peace corps colombia program evaluation report ig-13-03-e | sexual harassment - hiring safety and...

7/27/2019 Peace Corps Colombia Program Evaluation Report IG-13-03-E | Sexual Harassment - Hiring Safety and Security C…

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^b4 Imrrgo @osskor-Zmnokot, Noputy Ngroitbr

Nmkdgt Jmgfs, I`goa Ibcpkgmfio Baagior

Arbc4 Hmt`y M. Jukkor, Gfspoitbr Eoformk

Nmto4 Mprgk :7, :<=9

Yujdoit4 Agfmk Zopbrt bf tò \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf ba \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm

(GE-=9-<9-O)

^rmfscgtton abr ybur gfabrcmtgbf gs bur agfmk ropbrt bf tò \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf ba \omio

Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm.

Cmfmeocoft ibfiurron wgt` mkk =< roibccofnmtgbfs. Uo ikbson oge`t roibccofnmtgbfs (9-=<)

jmson bf m rovgow ba ibrroitgvo mitgbfs mfn suppbrtgfe nbiucoftmtgbf. Zoibccofnmtgbfs = mfn

: wgkk rocmgf bpof pofngfe ibfagrcmtgbf arbc tò i`goa ibcpkgmfio baagior t`mt tò

nbiucoftmtgbf gnoftgagon gf cmfmeocoft‗s rospbfso mfn gf bur ibccofts gf Mppofngx I `ms

joof roiogvon.

Gf gts rospbfso, cmfmeocoft nosirgjon mitgbfs gt gs tmhgfe br gftofns tb tmho tb mnnross tò gssuos

t`mt prbcpton omi` ba bur roibccofnmtgbfs. Uo wgs` tb fbto t`mt gf ikbsgfe roibccofnmtgbfs,

wo mro fbt iortgaygfe t`mt tò meofiy `ms tmhof tòso mitgbfs br t`mt wo `mvo rovgowon tògr

oaaoit. Iortgaygfe ibcpkgmfio mfn vorgaygfe oaaoitgvofoss mro cmfmeocoft‗s rospbfsgjgkgtgos.

\komso rospbfn wgt` nbiucoftmtgbf tb ikbso roibccofnmtgbf : wgt`gf 7< nmys ba roiogpt ba t`gs

cocbrmfnuc. Uo wgkk rovgow mitgbf tmhof tb ikbso roibccofnmtgbf = mt tò tgco t`mt \omio

Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm bjtmgfs mfn nbiucofts tò mpprbvmk tb novokbp fow sgtos butsgno ba cmdbr urjmf

mroms.

Wbu cmy mnnross quostgbfs roemrngfe abkkbw-up br nbiucoftmtgbf tb Mssgstmft Gfspoitbr Eoformk

abr Ovmkumtgbf Dgc B‗Hooao mt :<:.17:.:7<> br tb Yofgbr Ovmkumtbr Dorry Jkmih mt :<:.17:.:7=:.

\komso miiopt bur t`mfhs abr ybur ibbpormtgbf mfn mssgstmfio gf bur rovgow.

Mttmi`coft

ii4 Okgsm Cbftbym, U`gto @buso Kgmgsbf/Yofgbr Mnvgsbr tb tò Ngroitbr

Jgkk Zujgf, Eoformk Ibufsok

Imrkbs ^brros, Mitgfe Mssbigmto Ngroitbr abr Ekbjmk Bpormtgbfs

Fgfm Amvbr, Mitgfe Zoegbfmk Ngroitbr, Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs

Jrofnm Ebbncmf, Noputy Mssbigmto Ngroitbr, Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios

On @bjsbf, Mssbigmto Ngroitbr abr Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty

Nmryk Ygfh, I`goa, Bvorsoms Bpormtgbfs, Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty

Baagio ba Gfspoitbr Eoformk Baagio @btkgfo :<:.17:.:7<< :<:.17:.:7=? 0<<.:99.?pomioibrps.ebv/BGE BGE Zopbrts

Bfkgfo Ibftmit Abrc BGELpomioibrps.ebv

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@bwmrn Kybf, I`goa ba Bpormtgbfs Mnvgsbr/Oxport Ibfsuktmft, GM\

Mcy Db`fsbf, I`goa ba \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe, GM\

Eobreo Jmkngfb, Ibuftry Ngroitbr

Doffgaor \mrrgs` ^mykbr, Ypoigmk Mssgstmft tb t`o I`goa Ibcpkgmfio Baagior

Ibkbcjgm Nosh



\omio IbrpsBaagio ba Gfspoitbr Eoformk

\omio Ibrps Zospbfso Qbkuftoor Jbj Mrgms wgt` ibuftorpmr t mfn or nmue`tor

Akme ba Ibkbcjgm

Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4\omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm

GE-=9-<9-O

Mprgk :<=9



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm g

OPOI_^GQO Y_CCMZW

Gf =71= Ibkbcjgm wms bfo ba tò agrst ibuftrgos tb wokibco \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors. Cbro t`mf>,1<< Qbkuftoors sorvon gf Ibkbcjgm uftgk tò prbermc ikbson gf =70= abr soiurgty romsbfs. Gf

:<<7 abrcor Ibkbcjgmf \rosgnoft Íkvmrb _rgjo gfvgton tò \omio Ibrps tb roturf, mfn gfYoptocjor ba :<=< \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm (òromator, ‛tò pbst–) ro-bpofon wgt` fgfo \omioIbrps Zospbfso Qbkuftoors (\IZQs)=. Cbro t`mf oge`ty Qbkuftoors, gfikungfe :7 \IZQs, `mvosorvon gf Ibkbcjgm sgfio tò prbermc ro-bpofon. Cbst Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm wbrh gf tòômi`gfe Ofekgs` abr Kgvokg`bbns (ÔK) prbdoit. \IZQs mro gfvbkvon gf ybut` novokbpcoft mswokk ms ngsmstor rokgoa mfn roibvory oaabrts. Mt tò tgco ba tò ovmkumtgbf tòro woro :>Qbkuftoors, gfikungfe agvo \IZQs.

^ò \omio Ibrps imroaukky cmfmeon tò ro-bpofgfe ba bpormtgbfs gf Ibkbcjgm. Abrcor \omioIbrps Ngroitbr Mmrbf Y. Ugkkgmcs soft mssosscoft tomcs tb Ibkbcjgm tb notorcgfo wòtòr br fbt ibfngtgbfs gf Ibkbcjgm woro sugtmjko abr Qbkuftoors. ^ò meofiy ikbsoky abkkbwon tò

roibccofnmtgbfs t`mt gts mssosscoft tomcs cmno ibfiorfgfe prbermccmtgi bppbrtufgtgos,eobermp`gi jbufnmrgos abr bpormtgbfs, mfn smaoty mfn soiurgty proimutgbfs. ^ò smaoty mfnsoiurgty prbermc gs t`brbue`, wgt` sbufn bvorsge`t. \rbermccgfe gs mfi`bron gf tò Ibkbcjgmfebvorfcoft‒s gfgtgmtgvo tb cmho pujkgi si`bbks jgkgfeumk, mfn `ms joof wokk roiogvon. \IZQsmfn nongimton stmaa òkpon tb eot tò prbermc baa tb m ebbn stmrt nospgto m ibcprosson rooftry

p`mso mfn omrky stmaagfe mfn kbegstgimk i`mkkofeos.

Gf eoformk, Qbkuftoors gfngimton t`mt tòy roiogvon ebbn suppbrt arbc tò stmaa. ^ò ÔK prbdoit`ms joof wokk nosgefon. ÔK Qbkuftoors `mn mcpko bppbrtufgty tb ofemeo wgt` Ibkbcjgmftomiòrs mfn stunofts, mfn cbst woro pbsgtgvo ibfiorfgfe tògr ibuftorpmrt rokmtgbfs mfn sgto

pkmiocofts. ^ò \IZQs woro vory pkomson wgt` tògr dbj mssgefcofts mfn ibuftorpmrt rokmtgbfs.

Gf mnngtgbf, tò pbst‒s trmgfgfe prbermc wms eoformkky wokk roemrnon jy Qbkuftoors. \bst `mncmno gcpbrtmft mndustcofts tb Qbkuftoor trmgfgfe jmson bf aoonjmih arbc tò agrst trmgfoo erbup,trmgfgfe stmaa, mfn oxporgofio wgt` suppbrtgfe Qbkuftoors. Ytmaa cbrmko wms eoformkky `ge`, mfn

jbt` Qbkuftoors mfn stmaa cmgftmgfon m sofso ba bptgcgsc mjbut tò auturo ba tò prbermc.

^ò ovmkumtgbf ufibvoron sbco mroms abr gcprbvocoft. ^ò cbst sgefgagimft i`mkkofeo amigfetò pbst gs tò ibfioftrmtgbf ba Qbkuftoors gf t`roo cmdbr urjmf mroms mkbfe tò Imrgjjomf ibmst.Nuo tb soiurgty ibfiorfs, tò pbst `ms joof ufmjko tb pkmio m suaagigoft fucjor ba Qbkuftoors gfscmkkor ibccufgtgos butsgno tòso cmdbr urjmf mroms. Uo abufn t`mt tò Qbkuftoors pkmion gftòso nofsoky pbpukmton jmrrgbs (urjmf foge`jbr`bbns) `mn ngaagiukty gftoermtgfe, amion aroquoftsoxumk `mrmsscoft, oxporgofion `ge` kovoks ba stross, mfn woro oxpbson tb m eromtor rgsh ba urjmf

irgco sui` ms cueegfes mfn tòat. \bst komnors`gp cmno sbco prbeross gf bjtmgfgfe _.Y.Ocjmssy mpprbvmk tb pkmio Qbkuftoors gf scmkkor ibccufgtgos mkbfe tò Imrgjjomf ibmst, jutmnngtgbfmk mssosscofts mfn ngsiussgbf gs wmrrmfton egvof tò fmturo ba tò \omio Ibrps‒ smaoty

mfn soiurgty cbnok mfn tò nbiucofton rgshs tb Qbkuftoors.

= \omio Ibrps Zospbfso prbvgnos qumkgagon prbaossgbfmks tò bppbrtufgty tb ufnortmho s`brt-torc mssgefcofts gfvmrgbus prbermcs mrbufn tò wbrkn.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm gg

Qbkuftoors mksb aroquoftky strueekon tb mndust tb kgvgfe wgt` m `bst amcgky, mfn sovormk `mnswgtiòn tògr `bst amcgky. Cmfmegfe `bst amcgky i`mfeos `mn joibco m sburio ba arustrmtgbf abr

jbt` Qbkuftoors mfn stmaa. Ybco Qbkuftoors kmihon tò foiossmry Ypmfgs` mfn irbss-iukturmkshgkks mfn mttgtunos t`mt wbukn cmho m `bst amcgky stmy vgmjko mfn prbnuitgvo, mfn pbst stmaa mfn

komnors`gp wms abiuson bf `bw tb gcprbvo pro-sorvgio trmgfgfe mfn trmgfoo mssosscoft, tb ofsurot`mt Qbkuftoors swomr-gf wgt` suaagigoft kmfeumeo mfn iukturmk shgkks. Mksb, wo abufn t`mt tòÔK prbermc cmfmeor `mn fbt joof prbvgngfe Qbkuftoors wgt` tgcoky br usoauk aoonjmih bftògr qumrtorky ropbrts, t`mt tò pbst kmihon suaagigoft baagio spmio, mfn t`mt gts congimk ovmiumtgbf

pkmf `mn gfibcpkoto ibcpbfofts.

Bur ropbrt ibftmgfs =< roibccofnmtgbfs, w`gi`, ga gcpkocofton, s`bukn strofetòf prbermccgfe bpormtgbfs mfn ibrroit tò noagigofigos notmgkon gf tò miibcpmfygfe ropbrt.



MJKO BA IBFÔF^Y

OPOI_^GQO Y_CCMZW ......................................................................................................................... g

@BY^ IB_F^ZW JMIHEZB_FN .......................................................................................................... =

\OMIO IBZ\Y \ZBEZMC JMIHEZB_FN ........................................................................................... :

OQMK_M^GBF Z OY_K^Y ........................................................................................................................ :

CMFMEOCOF^ IBF^ZBKY ............................................................................................................................... :

QBK_FÔOZ Y_\\BZ^ .................................................................................................................................... =9

\ZBEZMCCGFE .............................................................................................................................................. =7

^ZMGFGFE ....................................................................................................................................................... ::

BJDOI^GQO, YIB\O, MFN CO^@BNBKBEW....................................................................................... :1

GFÔZQGOUY IBFN_IÔN ................................................................................................................. :5

KGY^ BA Z OIBCCOFNM^GBFY ........................................................................................................... 9<

M\\OFNGP M4 MIZBFWCY MFN EKBYYMZW BA Y\MFGY@ ÔZCY .................................................... 9=

M\\OFNGP J4 MEOFIW‗Y ZOY\BFYO ^B ^@O \ZOKGCGFMZW ZO\BZ^ ............................................. 9:

M\\OFNGP I4 BGE IBCCOF^Y......................................................................................................... >>

M\\OFNGP N4 \ZBEZMC OQMK_M^GBF IBC\KO^GBF MFN BGE IBF^MI^ ................................ >1



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm =

@BY^ IB_F^ZW JMIHEZB_FN

Ibkbcjgm gs kbimton gf fbrtòrf Ybut` Mcorgim mfn `ms m pbpukmtgbf ba bvor >1 cgkkgbf pobpko,cmhgfe gt tò t`grn cbst pbpukbus ibuftry gf Kmtgf Mcorgim. Yovofty-agvo porioft ba Ibkbcjgmfs

kgvo gf urjmf br socg-urjmf mroms. ^ò baagigmk kmfeumeo gs Ypmfgs`. Ibkbcjgm gs ms jge ms tòstmtos ba Imkgabrfgm mfn ôxms put tbeotòr. Gts ngvorso fmturmk ofvgrbfcoft gfikunos kmreo ibrmkrooas, ibmstmk mroms, wotkmfns, cbuftmgf i`mgfs, ermsskmfns, `ge`kmfns mfn Mcmzbfgmf rmgfabrost.

Ibkbcjgm‒s ebvorfcoft gs m ibfstgtutgbfmk ropujkgi. Nocbirmtgimkky-okoiton \rosgnoft DumfCmfuok Ymftbs joemf `gs abur-yomr torc bf Mueust 5, :<=<. ^ò ibuftry gs ngvgnon gftb 9:mncgfgstrmtgvo nopmrtcofts, omi` wgt` gts bwf ebvorfbr mfn pbpukmrky-okoiton kbimkroprosoftmtgvos.

Ibkbcjgm‒s `ms tò wbrkn‒s :7t` kmreost oibfbcy, w`gi` `ms oxporgofion m noimno ba rokmtgvoky

strbfe oibfbcgi erbwt` gf torcs ba gts erbss nbcostgi prbnuit (EN\). Mvormeo EN\ por impgtm

wms mpprbxgcmtoky $=<,=<< gf :<==, rmfhgfe =<7 but ba bvor ::< ibuftrgos. Nospgto roioft yomrsba strbfe oibfbcgi erbwt`, ufocpkbycoft mfn pbvorty rocmgf `ge` gf Ibkbcjgm. Gfibcogfoqumkgty gf Ibkbcjgm gs sovoro. Ibkbcjgm‒s gfibco EGFG iboaagigoft ba ?0.? gs tò aburt``geòst gf tò wbrkn.: Ibkbcjgm‒s gfoqumkgty-mnduston ùcmf novokbpcoft gfnox (G@NG) pkmiostò ibuftry mt m kbw kovok ba ùcmf novokbpcoft. 9

Koat-wgfe euorrgkkms `mvo joof age`tgfe abr noimnos memgfst tò ebvorfcoft ba Ibkbcjgm mfnrge`t-wgfe pmrmcgkgtmry erbups. ^òso mrcon erbups gfikuno bremfgzmtgbfs t`mt rocmgf bf tò_.Y. Nopmrtcoft ba Ytmto‒s kgst ba abrogef torrbrgst bremfgzmtgbfs (A^Bs)4 tò ZovbkutgbfmryMrcon Abrios ba Ibkbcjgm (AMZI), tò Fmtgbfmk Kgjormtgbf Mrcy (OKF), mfn tò _fgton Yoka Noaofso Abrios ba Ibkbcjgm (M_I). ^`busmfns ba AMZI, OKF, M_I cocjors mfn btòrs

nocbjgkgzon mator m Noiocjor :<<9 pomio meroocoft. @bwovor, cmfy ba tògr abrcor cocjors`mvo sgfio dbgfon br bremfgzon tògr bwf jmfnms irgcgfmkos (irgcgfmk emfes) hfbwf msJMIZGCs. ^ò mitgvgtgos ba vmrgbus JMIZGCs iurroftky roprosoft, miibrngfe tb tò _.Y.Nopmrtcoft ba Ytmto, ‛bfo ba Ibkbcjgm‒s cbst sorgbus soiurgty i`mkkofeos.– Ibkbcjgmf A^Bsmfn JMIZGCs mro gfvbkvon gf fmrib-trmaagihgfe, mcbfe btòr irgcgfmk mitgvgtgos. Ibkbcjgmrocmgfs bfo ba tò wbrkn‒s kmreost prbnuiors ba ibimgfo, mfn tò cmdbr sburio ba ibimgfo sogzongf tò _fgton Ytmtos.

: ^ò gfibco EGFG iboaagigoft comsuros tò noeroo ba novgmtgbf ba `buso`bkn gfibco ngstrgjutgbf mwmy arbc poraoit

oqumkgty4 m vmkuo ba < gfngimtos poraoit oqumkgty (mkk `buso`bkns `mvo tò smco s`mro ba fmtgbfmk gfibco), mfn m vmkuoba =<< gfngimtos poraoit gfoqumkgty (bfo `buso`bkn `ms mkk tò fmtgbfmk gfibco). EGFG iboaagigofts fomr br mjbvo <.?roprosoft ‖oxtroco‒ gfoqumkgty miibrngfe tb tò Gftorfmtgbfmk Kmjbur Baagio. 9 ^ò Gfoqumkgty-mnduston @ucmf Novokbpcoft Gfnox (G@NG) mndusts tò @ucmf Novokbpcoft Gfnox (@NG) abr gfoqumkgty. ^ò G@NG ngsibufts omi` ibcpbfoft ba tò @NG (gfibco, onuimtgbf, òmkt`) abr tò oaaoits ba gfoqumkgty.^ò G@NG gs tò mitumk kovok ba ùcmf novokbpcoft (miibuftgfe abr t`gs gfoqumkgty), w`gko tò @NG imf jo vgowon msmf gfnox ba pbtoftgmk ùcmf novokbpcoft t`mt ibukn jo mi`govon ga tòro woro fb gfoqumkgty.

http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ihdi/

http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ihdi/



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm :

\OMIO IBZ\Y \ZBEZMC JMIHEZB_FN

^ò \omio Ibrps agrst bpofon tò prbermc gf Ibkbcjgm gf =71=, mfn cbro t`mf >,1<< Qbkuftoors

sorvon gf Ibkbcjgm uftgk =70= wòf tò prbermc wms ikbson nuo tb smaoty mfn soiurgty ibfiorfs.Gf Aojrumry ba :<<7 tò \rosgnoft ba Ibkbcjgm gfvgton \omio Ibrps tb roturf. Bf Cmy ==, :<=<\omio Ibrps Ngroitbr Mmrbf Y. Ugkkgmcs> mfn Ibkbcjgm‒s cgfgstor ba abrogef maamgrs sgefon mfmeroocoft tb ro-ostmjkgs` tò \omio Ibrps gf Ibkbcjgm. Y`brtky tòromator stmaa joemf propmrgfetò pbst tb roiogvo Qbkuftoors, mfn gf Yoptocjor ba :<=< m erbup ba fgfo \IZQs mrrgvon. Abur cbft`s kmtor mfbtòr erbup ba \IZQs mrrgvon, mfn gf tò amkk ba :<== tò agrst erbup ba twb-yomr Qbkuftoors joemf tògr sorvgio. Ygfio tò pbst ro-bpofon gf :<=<, bvor oge`ty Qbkuftoors(gfikungfe mkcbst 9< \IZQs) `mvo sorvon gf tò ibuftry.

Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm wbrh gf tò onuimtgbf soitbr gf m prbdoit oftgtkon tomi`gfe Ofekgs` abr kgvokg`bbns (ÔK). ^ò ÔK prbdoit suppbrts tò Ibkbcjgmf Cgfgstry ba Onuimtgbf‒s gfgtgmtgvo tb

cmho mkk pujkgi si`bbks aukky jgkgfeumk jy :<=7. Qbkuftoors wbrh wgt` Ofekgs` tomiòrs gfIbkbcjgmf prgcmry, soibfnmry mfn tomiòr-trmgfgfe si`bbks. Qbkuftoors ib-pkmf mfn ib-tomi`wgt` Ibkbcjgmf Ofekgs` tomiòrs gf brnor tb gcprbvo kossbf pkmffgfe mfn tomi`gfe mjgkgtgos gftò ikmssrbbc. Qbkuftoors mksb nokgvor Ofekgs` wbrhs`bps mfn iromto Ofekgs` tomi`gfe cmtorgmksgf ibkkmjbrmtgbf wgt` Ibkbcjgmf tomiòrs. Butsgno tò ikmssrbbc Qbkuftoors prbvgno Ofekgsìkmssos abr pobpko gf tògr ibccufgtgos, mfn bremfgzo btòr onuimtgbfmk mfn ybut` novokbpcoftmitgvgtgos abr gf-si`bbk mfn but-ba-si`bbk ybut`.

Mt tò tgco ba agoknwbrh tòro woro :> Qbkuftoors sorvgfe gf Ibkbcjgm, gfikungfe :< twb-yomr Qbkuftoors, t`roo \IZQs wbrhgfe wgt` ybut` gf Jmrrmfqugkkm mfn bfo abr ngsmstor rokgoa mfnroibvory gf m akbbn-maaoiton roegbf ba tò Mtkíftgib nopmrtcoft. Mf mnngtgbfmk \IZQ mfn 9<

trmgfoos mrrgvon gf Ibkbcjgm dust mator bur agokn wbrh wms ibfnuiton, jrgfegfe tò tbtmk Qbkuftoor mfn trmgfoo pbpukmtgbf tb ??. ^ò pbst‒s AW :<=: juneot wms $=.:1 cgkkgbf.?

OQMK_M^GBF Z OY_K^Y

C MFMEOCOF^ I BF^ZBKY

Bfo bjdoitgvo ba bur ibuftry prbermc ovmkumtgbf gs tb mssoss tò oxtoft tb w`gi` tò pbst `ms gf pkmio suaagigoft rosburios, suppbrt arbc tò meofiy, mfn cmfmeocoft ibftrbks tb aufitgbfoaaoitgvoky. Uo mssosson m fucjor ba amitbrs, gfikungfe stmaagfe8 stmaa novokbpcoft8 tò baagio

wbrh ofvgrbfcoft8 ibkkoitgfe mfn ropbrtgfe porabrcmfio nmtm8 mfn tò pbst‒s strmtoegi pkmffgfemfn juneotgfe, gfikungfe pkmffgfe gfvbkvon wgt` tò ro-bpofgfe ba tò pbst gf :<=<.

