass etc. • Upscaling of production capacity – 250 ltrs to 5000

ltrs per day• Catalysts for trans-esterification process

Research & Development (Future Efforts)

Engine Performance & Oil Characteristics

Spray research and detailed combustion studies

Reduction of NOx from exhaust

Next Generation Biofuels

PartnersInstitutions :

IIT-D, IIT-K, IIT-M, IISc, Orissa Agri. University, NERIST,DCE, JSS Academy of Technical Education, CSMCRI, IICT, CIRT, SASTRA

Industries :MICO, Ashok Leyland, OFDC, Indian Oil, NTPC

Financial Institutions:North Eastern Development Financial Institution, Guwahati