weed detection in rice crop using computer visionintegrated weed management in rice :: pakistan...
TRANSCRIPT
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Centre of Robotics
Weed Detection in Crops Using Computer VisionPresenter: Dr. Yasir Niaz KhanResearchers: Taskeen Ashraf, Danish Gondal, Novaira Noor.http://cs.ucp.edu.pk/index.php/robotics-security/
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Centre of Robotics
UCP Robotics Group
◦Faculty
◦Dr. Yasir Niaz Khan
◦Dr. Syed Atif Mehdi
◦Dr. Musharraf Hanif
◦Dr. Oumeir Naseer
◦Muhammad Awais
◦Researchers
◦Aamir Ishaq
◦Sibtain Abbas
◦Ruhan Asghar
◦Hamad ul Qudous
◦Noman Saleem
◦More than 50
undergrad students
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Centre of Robotics
Road Map
◦ Introduction
◦ Problem Statement
◦ Methodology
◦ Experimentation & Results
◦ Comparison
◦ Conclusion
◦ Future Work
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Centre of Robotics
INTRODUCTION
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Centre of Robotics
Importance of Rice Crop1,2
◦ Feeds over 50% of World’s population
◦ Pakistan 13th world wide in Rice production
◦ Pakistan 4th in Rice Exports
◦ Stands second in terms of staple food in Pakistan
◦ 13% to the total value of Exports
◦ Stands third in terms of cultivation area3
1. Old.parc.gov.pk, "NARC-Rice||Introduction", 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://old.parc.gov.pk/NARC/RiceProg/Pages/intro.html. [Accessed: 20- Dec- 2015].
2. Bayercropscience.com.pk,. 'Bayer Cropscience - Pakistan : Rice'. N.p., 2015. Web. 14 May 2015.
3. Fao.org,. 'Fertilizer Use By Crop In Pakistan'. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 June 2015
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Centre of Robotics
What are Weeds and Weed Control?1
Weeding Approaches
Manual
Hand weeding
Hand hoeing
Partially automated
Herbicides application
Biological means
1. Pakissan.com,. 'Integrated Weed Management In Rice :: Pakistan Agricultural News Chennal-:PAKISSAN.Com:-
'. N.p., 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
2. Eap.mcgill.ca,. "Biological Control Of Weeds". N.p., 2015. Web. 31 sep. 2015.
Biological Means2
1. biological spray
-spore
suspension of
an endemic
fungus
2. a fish, the
white amur
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Centre of Robotics
Issues with Weed Control Methods
◦Difficult to harvest
◦Disadvantage of uniform spraying▫Uneconomical
▫Affects crop health
▫Environmental Pollution
▫Resistance to sprays
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Centre of Robotics
Resistance to sprays
Survey website at http://www.weedscience.org on
September 13th, 2015.
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Centre of Robotics
Weeds are a
Problemo Weed destroys 15-20% or in some
cases up to 50% of the crop1
o Uniform spraying is uneconomical
o Control Period of weeds is first 40-50
days
1. Pakissan.com,. 'Integrated Weed Management In Rice :: Pakistan Agricultural News
Chennal-:PAKISSAN.Com:-'. N.p., 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
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Centre of Robotics
Problem Statement
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Centre of Robotics
Problem Statement
“Automated localized weed detection in
rice fields to avoid excessive uniform
spraying; that will result in high, good
quality yield with low production cost.”
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Centre of Robotics
Problem Statement
“Automated localized weed detection in
rice fields to
that will result in
high, good quality yield with low
production cost.”
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Centre of Robotics
Problem Statement
“
in rice fields to
that will
result in high, good quality yield with low
production cost.”
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Centre of Robotics
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Centre of Robotics
Initial Experimentation
◦Testing conducted with few images
(DS-1)(1,2)
◦Broadleaf and sedges
1. Jircas.affrc.go.jp,. 'JIRCAS cyperus Difformis plants In Lowland Savanna Of West Africa'. N.p., 2015.
Web. 10 May 2015.
2. Mikobi.deviantart.com,. 'Water Lily In The Rice Paddies Around Angkor Wat'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May
2015.
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Centre of Robotics
Initial Experimentation
◦Three techniques▫Based on localized FFT and Edge Detection1
▫Based on localized Entropy
▫Based on Wavelet Transform2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Localized FFT LocalizedEntropy
Discrete WaveletTransform
Comparison Using Accuracy and FPR
Accuracy
FPR
Accuracy:
89.60 %
Techniques Accuracy FPR
FFT 74.85% 27.83%
Entropy 76.66% 24.09%
Wavelet 89.60% 17.50%
1. Nejati, Hossein, Zohreh Azimifar, and Mohsen Zamani. "Using fast fourier transform for weed detection in corn fields."
Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2008. SMC 2008. IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2008
2. Noor, Novaira, and Yasir Niaz Khan. 'Weed Detection In Wheat Fields Using Computer Vision'. Graduate. FAST-NU
Lahore, 2014. Print.
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Centre of Robotics
Experimental setup & Dataset
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Centre of Robotics
Experimental Setup
◦Setup▫MATLAB 2014 64 bit
▫Windows 8 64 bit
▫4 GB RAM
▫Core i5 1.70GHz Processor
▫LibSVM and RF
◦Dataset
▫Images taken height of 2-4 ft.
▫Angle of capture is 90 degrees
▫Image resolution is 1920x1080
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Centre of Robotics
Technique 1
Using Wavelet Transform involving Blur Detection
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Centre of Robotics
Overall Technique
Video
Extract Every Nth Frame(Image)
Blur Detection Module
Weed Detection Module
Output image
Calculate Weed Coverage
Trained
SVM
Model
Blur
Non-Blur
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Centre of Robotics
Blur Detection
Dataset blur/Non-Blur labelled images
Get image one by one
Convert RGB to Gray
Calculate Discrete Laplacian
Extract Features
Train SVM (Batch Training)
Linear SVM Model
Min, max, std
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Centre of Robotics
Weed Detection
Input image
Excessive green image
Wavelet Transform
Thresholding on Diagonal Coefficients
Inverse Wavelet Transform
Dilation
Remove small regions
Output image
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Centre of Robotics
Steps 1-3
Original Image Excessive Green Image
Diagonal Coefficient Diagonal Coefficient(Filtered)
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Centre of Robotics
Steps 4-5
Dilation
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Centre of Robotics
Accuracy & FPR
◦ Total Frames = 1717
◦ Total Frames processed = 172
◦ Non-blur frames detected = 67
◦ Accuracy of blur detection = 84.88%
◦ FPR of blur detection = 18.46%
◦ Weed Detection Accuracy = 68.95%
◦ FPR = 12.69%
◦ Weed Detection Accuracy after blur removal =
76.16% (8% increase)
◦ FPR = 13.38%
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Centre of Robotics
Weakness
Accuracy drops drastically when texture
difference decreases with the growth of
grass
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Centre of Robotics
Technique 2
Using SVM and Random forest with Moments
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Centre of Robotics
Dataset-2 Density Based
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Centre of Robotics
Weed Detection
Density Based Dataset
Extract Green channel from RGB
Calculate Mean,variance,kurtosis,skew
Train Classifier (Batch Training)
Calculate n-fold cross validation
Calculate complex
moments
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Centre of Robotics
Accuracy Using First Four Moments
68.00
70.00
72.00
74.00
76.00
78.00
80.00
82.00
84.00
86.00
88.00
1 2 3 4 5
Accu
rac
y
No. of Iterations
Linear kernel
RBF kernel
Random Forest
Accuracy: 82.22% RBF
Kernel SVM C=8, g=0.25
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Centre of Robotics
Accuracy Using Complex Moments
Accuracy: 81.42% random
forests with 300 trees
66.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
74.00
76.00
78.00
80.00
82.00
84.00
86.00
1 2 3 4 5
Accu
rac
y
No. of Iterations
Linear kernel
RBF kernel
Random Forest
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Centre of Robotics
Accuracy Using Combined Moments
Accuracy: 86.06% RF
With 300 trees
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
1 2 3 4 5
Acc
ura
cy
No. of Iterations
Linear kernel
RBF kernel
Random Forest
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Centre of Robotics
Comparisons
Accuracy and Execution Time
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Centre of Robotics
Accuracy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Linear kernel RBF kernel Random Forest
Accu
rac
y
Type of classifiers
Moments Feature set
GLCM feature set
Accuracy: 86.06% RF
With 300 trees
Moments Feature Set
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Centre of Robotics
Execution Time
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Wavelet Transform withblur detection
Moments GLCM features
Execu
tio
n t
ime i
n s
eco
nd
s
Linear SVM kernel
RBF SVM kernel
Random forests
Wavelet Transform
Less feature extraction Time
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Centre of Robotics
Conclusion
◦ Strengths
• Different densities of grasses
• Multiple backgrounds (dry soil, muddy
soil, straw/stalk)
• Grasses are a common weed in other
crops such as cotton.