> ^ò iurroft Mitgfe Ngroitbr ba tò \omio Ibrps gs Imrbkyf @osskor-Zmnokot.? ^`gs mcbuft nbos fbt gfikuno tò smkmrgos, jofoagts, mfn rokmton ibst ba _.Y. ngroit `gros mssgefon tb tò pbst mfnbtòr ibsts tò meofiy `ms notorcgfon s`bukn jo ioftrmkky-juneoton.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm 9

Gf rovgowgfe stmaa porabrcmfio mpprmgsmks, tò pbst‒s rokmtgbfs`gp wgt` òmnqumrtors, stmaa

novokbpcoft, agko cmgftofmfio, mfn strmtoegi pkmffgfe mfn juneotgfe, wo abufn fb sgefgagimftmroms ba ibfiorf t`mt wbukn foiossgtmto mitgbf jy tò pbst. Arbc bur gftorvgows wo notorcgfont`mt cbrmko mfn prbaossgbfmkgsc mcbfe stmaa wms eoformkky `ge`. Agkos woro wokk bremfgzon mfncbst nbiucofts wo roquoston woro qugihky cmno mvmgkmjko. Ytrmtoegi pkmffgfe mfn juneotgfe

nbiucofts `mn joof t`brbue`ky novokbpon, mfn stmaa ngn fbt ropbrt prbjkocs wgt` bjtmgfgferosburios foiossmry tb imrry but pbst bpormtgbfs. Yovormk stmaa `mn roioftky pmrtgigpmton gftrmgfgfe mfn prbaossgbfmk novokbpcoft bppbrtufgtgos.

Gf eoformk tò \omio Ibrps oaaoitgvoky cmfmeon tò ro-bpofgfe ba gts prbermc gf Ibkbcjgm. ^òmeofiy mssosson tò soiurgty ibfngtgbfs gf Ibkbcjgm, mfn tòf imroaukky mnòron tb tò soiurgty-rokmton roibccofnmtgbfs gf tò mssosscoft tomcs‒ ropbrts. ^ò mssosscoft tomcs, ibkkmjbrmtgfewgt` Ibkbcjgmf baagigmks, gnoftgagon prbermccgfe bppbrtufgtgos t`mt cot tò Ibkbcjgmfebvorfcoft‒s onuimtgbf prgbrgtgos mfn sot ikomr oxpoitmtgbfs roemrngfe Qbkuftoor roirugtcoft.^òso mssosscofts, gf tò `mfns ba mf oxporgofion mfn impmjko cmfmeocoft tomc gf Ibkbcjgm,

prbvgnon m sbkgn abufnmtgbf abr tò agrst aow yomrs ba bpormtgbfs.

Ageuro =. \omio Ibrps Zooftry ^gcokgfo

^ò smaoty mfn soiurgty prbermc gf pkmio wms t`brbue`ky nbiucofton. \rbermccgfe gs mfi`brongf Ibkbcjgm‒s jgkgfeumkgsc gfgtgmtgvo mfn `ms joof wokk roiogvon. Ytmrtgfe tò prbermc wgt`Z\IQs òkpon eot tò prbermc baa tb m ebbn stmrt gf m s`brt porgbn ba tgco nospgto sbco omrkymncgfgstrmtgvo, kbegstgimk, mfn ufabrosoof i`mkkofeos rokmton tb `grgfe kbimk stmaa. Gf mnngtgbf tbtò `ge`ky impmjko mfn oxporgofion cmfmeocoft tomc soft tb bpof tò pbst \omio Ibrpsòmnqumrtors soft btòr ocpkbyoos bf tocpbrmry nuty mssgefcofts tb mssgst pro-sorvgio trmgfgfemfn nurgfe tò somri` abr m aukk-tgco nbitbr tb sorvo ms tò \omio Ibrps congimk baagior (\ICB)abr tò pbst.

^ò pbst ms joof ufmjko tb pkmio m sua ag igoft fucjor ba Qbk uftoors gf scmk k ibccufg tgos

butsgno tò cmdbr urjmf mroms ba Imrtmeofm, Jmrr mfqugk km mfn Ymftm Cmrtm .

Gf rospbfso tb abrcor \rosgnoft _rgjo‒s gfvgtmtgbf, abrcor Ngroitbr Ugkkgmcs twgio soft tomcs tbIbkbcjgm tb mssoss tò vgmjgkgty ba ro-stmrtgfe m prbermc. ^ò quostgbfs t`mt tò agrst mssosscofttomc sbue`t tb mfswor gf Fbvocjor ba :<<7 ibfiorfon wòtòr br fbt, mfn wòro, tò \omioIbrps ibukn smaoky bpormto wgt`gf Ibkbcjgm‒s ibcpkox soiurgty ofvgrbfcoft. ^ò tomc‒s

:/:<<74 \rosgnoft_rgjo gfvgton \omioIbrps tb roturf tb

Ibkbcjgm

==/:<<74 =st ro-oftry

mssosscoft

=/:<=<4

:fn ro-oftrymssosscoft

?/:<=<4ibuftry

meroocoftsgefon

1/:<=<4 INmfn btòr

stmaa gfIbkbcjgm

7/:<=<4

=st erbup ba \IZQs



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >

succmry ropbrt1 gnoftgagon tò mrom mkbfe Ibkbcjgm‒s Imrgjjomf ibmst ms jogfe ‛tò cbst

amvbrmjko abr prbvgngfe m smao mfn prbnuitgvo \I X\omio IbrpsS oxporgofio.– ^ò \omio Ibrpssmaoty mfn soiurgty baagior (\IYYB) nosirgjon t`gs mrom, mkcbst 9<< cgkos arbc ofn tb ofn, mkbfetò Imrgjjomf ibmst4

Mf gfgtgmk smao bpormtgfe kbimtgbf abr \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors wbukn jo m spoigagi fmrrbw mrom mkbfe tòImrgjjomf ibmst ofibcpmssgfe tò mrom ba Yuiro fbrt` ba Ygfiokodb, Imrtmeofm, Jmrrmfqugkkm, Ymftm Cmrtm,mfn Km Eumdgrm ms amr ms Zgb`mi`m. \kmiocofts cust jo ibfagfon tb imroaukky sokoiton urjmf mfn porg-urjmf5 mroms t`mt mro notorcgfon mt tò butsot ba tò sgto novokbpcoft prbioss.

^ò \IYYB‒s ropbrt mksb gnoftgagon tò ibaaoo-erbwgfe roegbf fomr Cmfgzmkos mfn \orogrm (wostba Jbebtm mfn sbut` ba Conokkgf) ms jogfe m ‛soiuro mfn stmjko mrom wòro \omio Ibrps ibuknibcabrtmjky bpormto.– Miibrngfe tb tò meofiy‒s soiurgty mssosscoft ropbrt arbc :<<7, tò _ .Y.Ocjmssy‒s roegbfmk soiurgty baagior (ZYB) mt tò tgco oxprosson ibfiorfs mjbut tò smaoty ba \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm. ^ò ropbrt pmrmp`rmson tò ZYB‒s porspoitgvo4

^òro gs m `ge` prbjmjgkgty ba mssmukts, gfikungfe tò romk ibfiorf t`mt \IQs wbukn jo hgkkon br hgnfmppon.

^ò ZYB gs pmrtgiukmrky ibfiorfon mjbut \IQs X\omio Ibrps QbkuftoorsS pkmion gf rurmk mroms br urjmf jmrrgbs woro XsgiS stroot irgco gs prbauso.

Gf Dmfumry :<=< m soibfn mssosscoft wms ibfnuiton, w`gi` ro-maagrcon mfn okmjbrmton bf tò

agrst mssosscoft ropbrt‒s cmgf agfngfes mfn roibccofnmtgbfs, gfikungfe t`mt tò \omio Ibrps

ibukn bpormto smaoky ‛wgt`gf spoigagi eobermp`gi pmrmcotors– mkbfe tò fbrtòrf Imrgjjomf ibmst.Ms pmrt ba t`gs soibfn soiurgty mssosscoft, tò \IYYB cot memgf wgt` tò ZYB tb rovgow tòsoiurgty roibccofnmtgbfs mrrgvon mt m aow cbft`s omrkgor, mfn tb butkgfo m sot ba rostrgitgbfs bfstmaa mfn Qbkuftoor trmvok wgt`gf Ibkbcjgm4 ‛^ò prbermc cust tmho comsuros ufgquo tb tò GM\

Zoegbf gf brnor tb cgtgemto tò gnoftgagon rgsh ba mssmukts br hgnfmppgfe jy bremfgzon mfn socg-bremfgzon irgcgfmk okocofts.–

Nuo tb tòso soiurgty ibfiorfs tò \omio Ibrps `ms fbt joof mjko tb bpormto arooky wgt`gf m ‛smao

bpormtgfe kbimtgbf– mkbfe Ibkbcjgm‒s Imrgjjomf ibmst. Ugt` aow oxioptgbfs, tò \omio Ibrps`ms ibfagfon gts pkmiocoft ba Qbkuftoors tb t`roo kmreo urjmf mroms4 Imrtmeofm (gf tò Jbkãvmr nopmrtcoft)8 Jmrrmfqugkkm (gf tò Mtkíftgib nopmrtcoft)8 mfn Ymftm Cmrtm (gf tò Cmenmkofmnopmrtcoft). Mt tò tgco ba agoknwbrh, := ba :> Qbkuftoors woro gf tòso t`roo kmreo igtgos. Mator 9< trmgfoos swbro gf ms Qbkuftoors gf cgn-Fbvocjor :<=:, 50 porioft ba Qbkuftoors (>: but ba ?>) `mn urjmf sgtos. Fb Qbkuftoors sgfio tò :<=< ro-oftry `mvo joof pkmion gf tò ‛ibaaoo

tr gmfeko– mrom wost ba Jbebtm gnoftgagon gf tò gfgtgmk \IYYB ropbrt. Agvo Qbkuftoors `mn joof pkmion gf porg-urjmf ibccufgtgos fomr tò cotrbpbkgtmf mroms ba Imrtmeofm mfn Ymftm Cmrtm, mfnsovof Qbkuftoors woro gf scmkk tbwfs gf rurmk mroms ba tò Mtkíftgib, Cmenmkofm mfn Jbkãvmr nopmrtcofts. Mkcbst `mka (:1 ba ?>) tò mitgvo Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm gf Dmfumry :<=9 woro gf

tò igty ba Jmrrmfqugkkm.

1 \omio Ibrps Qgmjgkgty Mssosscoft4 Ibkbcjgm. Fbvocjor =>-:>, :<<7

5 M ‛ porg-urjmf– mrom gs gccongmtoky surrbufngfe br butsgno ba m igty.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm ?

Ageuro :. Ibkbcjgm

Ageuro 9. Mpprbvon Ygtos abr \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm

Yburio4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm Qbkuftoor gfabrcmtgbf nmtmjmso mppkgimtgbf ms ba Dmfumry >, :<=9

^ò òmvy ibfioftrmtgbf ba Qbkuftoors gf t`roo urjmf ioftors, ospoigmkky gf Jmrrmfqugkkm, rmtòr t`mf cbro jrbmnky t`rbue`but ibccufgtgos mkbfe tò Imrgjjomf ibmst `ms joof nrgvof jy tòsorgbus ibfiorfs òkn jy tò iurroft _.Y. mcjmssmnbr roemrngfe tò soiurgty rgshs gf rurmk mroms

Jmrrmfqugkkm4 ^wofty-sgx urjmf sgtos

Mrom ba Ibkbcjgm wòro \Ibrps bpormtos

Mtkíftgib nopmrtcoft4 Agvo rurmksgtos

Imrtmeofm4 Yovof urjmf sgtos8 abur porg-urjmf sgtos. Bfo rurmk sgto gfJbkgvmr nopmrtcoft

Ymftm Cmrtm4 Fgfo urjmf sgtos mfnbfo porg-urjmf sgto. = rurmk sgto gfCmenmkofm nopmrtcoft




ba Ibkbcjgm. Bf-ebgfe soiurgty i`mkkofeos maaoit mroms wòro \omio Ibrps bpormtos. Gf omrkyDmfumry ba :<=:, m aow nmys joabro tò agrst erbup ba twb yomr Qbkuftoors woro tb mrrgvo mt tògr sgtos gf Ymftm Cmrtm, m JMIZGC imkkon ‛tò _rmjofbs– t`romtofon tò igty‒s jusgfoss prbprgotbrs

mfn ikbson tò nbwftbwf‒s cmrhot mrom abr twb nmys joabro tò Ibkbcjgmf ebvorfcoftgftorvofon. ^`gs gs mf oxmcpko ba tò bf-ebgfe smaoty mfn soiurgty rgshs mfn i`mkkofeos t`mt

i`mrmitorgzos tò bpormtgfe ofvgrbfcoft abr \omio Ibrps mfn btòr _.Y. ebvorfcoft br gftorfmtgbfmk meofigos gf Ibkbcjgm, wòro soitgbfs ba rokmtgvoky smao igtgos kgho Ymftm Cmrtm imf jo pmrmkyzon jy tò mitgvgtgos ba JMIZGCs br A^Bs. Joimuso ba tòso ibfiorfs, soiurgty oxportsmt tò _.Y. Ocjmssy rovgow, mfn tòf tò mcjmssmnbr cust mpprbvo omi` fow sgto joabro mQbkuftoor imf jo pkmion tòro.

^ò ibfioftrmtgbf ba Qbkuftoors wgt`gf Jmrrmfqugkkm, Ymftm Cmrtm, mfn Imrtmeofm `ms `mn mrmfeo ba foemtgvo ufgftofnon oaaoits. ^òso oaaoits gfikuno4 okovmton kovoks ba stross gf tòQbkuftoor pbpukmtgbf8 aroquoft soxumk `mrmsscoft8 cgfgcmk ibccufgty gftoermtgbf8 mfn okovmtonrgsh ba urjmf-jmson irgco. Joimuso tòso oaaoits trmio jmih prgfigpmkky tb amitbrs mssbigmton wgtùrjmf jmrrgb kgvgfe tòy wgkk jo tromton gf t`gs soitgbf ba tò ropbrt rmtòr t`mf sopmrmtoky ufnor

Qbkuftoor Yuppbrt, t`bue` omi` oaaoit nbos `mvo gcpkgimtgbfs abr Qbkuftoor suppbrt.Okovmton Ytross Kovoks. Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgmf igtgos `mvo joof oxporgofigfe `geòr t`mfmvormeo kovoks ba stross. Qbkuftoors oxprosson okovmton stross kovoks nurgfe bur gftorvgows.Qbkuftoors mksb ropbrton `ge` kovoks ba stross gf rospbfso tb meofiy-wgno survoys ibfnuiton gf:<== mfn :<=:. Ytmaa gf Ibkbcjgm pbgfton but t`mt tò urjmf sottgfe, mfn tò ‛`ypor-soiurgtysgtumtgbf– gf Ibkbc jgm `ms pkmion mkk Qbkuftoors mfn stmaa ufnor m ibfstmft kovok ba stross.Qbkuftoors wo gftorvgowon spbho aroquoftky mjbut tò ngaagiuktgos ba jogfe gf sui` mf urjmfsottgfe4

‛Gf trmgfgfe, sbcobfo emvo m i`mrkm0 mjbut wmkhgfe mrbufn mfn gftrbnuigfe ybursoka tb pobpko--jut ybu

imf't nb t`mt gf t`gs igty. Gt's fbt smao, ospoigmkky abr m abrogef wbcmf.–

‛Umkhgfe mrbufn fomr cy `buso tòro mro sbco strotiòs, wòro pmst 0 p.c. mt fge`t, G nb fbt aook vory smao.G nb gt jut mc bf oneo. \obpko arbc cy amcgky `mvo joof mttmihon fomr cy `buso. ^òro gs m pmrh abur

jkbihs mwmy wòro pobpko woro s`bt.–

‛Kgvgfe gf m jge igty gs vory `mrn. Ybcot`gfe t`mt arustrmtos co gs t`mt tò baagio nbos fbt hfbw w`mt gt gskgho tb kgvo gf tòso jmrrgbs. G mc fbt suro tò stmaa ufnorstmfns. Cy foge`jbr`bbn gs tò kbunost G `mvo ovor ofibuftoron gf tò igty. ^òro mro sbco fge`ts wòf G imf't skoop nuo tb tò fbgso.–

‛G‒c smn mjbut fbt `mvgfe m ibccufgty kgho G wms oxpoitgfe„ m scmkk ibccufgty. G `mvo joof tbkn fbt tbtmkh tb btòrs bf tò stroot „ cy foge`jbrs roibccofnon t`mt G fbt gftormit wgt` btòrs gf tò ibccufgty. G`mto igtgos mfn mc ngsmppbgfton jy tò sgto.–

Gfngimtgbfs ba `ge` kovoks ba stross abr Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm gfikuno4

^`grty-agvo porioft ba Qbkuftoors ropbrton t`mt tògr porsbfmk smaoty wms m sburio ba ogtòr ‛cbnormto– br ‛ibfsgnormjko– stross, ibcpmron tb dust =7 porioft ba Qbkuftoors ekbjmkky (:<=:Mkk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy (MQY) nmtm).

0 M ‖i`mrkm‒ gs m tmkh, br m prosoftmtgbf.




^mjko =. \orsbfmk Ymaoty ms Yburio ba Ytross

Yburio4 BGE mfmkysgs ba :<=: MQY nmtm

\IZQs gf Ibkbcjgm w`b sorvon gf :<=< mfn :<== ropbrton oxporgofigfe rokmtgvoky `ge` kovoks ba stross ms wokk4 ?9 porioft ropbrton t`mt smaoty mfn soiurgty gssuos imuson tòc cbnormto tbibfsgnormjko stross, ibcpmron tb dust :? porioft mt btòr pbsts (:<== \omio Ibrps Zospbfsosurvoy nmtm).

Oge`ty-agvo porioft ba Qbkuftoors igton tògr ibuftorpmrt br btòr ibccufgty pmrtfor ms m sburioba cbnormto br `geòr kovoks ba stross, ibcpmron tb ?= porioft ba Qbkuftoors ekbjmkky. Mfn

rokmtgbfs wgt` ibuftorpmrts br ibccufgty pmrtfors imuson bfo gf abur Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgmoxioptgbfmk stross, ibcpmron tb bfo gf :< Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno (:<=: MQY nmtm)8 Fgfoty porioft ba Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm ropbrton t`mt tògr dbj imuson tòc cbnormto br `geòr kovoksba stross, ibcpmron tb 1? porioft ba Qbkuftoors ekbjmkky (:<=: MQY nmtm).

^mjko :. Ibuftorpmrt Ytross ^mjko 9. Dbj Ytross


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Ibkbcjgm

Qbkuftoors

Euymfm Dmcmgim Omstorf

Imrgjjomf

Ok

Ymkvmnbr

Eumtocmkm Mkk \omio

Ibrps

Qbkuftoors

Qbkuftoors igtgfe porsbfmk smaoty ms sburio ba cbnormto br `geòr

kovoks ba stross

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Ibkbcjgm Qbkuftoors Mkk \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors

Ibuftorpmrts/ibccufgty pmrtfors ms sburios ba

cbnormto br geòr kovoks ba stross

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Ibkbcjgm Qbkuftoors Mkk \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors

\rgcmry mssgefcoft ms sburio ba cbnormto br geòr

kovoks ba stross




Gftormitgfe wgt` tò \omio Ibrps stmaa gf Ibkbcjgm imusos 9< porioft ba Qbkuftoors‛ibfsgnormjko– br ‛oxioptgbfmk– stross, ibcpmron tb fgfo porioft ba mkk Qbkuftoors (:<=: MQYnmtm). ^rygfe tb stmy òmkt`y imusos bfo gf abur Qbkuftoors ‛ibfsgnormjko– br ‛oxioptgbfmk– stross, ibcpmron tb fgfo porioft ba mkk Qbkuftoors (:<=: MQY nmtm).

0? porioft ba Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm ropbrton t`mt tò kbimk ngot kgcgton tògr mjgkgty tb stmyòmkt`y, ibcpmron tb ?? porioft ba Qbkuftoors ekbjmkky (:<=: MQY nmtm).

^mjko >. Kgcgts ba Kbimk Ngot


@mka ba tò Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm igton tògr `bst amcgky ms m sburio ba cbnormto br `geòr kovoks ba stross mfn :< porioft smgn tògr `bst amcgky mrrmfeocoft wms oxioptgbfmkky strossauk.Dust :> porioft ba Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno oxporgofio cbnormto br `geòr kovoks ba stross arbctògr `bst amcgky, mfn dust t`roo porioft rmton gt ms oxioptgbfmkky strossauk (:<=: MQY nmtm).

Aroquoft Yoxumk @mrmsscoft. Ibftrgjutgfe tb tò nmgky strossos Qbkuftoors oxporgofio gfIbkbcjgm gs tò romkgty ba soxumk `mrmsscoft. Ms tò Qbkuftoor Uokibco Jbbh wmrfs, ‛Wbus`bukn jo propmron abr ufwmfton mttoftgbf arbc Ibkbcjgmf cof ga ybu mro mf Mcorgimfwbcmf.– Qbkuftoors wo gftorvgowon ropbrton jogfe soxumkky `mrmsson, mfn gf tògr rospbfsos tbtò :<=: MQY Qbkuftoors ropbrton t`mt soxumk `mrmsscoft wms m nmgky strossbr4 1< porioft smgntòy woro `mrmsson mt komst bfio m nmy mfn >< porioft smgn tòy woro `mrmsson cuktgpko tgcos

omi` nmy (^mjko Agvo). Jy ibftrmst, dust :< porioft ba Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno ropbrton jogfe`mrmsson ms aroquoftky. Miibrngfe tb :<=: MQY nmtm, Qbkuftoor `mrmsscoft gf Ibkbcjgm ibcosarbc strmfeors (79 porioft), Ibkbcjgmf ibuftorpmrts mfn ib-wbrhors (5= porioft) mfn btòr ibccufgty cocjors (1> porioft). Jy ibcpmrgsbf, Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno typgimkky oxporgofiokbw kovoks ba `mrmsscoft arbc tògr ibuftorpmrts br ib-wbrhors (:? porioft) (^mjko Ygx).

^ò meofiy‒s ibufsokbrs wo spbho tb ibfagrcon t`mt tò `mrmsscoft nmtm arbc Ibkbcjgm wms,‛vory ufusumk. ^`mt wbukn jo vory strossauk, bjvgbusky. Joimuso tòy mro eottgfe gt arbc

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Ibkbcjgm Euymfm Dmcmgim Omstorf

Imrgjjomf

Ok YmkvmnbrEumtocmkm Mkk

Qbkuftoors

Kbimk ngot kgcgts mjgkgty tb cmgftmgf p`ysgimk omkt`




strmfeors bf tò stroot mfn mksb arbc pobpko tòy hfbw mt tògr wbrhsgtos.– Nurgfe bur agoknwbrh wo ngroitky wgtfosson stunofts cmhgfe runo eosturos ba m soxumk fmturo tb m aocmko Qbkuftoor woworo mttocptgfe tb gftorvgow. Mfbtòr Qbkuftoor `mn tb i`mfeo `bst amcgkgos nuo tb tò sovorgtyba soxumk `mrmsscoft t`mt wms ngroiton mt òr jy m amcgky cocjor .

