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PEACE, CONFLICT AND DEVELOPMENT

Development Perspectives

By Shivraj Singh Negi (HS07H022)

“There is no long-termsecurity without

development. There isno development without

security.”Kofi Annan, 2006

“Peace is a primary prerequisitefor development.”

Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan(Davos 2008)

“9 out of the 10 lowest HumanDevelopment Index countries

have experienced armed conflictat some point since 1990.”

UNDP Human Development Report 2005

‘In Zaire rebellion is easy: all you need is ten thousand dollars and a

satellite phone’. Laurent Kabilla

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Why Conflict and Development Second World War and UN. Development after conflict. The template of peace and development activity. Endemic conflicts and uneven international

interventions. Development must not avoid – or follow - conflict

but engage with conflict.

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Conflict

Leads to lack of

Development

Leads to occurrence of

Occurrence of

Lack of

Catch-22

Also, there are positive and negative effects of development on conflict.

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Conflict Sensitive Development Argument for conflict sensitive development, in

order to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts.

Two examples of Kenya and Nepal. Conflict Analysis (Who, What, Why, When, Where

of conflict). Profiles, causes, actors and dynamics. Costs and the benefits accruing from proper

Conflict Analysis. Leads to a positive circular relation between

development and conflict. (Increasing development hits at roots of conflict, reduced conflict increases development).

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Civil war as Development in Reverse. Costs and causes.

Costs to other countries (Drugs, refugees etc). Most important risk factors were three economic

characteristics, the level of per capita income, its rate of growth, and its structure.

Reducing conflict through long term preventions (, solutions based on ending or shortening the duration of conflicts, post-conflict Interventions.

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Three principle factors are often exacerbated by the presence of ethnic differences etc.

Conflict

Dependence on

Natural Resources

Poverty

Stagnation

Also, Securitization of Development, problems from conflict, poverty arising out of conflict,

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Mozambique No Ethnic angle to conflict, primarily a result

of cold war. After collapse of apartheid regime and 1991,

church brokered a peace deal, intervention by IMF.

Successful programme of land re-allocation and settlement of war refugees.

Largely carried by using using indigenous knowledge and local capacity, with no external assistance of any kind from government, donors or NGOs.

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Sri Lanka Many Parallel Conflicts. Factors that exacerbated the conflict. Conflict between LTTE and Govt., within Tamil

groups, displaced people and hosts. Perceived need for social and political change. Human suffering due to conflict. Distrust and animosity. Conflict has caused militarization of society. Costs of conflict. Human development suffers due to above

factors.

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Colombia History. Causes of conflict: Unequal access to

economic power and political power, poverty and Drug funding.

Impact of Violence on development: highest violence rates in world, marginal conflict to generalized violence, economic impacts of insecurity and violence, Brain Drain.

The judicial system and other government institutions have been debilitated and corruption has rocketed.