◦ Limitations
• First technique dependents on growth
stage
• Threshold of dilation, area removal
needs to determined.
• Limited to a single type of weed
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Centre of Robotics
Topic
Plants Classification using Hough Line
Transform & Support Vector Machine(SVM)
Researcher: Umar Muzaffar52
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Tools & Technology
◦Visual Studio
◦Image Processing( Opencv, C++)
53
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Centre of Robotics
Data set Collection
◦All dataset collected from:
University of Central Punjab
Fields
Nurseries
54
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Centre of Robotics
Sample Images
Kangi Palm’s Plant Potato’s Plant Pea’s Plant
(Captured from UCP) (Captured from Fields) (Captured from Nursery)
55
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Centre of Robotics
Training of data
◦There were total of 9 species which I
classified successfully
◦There were total of 300 images collected
◦Each specie consist of 33 images.
◦31 images were used for testing purpose
◦2 images were used for validation purpose
56
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Techniques Used
◦Hough Line Transform (To extract
different shapes)
◦SVM (Support Vector Machine)
57
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Centre of Robotics
Flow Chart
58
Input Image
Apply Hough Line
Transform.
Apply Canny Edge
Detector
Apply Bilateral Filter
to reduce noise
Find different shapes
of leaves
Apply SVM for
classification
If image’s data
matches
Output plant’s name
Save Features
in file
If image’s data
doesn’t match
Output “It’s not match
to existing data”
Extract length & width
of leaves
Start
End
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Centre of Robotics
ResultsCherry’s Plant
59
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Centre of Robotics
Continue.
Cauliflower’s Plant
60
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Continue.
RedChilli’s Plant
61
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Centre of Robotics
Continue.
Potato’s Plant
62
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Centre of Robotics
Continue.
It’s Wall Palm Tree
63
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Centre of Robotics
Future Work
◦To improve my system, I will use different
techniques Like Odd Gabor Filters and
morphological operations
◦It will help me to detect even veins of the
leaves
◦It will give much accurate results than, by
detecting the shapes of the leaves.
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Centre of Robotics
Disease Identification in Crops
Researcher: Sibtain Abbas
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Centre of Robotics
Goals
◦Increase in production.
◦Quality crops.
◦Reduce economic damage.
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Centre of Robotics
Losses in Punjab
Crop Value of Damage
($ millions)
Cost of Control
($ millions)
Rice 1.77 0.61
Wheat 1.83 0.40
Cotton 2.23 1.7
Totals 5.83 2.71
http://www.fin
ance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Annex_III_disease_damage.pdf
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Centre of Robotics
Common Diseases
◦Fusarium
◦Leaf Rust
◦Leaf Blotch
◦Wilt
◦Chlorosis
◦Scorch
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Centre of Robotics
Fusarium Blight
◦Fungal Disease
◦Causes
◦Effect on US Economy
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100401.htm
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Centre of Robotics
Leaf Scorch
◦Browning of Leaf Tissues, Veins and Tips.
◦Causes
◦Effect
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Centre of Robotics
Basic Steps
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Centre of Robotics
Flow Chart
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Centre of Robotics
Histogram- Methodology
Blurring the image.
Blurred Image
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Centre of Robotics
Histogram
◦HSV is used to improve color space
accuracy.
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Centre of Robotics
Histogram
◦Canny Edge Detection is used to further
enhance the details.
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Centre of Robotics
Histogram
◦Healthy and Diseased Histograms.
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Centre of Robotics
Histogram- Results
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Centre of RoboticsMulti Class SVM
◦Converting RGB to Gray Scale
◦Image Pre Processing
◦Image Segmentation
◦Feature Extraction
◦Classification
◦Testing
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Centre of Robotics
Multi Class SVM- Results
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Centre of Robotics
Multi Class SVM- Results
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Centre of Robotics
Multi Class SVM- Results
Stage No of Images Execution Time (sec)
Feature Extraction 100 90
Training 25/ per class 3.3
Testing 20/ per class 0.7
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Centre of Robotics
Accuracy
◦Maximum accuracy achieved after 500
iterations.
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Centre of Robotics
Future Work
◦Improve the Accuracy.
◦Parallel detection of Weeds and Diseases.
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Centre of Robotics
Thank You!