^mjko ?. Aroquofiy ba Yoxumk @mrmsscoft


^mjko 1. Yburios ba Yoxumk @mrmsscoft


Gf mnngtgbf tb jogfe vory aroquoft, soxumk `mrmsscoft abr Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm gs mksbrokmtgvoky cbro strossauk t`mf abr cbst Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno4 := porioft ba Qbkuftoors gf

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Imrgjjomf

Ok Ymkvmnbr Eumtocmkm Mkk

Qbkuftoors

Qbkuftoors w`b oxporgofio fbf-p`ysgimk soxumk `mrmsscoft

mt komst bfio m nmy

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Ibkbcjgm Euymfm Dmcmgim OmstorfImrgjjomf

Ok Ymkvmnbr Eumtocmkm MkkQbkuftoors

Yburio ba fbf-p`ysgimk soxumk `mrmsscoft

Ytrmfeors Ibuftorpmrts/suporvgsbrs/ib-wbrhors Btòr ibccufgty cocjors



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm =<

Ibkbcjgm ropbrton t`mt `mrmsscoft gs ‛vory strossauk–, wòroms koss t`mf bfo gf =< Qbkuftoorswbrknwgno ropbrton t`mt tò soxumk `mrmsscoft tòy oxporgofio wms ‛vory strossauk– (:<=: MQYnmtm). \omio Ibrps‒ ibufsokbrs amcgkgmr wgt` gssuos ba `mrmsscoft mfn stross fbton t`mt gt gs fbtufusumk abr Qbkuftoors tb `mvo cbro ngaagiukty gftoermtgfe gf mf urjmf ofvgrbfcoft, fbr gs gtufusumk abr tòc tb oxporgofio cbro aroquoft soxumk `mrmsscoft gf mf urjmf sottgfe. Ms tò

ibufsokbrs bjsorvon, mf gcpbrtmft pbgft mjbut aroquoft soxumk `mrmsscoft gf mf urjmfofvgrbfcoft gs t`mt4

Gt ibcos arbc strmfeors mfn gt dust nbosf‒t stbp. Yb ga t`mt gs ebgfe bf tòy s`bukn fbt oxpoit gt tb ovor stbp.Yb gt‒s gcpbrtmft wòf t`mt gs truo t`mt Qbkuftoors jo egvof sbco tbbks tb òkp tòc ibpo wgt` gt.

Cgfgcmk Ibccufgty Gftoermtgbf. \omio Ibrps \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe Eugnmfio, pmrt =nosirgjos `bw tò mi`govocoft ba \omio Ibrps ebmks nopofns bf omi` Qbkuftoor‒s ufnorstmfngfe

ba tò kbimk iukturo4

^ò \omio Ibrps p`gkbsbp`y mfn oxporgofio mro t`mt mi`govocoft ba \omio Ibrps Ebmk Bfo roqugrosgftoermtgbf ba Ebmks ^wb mfn ^`roo8 abr Qbkuftoors tb òkp coot `bst ibuftry foons abr toi`fgimkky trmgfongfngvgnumks, tòy cust mksb ufnorstmfn tò `bst ibuftry‒s iukturo mfn s`mro tògr bwf iukturo wgt` `bstibuftry fmtgbfmks. Qbkuftoors mfn tògr ibccufgtgos komrf arbc omi` btòr, s`mro tò komrfgfe wgt` btòrs,mfn ms m rosukt, prbcbto eromtor bppbrtufgtgos abr novokbpcoft mfn pomio mrbufn tò wbrkn. Abr sbcoQbkuftoors, iukturmk komrfgfe mfn s`mrgfe gs ms gcpbrtmft ms tògr toi`fgimk ibftrgjutgbf.

Qbkuftoors oxprosson arustrmtgbfs mt `mvgfe tb kgvo mfn wbrh gf jmrrgbs. Yovormk Qbkuftoorsropbrton fbt aookgfe smao gf tògr jmrrgb, mfn t`mt tmhgfe ibccbf-sofso smaoty mfn soiurgty

proimutgbfs cmno gt ngaagiukt tb gftoermto. Aocmko Qbkuftoors gf pmrtgiukmr pbgfton but t`mt \omioIbrps‒ mpprbmi` tb ibccufgty gftoermtgbf ibfakgiton wgt` tò nmgky i`m kkofeo ba mvbgngfe ufsmaomroms gf tògr jmrrgbs4

‛G nb fbt aook gftoermton gf tò ibccufgty mt mkk. Torb. Gt's tò soiurgty mfn gt's m jgt jogfe m wbcmf. \obpkowgkk fbt komvo co mkbfo ga G mc argofnky tb mfybfo.–

‛G hfbw G s`bukn vgsgt cbro jut gt sbufns torrgaygfe mfn tgrgfe.–

‛@oro fb bfo hfbws co. ^ò foge`jbr`bbns G `mvo joof gf mro fbt pkmios wòro foge`jbrs mro butsgnogftormitgfe. \obpko w`b mro foge`jbrs òro nbf't hfbw omi` btòr.–

‛^òro gs fbt m ibccufgty romkky butsgno tò si`bbk. Gt's fbt m comfgfeauk ibfiopt. Gt's mf urjmf mrom. Fbfoba tò tomiòrs br stunofts kgvo fomrjy. ^òro gs fb ibccufgty tb gftoermto gftb butsgno tò si`bbk. ^òurjmf sottgfe cmhos gt `mrn tb `mvo m \omio Ibrps oxporgofio.–

Zospbfsos tb tò :<=: MQY mksb gfngimton t`mt Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm rmton tògr ibccufgtygftoermtgbf kbwor t`mf cbst btòr Qbkuftoors. Dust 9< porioft ba Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm ropbrton

aookgfe ogtòr ‛ibfsgnormjky– br ‛oxioptgbfmkky– gftoermton, wòroms bvor `mka (?? porioft) ba Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno ropbrton aookgfe mt komst ‛ibfsgnormjky– gftoermton. Ibcpmron tb msokoitgbf ba ibuftrgos gf tò Imrgjjomf mfn Ioftrmk Mcorgim wòro Qbkuftoors mksb fmvgemtoi`mkkofegfe soiurgty ofvgrbfcofts, Ibkbcjgmf Qbkuftoors ropbrt tò kbwost kovoks ba ibccufgtygftoermtgbf (^mjko 5). Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm gftormit wgt` Ibkbcjgmfs mt iukturmk br sbigmkovofts, butsgno ba wbrh, koss aroquoftky t`mf nb Qbkuftoors wbrknwgno (^mjko 0).



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm ==

^mjko 5. Aookgfe ba Ibccufgty Gftoermtgbf


^mjko 0. Aroquofiy ba Ibccufgty Ofemeocoft


Okovmton Zgsh ba _rjmf-jmson Irgco. ^ò noigsgbf tb kgcgt Qbkuftoor sgto pkmiocofts tb t`roocmdbr urjmf mroms `ms `mn ufgftofnon ibfsoquofios abr Qbkuftoors, ospoigmkky abr aocmkoQbkuftoors gf tòso igtgos. ^ò Qbkuftoor Uokibco Jbbh mihfbwkoneos t`mt tò rgsh ba irgco gs`geòr gf urjmf mroms, ‛Irgco mt tò vgkkmeo br tbwf kovok gs koss aroquoft t`mf gf tò kmreo igtgo s8

pobpko hfbw omi` btòr mfn eoformkky mro koss kghoky tb stomk arbc tògr foge`jbrs.– Gf bfo imso m

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Qbkuftoors

Qbkuftoors w`b aook ibfsgnormjky br oxioptgbfmkky gftoermton

gf tògr ibccufgty

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Imrgjjomf


Qbkuftoors

Qbkuftoors w`b gftormit butsgno ba wbrh wgt` ibccufgty

cocjors mt amcgky br sbigmk ovofts mt komst bfio m wooh



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm =:

Qbkuftoor wms tò vgitgc ba m vgbkoft mssmukt gf m nmfeorbus jmrrgb7, mfn kmtor wgtfosson, mt ikbsormfeo, sunnof vgbkofio jotwoof Ibkbcjgmfs w`gko rgngfe bf m jus. ^ò Qbkuftoor ropbrton t`mtsò ibftgfuos tb oxporgofio p`ysgimk mfn psyi`bkbegimk trmucm ms m rosukt ba tòso mttmihs, jutrocmgfs ibccgtton tb ibcpkotgfe òr sorvgio mfn nbos fbt wmft tb i`mfeo sgtos.

Mf ossoftgmk tofmft ba \omio Ibrps‒ mpprbmi` tb Qbkuftoor smaoty mfn soiurgty gs t`mt Qbkuftoorsmro smaost wòf tòy `mvo gftoermton gftb tògr ibccufgtgos. CY :5<, ‛Qbkuftoor/^rmgfoo Ymaotymfn Yoiurgty– stmtos4 ‛^ò \omio Ibrps smaoty mfn soiurgty prbermc gs jmson upbf…tòroibefgtgbf t`mt Qbkuftoors mro eoformkky smaost mfn cbst prbnuitgvo wòf tòy ostmjkgs` strbfetgos tb tògr ibccufgty mfn novokbp mf oaaoitgvo suppbrt fotwbrh.– ^`gs ‛gftoermtgbf cbnok– ba Qbkuftoor smaoty mfn soiurgty imf wbrh gf foge`jbr`bbns wòro m aookgfe ba ibccufgty oxgsts,wòro foge`jbrs hfbw omi` btòr, mfn wòro tò Qbkuftoor gs wokk hfbwf ms jogfe m pmrt ba tòibccufgty. Gt mksb nopofns bf Qbkuftoors `mvgfe suaagigoft kbimk kmfeumeo mfn irbss-iukturmkshgkks tb suiiossaukky gftoermto. Gf tò cmdbr urjmf mroms ba Ibkbcjgm wòro cbst \omio IbrpsQbkuftoors `mvo joof pkmion, Qbkuftoors, gfikungfe t`bso wgt` strbfe Ypmfgs`, `mvo amionsgefgagimft ngaagiukty gftoermtgfe gftb tògr ibccufgtgos. Cmfy ba tò jmrrgbs wòro Qbkuftoors

`mvo joof pkmion gf Imrtmeofm, Jmrrmfqugkkm, mfn Ymftm Cmrtm nb fbt pbssoss ibccufgtyi`mrmitorgstgis t`mt cmho \omio Ibrps‒ gftoermtgbf cbnok vgmjko. ^`gs gs sb nospgto tò amit t`mtmkk sgtos gf tòso t`roo igtgos woro gnoftgagon, mssosson mfn novokbpon gf m rgebrbus cmffor, gfmiibrnmfio wgt` tò pbst‒s sgto novokbpcoft irgtorgm mfn prbionuros t`mt gfikunon gf-nopt`rovgows jy soiurgty oxports mfn mpprbvmk abr uso jy \omio Ibrps mfn tò _.Y. Ocjmssy.

^ò \IYYB‒s Aojrumry 9, :<=< ropbrt ibftmgfon t`gs gcpbrtmft imutgbfmry fbto mjbut tò pgtamkksba ibfioftrmtgfe Qbkuftoors gf t`roo igtgos4

Imroauk ibfsgnormtgbf foons tb jo egvof tb tò bptgcmk sgzo ba m prbermc t`mt gs kgcgton gf tò fomr-torc tburjmf mfn porg-urjmf mroms gf bfky t`roo igtgos. \kmigfe mkcbst 9< \IQs gf sui` m kgcgton eobermp`gi mromibukn rosukt gf prbjkocmtgi Qbkuftoor ibfnuit sbcotgcos mssbigmton wgt` ge` ibfioftrmtgbfs ba \IQs.

Mksb, m kmreo fucjor ba \IQs gf bfky t`roo igtgos cmy roqugro \bst tb pkmio Qbkuftoors gf suj-bptgcmk pkmiocofts. ^ oso pkmiocofts cge`t jo suj-bptgcmk prbermccmtgimkky (o.e., tb m si`bbk t`mt `ms bfky mcbnost Ofekgs`-tomi`gfe prbermc mfn tòroabro nbosf‒t aukky biiupy tò \IQ), br tòy cmy jo tb mroms

wgt` quostgbfmjko soiurgty ikgcmtos. Ms oxmcpkos ba jbt` typos, tò prbermccmtgi Qgmjgkgty Zopbrt arbct`gs vgsgt kgsts \gos Nosimkzbs gf Jmrrmfqugkkm ms m pbtoftgmk pmrtfor, nospgto tò amit t`mt t`gs abufnmtgbfmkromny `ms 5 Ubrkn tomi` vbkuftoors mssgefon tb gt gf Jmrrmfqugkkm. Ms mfbtòr oxmcpko, Ermfgtbs no \mz gskgston ms mfbtòr pbtoftgmk pmrtfor, nospgto tò abufnmtgbf‒s wbrh gfe gf tò cbst nmfeorbus Imrtmeofmfoge`jbr`bbn t`mt gs ropkoto wgt` emfe vgbkofio.

^ò \IYYB nbos fbt cmho m spoigagi roibccofnmtgbf mjbut tò cmxgcuc fucjor ba Qbkuftoors t`mt gsmpprbprgmto abr tò fbrt` ibmst. @bwovor, tò \IYYB cmgftmgfs t`mt imro cust jo egvof gf notorcgfgfe tòbptgcmk fucjor ba Qbkuftoors sb t`mt t`mt \bst imf mvbgn pkmigfe Qbkuftoors gf gfsoiuro foge`jbr`bbns mfn

sb t`mt sokoiton sgtos baaor suaagigoft ofemeocoft (mfn mvbgn ngstrmitgbfs) sb ms tb prbcbto Qbkuftoors‒gftoermtgbf gf tògr ibccufgtgos.

^ò rgsh ba tòat, mssmukt mfn btòr ibccbf typos ba urjmf irgco gs `ge`, mfn gt gs kghoky t`mtcbro Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm wgkk jo vgitgcs ba irgco ms kbfe ms cbst mro gf Imrtmeofm,Jmrrmfqugkkm mfn Ymftm Cmrtm. ^b ronuio tò ibfioftrmtgbf ba Qbkuftoors gf Imrtmeofm,

7 M jmrrgb gs m foge`jbr`bbn.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm =9

Jmrrmfqugkkm mfn Ymftm Cmrtm, tò \omio Ibrps foons tb novokbp fow sgtos butsgno ba tòso urjmfmroms.

Uo roibccofn4

=. ^`mt tò roegbfmk \omio Ibrps smaoty mfn soiurgty baagior mfn tò pbst‗s

smaoty mfn soiurgty ibbrngfmtbr, gf ibkkmjbrmtgbf wgt` tò _.Y. Ocjmssy‗s

soiurgty porsbffok, mssoss soiurgty ibfngtgbfs mkbfe Ibkbcjgm‗s

Imrgjjomf ibmst mfn noagfo tò eobermp`gi jbufnmry wgt`gf w`gi` tò

\omio Ibrps imf novokbp fow sgtos mfn smaoky bpormto butsgno ba cmdbr

urjmf mroms. :. ^`mt tò pbst novokbp m strmtoey tb cgtgemto, mfn òkp Qbkuftoors jottor

cmfmeo, strossbrs ibffoiton tb tògr sorvgio, gfikungfe porsbfmk smaoty,

òmkt`y ngots, soxumk `mrmsscoft mfn btòr strossbrs. 9. ^`mt tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk ngroitbr mfn

tò mssbigmto ngroitbr abr Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty mssoss tò vgmjgkgty ba

ibccufgty gftoermtgbf mpprbmi` tb Qbkuftoor smaoty abr urjmf sgtos gf

Ibkbcjgm, mfn, ga foiossmry, gnoftgay mfn gcpkocoft stops tb strofetòf

gts oaaoitgvofoss.

Q BK_FÔOZ Y _\\BZ^

Bur ibuftry prbermc ovmkumtgbf mttocpts tb mfswor tò quostgbf, ‛@ms tò pbst prbvgnonmnoqumto suppbrt mfn bvorsge`t tb Qbkuftoors2– ^b notorcgfo t`gs, wo mssosson fucorbus

amitbrs, gfikungfe stmaa-Qbkuftoor ibccufgimtgbfs8 aoonjmih arbc stmaa bf Qbkuftoors‒ wrgttof

ropbrts8 congimk suppbrt8 smaoty mfn soiurgty suppbrt gfikungfe stmaa vgsgts tb Qbkuftoor wbrh sgtos, tò Ocoreofiy Mitgbf \kmf (OM\), mfn tò `mfnkgfe ba irgco gfignofts8 mfn tò mnoqumiyba tò Qbkuftoor kgvgfe mkkbwmfio.

Qbkuftoors emvo eoformkky amvbrmjko rmtgfes abr tò qumkgty ba suppbrt tòy `mn roiogvon arbc tòstmaa. Qbkuftoors‒ rmtgfes abr suppbrt gf spoigagi mroms woro ms abkkbws.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm =>

^mjko 7. Qbkuftoor \orioptgbfs ba Ytmaa Yuppbrt=<

Yuppbrt Mrom \orioft ba QbkuftoorsZmtgfe ‛Mvormeo

Yuppbrt– br Jottor

MvormeoZmtgfe

Komnors`gp 5?% 9.>\rbermccgfe 7?% >.9^rmgfgfe =<<% >.5Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty 7>% >.=Congimk =<<% >.?Mncgfgstrmtgvo =<<% >.>

Yburio4 BGE gftorvgows.

Ugt` rospoit tb Qbkuftoor kgvgfe mkkbwmfios, sovofty-oge`t porioft ba Qbkuftoors gfngimton t`mttògr cbft`ky kgvgfe mkkbwmfio wms mt komst mnoqumto (9.> br ? but ba ?). @bwovor, ovof mcbfet`bso Qbkuftoors w`b rmton tò kgvgfe mkkbwmfio m 9 (mnoqumto), sovormk mssorton t`mt tò `geòr ibst ba kgvgfe gf Imrtmeofm dustgagon m `geòr stgpofn abr Qbkuftoors gf t`mt igty8 sbco Qbkuftoorsropbrton t`mt gt wms vory ibstky tb cmgftmgf m òmkt`y ngot (ovof t`bue` `bst amcgkgos woro

suppbson tb prbvgno twb comks/nmy)8 sbco ropbrton t`mt tòy typgimkky spoft arbc $9< tb $?< ba tògr bwf cbfoy omi` cbft` gf brnor tb juy òmkt`y abbn, pmy abr tmxgs wòf btòr abrcs ba trmfspbrtmtgbf woro ufsmao, br sgcpky puri`mso ikbtòs br tbgkotrgos.

@bwovor, cbro t`mf `mka ba gftorvgowon Qbkuftoors, gfikungfe Qbkuftoors gf omi` igty, ngn fbtropbrt mfy prbjkocs wgt` tògr cbft`ky kgvgfe mkkbwmfio. ^ò pbst `mn porabrcon kgvgfemkkbwmfio survoys mfn oxpkmgfon tò survoy rosukts tb Qbkuftoors. ^ò kgvgfe mkkbwmfio gfIbkbcjgm gs kghoky tb rocmgf m sburio ba stross abr sbco Qbkuftoors, t`bue` tòro nbos fbtmppomr tb jo cui` cbro t`mt pbst imf nb tb ofsuro t`mt tò kgvgfe mkkbwmfio gs amgr mfn mnoqumto.

Qbkuftoors rmton tò qumkgty ba congimk suppbrt tòy `mvo roiogvon arbc tò iurroft \ICB gf

Ibkbcjgm qugto amvbrmjky (mvormeo ba >.? but ba ?). ^ò \ICB, w`b `ms joof mt pbst sgfio Cmyba :<=:, wms tò fgft` \ICB gf Ibkbcjgm sgfio Mueust ba :<==. Qbkuftoors emvo òr `ge`rmtgfes abr tò qumkgty ba òr imro mfn suppbrt.

^ò bst amcg ky pbkg iy eoformtos stross abr Qbkuftoors mfn cmfmeocoft i`mkkofeos abr stmaa .

^ò Qbkuftoor Uokibco Jbbh abr Ibkbcjgm gfabrcs t`bso w`b `mvo joof gfvgton tb sorvo gfIbkbcjgm t`mt mkk Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm cust kgvo wgt` m `bst amcgky abr tògr oftgro sorvgio.^ò Qbkuftoor @mfnjbbh nosirgjos tò romsbf jo`gfn tò roqugron `bst amcgky stmy4

Mkk \IQs mro roqugron tb kgvo wgt` m `bst amcgky abr tògr oftgro sorvgio8 t`gs mppkgos tb mkk \IQs,

roemrnkoss ba meo br cmrgtmk stmtus. Kgvgfe wgt` kbimk amcgkgos suppbrts tò \IQs‒ gftrbnuitgbf tb mfn

=< Komnors`gp wms norgvon arbc tò ibuftry ngroitbr sibro. \rbermccgfe wms norgvon jy mvormegfe tò sibros ba tòNgroitbr ba \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe mfn tò \rbermc Cmfmeor abr ÔK. ^rmgfgfe wms norgvon jy mvormegfe tòrmtgfes abr tò trmgfgfe cmfmeor mfn sofgbr trmgfor. Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty wms norgvon arbc tò smaoty mfn soiurgtyibbrngfmtbr sibro. Congimk wms norgvon arbc tò ibkkoitgvo \ICB sibros. \IQK/\IQI sibros woro norgvon arbctò mvormeo sibros abr gfngvgnumks gf t`bso pbsgtgbfs.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm =?

gftoermtgbf gftb tògr ibccufgtgos, strofetòfs kmfeumeo shgkks, mfn prbvgnos ibfngtgbfs abr gfiromson smaotymfn soiurgty.

Gf mnngtgbf tb tòso romsbfs mro oibfbcgi amitbrs. ^ò t`roo igtgos ba Jmrrmfqugkkm, Imrtmeofm mfnYmftm Cmrtm mro oxpofsgvo. \bst komnors`gp mihfbwkoneon t`mt roftgfe rbbcs arbc `bst amcgkgoscmhos gt pbssgjko tb pkmio Qbkuftoors gf tò kmreo urjmf mroms gf m ibst oaaoitgvo cmffor, jut t`mtroftgfe mpmrtcofts abr Qbkuftoors gf tò igtgos wbukn jo ibst prb`gjgtgvo.

Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm `mvo aroquoftky strueekon tb mndust tb kgvgfe wgt` tògr `bst amcgkgos. ^ò`bst amcgky cbnok `ms eoformton stross gf tò Qbkuftoor ibccufgty (^mjko =<).

^mjko =<. Ytrossaukfoss ba @bst Amcgky Ytmys

Yburio4 BGE mfmkysgs ba :<=: MQY nmtm==

Oxikungfe `bst amcgky i`mfeos t`mt woro foiossmry tb mnnross m soiurgty ibfiorf, m sgto i`mfeo,br m `bst amcgky gssuo ufrokmton tb tò \omio Ibrps, abur Qbkuftoors `mn i`mfeon tògr `bstamcgkgos m tbtmk ba sgx tgcos, mfn bfo Qbkuftoor wms pkmffgfe tb roquost m t`grn `bst amcgkyi`mfeo. ^ò aroquofiy wgt` w`gi` sbco Qbkuftoors `mvo roquoston m `bst amcgky i`mfeo `ms kontb cmfmeocoft i`mkkofeos abr stmaa. Qbkuftoors mfn stmaa woro ibfiorfon t`mt tò aroquoft `bstamcgky i`mfeos `mn mfeoron mfn mkgofmton Ibkbcjgmf amcgkgos.

‛Uo‒ro mksb cmhgfe amcgkgos mfery jy mkk ba tòso i`mfeos„tòro‒s tbb cui` ibfiorf abr tò Qbkuftoor

mfn fbt tò amcgky.– ‛^`gs gs m cmdbr pojjko gf tò s`bo abr us.–

== Ibkbcjgm, Ok Ymkvmnbr mfn Eumtocmkm roqugro Qbkuftoors tb stmy wgt` m `bst amcgky abr tò aukk kofet` ba tògr sorvgio8 Euymfm, Dmcmgim mfn Omstorf Imrgjjomf nb fbt `mvo t`gs roqugrocoft. Gf mnngtgbf, ‛Ibkbcjgm Qbkuftoors–

survoy rospbfsos ibco arbc bfo erbup (ib`brt) ba Qbkuftoors wòroms rospbfsos arbc btòr ibuftrgos gfikunoQbkuftoors arbc cuktgpko ib`brts, mt ngaaoroft pbgfts gf tògr sorvgio.

