Peace at Paris

Treaties of Noteworthiness:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty between Germany and Russia in March 1918

(Trotsky was in charge) (9 weeks of negotiations and stalling). Germany was advancing into Russian territory and

Russia couldn’t pay enough attention to the war.This treaty allowed Russia to pull out of WWI and

ceased fighting between Russia and the Central PowersRussia had to give up land in Finland, Poland, Ukraine,

and the Baltic region.This treaty gets thrown out with the Treaty of Versailles

and the lands were declared independent.

Treaty of Versailles

Established League of Nations (L.o.N.)Article 88– Germany could not make

international agreements without L.o.N approvalPunished Germany

Land given to her neighbors (Rhineland to France)

Saar, Memel, and Danzig given to L.o.N.All Colonies taken awayRussian land given back to Russia, except for

Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Treaty of Versailles, cont.Germany’s punishment, cont.

Armed forces reductions100,000 man army (smaller than fire

dept.)Six battleshipsNo submarines or air force

Western Germany (Rhineland) demilitarized

Forbidden to unite with Austria

Treaty of Versailles, cont.

Germany’s Punishment, cont.Clause 231 – The “War Guilt” ClauseReparations 132 billion gold marks over 42 years This is equal to 3,142,857,142 billion marks per year.

Question: If you were a German, what would be your reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? Why?

1. Describe exactly what you see – look at the position and gestures of each character. What do they imply? What can we infer?

2. Who produced this source? What is the origin?

3. When was it produced, and what is the significance of that date?

4. What does the cartoon tell you about German reactions towards the Treaty? What is the purpose of the cartoon?

5. What is the value? How reliable is this source to an historian studying the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Germans?

6. What are the limitations of this source for that same historian?

Although Germany had the choice to accept or reject the Versailles peace proposals, this political cartoon from the German magazine “Simpliccimus” in June 1919, implies that it was already condemned to death. The principal judges and executioners (from left to right), are Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George.

Consequences of Treaty of Versailles

Spiraling violenceHyperinflationGermany in chaosGrowing anger and

hostility towards the allies

Treaties of Saint GermainSeparate treaty with Austria

Article 80- Must have approval from L.o.NAustria and Hungary split

Reparation paymentsReduction of armed forcesLand losses to

Czechoslovakia YugoslaviaItalyPolandRomania

Treaty of Trianon- treaty with Hungary

Hungary gave up 2/3 of it’s territory.41% of the population no longer

Hungarian.Broken into territory for Serbia,

Czechoslovakia, Romania, and YugoslaviaAllies made all negotiations and decisions

against Hungary.Some argue that Hungary suffered the

most after the war.

Treaty of Neuilly- Treaty w/ Bulgaria

Bulgaria lost land to Greece and Turkey

War reparationsReduction of armed forces

Treaty of SevresDismantled the Ottoman EmpireRemoved most Ottoman lands

Only Turkey remained, but occupied by French, British, Greek, and Italian armies

Straits controlled by L.o.N.French Mandates: Syria and Lebanon British Mandates: Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-

JordanIndependence to Arabia

Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Warm Up Question: Which of the Central Powers was treated most harshly at the Paris Peace Conference? Why? Why did this country get targeted?

Treaty of Berlin: Treaty between the United States Congress and Central Powers (since the United States refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.)

The Congress waited until Woodrow Wilson was voted out of office and replaced by Harding before they would finish the treaty (this was a major insult to Wilson)

Treaty was signed in 1921 (2 years after the war ended).The United States declared the war officially over.The US did not have to pay anything for any property

controlled by the US (war souvenirs like firearms, etc.)They wanted whatever rewards/benefits were agreed

upon in the Treaty of Versailles, Trianon, or Saint Germaine.

The Treaty said the US was not bound by the terms of the League of Nations.

Published in May, 1920 in the Daily Herald in England.

Question: What message was the cartoonist, Will Dyson, trying to convey?

OPVL this cartoon.

Postwar Crises

Spanish Influenza Pandemic1918-1920Worst pandemic in historyKilled 25 million worldwide

Postwar Crises, cont.

Polish invasion of Russia

Russian Civil WarAllies involvedWill Lenin honor new

boundaries?

Treaty of Riga (1921) Western Russia to Poland

Postwar Crises, cont.

Turkish revolution (1921)Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk) Drove out Greek army

Massacre at Smyrna1.4 million Greek refugees

Treaty of Sevres scrapped Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

returned European landsrecalled foreign troopsEstablished demilitarized zones

around straits

Question: What lessons might other countries glean from the Treaties of Riga and Lausanne?

Postwar Crises, cont.

ItalyAngry over Paris Conference

results“Mutilated Victory”

Fascist revolutionBenito Mussolini

Prime Minister in 1922

GermanyPolitical upheavalEconomic chaosStrengthening Nazi Party

Question: Why were the Italians upset at the results of the Paris Peace Conference?

Map Activity: Wrap it up. Use the blank maps to demonstrate where

the boundaries were created within each Treaty.

Make sure your map is clear and neat.

Make sure you color code your map with a key. Include:

All 9 treatiesThe Rhineland, Alsace Lorraine, Saar, and other divided

regionsThe Polish corridorThe divisions of the new territories