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Ibkbcjgm

Qbkuftoors

Euymfm Dmcmgim Omstorf

Imrgjjomf

Ok Ymkvmnbr Eumtocmkm Mkk \omio

Ibrps

Qbkuftoors

Qbkuftoors igtgfe `bst amcgky ms sburio ba cbnormto br

`geòr kovoks ba stross




^ò prbjkoc ba `bst amcgky i`mfeos gf Ibkbcjgm `ms twb cmgf imusos. Qbkuftoors wgt` kbwor Ypmfgs` prbagigofiy `mvo tofnon tb strueeko cbro tb abrc oaaoitgvo rokmtgbfs`gps wgt` tògr Ibkbcjgmf `bst amcgkgos, mfn `mvo kmihon tò ibccufgimtgbf shgkks tb mnnross mfn rosbkvo nmy-tb-nmy gssuos wgt` tògr `bst amcgkgos wgt`but rokygfe bf suppbrt arbc stmaa. Gf mnngtgbf, tòQbkuftoor @mfnjbbh stmtos t`mt Qbkuftoors mro fbt roqugron tb stmy wgt` tò smco `bst amcgky

nurgfe tògr oftgro sorvgio, mfn cmy roquost m `bst amcgky i`mfeo4^ò @AI X@bst Amcgky IbbrngfmtbrS mfn ybur \C X\rbermc CmfmeorS mro mvmgkmjko tb òkp rosbkvo mfygssuos ybu cmy `mvo wgt` ybur `bst amcgky. Qbkuftoors mro fbt roqugron tb stmy wgt` tò smco amcgky abr tògr oftgro sorvgio mfn cmy i`mfeo amcgkgos ga foiossmry.

^ò stmaa porsbf rospbfsgjko abr ibbrngfmtgfe `bst amcgky stmys abr Qbkuftoors `ms kgcgtonOfekgs`, w`gi` `ms ibcpkgimton ibccufgimtgbf wgt` tò smco sujsot ba Qbkuftoors w`b `mvooxporgofion tò cbst ngaagiuktgos wgt` tò `bst amcgky cbnok. Qbkuftoors woro upsot mjbut t`gsmrrmfeocoft, mfn tò gssuo `mn joibco m pbgft ba ngsmeroocoft jotwoof Qbkuftoors mfn stmaa,mfn mcbfe Qbkuftoors. ^ò `bst amcgky cbnok `ms joof prbjkocmtgi abr sbco Qbkuftoors. Ytmaa oxprosson arustrmtgbf wgt` tò strgit :5 cbft` `bco-stmy roqugrocoft abr mkk Qbkuftoors ms wokk

ms m nosgro tb gnoftgay pbkgigos t`mt wbukn jottor cmti` tò foons ba Qbkuftoors mfn ronuio tòaroquofiy ba `bst amcgky i`mfeos.

Uo roibccofn4

>. ^`mt tò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs

roegbfmk ngroitbr mt òmnqumrtors gnoftgay m `bst amcgky pbkgiy abr

Ibkbcjgm t`mt rosukts gf Qbkuftoors `mvgfe cbro suiiossauk `bst amcgkyrokmtgbfs`gps.

^ò pbst kmihon sua ag igoft baa gio spmio abr stmaa mfn Qbkuftoors.

I`mrmitorgstgis mfn Ytrmtoegos ba m @ge`-\orabrcgfe \bst4 \bst Cmfmeocoft Zosburio Eugnomrtgiukmtos meofiy stmfnmrns rokmton tb mnoqumto baagio spmio abr stmaa mfn Qbkuftoors4

Qbkuftoors mro (mfn aook) wokibco mt tò \omio Ibrps baagio, wòro tòy `mvo m ibcjgfmtgbf ba amigkgtgos(rosburio ioftor, ibcputors, kbufeo, oti.) mpprbprgmto tb suppbrt tòc jbt` toi`fgimkky mfn porsbfmkky. Ubrhpkmios (baagios, trmgfgfe sgtos, rosburio ioftors, oti.) mro ibfnuigvo tb wbrh. òy mro bremfgzon,

jmsgimkky ibcabrtmjko, cbnost, ikomf, miiossgjko, mfn kmreo ofbue` abr gfngvgnumks tb eot tògr wbrh nbfowgt`but ngsruptgbf (Mprgk :<=<).

^ò wbrh ba stmaa wms cmno cbro ngaagiukt jy tò kmih ba suaagigoft baagio spmio. Ytmaa ibcpkmgfon t`mt tòro wms fbt ofbue` baagio spmio tb porabrc ibccbf tmshs kgho novokbp akgpi`mrts br tb stbro cmtorgmks, mfn oxprosson t`mt tò baagio ‛gs m prbjkoc abr ovorybfo.– @omnqumrtors porsbffok w`b `mn vgsgton tò pbst gfngimton tògr ibfiorf t`mt tò baagio wmsgfmnoqumto tb tò kbfe-torc foons ba tò pbst. Komnors`gp mt tò pbst wms mwmro t`mt tò iurroftmcbuft ba baagio spmio wms gfmnoqumto mfn wms trygfe tb gnoftgay bptgbfs tb soiuro mnngtgbfmkspmio. \kmfs gfikunon ibfvortgfe m trmgfgfe rbbc uson jy tocpbrmry kmfeumeo mfn iukturoamigkgtmtbrs gftb m Qbkuftoor kbufeo.




^ò \omio Ibrps baagio `mn kgcgton spmio mvmgkmjko tb miibccbnmto vgsgtgfe Qbkuftoors. ^òrowms m scmkk mrom baa bfo ibrrgnbr wgt` m nosh, twb i`mgrs, twb ibcputors mfn m prgftor wòrobfky twb Qbkuftoors ibukn wbrh mt tò smco tgco. ^òro wms fb Qbkuftoor kbufeo. Cui` ba tòQbkuftoor rosburio ioftor wms bf sòkvos gf tò ibuftry ngroitbr‒s baagio. Qbkuftoors nosirgjon

tò baagio ofvgrbfcoft ms irmcpon mfn irbwnon, mfn wbrrgon t`mt gt wbukn bfky eot wbrso wòf9< cbro trmgfoos woro siònukon tb mrrgvo mt tò ofn ba Mueust :<=:.

Uo roibccofn4

?. ^`mt tò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi

Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk ngroitbr mt òmnqumrtors mssoss tò suaagigofiy ba tò

iurroft baagio spmio mfn soiuro mnngtgbfmk baagio spmio, ga foonon.

^ò pbst mn fbt ibcpkoton gts congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf.

CY :1> ‛Congimk Ovmiumtgbf– roqugros omi` pbst tb propmro m ibuftry-spoigagi CongimkOvmiumtgbf \kmf. CY :1>.9 ‛\bkgigos– stmtos4

(a) Omi` pbst cust propmro m ibuftry-spoigagi Congimk Ovmiumtgbf \kmf (\kmf), hoop gt iurroft, mfn mndust gtmiibrngfe tb i`mfeos mvmgkmjko gf ibccorigmk trmfspbrtmtgbf br ibfngtgbfs mt tò conovmi kbimtgbfs t`mtibukn gcpono br provoft conovmi tb sui` kbimtgbfs. ^ò \kmf gs gftofnon tb jo m ibcproòfsgvo, ibuftry-spoigagi roaorofio eugno nosgefon tb mssgst tò \bst wgt` tò smao mfn oaagigoft congimk ovmiumtgbf ba Qbkuftoors, gf gfngvgnumk imsos mfn/br ms m erbup. ^ò \kmf s`bukn jo propmron jy tò \ICB gfibfsuktmtgbf wgt` ocjmssy congimk porsbffok ms mpprbprgmto, mfn mpprbvon jy tò Ibuftry Ngroitbr (IN).

^ò pbst ngn fbt `mvo m ibcpkoton congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf mt tò tgco ba tò ovmkumtgbf.Gfabrcmtgbf bf ibccufgimtgbf systocs, ocoreofiy trmfsausgbf prbionuros, ocoreofiy suppkgosmfn oqugpcoft, Qbkuftoor ovmiuoo nbiucofts, miibcpmfgcoft nbiucofts, mfn roegbfmk

conovmi prbionuros `mn fbt joof ibcpkoton. ^ò \ICB mssorton t`mt sò `mn kbbhon abr tòcongimk ovmiumtgbf pbkgiy mfn joof ufmjko tb kbimto gt, mfn t`bue`t gt por`mps wms fb kbfeor pmrtba tò \ICB‒s rospbfsgjgkgtgos.

^ò amit t`mt tò pbst `mn fgfo ngaaoroft \ICBs jotwoof Mueust :<== mfn Cmy :<=:ufnbujtonky cmno gt cbro ngaagiukt abr tò pbst tb abius bf eottgfe tò congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmfibcpkoton. ^ò kmih ba m congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf abr bvor twb yomrs roprosofts mf mrom ba womhfoss wgt` rospoit tb tò ro-bpofgfe ba bpormtgbfs gf Ibkbcjgm. Gt rmgson tò kovok ba rgsh t`mtm Qbkuftoor‒s foons wbukn fbt jo prbporky mnnrosson gf m congimk ocoreofiy wòf tò \ICBbr btòr oxporgofion stmaa woro fbt mvmgkmjko. Abrtufmtoky tò pbst‒s iurroft komnors`gp `mnsuaagigoft oxporgofio tb oaaoitgvoky cmfmeo ovmiumtgbfs abr tò Qbkuftoors w`b foonon tb jo

ovmiumton arbc Ibkbcjgm abr ocoreofiy congimk imro.

Gf tò cbft`s abkkbwgfe tò ovmkumtgbf pbst `ms cmno prbeross bf gts congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf.Ms ba Dmfumry :<=9, omi` ibcpbfoft ba tò congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf `mn joof mttofnon tb, mfntò pkmf wms fomrgfe ibcpkotgbf.




Uo roibccofn4

1. ^`mt tò \omio Ibrps congimk baagior ibcpkoto tò congimk ovmiumtgbf

pkmf. 5. ^`mt tò Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios rovgow tò pbst‗s congimk ovmiumtgbf

pkmf tb ofsuro gts ibcpkotofoss. ^ò OK pr bermc cmfmeor mn fbt prbvgnon aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors bf tògr wbrh ropbrts.

I`mrmitorgstgis mfn Ytrmtoegos ba m @ge`-\orabrcgfe \bst4 \bst Cmfmeocoft Zosburio Eugno sotsoxpoitmtgbfs roemrngfe ibccufgimtgbf jotwoof stmaa mfn Qbkuftoors4

^ò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn stmaa ibccufgimto roeukmrky mfn bpofky wgt` Qbkuftoors t`rbue` m vmrgoty ba comfs. ^òy ibfvoy usoauk toi`fgimk mfn prbermc gfabrcmtgbf mfn pbkgigos, mfn egvo ofiburmeocoft,ibfstruitgvo sueeostgbfs, mfn mncbfgtgbfs, ms mpprbprgmto. ^òy mksb mitgvoky sooh gfput arbc tòQbkuftoors (Mprgk :<=<).

^ò meofiy‒s \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe Eugnmfio4 \rbdoit Nosgef mfn Ovmkumtgbf nosirgjosmitgbfs t`mt prbermc cmfmeors (\C) tmho gf brnor tb oaaoitgvoky cbfgtbr mfn ovmkumto tògr

prbdoit‒s prbeross. M hoy porgbngi mitgbf stop tò meofiy oxpoits prbermc cmfmeors tb porabrcgs tb rovgow Qbkuftoor wbrh ropbrts mfn tòf egvo aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors bf tògr ropbrts (o.e.mihfbwkonegfe miibcpkgs`cofts, mnnrossgfe i`mkkofeos mfn cmhgfe sueeostgbfs.)

Okovof ba twofty (?? porioft) Qbkuftoors w`b woro gftorvgowon gf Ibkbcjgm `mn roiogvon fbaoonjmih arbc tò ÔK prbermc cmfmeor bf ogtòr ba twb qumrtorky wbrh ropbrts tòy `mnsujcgtton. Ygx Qbkuftoors `mn roiogvon aoonjmih bf tògr agrst wbrh ropbrt, jut fbt tògr soibfnropbrt8 dust t`roo Qbkuftoors `mn roiogvon aoonjmih bf jbt` tògr agrst mfn soibfn ropbrts. Abr sbco Qbkuftoors tò kmih ba aoonjmih bf tògr agrst ropbrt foemtgvoky maaoiton tò mcbuft ba oaabrt tò Qbkuftoors put gftb ibcpkotgfe sujsoquoft wbrh ropbrts.

‛^ò amit t`mt sò `ms fbt rospbfnon tb cy QZA cmhos co ufcbtgvmton tb nb cy foxt QZA. ^ò aoonjmih

G ebt wms fbt usoauk joimuso gt wms vory kmto.–

‛Bf cy soibfn QZA G ngn fbt put cui` oaabrt gftb mfsworgfe tò cbro fmrrmtgvo pmrts ba tò abrc, joimusoG nb fbt jokgovo t`mt X\CS romns gt br wgkk tmho tò tgco tb rospbfn.–

‛^ò kmst bfo wms s`brtor8 tò agrst bfo wms cbro ibcpkoto mfn notmgkon.–

‛^ò :fn tgco G ngn tò jmro cgfgcuc, sgfio G ngn fbt eot mfy aoonjmih bf tò agrst bfo.–

Ms m rosukt tòro wms koss usoauk gfabrcmtgbf abr prbdoit cmfmeocoft purpbsos t`mf wbukn `mvo joof tò imso `mn m cbro tgcoky mfn sujstmftgvo rovgow ba Qbkuftoor wbrh ropbrts joof prbvgnon. Zonuitgbfs gf tò mcbuft ba imro mfn mttoftgbf Qbkuftoors put gftb tògr qumrtorkyropbrts imf mksb ibcprbcgso tò mjgkgty ba tò pbst tb ibccufgimto miibcpkgs`cofts gf mffumkropbrts tb prbdoit stmho`bknors, m hoy gfngimtbr gf tò meofiy‒s porabrcmfio mfn miibuftmjgkgty

ropbrt. Gt cmy mksb ibcprbcgso tò pbst‒s mjgk gty tb novokbp ibcpkoto mfn miiurmto gfabrcmtgbfms pmrt ba mffumk strmtoegi pkmffgfe mfn juneotgfe mfmkysos (g.o. ‛prbermc mfmkysgs–). ^ò imuso




ba t`gs kmih ba tgcoky aoonjmih bf Qbkuftoor wbrh ropbrts wms fbt oftgroky ikomr, t`bue` mppomrontb jo m cgx ba amitbrs, gfikungfe tò prbermc cmfmeor‒s kmih ba ibcabrt wgt` tò QZ^.

Uo roibccofn4

0. ^`mt tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe sot oxpoitmtgbfs

roemrngfe tò tgcokgfoss ba stmaa aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors bf tògr wbrh

ropbrts mfn ofsuro t`mt stmaa usos tò Qbkuftoor Zopbrtgfe ^bbk tb

suppbrt Qbkuftoors mfn ibccufgimto prbdoit rosukts.

7. ^`mt tò prbermc cmfmeor joibco cbro amcgkgmr wgt` tò aoonjmih

aufitgbfmkgty ba tò Qbkuftoor Zopbrtgfe ^bbk mfn prbvgno tgcoky mfn

sujstmftgvo aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors.

\ ZBEZMCCGFE

^ò ovmkumtgbf mssosson tb w`mt oxtoft tò pbst `ms novokbpon mfn gcpkocofton prbermcsgftofnon tb gfiromso tò impmigty ba `bst ibuftry ibccufgtgos tb coot tògr bwf toi`fgimk foons.^b notorcgfo t`gs, wo rovgowon4

tò ibbrngfmtgbf jotwoof tò \omio Ibrps mfn tò `bst ibuftry gf notorcgfgfenovokbpcoft prgbrgtgos mfn \omio Ibrps prbermc mroms8wòtòr pbst gs cootgfe gts prbdoit bjdoitgvos8ibuftorpmrt sokoitgbf mfn qumkgty ba ibuftorpmrt rokmtgbfs`gps wgt` Qbkuftoors8sgto novokbpcoft pbkgigos mfn prmitgios.

@bst Ibuftry Zokmtgbfs`gps mfn Ibbrngfmtgbf. Gf bur rovgow ba pbst‒s roibrns mfn t`rbue`gftorvgows wgt` pbst komnors`gp, Ibkbcjgmf Cgfgstry baagigmks mfn btòr prbdoit pmrtfors, woabufn ovgnofio ba strbfe rokmtgbfs`gps jotwoof \omio Ibrps mfn `bst ibuftry baagigmks mfn

pmrtfors. ^ò rokmtgbfs`gp gf pmrtgiukmr jotwoof tò Yoirotmry ba Onuimtgbf gf Jmrrmfqugkkm mfn pbst sofgbr stmaa mfn komnors`gp `ms joof wokk novokbpon mfn cmgftmgfon. Omi` Ibkbcjgmf pmrtfor gftorvgowon oxprosson mf gftorost gf roiogvgfe cbro Qbkuftoors, oxpkmgfgfe tò cmfybppbrtufgtgos mvmgkmjko tb suppbrt prbermc erbwt` gf onuimtgbf ms wokk ms ybut` novokbpcoft.

ÔK \rbdoit Nosgef. ^ò ÔK prbdoit `ms joof nosgefon mfn cmfmeon tb mkkbw iurroftQbkuftoors suaagigoft bppbrtufgty tb ibftrgjuto tb gts ebmks mfn bjdoitgvos. Mkk ÔK Qbkuftoorsworo amcgkgmr wgt` tò ebmks ba tò ÔK prbdoit mfn =1 ba := Qbkuftoors stmton t`mt tòy ibukn

ibftrgjuto tb tò ebmks mt komst cbnormtoky wokk. Mkk Qbkuftoors `mn mt komst bfo Ibkbcjgmftomiòr br si`bbk mncgfgstrmtbr ms m ibuftorpmrt, mfn sovormk Qbkuftoors ibfsgnoron mkk tòOfekgs` tomiòrs mt tògr si`bbk ms ogtòr mitumk br pbtoftgmk ibuftorpmrts. ^ò :< ÔK Qbkuftoorsgftorvgowon ibufton mpprbxgcmtoky 5< Ibkbcjgmf onuimtbrs mcbfe tògr ibuftorpmrts.Qbkuftoors woro eoformkky vory pbsgtgvo ibfiorfgfe tògr ibuftorpmrt rokmtgbfs`gps4 55 porioft ba Qbkuftoors i`mrmitorgzon tògr ibuftorpmrt rokmtgbfs`gp ms jogfe ogtòr mjbvo mvormeo br butstmfngfe.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm :<

Ageuro >. ^ò ômi`gfe Ofekgs` abr Kgvokg`bbns \rbdoit Armcowbrh

\rbdoit \urpbso4 Ibkbcjgmf prgcmry, soibfnmry, mfn toi`fgimk onuimtgbf tomiòrs wgkk strofetòf tògr porsbfmk mfn prbaossgbfmk bppbrtufgtgos t`rbue` gcprbvon Ofekgs` tomi`gfe mjgkgtgos.

Ebmk Bfo4 ômiòrs mt tò prgcmry, soibfnmry mfn toi`fgimk onuimtgbf kovoks wgkk gcprbvo tògr iurroftÔAK cot`bnbkbegos, tògr tomi`gfe rosburios novokbpcoft mfn kossbf pkmffgfe shgkks, mfn wgkk emgf

prmitgio gf usgfe Ofekgs` gf ikmssrbbc sottgfes.(Ebmk bfo gfikunos t`roo bjdoitgvos, pmrmp`rmson ms4 ib-pkmffgfe mfn ib-tomi`gfe8 wbrhs`bpnovokbpcoft abr Ofekgs` tomiòrs8 mfn novokbpcoft ba iromtgvo tomi`gfe cmtorgmks)

Ebmk ^wb4 Ytunofts mfn tomiòrs w`bso prgcmry gfstruitgbfmk rospbfsgjgkgty gs fbt Ofekgs` wgkk novokbpibccufgimtgvo ibcpotofigos gf Ofekgs , miibrngfe tb tògr foons.(Ebmk twb gfikunos twb bjdoitgvos, pmrmp`rmson ms4 Ofekgs` kmfeumeo trmgfgfe abr fbf-Ofekgs` tomiòrs8

mfn Ofekgs` komrfgfe t`rbue` oxtrmiurrgiukmr mitgvgtgos abr ybut`)

Ebmk ^`roo4 Ibccufgty cocjors wgkk jo ofemeon gf prbermcs mfn mitgvgtgos rokmton tb onuimtgbf mfnybut` novokbpcoft t`mt imf gcprbvo tògr kgvokg`bbns. (Ebmk t`roo gfikunos twb bjdoitgvos, pmrmp`rmson ms4 ybut` kgao shgkks novokbpcoft t`rbue` ibccufgty-

jmson prbdoits8 mfn Ofekgs` komrfgfe bppbrtufgtgos abr ibccufgty cocjors.)

^ò pbst‒s :<=: ropbrt=: bf tò miibcpkgs`cofts mfn stmtus ba tò ÔK prbdoit gfngimtos t`mt

ÔK Qbkuftoors gf :<=: cmno ibftrgjutgbfs tbwmrn jgkgfeumkgsc mkbfe tò fbrt` Imrgjjomfibmst, mfn t`mt sbco ba tò nosgron butibcos ba tò ÔK prbdoit (Ibkbcjgmf tomiòrs gcprbvgfetògr Ofekgs` tomi`gfe mjgkgtgos, Ibkbcjgmf ybut` gcprbvgfe tògr kgao shgkks mfn tògr Ofekgs`mjgkgtgos, mfn Ibkbcjgmf ibccufgty cocjors gcprbvgfe tògr Ofekgs` mjgkgtgos) woro

prberossgfe.

\IZQs, t`bue` fbt wbrhgfe ngroitky wgt` tò Ofekgs` ebmks ba tò ÔK prbdoit, ofemeo gf ybut`mfn ibccufgty novokbpcoft wbrh wgt` m fbf-ebvorfcoftmk bremfgzmtgbf abiuson bf ybut` mfnbtòr ibccufgty-jmson prbdoits. ^ò typo ba wbrh \IZQs ibfnuit gs gf kgfo wgt` tò gftoft ba tò t`grn ebmk ba tò ÔK prbdoit, abiuson bf ibccufgty cocjors mfn ybut` novokbpcoft(Ageuro >). \IZQs ropbrton jogfe vory smtgsagon wgt` tògr sgtos, mfn `mvgfe suaagigoft prbdoitwbrh tb nb.

Ygto Novokbpcoft. Ygto novokbpcoft gf Ibkbcjgm mnòron tb m sot ba stops nosirgjon gf tò pbst‒s sgto novokbpcoft eugnojbbh. ^`gs eugnojbbh gs jmson bf sgcgkmr wrgttof irgtorgm mfn

cmfmeocoft ibftrbks t`mt eugno tò sgto novokbpcoft prbiossos mt btòr pbsts gfikungfe Tmcjgm,Oiumnbr, mfn \mrmeumy. Nbiucoftmtgbf rokmton tb omi` stop gf Ibkbcjgm‒s sgto novokbpcoft mfn

mpprbvmk prbioss wms bremfgzon mfn nocbfstrmton suaagigoft bvorsge`t jy tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe, mfn tò ibuftry ngroitbr. Fgfoty-agvo porioft ba Qbkuftoors oxprosson

=: ^ò :<=: \rbdoit Ytmtus Zopbrt abr tò ÔK \rbdoit gf Ibkbcjgm.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm :=

smtgsamitgbf wgt` tògr sgtos, gfikungfe 1: porioft w`b woro ‛vory smtgsagon.– Fgfoty -bfo porioftba Qbkuftoors gfngimton t`mt tòy `mn suaagigoft wbrh tb nb cbst ba tò tgco.

ÔK \rbdoit I`mkkofeo Mroms. ÔK Qbkuftoors amio ngaagiukt wbrh i`mkkofeos t`mt eoformtostross mfn arustrmtgbf. Ibkbcjgmf Ofekgs` tomiòrs batof wbrh soibfn dbjs butsgno tò si`bbk,

mfn kmih tgco tb ibkkmjbrmto wgt` Qbkuftoors bf kossbf pkmffgfe abr tògr ikmssrbbcs. M aowQbkuftoors ropbrton t`mt cmfy ba tò tomiòrs tòy wbrh wgt` `mvo gfermgfon `mjgts mfn rosgsti`mfegfe tògr tomi`gfe cot`bnbkbegos. Ybco si`bbks imfiok ikmssos wgt` kgttko mnvmfio fbtgio,komvgfe Qbkuftoors ibfauson mfn aookgfe ufnor-utgkgzon. Qbkuftoors mksb ropbrton t`mt tògr ikmssrbbcs woro fbgsy mfn ngaagiukt tb cmfmeo--m i`mkkofeo t`mt mppomron cbro miuto abr Qbkuftoors wgt` koss tomi`gfe oxporgofio.

M aow Qbkuftoors quostgbfon ga tò rge`t jmkmfio `mn joof struih gf tò ÔK prbdoit joimuso tòy`mn tb spofn tbb cui` tgco bf tògr agrst ebmk rospbfsgjgkgtgos mt si`bbk (ib-tomi`gfe/ib-

pkmffgfe).

‛Gt's `mrn tb nb mfyt`gfe kgho wbrhs`bps wgt` tò tomiòrs nurgfe tò wooh joimuso G spofn sbcui` tgco ib-tomi`gfe.–

‛Ytgihgfe us gf si`bbks gs m wmsto pmst tò agrst yomr. ^òro mro ùfnrons ba si`bbks mfn cmfycbtgvmton tomiòrs. Uo `mvo tò pbtoftgmk tb novokbp m prbermc òro tb romi` sb cmfy tomiòrsmfn stunofts mfn si`bbks mfn tb iromto cmtorgmks tb jo pmsson bf. Uo ibukn nb t`mt t`rbue` btòr comfs t`mf jogfe gf tò ikmssrbbc.–

Gf mnngtgbf, sovormk Qbkuftoors mreuon t`mt tò ÔK prbdoit s`bukn abius bf pkmigfe cbroQbkuftoors mt fbrcmkos (tomiòr trmgfgfe ibkkoeos) wòro stunoft tomiòrs mro cbro bpof tbkomrfgfe `bw tb tomi` Ofekgs` cbro oaaoitgvoky.

‛Uo s`bukn jo spkgttgfe tgco jotwoof tò Ofekgs` tomiòrs gf trmgfgfe mt tò fbrcmkos, mfnOfekgs` tomiòrs gf tò pujkgi si`bbks.–

‛Ib-tomi`gfe gs sbcot`gfe t`mt kbbhs eromt bf pmpor jut gf cy oxporgofio gt bfky wbrhs wòftòro mro iortmgf t`gfes gf pkmio. =) jbt` tomiòrs cust wmft tb ib-tomi` tbeotòr. :) jbt` tomiòrscust `mvo tgco tb ib-pkmf tbeotòr mfn 9) jbt` tomiòrs s`bukn `mvo ibcpkocoftmry shgkks. G t`gfh ib-tomi`gfe ibukn jo cbro oaaoitgvo òro ga gt woro abiuson bf wbrhgfe wgt` tomiòrs gf trmgfgfemt tò fbrcmkos. ^òro mro m aow XtomiòrsS w`b mro cbtgvmton tb ib-pkmf mfn ib-tomi` mfn komrf,

jut tòy mro aow mfn amr jotwoof. Abr t`gs romsbf ib-tomi`gfe gf tò si`bbks s`bukn jo no-ocp`msgzon jy tò prbdoit gf brnor tb roabius Qbkuftoors gf fbrcmkos. ^`bso tomiòrs mro gf mabrcmtgvo pkmio mfn cui` cbro omeor tb try fow t`gfes ms tòy komrf `bw tb tomi`.–

Gf m rovgow ba Qbkuftoor sgto pkmiocofts wo notorcgfon t`mt, gf amit, tò pbst `mn pkmion ÔKQbkuftoors wgt` suaagigoft prbaossgbfmk jmiherbufn ms tomiòrs gf fbrcmk suporgbrs br tomiòr trmgfgfe gfstgtutgbfs. Ugt` aow oxioptgbfs, Qbkuftoors wgt` koss tomi`gfe oxporgofio woro pkmiongf pujkgi si`bbks wòro tòy ibukn jbt` emgf tomi`gfe oxporgofio mfn joegf tb ibkkmjbrmtot`rbue` ib-pkmffgfe mfn ib-tomi`gfe wgt` pujkgi si`bbk Ofekgs` tomiòrs.

ÔK \rbdoit \rbspoits abr Erbwt`. Joimuso tò fucjor ba ÔK Qbkuftoors gf :<=9 gs cbrot`mf twgio tò fucjor ba mitgvo Qbkuftoors nurgfe bur agoknwbrh wo woro ufmjko tb mssoss tò



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm ::

quostgbf ba w`mt tò bptgcmk sgzo ba tò ÔK prbdoit s`bukn jo gf tò urjmf mfn porg-urjmf mromstb w`gi` bpormtgbfs `mvo joof kgcgton. ^`bue` wo mro fbt gssugfe m abrcmk agfngfe br roibccofnmtgbf spoigagi tb prbermccgfe, pbst cmy jofoagt arbc m rovgow ba tò ÔK prbdoitibfnuiton jy mf onuimtgbf spoigmkgst arbc Bvorsoms \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe Yuppbrt(B\M^Y) gf brnor tb mssoss spoigagimkky wòtòr br fbt m suaagigoft fucjor ba `ge` qumkgty

prbermccmtgi bppbrtufgtgos oxgst gf Imrtmeofm, Jmrrmfqugkkm mfn Ymftm Cmrtm abr tò prbdoitonfucjors ba ÔK Qbkuftoors.

^ ZMGFGFE

Mfbtòr bjdoitgvo ba tò pbst ovmkumtgbf gs tb mfswor tò quostgbf, ‛Nbos trmgfgfe propmro

Qbkuftoors abr \omio Ibrps sorvgio2– ^b mfswor t`gs quostgbf wo ibfsgnoron sui` amitbrs ms4

trmgfgfe mnoqumiy8 pkmffgfe mfn novokbpcoft ba tò trmgfgfe kgao iyiko8stmaagfe mfn rokmton juneot.

Ms ba Mueust :<=:, pbst `mn ibfnuiton bfo ==-wooh pro-sorvgio trmgfgfe (\Y^) abr twb-yomr Qbkuftoors (arbc Bitbjor => :<== t`rbue` Dmfumry =9, :<=:) wgt` mssgstmfio arbc tocpbrmrynuty trmgfgfe stmaa t`mt \omio Ibrps òmnqumrtors prbvgnon tb tò pbst. Ms agokn wbrh abr t`gsovmkumtgbf wms ofngfe, tò pbst wms propmrgfe abr tò mrrgvmk ba 9< trmgfoos mfn `mn cmno mfucjor ba gcpbrtmft cbngagimtgbfs tb gts trmgfgfe prbermc. ^ò pbst `mn ovmkumton gts agrst \Y^mfn gfibrpbrmton kossbfs-komrfon gftb tò nosgef mfn pkmffgfe ba gts soibfn \Y^. Gf mnngtgbf tb== woohs ba \Y^, cbst gftorvgowon Qbkuftoors `mn pmrtgigpmton gf twb sujsoquoft wbrhs`bps,bfo bf @GQ/MGNY onuimtgbf provoftgbf, mfbtòr bf prbdoit cmfmeocoft mfn komnors`gp.Qbkuftoors emvo amvbrmjko rmtgfes (mt komst 9 but ba ?) abr cbst ba tò trmgfgfe tòy `mn

pmrtgigpmton gf, t`bue` kmfeumeo roiogvon m kbwor mvormeo rmtgfe t`mf btòr typos ba trmgfgfe.

Ybco Qbkuftoors kmihon sua ag igoft Ypmfgs` shg k ks tb aufitg bf oaa oitgvoky gf Ibkbcjgm.

^ò \omio Ibrps Mit soitgbf :?:= ibftmgfs m abrogef kmfeumeo prbagigofiy stmfnmrn w`gi`spoigagos4

Fb porsbf s`mkk jo mssgefon tb nuty ms m vbkuftoor ufnor t`gs i mptor gf mfy abrogef ibuftry br mrom ufkossmt tò tgco ba sui` mssgefcoft ò pbssossos sui` romsbfmjko prbagigofiy ms `gs mssgefcoft roqugros gfspomhgfe tò kmfeumeo ba tò ibuftry br mrom tb w`gi` ò gs mssgefon.

^ò pbst‒s Qbkuftoor Uokibco Jbbh stmtos t`mt mkk trmgfoos cust nocbfstrmto t`mt tògr Ypmfgs`tosts mt br mjbvo tò ‛gftorcongmto conguc– prbagigofiy kovok prgbr tb swomrgfe-gf ms Qbkuftoors.

Uo gftorvgowon Qbkuftoors w`b mihfbwkoneon t`mt tòy kmihon suaagigoft Ypmfgs` kmfeumeoshgkks. Ypmfgs` prbagigofiy tost sibros arbc \Y^ gf :<== s`bw t`mt twokvo but ba twofty-t`rootrmgfoos mrrgvon gf Ibkbcjgm wgt` m ‛fbvgio– kovok ba Ypmfgs`. \bst kmihon iortgagon kmfeumeotostors abr tò \Y^ gf :<===9. Ms m rosukt, tost sibros ngn fbt gfngimto `bw cmfy Qbkuftoors `mn

=9 \omio Ibrps Ibkbcjgm `mn iortgagon Ypmfgs` kmfeumeo tostors abr tò amkk :<=: \Y^.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm :9

cot tò ‛gftorcongmto conguc– swomrgfe gf roqugrocoft. Mkk trmgfoos swbro-gf ms Qbkuftoors,gfikungfe sbco w`b, jmson bf bur gftorvgows wgt` stmaa mfn Qbkuftoors, `mn fbt cot tò Ypmfgs`kmfeumeo swomrgfe-gf roqugrocoft. Qbkuftoors eoformkky rmton tò qumkgty ba Ypmfgs` gfstruitgbfnurgfe \Y^ kbwor t`mf btòr typos ba trmgfgfe. Kmfeumeo trmgfgfe roiogvon m 1? porioft amvbrmjkormtgfe, mfn sovof (9? porioft) ba Qbkuftoors rmton tò qumkgty ba kmfeumeo gfstruitgbf nurgfe \Y^

ms jokbw mvormeo. Cbst ba tò irgtgigsc arbc Qbkuftoors ibfiorfgfe tò qumkgty ba Ypmfgs`kmfeumeo gfstruitgbf abiuson bf tò cot`bnbkbey t`mt tò gfstruitbrs uson, w`gi` ngn fbt prbvgnogfstruitgbf gf Ypmfgs` ermccmr. ^`gs irgtgigsc imco arbc Qbkuftoors wgt` mnvmfion Ypmfgs` mswokk arbc t`bso wgt` fbvgio mfn gftorcongmto Ypmfgs`.

Ms fbton provgbusky, Qbkuftoors wgt` kbwor Ypmfgs` prbagigofiy `mvo tofnon tb strueeko gf tògr Ibkbcjgmf `bco stmys cbro t`mf `mvo Qbkuftoors wgt` mnvmfion Ypmfgs`. \bbr Ypmfgs` shgkksmcbfe sbco Qbkuftoors `mvo iromton prbjkocs ibccufgimtgfe wgt` stmaa ms wokk. Gf mnngtgbf,kmih ba Ypmfgs` shgkks gcponos Qbkuftoors oaabrts tb ofemeo gf mitgvgtgos btòr t`mf tomi`gfeOfekgs`.

Gf tò \Y^ t`mt stmrton gf Yoptocjor :<=:, tò pbst cmno sbco mndustcofts tb gts Ypmfgs`gfstruitgbf mpprbmi` gf twb hoy wmys4 mnngfe Ypmfgs` ermccmr gfstruitgbf gf rospbfso tbaoonjmih arbc Qbkuftoors8 mfn mkkbwgfe mnvmfion br suporgbr Ypmfgs` spomhgfe trmgfoos tb nbgfnopofnoft prbdoits nurgfe tò tgco rosorvon abr Ypmfgs` gfstruitgbf. Kmfeumeo prbagigofiy tostsibros abr trmgfoos w`b swbro-gf ms Qbkuftoors gf Fbvocjor :<=: gfngimton t`mt sovof ba fgfotrmgfoos gcprbvon tògr Ypmfgs` suaagigoftky tb coot tò pbst‒s swomrgfe-gf roqugrocoft.

^mjko ==. Kmfeumeo Yibros ba ^rmgfoos (Yoptocjor-Fbvocjor :<=:)

Yburio4 BGE mfmkysgs ba pbst nmtm. Bfo trmgfoo wms fbt toston mt stmrt ba \Y^.

^ò twb trmgfoos w`b toston bfo kovok jokbw (gftorcongmto kbw) tò pbst‒s swomrgfe-gf stmfnmrnworo mkkbwon tb swomr-gf joimuso omi` `mn strbfe pbtoftgmk tb coot tò Ypmfgs` stmfnmrn wgt`gft`roo cbft`s ba swomrgfe-gf, omi` `mn nocbfstrmton m ibccgtcoft tb gcprbvgfe `gs/òr Ypmfgs`,`mn cmgftmgfon m pbsgtgvo mttgtuno, mfn s`bwf tò mjgkgty tb gftoermto wokk wgt` Ibkbcjgmf `bst

Jokbw

stmfnmrn, 7

Jokbw

stmfnmrn, :

Mt br mjbvostmfnmrn, :<

Mt br mjbvo

stmfnmrn, :0

<

?

=<

=?

:<

:?

9<

Ytmrt ba \Y^ Ofn ba \Y^



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm :>

amcgkgos. Jmson bf pbst‒s mndustcofts tb gts Ypmfgs` kmfeumeo prbermc, gfikungfe gts tge`tofgfeba tò mppkgimtgbf ba swomrgfe-gf roqugrocofts abr trmgfoos, wo `mvo notorcgfon t`mt fbroibccofnmtgbf spoigagi tb Ypmfgs` kmfeumeo trmgfgfe gs corgton.

Ybco Qbkuftoors kmihon ak oxgjgk gty, soka suaa gig ofiy, mfn rospoit abr Ibkbcjgmfs.

CY :<= ‛Okgegjgkgty mfn Ytmfnmrns abr \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoor Yorvgio– stmtos tò mttrgjutosroqugron tb qumkgty abr Qbkuftoor sorvgio, w`gi` gfikuno suaagigoft ‛cmturgty, akoxgjgkgty mfn soka suaagigofiy tb mnmpt suiiossaukky tb kgao gf mfbtòr iukturo, mfn tb gftormit mfn ibccufgimto wgt`btòr pobpko roemrnkoss ba iukturmk, sbigmk mfn oibfbcgi ngaaorofios.–

Uo bjsorvon nurgfe bur agoknwbrh biimsgbfs wòf Qbkuftoors cmno gfsofsgtgvo ibccofts gfOfekgs` mjbut Ibkbcjgmfs gf tògr prosofio, por`mps mssucgfe t`mt Ofekgs` wbukn fbt joufnorstbbn. Ybco Qbkuftoor ibcpkmgfts mjbut mspoits br ibfngtgbfs ba tògr sorvgio roakoitonnoagigts ba irbss-iukturmk ufnorstmfngfe, soka suaagigofiy, cmturgty mfn akoxgjgkgty4

‛Cy provgbus `bst amcgky bfky kot co uso tò grbf bfo `bur m wooh. Gf cy iurroft `bst amcgky tòro gs fb

grbfgfe jbmrn, sb G `mvo tb grbf cy ikbtòs bf cy jon, mfn t`mt gs fbt ibfvofgoft.–

‛M wbcmf, m ibuftorpmrt, stmrton prmygfe nurgfe m wbrhs`bp wòf wo woro mkk mssocjkon. G comf, t`gs wmsm _.Y. ebvorfcoft ovoft. U`mt `mppofon tb tò sopmrmtgbf ba iùri` mfn stmto! Uokk, G wms vory s`bihon

jy t`gs, mfn sb G ebt up mfn koat.–

‛Bfo Qbkuftoor imkkon òr cbtòr gf tò _fgton Ytmtos tb ibcpkmgf mjbut jues gf òr jon, mfn tòf òr cbtòr imkkon tò baagio.–

Ytmaa mfn Qbkuftoors oxprosson ngscmy mt sbco ba tò iukturmkky-gfsofsgtgvo mttgtunos sbcoQbkuftoors `mvo nocbfstrmton tbwmrn Ibkbcjgmfs4

‛M aow ba tò Qbkuftoors nb fbt roprosoft tò t`roo ebmks wokk gf Ibkbcjgm. Ybco `mvo joof runo mfn `mvo joof vorjmkky meerossgvo tb tògr bst amcgkgos. Gt gs ngaagiukt tb jomr.– ‛^òro `mvo joof sgtumtgbfs wgt` Qbkuftoors w`b `mvo joof ngsrospoitauk wgt` tògr ibuftorpmrts mfn wgt`

tomiòrs.– ‛G `mvo wgtfosson Qbkuftoors cmhgfe gfsuktgfe ibccofts mjbut Ibkbcjgmfs mfn Ibkbcjgm gf tò prosofioba Ibkbcjgmfs. Ibkbcjgmfs batof ufnorstmfn w`mt tòy mro smygfe, mfn gt gs ocjmrrmssgfe. Qbkuftoors mvos`bwf m kmih ba rospoit abr tò iukturo.–

‛Ga ybu agfn ybursoka ibcpkmgfgfe mjbut sbcot`gfe tò agrst t`gfe ybu s`bukn nb gs stbp mfn msh ybursoka,w`mt ngn G sgef up abr2 ^`gs dbj gs suppbson tb jo `mrn, mfn ibcpmron tb w`mt Ibkbcjgmfs `mvo tb nomkwgt` w`mt s`bukn ybu oxpoit2 @bw wbukn tò hgns ybu mro mrbufn tmho w`mt ybu mro ibcpkmgfgfe mjbut ga

gt gs tògr kgao2 Wbu'ro suppbson tb wbrh ufnor tò ibfngtgbfs ba `bw pobpko kgvo. Yb pkomso, nbf't ibcpkmgfmjbut tò wmtor fbt jogfe ibkn, br tò ibaaoo `mvgfe suemr, br tbb cui` rgio, br w`mtovor! Kbbh gf tòcgrrbr. U`y ngn ybu ibco òro2 Cbro soka- roakoitgbf foons tb `mppof, pkomso.–

Qbkuftoors mfn stmaa mihfbwkoneon t`mt \Y^ ngn fbt suaagigoftky stross tò gcpbrtmfio ba ufnorstmfngfe mfn rospoitgfe Ibkbcjgmfs mfn tògr iukturo, br tò gnom t`mt jogfe m Qbkuftoor comfs jogfe gf sorvgio tb tò pobpko ba Ibkbcjgm.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm :?

Uo roibccofn4

=<. ^`mt tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe mfn tò trmgfgfe cmfmeor

cmho foiossmry mndustcofts tb trmgfgfe sb t`mt Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm

ikomrky ufnorstmfn tògr rbko ms Qbkuftoors, gfikungfe tò roqugrocoft tb

nocbfstrmto rospoit abr Ibkbcjgmfs mfn tògr iukturo ms wokk ms suaagigoftmnmptmjgkgty mfn soka suaagigofiy.




BJDOI^GQO, YIB\O, MFN CO^@BNBKBEW

^ò purpbso ba tò Baagio ba Gfspoitbr Eoformk (BGE) gs tb provoft mfn notoit armun, wmsto,mjuso, mfn cgscmfmeocoft mfn tb prbcbto oibfbcy, oaaoitgvofoss, mfn oaagigofiy gf

ebvorfcoft. Gf Aojrumry =707, tò \omio Ibrps BGE wms ostmjkgsòn ufnor tò Gfspoitbr Eoformk Mit ba =750 mfn gs mf gfnopofnoft oftgty wgt`gf tò \omio Ibrps. ^ò Gfspoitbr Eoformk(GE) gs ufnor tò eoformk suporvgsgbf ba tò \omio Ibrps Ngroitbr mfn ropbrts jbt` tb tò Ngroitbr mfn Ibfeross.

^ò Ovmkumtgbf _fgt wgt`gf tò \omio Ibrps BGE prbvgnos sofgbr cmfmeocoft wgt` gfnopofnoftovmkumtgbfs ba mkk cmfmeocoft mfn bpormtgbfs ba tò \omio Ibrps, gfikungfe bvorsoms pbsts mfnnbcostgi baagios. BGE ovmkumtbrs gnoftgay jost prmitgios mfn roibccofn prbermc gcprbvocoftstb ibcpky wgt` \omio Ibrps pbkgigos.

^ò BGE Ovmkumtgbf _fgt mffbufion gts gftoft tb ibfnuit tò ovmkumtgbf bf Cmy :, :<=:. Abr

pbst ovmkumtgbfs, wo uso tò abkkbwgfe rosomri`mjko quostgbfs tb eugno bur wbrh4

^b w`mt oxtoft `ms pbst novokbpon mfn gcpkocofton prbermcs tb gfiromso `bst ibuftryibccufgtgos‒ impmigty2 Nbos trmgfgfe propmro Qbkuftoors abr \omio Ibrps sorvgio2@ms tò pbst prbvgnon mnoqumto suppbrt mfn bvorsge`t tb Qbkuftoors2Mro pbst rosburios mfn meofiy suppbrt oaaoitgvoky mkgefon wgt` tò pbst‒s cgssgbf mfn

meofiy prgbrgtgos2

^ò ovmkumtbr ibfnuiton tò prokgcgfmry rosomri` pbrtgbf ba tò ovmkumtgbf Cmy 9 tb Duky =9,:<=:. ^`gs rosomri` gfikunon m rovgow ba meofiy nbiucofts prbvgnon jy òmnqumrtors mfn pbst

stmaa8 gftorvgows wgt` cmfmeocoft stmaa roprosoftgfe tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagiBpormtgbfs roegbf, \omio Ibrps Zospbfso, B\M^Y, Qbkuftoor Yuppbrt, tò Baagio ba @omkt`Yorvgios, Qbkuftoor Zoirugtcoft mfn Yokoitgbf, mfn tò Baagio ba tò Ngroitbr.

Gf-ibuftry agoknwbrh biiurron arbc Duky 9= tb Mueust =?, :<=:, mfn gfikunon gftorvgows wgt` pbst sofgbr stmaa gf i`mreo ba prbermccgfe, trmgfgfe, mfn suppbrt8 tò _.Y. mcjmssmnbr8 tò ZYBmfn mssgstmft ZYB8 m Ibkbcjgmf ebvorfcoft cgfgstry baagigmk8 mfn Ibkbcjgmf fbf-ebvorfcoftmkbremfgzmtgbf roprosoftmtgvos. Gf mnngtgbf, wo gftorvgowon mkk Qbkuftoors w`b woro sorvgfe gfIbkbcjgm mt tò tgco ba agoknwbrh. Mator tò gf-ibuftry agoknwbrh tò ovmkumtbr ngn mnngtgbfmkmfmkysgs ba nmtm t`mt wms cmno mvmgkmjko gf kmto Bitbjor mfn omrky Fbvocjor gfikungfe rosuktsarbc tò :<=: MQY (tò smco Qbkuftoors gftorvgowon nurgfe agokn wbrh gf Mueust :<=: mksb `mn

roioftky rospbfnon tb tò :<=: MQY) mfn btòr ropbrts sujcgtton jy pbst tb òmnqumrtors.

^`gs ovmkumtgbf wms ibfnuiton gf miibrnmfio wgt` tò ]umkgty Ytmfnmrns abr Gfspoitgbfs, gssuon jy tò Ibufigk ba tò Gfspoitbrs Eoformk bf Gftoergty mfn Oaagigofiy. ^ò ovgnofio, agfngfes, mfnroibccofnmtgbfs prbvgnon gf t`gs ropbrt `mvo joof rovgowon jy meofiy stmho`bknors maaoiton jyt`gs rovgow.




GFÔZQGOUY IBFN_IÔN

Ms pmrt ba t`gs pbst ovmkumtgbf, gftorvgows woro ibfnuiton wgt` :> Qbkuftoors, =< stmaa cocjors

gf-ibuftry, mfn :> roprosoftmtgvos arbc \omio Ibrps òmnqumrtors gf Ums`gfetbf N.I., tò _.Y.Ocjmssy gf Ibkbcjgm, mfn hoy cgfgstry baagigmks. Qbkuftoor gftorvgows woro ibfnuiton usgfe mstmfnmrngzon gftorvgow quostgbffmgro, mfn Qbkuftoors woro mshon tb rmto cmfy gtocs bf m agvo-

pbgft simko (= 3 fbt oaaoitgvo, 9 3 mvormeo oaaoitgvo, ? 3 vory oaaoitgvo). ^ò mfmkysgs ba tòsormtgfes prbvgnon m qumftgtmtgvo suppkocoft tb Qbkuftoors‒ ibccofts, w`gi` woro mksb mfmkyzon.

Abr tò purpbsos ba tò nmtm mfmkysgs, Qbkuftoor rmtgfes ba ‛9– mfn mjbvo mro ibfsgnoron

amvbrmjko. Gf mnngtgbf, wo gftorvgowon =0 ba :> Qbkuftoors mt tògr sgtos mfn gfspoiton tògr `busgfe usgfe pbst-noagfon `busgfe irgtorgm8 abr tò sgx sgtos wo ibukn fbt vgsgt wo rokgon bfQbkuftoor gftorvgows tb notorcgfo ga tògr `busgfe cot tò pbst‒s stmfnmrns. ^ò porgbn ba rovgowabr m pbst ovmkumtgbf gs bfo aukk Qbkuftoor iyiko (typgimkky :5 cbft`s).

^ò abkkbwgfe tmjko prbvgnos nocbermp`gi gfabrcmtgbf t`mt roprosofts tò oftgro Qbkuftoor pbpukmtgbf gf Ibkbcjgm8 tò Qbkuftoor smcpko wms sokoiton tb roakoit tòso nocbermp`gis.

^mjko =:. Qbkuftoor Nocbermp`gi Nmtm

\rbdoit\orioftmeo ba

Qbkuftoors

ÔK \rbdoit 09%Zospbfso Qbkuftoors =5%

Eofnor\orioftmeo ba

Qbkuftoors

Aocmko ?0%

Cmko >:%

Meo\orioftmeo ba

Qbkuftoors

:? br ybufeor ?<%:1-:7 :=%9<->7 =5%?< mfn bvor =9%

Yburio4 \I/Ibkbcjgm Qbkuftoor rbstor gf Mueust :<=:. Fbto4 \orioftmeos cmy fbt tbtmk =<<% nuo tb rbufngfe.

Mt tò tgco ba bur agokn vgsgt, tò pbst `mn =7 porcmfoft stmaa pbsgtgbfs ms wokk ms oge`t tocpbrmry

trmgfgfe stmaa tb mssgst wgt` \Y^. Uo gftorvgowon =< stmaa cocjors.

^mjko =9. Gftorvgows Ibfnuiton wgt` \I/Ibkbcjgm Ytmaa Cocjors

\bsgtgbf Ytmtus GftorvgowonIbuftry Ngroitbr _YN@ PNgroitbr ba \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe _YN@ PYmaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ibbrngfmtbr \YI POxoiutgvo Mssgstmft \YI




Ngroitbr ba Cmfmeocoft mfn Bpormtgbfs _YN@ PEoformk Yorvgios Mssgstmft \YINrgvor/Cossofeor (:) \YIAgfmfigmk Mssgstmft AYFIms`gor AYFGfabrcmtgbf ôi`fbkbey Ypoigmkgst \YIMncgfgstrmtgvo Mssgstmft \YICongimk Baagior \YI PCongimk Mncgfgstrmtgvo Mssgstmft \YI^rmgfgfe Cmfmeor \YI P@bst Amcgky Ibbrngfmtbr \YI PÔK \rbdoit Cmfmeor \YI P\rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe Ypoigmkgst (:) \YI PKmfeumeo mfn Iukturmk Ibbrngfmtbr \YIKmfeumeo mfn Iukturmk Amigkgtmtbrs (7) \YI

Nmtm ms ba Mueust :<=:. *\YI gs porsbfmk sorvgios ibftrmitbr8 AYF gs abrogef sorvgio fmtgbfmk.

Uo gftorvgowon twofty-abur btòr stmho`bknors nurgfe t`gs ovmkumtgbf‒s prokgcgfmry rosomri` p`mso, ms pmrt ba bur gf-ibuftry agoknwbrh, mfn upbf roturf tb \omio Ibrps òmnqumrtors gfUms`gfetbf, N.I.

^mjko =>. Gftorvgows Ibfnuiton wgt` \I/@omnqumrtors Ytmaa,

Ocjmssy Baagigmks, Cgfgstry Baagigmks mfn \rbdoit \mrtfors

\bsgtgbf BremfgzmtgbfZoegbfmk Ngroitbr \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ ZoegbfI`goa ba Bpormtgbfs \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ ZoegbfI`goa ba \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ ZoegbfIbuftry Nosh Baagior \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ ZoegbfI`goa Mncgfgstrmtgvo Baagior \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ ZoegbfNgroitbr, Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios \I/@omnqumrtors/B@YNoputy Ngroitbr, Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios \I/@omnqumrtors/B@Y\syi`bkbegst, Ibufsokgfe mfn Butromi` _fgt \I/@omnqumrtors/B@Y/IB_Oxport Ibfsuktmft, Ibufsokgfe mfn Butromi` _fgt \I/@omnqumrtors/B@Y/IB_Ngroitbr, \omio Ibrps Zospbfso \I/@omnqumrtors/\IZ \rbermccgfe Ypoigmkgst, \omio Ibrps Zospbfso \I/@omnqumrtors/\IZ Zoirugtcoft mfn \kmiocoft Ypoigmkgst, \omio IbrpsZospbfso

\I/@omnqumrtors/\IZ

Zoegbfmk Yoiurgty Mnvgsbr \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ Zoegbf\omio Ibrps Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Baagior \I/@omnqumrtors/GM\ Zoegbf\kmiocoft Yuporvgsbr, Qbkuftoor Zoirugtcoft mfn

Yokoitgbf

\I/@omnqumrtors/QZY

\kmiocoft Cmfmeor, Qbkuftoor Zoirugtcoft mfn Yokoitgbf \I/@omnqumrtors/QZY\rbermc & ^rmgfgfe Onuimtgbf Ypoigmkgst, Bvorsoms\rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe Yuppbrt

\I/@omnqumrtors/B\M^Y

Yofgbr Mnvgsbr, Baagio ba tò Ngroitbr \I/@omnqumrtors/NZoegbfmk Yoiurgty Baagior _.Y. Nopmrtcoft ba

Ytmto/IbkbcjgmMcjmssmnbr _.Y. Nopmrtcoft ba

Ytmto/Ibkbcjgm




Mssgstmft Zoegbfmk Yoiurgty Baagior _.Y. Nopmrtcoft ba Ytmto/Ibkbcjgm

Yoirotmry ba Onuimtgbf ba Jmrrmfqugkkm Ibkbcjgm‒s Cgfgstry ba Onuimtgbf

Yi`bbk \rgfigpmk gf Jmrrmfqugkkm Aufnmigùf \gos NosimkzbsOxoiutgvo Ngroitbr, Ibkbcjgmf pmrtfor bremfgzmtgbf Aôtjbk ibf Ibrmzùf

Nmtm ms ba Fbvocjor :<=:.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm 9<

KGY^ BA Z OIBCCOFNM^GBFY

UO ZOIBCCOFN4

=. ^`mt tò roegbfmk \omio Ibrps smaoty mfn soiurgty baagior mfn tò pbst‒s smaoty mfn soiurgtyibbrngfmtbr, gf ibkkmjbrmtgbf wgt` tò _.Y. Ocjmssy‒s soiurgty porsbffok, mssoss soiurgty

ibfngtgbfs mkbfe Ibkbcjgm‒s Imrgjjomf ibmst mfn noagfo tò eobermp`gi jbu fnmry wgt`gfw`gi` tò \omio Ibrps imf novokbp fow sgtos mfn smaoky bpormto butsgno ba cmdbr urjmfmroms.

:. ^`mt tò pbst novokbps m strmtoey tb cgtgemto, mfn òkp Qbkuftoors jottor cmfmeo, strossbrsibffoiton tb tògr sorvgio, gfikungfe porsbfmk smaoty, òmkt`y ngots, soxumk `mrmsscoft mfnbtòr strossbrs.

9. ^`mt tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk ngroitbr mfn tò mssbigmto

ngroitbr abr Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty mssoss tò vgmjgkgty ba tò ibccufgty gftoermtgbf mpprbmi`tb Qbkuftoor smaoty abr urjmf sgtos gf Ibkbcjgm, mfn, ga foiossmry, gnoftgay mfn gcpkocoftstops tb strofetòf gts oaaoitgvofoss.

>. ^`mt tò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk ngroitbr mtòmnqumrtors gnoftgay m `bst amcgky pbkgiy abr Ibkbcjgm t`mt rosukts gf Qbkuftoors `mvgfecbro suiiossauk `bst amcgky rokmtgbfs`gps.

?. ^`mt tò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmkngroitbr mt òmnqumrtors mssoss tò suaagigofiy ba tò iurroft baagio spmio mfn soiuromnngtgbfmk baagio spmio, ga foonon.

1. ^`mt tò \omio Ibrps congimk baagior ibcpkoto tò congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf.

5. ^`mt tò Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios rovgow tò pbst‒s congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf tb ofsuro gts

ibcpkotofoss.

0. ^`mt tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe sot oxpoitmtgbfs roemrngfe tò tgcokgfoss ba stmaa aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors bf tògr wbrh ropbrts mfn ofsuro t`mt stmaa usos tò Qbkuftoor Zopbrtgfe ^bbk tb suppbrt Qbkuftoors mfn ibccufgimto prbdoit rosukts.

7. ^`mt tò prbermc cmfmeor joibco cbro amcgkgmr wgt` tò aoonjmih aufitgbfmkgty ba tò

Qbkuftoor Zopbrtgfe ^bbk mfn prbvgno tgcoky mfn sujstmftgvo aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors.

=<. ^`mt tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe mfn tò trmgfgfe cmfmeor cmho foiossmrymndustcofts tb trmgfgfe sb t`mt Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm ikomrky ufnorstmfn tògr rbko msQbkuftoors, gfikungfe tò roqugrocoft tb nocbfstrmto rospoit abr Ibkbcjgmfs mfn tògr iukturo ms wokk ms suaagigoft mnmptmjgkgty mfn soka suaagigofiy.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm 9=

M\\OFNGP M4 MIZBFWCY MFN EKBYYMZW BA Y\MFGY@ ÔZCY

M_I _fgton Yoka-Noaofso Abrios ba IbkbcjgmMQY Mkk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy

JMIZGCs Jmfnms irgcgfmkos (irgcgfmk emfes)Jmrrgb M foge`jbr`bbnI`mrkm M tmkh, br ngsiussgbfOM\ Ocoreofiy Mitgbf \kmfOKF Fmtgbfmk Kgjormtgbf MrcyAMZI Zovbkutgbfmry Mrcon Abrios ba IbkbcjgmA^B Abrogef torrbrgst bremfgzmtgbfEBI Ebvorfcoft ba IbkbcjgmEN\ Erbss nbcostgi prbnuit@NG @ucmf novokbpcoft gfnoxG@NG Gfoqumkgty-mnduston ùcmf novokbpcoft gfnox

FEB Fbf-ebvorfcoftmk bremfgzmtgbf

Fbrcmkos ômiòr trmgfgfe si`bbksBGE Baagio ba Gfspoitbr Eoformk\ICB \omio Ibrps Congimk Baagior \IYYB \omio Ibrps Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Baagior \IZQ \omio Ibrps Zospbfso Qbkuftoor \IQ \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoor \Y^ \ro-sorvgio trmgfgfeZYB _.Y. Ocjmssy Zoegbfmk Yoiurgty Baagior ÔAK ômi`gfe Ofekgs ms m abrogef kmfeumeoÔK \rbdoit ômi`gfe Ofekgs abr kgvokg`bbns prbdoit_YE _fgton Ytmtos ebvorfcoftQGNM Qbkuftoor gfabrcmtgbf nmtmjmso mppkgimtgbf



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm 9:

M\\OFNGP J4 MEOFIW‗Y ZOY\BFYO ^B ^@O \ZOKGCGFMZW

ZO\BZ^

COCBZMFN_C

^b4 Hmt`y Jukkor, Gfspoitbr Eoformk

^`rbue`4 Nmkdgt H. Jmgfs, I`goa Ibcpkgmfio Baagior

Arbc4 Fgfm Amvbr, Mitgfe Zoegbfmk Ngroitbr Eobreo Jmkngfb, Ibuftry Ngroitbr

Nmto4 Mprgk =, :<=9

II4 Imrrgo @osskor-Zmnokot, Mitgfe Ngroitbr

Ytmiy Z`bnos, I`goa ba Ytmaa Imrkbs ^brros, Mitgfe Mssbigmto Ngroitbr abr Ekbjmk BpormtgbfsDbmqugf Aorrmrb, Noputy Gfspoitbr EoformkDmcos A B'Hooao, Mssgstmft Gfspoitbr Eoformk/OvmkumtgbfsOn @bjsbf, Mssbigmto Ngroitbr abr Ymaoty mfn YoiurgtyNmryk Ygfh, I`goa, Bvorsoms Bpormtgbfs, Ymaoty mfn YoiurgtyYòkkoy Ywofngcmf, Mitgfe I`goa ba Bpormtgbfs@bwmrn Kybf, I`goa ba Bpormtgbfs Mnvgsbr Mcy Db`fsbf, I`goa ba \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfeOkkm Owmrt, Ibuftry Nosh Baagior Dbsùm B‒Nbffokk, Zoegbfmk Yoiurgty Mnvgsbr

Jrofnm Ebbncmf, Noputy Mssbigmto Ngroitbr, Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios

Yujdoit4 Meofiy Zospbfso tb tò \rokgcgfmry \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt ba \omioIbrps/Ibkbcjgm (\rbdoit Fb. =:-Ovmk-<1), Aojrumry :<=9




Ofikbson pkomso agfn tò meofiy‒s rospbfso tb tò roibccofnmtgbfs cmno jy tò Gfspoitbr Eoformk abr \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm, ms butkgfon gf tò \rokgcgfmry Zopbrt ba tò GE Ovmkumtgbfsoft tb tò Meofiy bf Aojrumry =?, :<=9.

^ò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn \migagi (GM\) Zoegbf, Baagio ba Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty mfn Baagio ba @omkt`

Yorvgios ibfiur wgt` =< ba =< roibccofnmtgbfs. \bst `ms mnnrosson mfn prbvgnon suppbrtgfenbiucoftmtgbf abr mkk roibccofnmtgbfs.

^ò Zoegbf wgkk ibftgfuo tb wbrh wgt` \bst mfn tò nopmrtcofts gnoftgagon gf tò \rokgcgfmryZopbrt tb ofsuro ikbsuro ba tòso roibccofnmtgbfs jy tò nmtos gfikunon wgt`gf abr butstmfngferoibccofnmtgbfs.

Zoibccofnmtgbf =

^`mt tò roegbfmk \omio Ibrps smaoty mfn soiurgty baagior mfn tò pbst‗s smaoty mfn soiurgty

ibbrngfmtbr, gf ibkkmjbrmtgbf wgt` tò _.Y. Ocjmssy‗s soiurgty porsbffok, mssoss soiurgty

ibfngtgbfs mkbfe Ibkbcjgm‗s Imrgjjomf ibmst mfn noagfo tò eobermp`gi jbufnmry wgt`gf

w`gi` tò \omio Ibrps imf novokbp fow sgtos mfn smaoky bpormto butsgno ba cmdbr urjmfmroms.

Ibfiur

GM\ Zoegbf mfn \omio Ibrps (\I) Ibkbcjgm (mksb roaorron tb ms pbst) `mvo m ibftgfuonibccgtcoft tb ngvorsgaygfe sgto pkmiocofts gf ibbrngfmtgbf wgt` tò Ocjmssy. Msgfngimton gf tò _.Y. Ocjmssy Zoegbfmk Yoiurgty Baagior‒s (ZYB) ‛Noigsgbf Cocb

Mtkmftgib–, \omio Ibrps porsbffok ibkkmjbrmton ikbsoky wgt` tò ZYB tb romssoss soiurgtyibfngtgbfs mkbfe tò iurroft prbermc roegbf ba tò Imrgjjomf ibmst. ^ò ZYB w`b òkntò smco pbsgtgbf gf Ibkbcjgm mt tò tgco ba \omio Ibrps‒ ro -oftry, jmson `gs amvbrmjkoroibccofnmtgbf t`mt \omio Ibrps jo mpprbvon tb bpormto gf == fow sgtos bf twb rgebrbussoiurgty mssosscofts ba tò Mtkmftgib Nopmrtcoft gf :<== mfn :<=:. U`gko tò iurroft _YMcjmssmnbr tb Ibkbcjgm `ms noikgfon tb mpprbvo Qbkuftoor pkmiocoft gf tò fow sgtost`mt tò ZYB gnoftgagon, \I Ibkbcjgm wgkk ofemeo tò fow Mcjmssmnbr gf m ibfvorsmtgbfbf tò gssuo mt sui` tgco ms bfo gs mppbgfton.

Nbiucofts Yujcgtton 4

Noigsgbf Cocb Mtkmftgib Ytrmtoegi \kmf Yuccmry Oxiorpt arbc AW=9-=? G\JY Yujcgssgbf Ytrmtoegi \kmf Yuccmry Oxiorpt arbc AW=>-=? G\JY sujcgssgbf

Ytmtus mfn ^gcokgfo abr Ibcpkotgbf4 Mprgk =, :<=9

Zoibccofnmtgbf :

^`mt tò pbst novokbps m strmtoey tb cgtgemto, mfn òkp Qbkuftoors jottor cmfmeo, strossbrs

ibffoiton tb tògr sorvgio, gfikungfe porsbfmk smaoty, òmkt`y ngots, soxumk `mrmsscoft mfn

btòr strossbrs.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm 9>

Ibfiur \bst `ms imroaukky ibfsgnoron tò strueekos t`mt IGG-9 => Qbkuftoors oxporgofion mfn w`gi`

prbvgnon tò jmsgs abr t`gs roibccofnmtgbf. \bst wbukn kgho tb ocp`msgzo tò amit t`mt mttò tgco ba tò GE ovmkumtgbf, tòro wms bfky bfo erbup ba \IQs gf ibuftry w`b worooftorgfe tògr 0t` cbft` ba sorvgio mfn w`b rospbfnon tb tò Mkk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy nurgfe

tògr ?

t`

tb 0

t`

cbft` ba sorvgio. ^ò 0

t`

cbft` pbgft gs mf gcpbrtmft tgco gf tòQbkuftoors‒ sorvgio ms tòy mro dust ibcgfe but ba tò kbw pbgft ba tò mndustcoft iurvo

wòro tòy mro kghoky tb `mvo tò kmreost mcbuft ba mndustcoft gssuos. Ibcpbufngfe t`gsgs tò amit t`mt tòy ngn fbt `mvo oxporgofion twb-yomr Qbkuftoors w`b ibukn `mvo

prbvgnon coftbrgfe mfn mnvgio. Gf tò tgco komngfe up tb tò GE ovmkumtgbf ms wokk msnurgfe mfn abkkbwgfe tò ovmkumtgbf, pbst `ms joof novokbpgfe m ibcproòfsgvo strmtoeytb òkp Qbkuftoors cgtgemto tò Ibkbcjgm- spoigagi strossbrs t`mt kon tb tò agfngfesngsiusson gf tò ovmkumtgbf ropbrt. ^`gs strmtoey uson tò rosukts ba Qbkuftoor ovmkumtgbfs, stmaa sgto vgsgts tb Qbkuftoors (gfikungfe IN, N\^ mfn \&^ stmaa), tò GEovmkumtgbf, QMI cootgfes, gfabrcmk ibfvorsmtgbfs wgt` Qbkuftoors, gftorfmk Qbkuftoor smtgsamitgbf survoys mfn tò Mffumk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy ms roaorofio rosburios.

^ò strmtoey gfikunos tò abkkbwgfe ibcpbfofts4

=) I`mfeos tb tò IBÔ mfn bvormkk :5 cbft` ^rmgfgfe Ibftgfuuc:) \oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh 9) I`mfeos tb Kmfeumeo ^rmgfgfe>) @bst Amcgky suppbrt?) Mrrgvmk ba fow Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ibbrngfmtbr

Omi` ba tòso ibcpbfofts gs ngsiusson gf notmgk jokbw4

I`mfeos tb IBÔ\rgbr tb tò GE ovmkumtgbf, i`mfeos gf tò Imkofnmr ba ^rmgfgfe Ovofts (IBÔ) abr IGG->=? woro mkromny jogfe ibftocpkmton. U`mt prbcpton tò i`mfeos ufnor ibfsgnormtgbfworo bjsorvmtgbfs mfn aoonjmih arbc tò agrst erbup ba roeukmr twb-yomr \omio IbrpsQbkuftoors tb sorvo gf Ibkbcjgm sgfio ro-oftry mfn w`b `mn mrrgvon gf Bitbjor :<==.Cmfy ba tòso i`mfeos woro cmno tb òkp Qbkuftoors jottor cmfmeo strossbrs rokmton tbtògr sorvgio. Jugkngfe upbf tò \omio Ibrps sossgbfs bf rosgkgofiy, pbst nosgefon m‛Zosgkgofiy Yorgos– woohky sossgbf wgt` ^rmgfoos tb ngsiuss tò cmfy ibcpbfofts ba

mndustcoft. Ms m rosukt, ^rmgfoos woro mjko tb ngsiuss strossbrs tòy wbukn kghokyofibuftor mfn joemf tb novokbp strmtoegos abr nomkgfe wgt` strossbrs typgimkky mssbigmtonwgt` sorvgio.

=> IGG-9 roaors tb tò erbup ba \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors t`mt mrrgvon gf Bitbjor :<==. ^`gs erbup wms tò agrst ib`brtba \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoors sorvgfe abr :5 cbft`s tb mrrgvo gf Ibkbcjgm sgfio \omio Ibrps ro-oftry gf :<=<. IGG->roaors tb tò soibfn ib`brt ba Qbkuftoors wgt` :5 cbft` sorvgio nurmtgbf, w`gi` mrrgvon gf Mueust :<=:. IGG-? wgkkmrrgvo gf Mueust :<=9.=? IGG-> mrrgvon gf Mueust :<=:.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm 9?

Mt tò Cmri` :<=9 roibffoit GY^ abr IGG->, pbst prosofton tò soibfn ba t`roo \omioIbrps Zosgkgofiy trmgfgfes. ^ò t`grn wgkk jo amigkgtmton mt tò cgn-sorvgio GY^ gf

Fbvocjor, :<=9. Agfmkky, stmaa wms trmgfon gf suppbrtgfe Qbkuftoor Zosgkgofiy nurgfe mstmaa rotromt gf Dmfumry, :<=9.

^ò Ngroitbr ba \rbermccgfe mfn ^rmgfgfe (N\^) mfn \omio Ibrps Congimk Baagior (\ICB) nosgefon mfn nokgvoron m sossgbf bf `bw tb mnvbimto abr ybursoka mpprbprgmtokygf tò iukturmk ibftoxt egvgfe Qbkuftoors cbro tbbks tb cmfmeo tò mnngtgbfmk strossbrs ba sgtumtgbfs sui` ms `bst amcgkgos mshgfe abr kbmfs, ufwmfton mnvmfios, oti.

Gf tò ibcgfe yomr, tò N\^, Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ibbrngfmtbr (YYI) mfn \ICB wgkkwbrh tbeotòr tb nosgef br strofetòf sossgbfs bf cmgftmgfgfe òmkt`y ngots, mfn nomkgfewgt` soxumk mrmsscoft gf tò Ibkbcjgmf ibftoxt. Agfmkky, pbst komnors`gp `ms wbrhonwgt` tò Qbkuftoor Mnvgsbry Ibufigk (QMI) tb suppbrt Qbkuftoor kon ibccgttoos gfEofnor Oqumkgty mfn Ubcof‒s Ocpbworcoft (EOU\) mfn Ngvorsgty.

\oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh Gf brnor tb òkp Qbkuftoors novokbp rosgkgofiy mfn rospbfn tb omi` btòrs‒ foons, pbst `ms

wbrhon wgt` Qbkuftoors tb abrcukmto m strmtoey abr m \oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh. NoputyMssbigmto Ngroitbr ba tò Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios Jrofnm Ebbncmf wms suppbrtgvo ba tò gfgtgmtgvo gf òr roioft trgp. Ms m trmfsgtgbf tb m aukk aufitgbfgfe fotwbrh ba \IQKomnors, tò Qbkuftoors prbpbson ostmjkgs`gfe m suppbrt @btkgfo abr w`gi` Qbkuftoorswgkk jo sokoiton mfn trmgfon jy Cmy, :<=9. ^`gs mitgbf gs pmrt ba m cuktg-tgoron strmtoeyt`mt pbst wgkk jo gcpkocoftgfe gf :<=9. ^ò strmtoey gfikunos tò abkkbwgfe4=) Iurroft Qbkuftoors wgkk mppky abr mfn jo sokoiton tb sorvo mfn jo trmgfon ms cocjors

ba m ‛\oor Yuppbrt @btkgfo– wòro tòy wgkk jo mvmgkmjko tb mfswor imkks arbc btòr Qbkuftoors tb kgstof tb mfn prbvgno suppbrt. \oor Yuppbrt @btkgfo cocjors wgkk

prbvgno tògr ibftmit gfabrcmtgbf tb tò Qbkuftoors mfn rospbfn wòf imkkon upbf.:) Ms tò agrst twb-yomr Qbkuftoors romi` tògr IBY, t`bso w`b `mvo joof i`bsof tb

oxtofn ms \omio Ibrps Qbkuftoor Komnors (\IQKs) wgkk jo trmgfon gf \oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh cot`bnbkbey. ^òy wgkk tòf mit ms tò cocjors ba \bst‒s \oor Yuppbrt

Fotwbrh mfn tò `btkgfo gs prbermccon tb jo p`mson but.9) Ytmrtgfe wgt` IGG-? ^rmgfoos w`b mrrgvo gf Mueust :<=9, mfn ms pmrt ba tò IBÔ abr

\Y^, mkk ^rmgfoos wgkk roiogvo trmgfgfe bf mitgvo kgstofgfe mfn btòr poor suppbrtshgkks.

^`gs strmtoey suppbrts tò rosukts ba pbst‒s cbst roioft MCIY ms wokk ms roquosts arbc

Qbkuftoors. Joegffgfe gf Dmfumry, :<=9, m sokoit erbup ba Qbkuftoors cot wgt` tò N\^,IN mfn \ICB mfn tòf wbrhon tbeotòr tb novokbp tò strmtoey. ^ò gfgtgmk cocjorsba tò @btkgfo wgkk jo trmgfon gf Cmy, :<=9, w`gko tò \IQKs wgkk jo trmgfon gfNoiocjor, :<=9.

I`mfeos cmno tb Kmfeumeo ^rmgfgfeMnngtgbfmkky, \bst `ms gcprbvon kmfeumeo trmgfgfe t`rbue` mf of`mfion kmfeumeo trmgfgfeiurrgiukuc t`mt gfibrpbrmtos cbro ermccmr, m pbgft rmgson bf pmeos ::-:9 ba tò ropbrt.Mksb, mkk KIAs `gron abr tò \Y^ abr IGG-> (Mueust-Fbvocjor, :<=:) woro iortgagon tb




mncgfgstor tò Kmfeumeo \rbagigofiy Gftorvgow, w`gi` gf turf ofmjkon pbst tb cbro proigsoky mssoss ^rmgfoo‒s prbeross. Mnngtgbfmkky, gftorfmk ovmkumtgbfs ba kmfeumeo

trmgfgfe gf tò cbst roioft \Y^ t`mt abkkbwon tò GE ovmkumtgbf (IGG->) s`bwon ^rmgfoosworo smtgsagon wgt` tògr kmfeumeo trmgfgfe. Aurtòrcbro, tò twb trmgfoos coftgbfon bf

pmeo :9 w`b ngn fbt cmho tò cgfgcuc Gftorcongmto Conguc kovok abr swomr-gf, woro

swbrf gf ufnor tò ibfngtgbf t`mt tòy roiogvo tutbrgfe mfn pmss tò cgfgcuc kmfeumeokovok jy tògr roibffoit GY^ gf Cmri`, :<=9, tògr t`grn cbft` ba sorvgio. Jbt`Qbkuftoors woro toston mt roibffoit mfn cmno tò Gftorcongmto Conguc kovok.

@bst Amcgkgos

Gf rospbfso tb fucorbus Qbkuftoor roquosts mfn mator tò GE ovmkumtgbf, pbst rovgsgton tòstmfnmrn meroocoft wgt` `bst amcgkgos tb mkkbw eromtor akoxgjgkgty mfn comk bptgbfs. U`gkotò i`mfeos cmno `mvo kon tb mf bvormkk gfiromso gf \IQ `busgfe/kgvgfe mkkbwmfios, tòy`mvo rospbfnon amvbrmjky tb Qbkuftoor ngot mfn òmkt` foons, mfn mppomr tb `mvoibftrgjuton tb tò ronuion fucjor ba ibcpkmgfts mjbut `bst amcgkgos sgfio tò i`mfeoswoft gftb oaaoit. Agfmkky, m survoy ibfnuiton jy tò @bst Amcgky Ibbrngfmtbr mt tò

roibffoit GY^ abr IGG->

=1

s`bws `ge` smtgsamitgbf wgt` tògr `bst amcgkgos.Fow Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ibbrngfmtbr mfn Yuppbrt abr Nomkgfe wgt` _fwmfton

Mttoftgbf

\bst‒s fow YYI (joemf Cmri` ==, :<=9) gs `ge`ky oxporgofion gf smaoty mfn soiurgty

trmgfgfe mfn gf agokn suppbrt. Yò jrgfes tb tò pbsgtgbf porspoitgvos bf smaoty mfn`mrmsscoft gssuos t`mt wo aook ibfagnoft wgkk strofetòf Qbkuftoor rosgkgofiy mfn ibpgfeimpmjgkgtgos. Yò imco tb \omio Ibrps arbc Yoiurgty mfn Ymaoty _fgt ba tò _fgton

Fmtgbfs gf tò Baagio ba tò @ge` Ibccgssgbfor abr @ucmf Zge`ts gf Ibkbcjgm. @or rosuco roakoits mfn `ge`kge`ts t`mt jmiherbufn mfn oxporgofio. Mnngtgbfmkky sòibcpkoton _fgton Fmtgbfs bf-kgfo trmgfgfe bf ‛Ubrhpkmio @mrmsscoft, Yoxumk@mrmsscoft & Mjuso ba Mut`brgty–, mfn gs tò mut`br ba m 17 skgno \bwor\bgft

prosoftmtgbf bf soiurgty gssuos rokmton spoigagimkky tb wbcof. Mt cgn-yomr sò tbeotòr wgt` tò Ibuftry Ngroitbr (IN) wgkk jrgfe Qbkuftoors tbeotòr gf suj-roegbfmk smaoty mfnsoiurgty cootgfes tb ngsiuss mfn mnnross tògr prgbrgty ibfiorfs. ^òso ibcjgfon mffumkYYI-IN kon cootgfes mro pmrt ba tò gcprbvon strmtoey tb nomk wgt` Qbkuftoor strossbrs.

\bst gs ibfagnoft t`mt tò :<=9 Qbkuftoor Mffumk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy (MQY) aoonjmih wgkkibrrbjbrmto tò oaaoitgvofoss ba pbst‒s bvormkk strmtoey tb suppbrt Qbkuftoors tb mnvbimto

abr tòcsokvos ms wokk ms tb cmfmeo stross mpprbprgmtoky mfn oaaoitgvoky


@bst Amcgky Ibftrgjutgbfs mfn Abbn Bptgbfs IGG-> \ro-sorvgio ^rmgfgfe Imkofnmr ba ^rmgfgfe Ovofts

Meofnm abr Zoibffoit GY^ abr IGG-> Ytmfnmrn @bst Amcgky Meroocoft

YYI Zosuco/ notmgk bf oxporgofio butkgfon mjbvo

=1 IGG-> mrrgvon gf Mueust :<=:.




YYI Ibvor Kottor tb \I/Ibkbcjgm - notmgk bf oxporgofio butkgfon mjbvo \omio Ibrps novokbpon Zosgkgofiy sossgbfs

b ‛Opgi Dburfoy– gfikungfe4 Mndustcoft iurvo

b ‛Ibpgfe Ytrmtoegos– gfikungfe Mndustcoft iurvo

b ‛^ò Womr Mòmn– \bst novokbpon rosgkgofiy sorgos4 ^rmgfgfe cmtorgmks abr stmaa tb suppbrt Qbkuftoor

rosgkgofiy


Zoibccofnmtgbf 9

^`mt tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk ngroitbr mfn tò mssbigmto

ngroitbr abr Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty mssoss tò vgmjgkgty ba tò ibccufgty gftoermtgbf mpprbmi`

tb Qbkuftoor smaoty abr urjmf sgtos gf Ibkbcjgm, mfn, ga foiossmry, gnoftgay mfn gcpkocoftstops tb strofetòf gts oaaoitgvofoss.

Ibfiur \bst gcpkocofts \omio Ibrps Ytrmtoey abr Qbkuftoor Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty, mf gftoermtonsmaoty mfn soiurgty cbnok w`gi` gfikunos t`roo ibfiopts, bfo ba w`gi` gs gftoermtgbf, tbsuppbrt Qbkuftoor smaoty. I`mkkofeos tb urjmf sgto pkmiocofts gf Ibkbcjgm mro ibccbftb btòr \omio Ibrps pbsts wgt` urjmf sgtos. Ibkbcjgm‒s mpprbmi` stmrts wgt` m cmfnmtbry

`bst amcgky stmy pbkgiy gf jge-igty urjmf ofvgrbfcofts t`mt kmih nyfmcgi mfn ibccufgty-ioftoron foge`jbr`bbn kgao. Gf tòso jge-igty jmrrgbs, cmfy Qbkuftoors `mvo fbt abufnbppbrtufgtgos tb joibco ofemeon gf ibccufgty mitgvgtgos br novokbp rokmtgbfs`gps wgt`

foge`jbrs mfn btòr ibccufgty cocjors. Gf \I Ibkbcjgm‒s sgto pkmiocoft struituro, mòmkt`y mfn gftor-mitgvo `bst amcgky rokmtgbfs`gp gs mf ossoftgmk gferongoft mfn stmrtgfe pbgft abr suiiossauk ibccufgty gftoermtgbf. \bst usos tò `bst amcgky meroocoft, mffumk`bst amcgky trmgfgfes mfn Qbkuftoor sgto vgsgts tb amigkgtmto tò `bst amcgky‒s mfn tò

Qbkuftoor‒s ufnorstmfngfe mfn mpproigmtgbf ba omi` btòr‒s iukturmk fbrcs mfn vmkuos.

\omio Ibrps‒ Ytrmtoey abr Qbkuftoor Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty roaorofios oxmcpko amitbrs t`mt

gcprbvo Qbkuftoor smaoty. \bst gs strbfe gf mkk amitbr mroms coftgbfon gf tò strmtoey, mfngs cmhgfe aurtòr roagfocofts tb kmfeumeo trmgfgfe, suppbrtgfe mnòrofio tb kbimkiustbcs, mfn ofemeocoft gf ibccufgty mitgvgtgos. I`mfeos tb kmfeumeo trmgfgfe mrobutkgfon gf tò rospbfso tb Zoibccofnmtgbf :. Yuppbrtgfe mnmptgbf tb kbimk iustbcs gs

mf bfebgfe prbioss jmson gf pmrt bf tò Qbkuftoor‒s rokmtgbfs`gp wgt` tò `bst amcgky.Btòr of`mfiocofts tb suppbrt mro butkgfon gf tò rospbfso tb Zoibccofnmtgbf : msi`mfeos tb tò IBÔ ms wokk ms tò gfioptgbf ba tò \oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh. Agfmkky, pbstgs wbrhgfe tbwmrn suppbrtgfe Qbkuftoors tb gnoftgay comfgfeauk ibccufgty mitgvgtgosbutsgno ba tò armcowbrh ba tògr cmgf mssgefcofts.

\I Ibkbcjgm stmaa cocjors `mvo gnoftgagon mf gfiromsgfe fucjor ba nyfmcgi mfnibccgtton fbf-prbagt bremfgzmtgbfs, abufnmtgbfs, mfn ibccufgty-jmson mssbigmtgbfs




sorvgfe tò pbbr mfn ngsmnvmftmeon. ^òso ibftmits mfn mkkgmfios `mvo bpofon upbppbrtufgtgos abr Qbkuftoors tb joibco cbro gfvbkvon gf comfgfeauk ibccufgtymitgvgtgos joybfn tò armcowbrh ba tògr cmgf mssgefcofts. Arbc Qbkuftoor sgto vgsgtsmfn gf-sorvgio trmgfgfes stmaa `ms komrfon t`mt t`gs ‛soibfnmry mitgvgty– typo gfvbkvocoft

gs ibftrgjutgfe sgefgagimftky tb Qbkuftoor sorvgio smtgsamitgbf, wgt` Qbkuftoors ibfvoygfe

t`mt tòy `mvo joibco oaaoitgvoky ofemeon gf gcpbrtmft mspoits ba ibccufgty kgao, ovofga gt gs mt tgcos joybfn tògr gccongmto foge`jbr`bbn.

Uo jokgovo t`gs gs m novokbpgfe jost prmitgio tb mnnross Qbkuftoor i`mkkofeos tbibccufgty gftoermtgbf gf kmreo urjmf ofvgrbfcofts sgcgkmr tb t`bso \I/IbkbcjgmQbkuftoors mro amigfe. Yb cui` sb t`mt tò Qbkuftoors tòcsokvos abrcon m spoigmkibccgttoo gf Dmfumry :<=9 tb novokbp mf gfvoftbry ba sui` bremfgzmtgbfs gf Imrtmeofm,Jmrrmfqugkkm mfn Ymftm Cmrtm tb prbvgno aokkbw Qbkuftoors bppbrtufgtgos abr gftofsgvomfn `ge`ky cbtgvmtgfe ibkkmjbrmtgbf wgt` ngsmnvmftmeon tmreot erbups. ^ò ibccgttoo `ms

prbvgnon Qbkuftoors wgt` mf okoitrbfgi vorsgbf ba Bremfgzmtgbf \rbagkos t`mt `mvo joofibcpkoton (mttmiòn jokbw ms m Nbiucoft Yujcgtton) mfn t`mt mro jogfe ibftgfumkky

mnnon ms tò gfvoftbry gs upnmton. ^ò Bremfgzmtgbf \rbagkos mro miiossgjko bf tòQbkuftoor Y`mro\bgft, mfn m `mrnibpy jgfnor ba tò smco gs miiossgjko abr roaorofio gftò \I Baagio Qbkuftoor Kbufeo.

Mnngtgbfmkky, sgfio ibcabrt gf ibccufgimtgfe gf tò kbimk kmfeumeo ebos m kbfe wmy gfamigkgtmtgfe gftoermtgbf gf tò ngaaoroft mspoits ba ibccufgty kgao, pbst `ms tmhof stops tbgcprbvo tò trmgfgfe sgno ba kmfeumeo komrfgfe. ^òso stops mro fbton gf eromtor notmgk gftò ibccofts roemrngfe kmfeumeo trmgfgfe gcprbvocofts gf rospbfso tb Zoibccofnmtgbf:.

\bst `ms mksb joof ibfsgstoft gf ibccufgimtgfe tb gfvgtoos, ^rmgfoos mfn Qbkuftoors gf-sorvgio tò i`mkkofeos tb suiiossauk ibccufgty gftoermtgbf. ^ò suppbrt tomc mt pbst

pursuos bppbrtufgtgos tb ngsiuss wgt` ^rmgfoos mfn Qbkuftoors, gfngvgnumkky nurgfe^rmgfoo bfo-bf-bfo sossgbfs mfn Qbkuftoor sgto vgsgts ms wokk ms mt erbup ovofts, tòvmrgbus ibpgfe mfn rosgkgofiy strmtoegos t`mt cmy jo mpprbprgmto mfn oaaoitgvo gf tògr spoigagi imsos.

\bst gs rovgowgfe tò ‛\MIM-_rjmf– sossgbf w`gi` wms rokomson jy B\M^Y gf Aojrumry

:<=9 tb notorcgfo `bw tb gfibrpbrmto gf tò \Y^ abr erbup IGG-? w`gi` wgkk joegf gfMueust :<=9. ^`gs sossgbf ibfsgnors mpprbprgmto mppkgimtgbf ba mfn trmgfs pmrtgigpmfts gfabur hoy \MIM tbbks (ibccufgty cmp, somsbfmk imkofnmr, nmgky mitgvgty siònuko, mfn

prgbrgty rmfhgfe cmtrgx) gf urjmf br porg-urjmf ibccufgtgos.

Agfmkky, mf gcpbrtmft ibcpbfoft ibftrgjutgfe tb tò Qbkuftoors‒ pbtoftgmk gftoermtgbf gf

tò ibccufgtgos wòro tòy kgvo mfn wbrh gs tò gfgtgmk novokbpcoft mfn sokoitgbf ba tògr mssgefon sgtos. Abr t`gs prbioss, tomc cocjors mt pbst mro eugnon jy mfn mppky tòirgtorgm mfn prbionuros butkgfon gf \omio Ibrps Ibkbcjgm‒s ‛Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ygto

Yokoitgbf Gfspoitgbf Eugno– (bfo ba tò nbiucofts sujcgtton jokbw). ^`gs gs

mihfbwkoneon gf tò ovmkumtgbf ropbrt4 ‛. . . mkk sgtos gf tòso t`roo igtgos {Imrtmeofm ,Jmrrmfqugkkm, mfn Ymftm Cmrtm} woro gnoftgagon, mssosson mfn novokbpon gf m rgebrbus




cmffor, gf miibrnmfio wgt` tò pbst‒s sgto novokbpcoft irgtorgm mfn prbionuros.– Ygfio

Mueust :<=: aurtòr of`mfiocofts `mvo joof cmno tb4 Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ygto Yokoitgbf

Gfspoitgbf Eugno, Qbkuftoor Amcgky Ovmkumtgbf, Ovmkumigbf pbr kms amcgkgms mfagtrgbfms,

@BY^ AMCGKGOY jrbiùro, @bst Amcgky Irgtorgm-Y\, CmfumkRnoRAmcgkgms. Mnngtgbfmk

nbiucofts `mvo joof novokbpon gfikungfe4 Bremfgzmtgbfmk \rbagkos mfn \omio Ibrps‗

\MIM-_rjmf sossgbf.


Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ygto Yokoitgbf Gfspoitgbf Eugno ’ \I/Ibkbcjgm Bremfgzmtgbf \rbagkos Qbkuftoor Amcgky Ovmkumtgbf mt 1 cbft`s ‛Ovmkumigùf pbr kms amcgkgms mfagtrgbfms– (^ò tocpkmto abr tò @bst Amcgky‗s

ovmkumtgbf ba tò rmgfoo/Qbkuftoor bco-stmy oxporgofio) @BY^ AMCGKGOY (M jrbiùro `mfnbut nosirgjgfe \omio Ibrps mfn tò @bst

Amcgky oxporgofio) @bst Amcgky Irgtorgm-Y\ (tò Ypmfgs` vorsgbf ba irgtorgm uson gf tò prbioss ba

sokoitgfe `bst amcgkgos) ‛CmfumkRnoRAmcgkgmsRAojrorb :<=9– (\bst‗s cmfumk tb eugno `bst amcgkgos

roemrngfe tò jmiherbufn mfn cgssgbf ba tò \omio Ibrps ms wokk ms butkgfgfe

tògr rospbfsgjgkgtgos mfn \I/Ibkbcjgm‗s oxpoitmtgbfs ba tògr rbko.)

\omio Ibrps‗ \MIM-_rjmf sossgbf


Zoibccofnmtgbf >

^`mt tò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk ngroitbr

mt òmnqumrtors gnoftgay m `bst amcgky pbkgiy abr Ibkbcjgm t`mt rosukts gf Qbkuftoors

`mvgfe cbro suiiossauk `bst amcgky rokmtgbfs`gps.

Ibfiur Ms \omio Ibrps `ms ro-stmrton bur prbermc gf Ibkbcjgm, tò cmfnmtbry @bst Amcgky\bkgiy sorvos tb prbtoit bur Qbkuftoors. Novokbpgfe rokmtgbfs`gps wgt` `bst amcgkgos mfnibccufgtgos prosofts komrfgfe bppbrtufgtgos. \bst `ms joof cmhgfe bfebgfe mndustcofts,w`gi` pbst okmjbrmton aurtòr nurgfe tò ovmkumtbr‒s vgsgt. Ygfio tò GE vgsgt tò abkkbwgfe

i`mfeos `mvo joof gcpkocofton4

=) Qbkuftoors cust stmy wgt` tògr agrst mssgefon `bst amcgky abr mt komst t`roocbft`s joabro i`mfeos wgkk jo ibfsgnoron (smaoty mfn soiurgty ibfiorfs

oxiopton). ^`gs i`mfeo gf tò pbkgiy wms jmson bf ibfvorsmtgbfs jotwoof pbststmaa mfn Qbkuftoors mfn wms gcpkocofton gf Mueust, :<=:. Qbkuftoorsgftorvgowon jy GE `mn joof wbrhgfe ufnor mfn woro ibccoftgfe bf tò provgbus

pbkgiy.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm ><

:) ^ò abbn pbkgiy wms i`mfeon tb egvo Qbkuftoors cbro akoxgjgkgty gfnotorcgfgfe tògr comk bptgbfs, m amitbr gnoftgagon ms m ibfsgnormjko pbgft ba strossabr Qbkuftoors. ^`gs pbkgiy i`mfeo wms gcpkocofton gf Bitbjor, :<=:.

9) ^ò @bst Amcgky Ibbrngfmtbr, gf mnngtgbf tb prbvgngfe gfgtgmk trmgfgfes ba tò

amcgkgos sokoiton, `ms mkromny joeuf ibfnuitgfe abkkbw up cootgfes wgt` amcgkgosmt tò bfo-yomr cmrh. ^ò purpbso ba tòso cootgfes gs tb cmgftmgf strbfeibccufgimtgbf, rogfabrio tò ibcpbfofts ba tò `bst amcgky oxporgofio, mfn

prbvgno m abruc tb roiogvo aoonjmih mfn trbujkos`bbt pbssgjko prbjkocs. ^òsoyomrky cootgfes t`mt joemf gf Dmfumry :<=9 mro m strmtoey mksb gfikunon gf \bst‒s

G\JY abr :<=>-:<=?.

>) Qbkuftoors mfn @bst Amcgkgos wgkk jo prbvgngfe m sgx-cbft` ovmkumtgbf ba tò dbgft oxporgofio. Ovmkumtgbfs wgkk mksb tmho pkmio mt tò yomr mfn twb yomr cmrhs

ba Qbkuftoor sorvgio. ^`gs wgkk mppky tb mkk amcgkgos, gfikungfe amcgkgos maaoiton

jy Qbkuftoor i`mfeos ba `bst amcgkgos.

?) ^ò @bst Amcgky Ibbrngfmtbr `ms novokbpon usor argofnky `mfnjbbhs abr jbt`

Qbkuftoors mfn @bst Amcgkgos. ^òso wgkk jo ngstrgjuton tb @bst Amcgkgos mfnQbkuftoors ms pmrt ba tò sgto sokoitgbf prbioss abr tò IGG-? trmgfgfe iyiko. ^òngstrgjutgbf wgkk tmho pkmio Yoptocjor-Fbvocjor, :<=9.


@bst Amcgky \bkgiy - oxiorpt arbc Qbkuftoor @mfnjbbh Qbkuftoor Amcgky Ovmkumtgbf mt 1 cbft`s ‛Ovmkumigùf pbr kms amcgkgms mfagtrgbfms– (^ò tocpkmto abr tò @bst Amcgky‗sovmkumtgbf ba tò rmgfoo/Qbkuftoor bco-stmy oxporgofio)

@BY^ AMCGKGOY (M jrbiùro `mfnbut nosirgjgfe \omio Ibrps mfn tò @bst

Amcgky oxporgofio) @bst Amcgky Irgtorgm-Y\ (tò Ypmfgs` vorsgbf ba irgtorgm uson gf tò prbioss ba

sokoitgfe `bst amcgkgos) ‛CmfumkRnoRAmcgkgmsRAojrorb :<=9– (\bst‗s cmfumk tb eugno `bst amcgkgos

roemrngfe tò jmiherbufn mfn cgssgbf ba tò \omio Ibrps ms wokk ms butkgfgfe

tògr rospbfsgjgkgtgos mfn \I/Ibkbcjgm‗s oxpoitmtgbfs ba tògr rbko.) @bst Amcgky Ibftrgjutgbfs mfn Abbn Bptgbfs


Zoibccofnmtgbf ?

^`mt tò ibuftry ngroitbr mfn tò Gftor-Mcorgim mfn tò \migagi Bpormtgbfs roegbfmk

ngroitbr mt òmnqumrtors mssoss tò suaagigofiy ba tò iurroft baagio spmio mfn soiuro

mnngtgbfmk baagio spmio, ga foonon.



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >=

Ibfiur ^ò ibuftry ngroitbr wgkk prbvgno tò GM\ Zoegbfmk Ngroitbr upnmton gfabrcmtgbfroemrngfe tò iurroft ngstrgjutgbf ba baagio spmio. \bst fbw `ms m aukk ibcpkocoft ba ibrostmaa, mfn `ms cmno gcpbrtmft i`mfeos gf spmio ngstrgjutgbf tb rosbkvo m ibfagnoftgmkgtygssuo gf tò Congimk _fgt mfn tb prbvgno mpprbprgmto kbufeo mfn wbrh spmio abr

Qbkuftoors wòf mt tò baagio. ^òso i`mfeos, `bwovor, `mvo okgcgfmton m wbrh mrom abr trmgfgfe stmaa, m foon t`mt cust jo mnnrosson tocpbrmrgky br porcmfoftky joabro tò foxt\Y^ iyiko t`mt joegfs gf Mueust :<=9.

Gftor-Mcorgim mfn \migagi Zoegbf I`goa Mncgfgstrmtgvo Baagior (IMB) vgsgton pbst gfAojrumry :<=9 mfn t`gs prbvgnon tò bppbrtufgty abr mf mssosscoft ba tò iurroft baagiospmio. Jbt` tò IMB mfn tò ZN mro gf ibfiurrofio t`mt mnngtgbfmk spmio gf foonon. \bstgs gcpkocoftgfe tò prbpbson Mitgbf \kmf tb miqugro mnngtgbfmk baagio spmio.

Nbiucofts sujcgtton4

\I Ibkbcjgm Mitgbf \kmf abr Miqugrgfe Mnngtgbfmk Baagio Ypmio


Zoibccofnmtgbf 1

^`mt tò \omio Ibrps congimk baagior ibcpkoto tò congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf.

Ibfiur Mator tò agokn wbrh ba tò prbermc ovmkumtgbf wms ibfnuiton, tò Ibuftry Ngroitbr mfn\omio Ibrps Congimk Baagior ibbrngfmton tò ibcpkotgbf ba pbst ‒s Congimk Ovmiumtgbf

\kmf. ^ò pkmf wms sujcgtton tb B@Y abr rovgow.

Nbiucofts sujcgtton4\I Ibkbcjgm Congimk Ovmiumtgbf \kmf

Ytmtus mfn ^gcokgfo abr Ibcpkotgbf4 Cmri` =:, :<=9

Zoibccofnmtgbf 5

^`mt tò Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios rovgow tò pbst‗s congimk ovmiumtgbf pkmf tb ofsuro gts

ibcpkotofoss.

Ibfiur ^ò Baagio ba @omkt` Yorvgios `ms rovgowon pbst‒s Congimk Ovmiumtgbf \kmf. ^ò vory

ibcpkoto \bst Ypoigagi Congimk Ovmiumtgbf \kmf gs mpprbvon abr gcpkocoftmtgbf.Nbiucofts sujcgtton4

\I Ibkbcjgm Congimk Ovmiumtgbf \kmf (sujcgtton ufnor Zoibccofnmtgbf 1)

Ytmtus mfn ^gcokgfo abr Ibcpkotgbf4 Cmri` :<, :<=9



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >:

Zoibccofnmtgbf 0

^`mt tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe sot oxpoitmtgbfs roemrngfe tò tgcokgfoss ba

stmaa aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors bf tògr wbrh ropbrts mfn ofsuro t`mt stmaa usos tò Qbkuftoor

Zopbrtgfe ^bbk tb suppbrt Qbkuftoors mfn ibccufgimto prbdoit rosukts.

Ibfiur \bst `ms gcpkocofton m pbkgiy wòro tò prbdoit tomc t`mt ibfsgsts ba twb \^Y‒s mfn bfo

\C ngvgno tò rospbfsgjgkgty ba rospbfngfe gf wrgtgfe tb Qbkuftoor ropbrts ms bppbson tbtò \C jogfe tò sbko porsbf rospbfsgjko abr t`gs tmsh. ^òy wgkk rbtmto tò Qbkuftoorstòy rospbfn tb mfn tòy `mvo bfo cbft` tb rospbfn upbf roiogpt ba tò kmst Qbkuftoor ropbrt nurgfe tò iyiko. ^ò pbkgiy gs mttmiòn, wms ibccufgimton tb Qbkuftoors vgm jg-woohky fowskottor mfn wgkk jo mnnon tb tò Qbkuftoor `mfnjbbh‒s km tost vorsgbf sot tb jo

pujkgsòn Mueust, :<=9. Gf mnngtgbf tb tò wrgttof aoonjmih abr tò QZ^, tò \C mfntwb \^Ys prbvgno aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors gf vmrgbus wmys. ^`rbue` sgto vgsgts, abrcmkcootgfes, gfabrcmk cootgfes, baagio vgsgts jy Qbkuftoors, p`bfo imkks, ocmgks mfn survoys,Qbkuftoors `mvo cmno uso ba tòso cuktgpko bppbrtufgtgos tb gftormit mfn roiogvo aoonjmih

arbc tògr \C mfn \^Ys.Nbiucofts sujcgtton4

\omio Ibrps Ibkbcjgm Qbkuftoor Zopbrtgfe ^bbk Aoonjmih \bkgiyJg-Uoohky Fowskottor ba Aoj ::, :<=9

Ytmtus mfn ^gcokgfo abr Ibcpkotgbf4 Aojrumry ::, :<=9

Zoibccofnmtgbf 7

^`mt tò prbermc cmfmeor joibco cbro amcgkgmr wgt` tò aoonjmih aufitgbfmkgty ba tò

Qbkuftoor Zopbrtgfe ^bbk mfn prbvgno tgcoky mfn sujstmftgvo aoonjmih tb Qbkuftoors.

Ibfiur Mkk prbdoit suppbrt stmaa woro trmgfon gf tò QZ^ vgm woj-ox spoigagimkky ibfnuiton abr

pbst jy Hovgf Irbppor arbc BIGB. ^òro wms mksb m abkkbw up trmgfgfe wgt` tò N\^ sbt`mt jy Cmri` =st (cocb mttmiòn), mkk woro trmgfon gf tò aoonjmih aufitgbfmkgty ba tòQZ^.


QZA CocbQZ^ trmgfgfeYmcpko ba \C aoonjmih

QZ^ _sor Eugno

Ytmtus mfn ^gcokgfo abr Ibcpkotgbf4 Cmri` =, :<=9

Zoibccofnmtgbf =<

^`mt tò ngroitbr ba prbermccgfe mfn trmgfgfe mfn tò trmgfgfe cmfmeor cmho foiossmry

mndustcofts tb trmgfgfe sb t`mt Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm ikomrky ufnorstmfn tògr rbko ms



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >9

Qbkuftoors, gfikungfe tò roqugrocoft tb nocbfstrmto rospoit abr Ibkbcjgmfs mfn tògr

iukturo ms wokk ms suaagigoft mnmptmjgkgty mfn soka-suaagigofiy.

Ibfiur Ms oxpkmgfon mjbvo gf tò rospbfso tb Zoibccofnmtgbf :, tò iromtgbf ba tò Zosgkgofiy

Yorgos wms gf rospbfso tb bjsorvmtgbfs mfn aoonjmih ba Qbkuftoors fbt `mvgfe tò jmsgimnmptmtgbf shgkks fbr ufnorstmfngfe tògr rbko ms Qbkuftoors gf Ibkbcjgm. Ibfsgnormjkotgco wms spoft gf tò \Y^ IGG-> ngsiussgfe tò rbko ba m Qbkuftoor gf Ibkbcjgm, fbt bfkygf tò Zosgkgofiy Yorgos, jut mksb wgt` tò \omio Ibrps novokbpon sossgbfs sui` ms ‛Zbko

ba Qbkuftoor gf Novokbpcoft,– ‛\omio Ibrps‒ mpprbmi` tb Novokbpcoft,– mfn

‛_fnorstmfngfe cy wbrh pmrtfors.–

Agfmkky, mt tò tgco ba tò GE ovmkumtgbf, tòro wms bfky bfo erbup ba Qbkuftoors gfibuftry w`b woro mt tògr 0 cbft` pbgft ba tògr sorvgio. Ossoftgmkky tòy `mn fb poor rbko cbnoks tb kbbh up tb mfn komrf arbc. Gt s`bukn fbt jo ufnorostgcmton t`mt jy `mvgfeoxporgofion Qbkuftoors gf ibuftry, jbt` wgt` Qbkuftoors fbw gf tògr soibfn yomr (w`b

woro tò abius erbup abr t`gs ropbrt) ms wokk ms oxiokkoft Zospbfso Qbkuftoors, tò erbupt`mt mrrgvon gf Mueust :<=: `mvo poors tb kbbh tb abr komnors`gp mfn suppbrt gf nomkgfewgt` mndustcoft gssuos.


IGG-> \ro-Yorvgio ^rmgfgfe Imkofnmr ba ^rmgfgfe Ovofts

\bst novokbpon ‛Zosgkgofiy Yorgos– \omio Ibrps novokbpon Zosgkgofiy sossgbfs

b ‛Opgi Dburfoy– gfikungfe4 Mndustcoft iurvo

b ‛Ibpgfe Ytrmtoegos– gfikungfe

Mndustcoft iurvo b ‛^ò Womr Mòmn–

\omio Ibrps sossgbfs ‛Mpprbmi` tb Novokbpcoft,– ‛Zbko ba tò Qbkuftoor gf

Novokbpcoft,– mfn ‛_fnorstmfngfe cy Ubrh \mrtfors–




Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >>

M\\OFNGP I4 BGE IBCCOF^Y

Cmfmeocoft ibfiurron wgt` mkk =< roibccofnmtgbfs. Uo ikbson oge`t roibccofnmtgbfs (9-=<)

jmson bf m rovgow ba ibrroitgvo mitgbfs mfn suppbrtgfe nbiucoftmtgbf. Zoibccofnmtgbfs = mfn: wgkk rocmgf bpof pofngfe ibfagrcmtgbf arbc tò i`goa ibcpkgmfio baagior t`mt tònbiucoftmtgbf gnoftgagon gf cmfmeocoft‒s rospbfso mfn gf bur mfmkysgs `ms joof roiogvon.

Gf gts rospbfso, cmfmeocoft nosirgjon mitgbfs gt gs tmhgfe br gftofns tb tmho tb mnnross tò gssuost`mt prbcpton omi` ba bur roibccofnmtgbfs. Uo wgs` tb fbto t`mt gf ikbsgfe roibccofnmtgbfs,wo mro fbt iortgaygfe t`mt tò meofiy `ms tmhof tòso mitgbfs br t`mt wo `mvo rovgowon tògr oaaoit. Iortgaygfe ibcpkgmfio mfn vorgaygfe oaaoitgvofoss mro cmfmeocoft‒s rospbfsgjgkgtgos.

Uo wgkk ibfsgnor ikbsgfe roibccofnmtgbf = abkkbwgfe roiogpt ba nbiucoftmtgbf t`mt gfngimtos\omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm `ms bjtmgfon mpprbvmk tb novokbp fow sgtos butsgno ba cmdbr urjmf mroms.

\komso rospbfn wgt` nbiucoftmtgbf tb ikbso roibccofnmtgbf : wgt`gf 7< nmys ba roiogpt ba t`gscocbrmfnuc.

Uo wgs` tb mihfbwkoneo tò ibcproòfsgvo cmffor gf w`gi` tò pbst mfn roegbf rospbfnon tbtò ropbrt mfn bur roibccofnmtgbfs. \bst `ms of`mfion gts sgto sokoitgbf irgtorgm8 gcprbvonkmfeumeo, irbss-iukturo mfn btòr mroms ba Qbkuftoor trmgfgfe8 gnoftgagon ibccufgty-jmsonbremfgzmtgbfs t`mt egvo Qbkuftoors mnngtgbfmk bppbrtufgtgos tb ibftrgjuto gf tògr ibccufgtgos8mfn gcprbvon gts prbiossos mfn pbkgigos tb suppbrt cbro suiiossauk `bst amcgky oxporgofios. Uomksb ibccofn tò pbst abr tò notmgkon mfn t`brbue` nbiucoftmtgbf gt prbvgnon gf rospbfso tb mkk=< ropbrt roibccofnmtgbfs.

Zoibccofnmtgbf =^`mt tò roegbfmk \omio Ibrps smaoty mfn soiurgty baagior mfn tò pbst‗s smaoty mfn soiurgty

ibbrngfmtbr, gf ibkkmjbrmtgbf wgt` tò _.Y. Ocjmssy‗s soiurgty porsbffok, mssoss soiurgty ibfngtgbfsmkbfe Ibkbcjgm‗s Imrgjjomf ibmst mfn noagfo tò eobermp`gi jbufnmry wgt`gf w`gi` tò \omio

Ibrps imf novokbp fow sgtos mfn smaoky bpormto butsgno ba cmdbr urjmf mroms.

IbfiurGM\ Zoegbf mfn \omio Ibrps (\I) Ibkbcjgm (mksb roaorron tb ms pbst) `mvo m ibftgfuon ibccgtcoft tbngvorsgaygfe sgto pkmiocofts gf ibbrngfmtgbf wgt` tò Ocjmssy. Ms gfngimton gf tò _.Y. Ocjmssy ZoegbfmkYoiurgty Baagior‒s (ZYB) ‛Noigsgbf Cocb Mtkmftgib–, \omio Ibrps porsbffok ibkkmjbrmton ikbsoky wgt` tò

ZYB tb romssoss soiurgty ibfngtgbfs mkbfe tò iurroft prbermc roegbf ba tò Imrgjjomf ibmst. ^ò ZYB w`bòkn tò smco pbsgtgbf gf Ibkbcjgm mt tò tgco ba \omio Ibrps‒ ro-oftry, jmson `gs amvbrmjkoroibccofnmtgbf t`mt \omio Ibrps jo mpprbvon tb bpormto gf == fow sgtos bf twb rgebrbus soiurgtymssosscofts ba tò Mtkmftgib Nopmrtcoft gf :<== mfn :<=:. U`gko tò iurroft _Y Mcjmssmnbr tb Ibkbcjgm`ms noikgfon tb mpprbvo Qbkuftoor pkmiocoft gf tò fow sgtos t`mt tò ZYB gnoftgagon, \I Ibkbcjgm wgkkofemeo tò fow Mcjmssmnbr gf m ibfvorsmtgbf bf tò gssuo mt sui` tgco ms bfo gs mppbgfton.


Noigsgbf Cocb Mtkmftgib Ytrmtoegi \kmf Yuccmry Oxiorpt arbc AW=9-=? G\JY Yujcgssgbf Ytrmtoegi \kmf Yuccmry Oxiorpt arbc AW=>-=? G\JY sujcgssgbf




Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >?

BGE mfmkysgs4 Gf gts rospbfso tb tò roibccofnmtgbf tò meofiy gfngimton t`mt gt wbukn ofemeotò fow Mcjmssmnbr bf mpprbvmk ba fow sgto kbimtgbfs. Zoibccofnmtgbf = wgkk rocmgf bpofuftgk pbst gs mjko tb bjtmgf mpprbvmk arbc tò _.Y. Ocjmssy tb novokbp fow sgtos abr Qbkuftoorsbutsgno ba cmdbr urjmf mroms mkbfe tò Imrgjjomf ibmst.

Zoibccofnmtgbf :

^`mt tò pbst novokbps m strmtoey tb cgtgemto, mfn òkp Qbkuftoors jottor cmfmeo, strossbrs ibffoiton

tb tògr sorvgio, gfikungfe porsbfmk smaoty, òmkt`y ngots, soxumk `mrmsscoft mfn btòr strossbrs.

Ibfiur \bst `ms imroaukky ibfsgnoron tò strueekos t`mt IGG-9 Qbkuftoors oxporgofion mfn w`gi` prbvgnon tò jmsgsabr t`gs roibccofnmtgbf. \bst wbukn kgho tb ocp`msgzo tò amit t`mt mt tò tgco ba tò GE ovmkumtgbf, tòrowms bfky bfo erbup ba \IQs gf ibuftry w`b woro oftorgfe tògr 0 t` cbft` ba sorvgio mfn w`b rospbfnon tbtò Mkk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy nurgfe tògr ?t` tb 0t` cbft` ba sorvgio. ^ò 0t` cbft` pbgft gs mf gcpbrtmft tgcogf tò Qbkuftoors‒ sorvgio ms tòy mro dust ibcgfe but ba tò kbw pbgft ba tò mndustcoft iurvo wòro tòy

mro kghoky tb `mvo tò kmreost mcbuft ba mndustcoft gssuos. Ibcpbufngfe t`gs gs tò amit t`mt tòy ngn fbt`mvo oxporgofion twb-yomr Qbkuftoors w`b ibukn `mvo prbvgnon coftbrgfe mfn mnvgio. Gf tò tgco komngfe

up tb tò GE ovmkumtgbf ms wokk ms nurgfe mfn abkkbwgfe tò ovmkumtgbf, pbst `ms joof novokbpgfe mibcpro ofsgvo strmtoey tb òkp Qbkuftoors cgtgemto tò Ibkbcjgm- spoigagi strossbrs t`mt kon tb tò agfngfesngsiusson gf tò ovmkumtgbf ropbrt. ^`gs strmtoey uson tò rosukts ba Qbkuftoor ovmkumtgbfs, stmaa sgto vgsgts tbQbkuftoors (gfikungfe IN, N\^ mfn \&^ stmaa), tò GE ovmkumtgbf, QMI cootgfes, gfabrcmk ibfvorsmtgbfswgt` Qbkuftoors, gftorfmk Qbkuftoor smtgsamitgbf survoys mfn tò Mffumk Qbkuftoor Yurvoy ms roaorofiorosburios.

^ò strmtoey gfikunos tò abkkbwgfe ibcpbfofts4

1) I`mfeos tb tò IBÔ mfn bvormkk :5 cbft` ^rmgfgfe Ibftgfuuc5) \oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh 0) I`mfeos tb Kmfeumeo ^rmgfgfe7) @bst Amcgky suppbrt=<) Mrrgvmk ba fow Ymaoty mfn Yoiurgty Ibbrngfmtbr

BGE mfmkysgs4 \komso prbvgno nbiucoftmtgbf t`mt tò \oor Yuppbrt Fotwbrh nosirgjon gf tòmeofiy‒s rospbfso `ms stmrton tb aufitgbf. ^`gs ibukn gfikuno ovgnofio t`mt Qbkuftoors `mvo joofsokoiton mfn trmgfon tb sorvo ms cocjors ba tò ‛\oor Yuppbrt @btkgfo .–



Agfmk \rbermc Ovmkumtgbf Zopbrt4 \omio Ibrps/Ibkbcjgm >1

M\\OFNGP N4 \ZBEZMC OQMK_M^GBF IBC\KO^GBF MFN

BGE IBF^MI^

\ZBEZMC

OQMK_M^GBF

IBC\KO^GBF

BGE IBF^MI^

^`gs prbermc ovmkumtgbf wms ibfnuiton jy Yofgbr Ovmkumtbr Dorry Jkmih ufnor tò ngroitgbf ba MssgstmftGfspoitbr Eoformk abr Ovmkumtgbfs Dgc B‒Hooao, wgt`

mssgstmfio arbc Ovmkumtgbf Mpproftgio ^gc Y`mw.

Dgc B‒Hooao Mssgstmft Gfspoitbr Eoformk abr Ovmkumtgbfs

Abkkbwgfe gssumfio ba tò agfmk ropbrt, m stmho`bknor smtgsamitgbf survoy wgkk jo ngstrgjuton. Ga ybu wgs` tbibccoft bf tò qumkgty br usoaukfoss ba t`gs ropbrt tb òkpus gcprbvo bur prbnuits, pkomso ocmgk Mssgstmft Gfspoitbr Eoformk abr Ovmkumtgbfs Dgc B‒Hooao mt

dbhooaoLpomioibrps.ebv, br imkk :<:.17:.:7<>.



@okp \rbcbto tò Gftoergty, Oaagigofiy, mfn

Oaaoitgvofoss ba tò \omio Ibrps

Mfybfo hfbwgfe ba wmstoauk prmitgios, mjuso, cgscmfmeocoft,armun, br ufkmwauk mitgvgty gfvbkvgfe \omio Ibrps prbermcs br

porsbffok s`bukn ibftmit tò Baagio ba Gfspoitbr Eoformk. Zopbrts br ibcpkmgfts imf mksb jo cmno mfbfycbusky.

Ibftmit BGE

Zopbrtgfe @btkgfo4

_.Y./Gftorfmtgbfmk4 :<:.17:.:7=?^bkk-Aroo (_.Y. bfky)4 0<<.:99.?05>

Ocmgk4 BGELpomioibrps.ebvUoj Abrc4 www.pomioibrps.ebv/BGE/IbftmitBGE

Cmgk4 \omio Ibrps Baagio ba Gfspoitbr Eoformk\.B. Jbx ?5=:7Ums`gfetbf, N.I. :<<95-5=:7

Abr Eoformk Gfabrcmtgbf4

Cmgf Baagio4 :<:.17:.:7<<Uojsgto4 www.pomioibrps.ebv/BGE

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