peace corps the safety of the volunteer 2007

8/9/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the Volunteer 2007

1/67

\bm Xàmtyia tbm

Qiduetmmr>66?

Vm`hm Hirps Iaffhm ia Xàmty èl Xmhurgty


2/67

\bm Xàmty ia tbm Qiduetmmr>66?

@eeu`d ^mpirt ia Qiduetmmr Xàmty

Qidujm 06

\`ndm ia Hietmets

Getriluhtgie ...............................................................>Hijp`rgsie ia >661 èl >66? Gehglmets..................1Xmxu`d @ssùdts ........................................................?

^`pm......................................................................? @ttmjptml ^`pm....................................................2

J`kir Xmxu`d @ssùdt ............................................7Itbmr Xmxu`d @ssùdt ..........................................06Vriagdm ia Xmxu`d @ssùdts ge >66? ......................06

Vbysgh`d @ssùdts....................................................0?Cgle`ppgeo ..........................................................0?

@oor`v`tml @ssùdt.............................................0?J`kir Vbysgh`d @ssùdt........................................02Itbmr Vbysgh`d @ssùdt........................................07Vriagdm ia Vbysgh`d @ssùdts ge >66? ....................>6

Qmrn`d \brm`ts ........................................................>?Lm`tb \brm`t .......................................................>?Getgjgl`tgie..........................................................>?Vriagdm ia Qmrn`d \brm`ts ge >66? ........................>2

Vripmrty Hrgjms......................................................866? ......................8?

Ge-Xmrvghm Lm`tbs ...................................................


3/67

X`amty ia tbm Qiduetmmr >66?

> ia


4/67


Aiur typms ia pbysgh`d `ssùdt (cgle`ppgeo,

òor`v`tml ssùdt, j`kir pbysgh`d ssùdt, el itbmr

pbysgh`d `ssùdt)

\wi typms ia vmrn`d tbrm`ts (getgjgl`tgie èl lm`tb

tbrm`t) Agvm typms ia pripmrty hrgjm (rinnmry, nurod`ry wgtb

Qiduetmmr prmsmet, nurod`ry wgtbiut Qiduetmmr

prmsmet, tbmat, el vèl`dgsj)

Agvm typms ia lm`tb (bijghglm, sughglm, hhglmet`d,

gddemss, el gelmtmrjge`tm hùsm)

\bm h`tmoiry ia ueceiwe, wbghb h`pturms gehglmets

tb`t li eit jmmt tbm lmagegtgies ia tbm rmpirtml

gehglmet h`tmoirgms (Air mx`jpdm, dmwl ir suoomstgvm

hijjmets lgrmhtml tiw`rl Qiduetmmrs j`y nm

gjpirtèt ti rmhirl, nut li eit rm`hb tbm dmvmd ia `

hrgjm uedmss tbmy gehdulm st`dcgeo, tbrm`t, ir pbysgh`d

hiet`ht).

@ppmelgx @ dgsts tbm gehglmet h`tmoirgms, tbmgr smvmrgty

dmvmd, el tbmgr lmagegtgies.

L`t` @e`dysgs\bm Hrgjm Xt`tgstghs èl @e`dysgs ]egt hieluhts ` judtg-

stmp qu`dgty-`ssurèhm prihmss ti jgtgo`tm mrrirs gebmrmet

ti tbm l`t` hiddmhtgie prihmss (g.m., rmspielmet mrrirs, eie-

rmspiesm mrrirs, jgshd`ssgagh`tgies, mth.). M`hb rmpirt

rmhmgvml `t bm`lqu`rtmrs gs rmvgmwml air; 0) `ppriprg`tm

hrgjm hd`ssgagh`tgie3 èl >) èy lgshrmpèhgms nmtwmme tbmsujj`ry èl tbm hdisml-melml qumstgies (g.m., qumstgies

wgtb judtgpdm hbighm rmspiesms). @s l`t` `rm rmvgmwml air

jgshd`ssgagh`tgie ir gehiesgstmehgms, mrrirs ir jgssgeo l`t`

`rm hirrmhtml, wbmemvmr pissgndm. Vrgir ti è`dysgs air tbm

èeu`d rmpirt, ` smhiel rmvgmw w`s hieluhtml ie `dd

rmpirts gehdulml ge tbm hrgjm hiuet air >66?, aiddiwml ny

` hbmhc ie ` rèlij s`jpdm ia 066 h`sms ti mesurm

rm`sie`ndm hieaglmehm ge tbm `hhur`hy ia tbm l`t` mlgtgeo

prihmss.

\bm Xàmty ia tbm Qiduetmmr >66? rmpirts ie twi pmrgils

ia l`t` hiddmhtgie èl è`dysgs; tbm >66? h`dmel`r ym`rèl tbm 06-ym`r pmrgil arij 0772->66?. @e`dyzgeo tbm

ym`r dieo se`psbit, `s wmdd `s tbm 06-ym`r pmrgil,

privglms ` oiil uelmrstèlgeo ia `rm`s ia aduhtu`tgie el

dieo-stèlgeo hrgjm trmels. L`t` air tbm rmpirt wmrm

hurrmet `s ia Ihtinmr >2, >662. Dieogtulge`d l`t` `rm

rmprmsmetml ge sh`ttmr pdits tb`t privglm hrgjm gehglmehm

r`tms air m`hb ym`r. _gtbge m`hb sh`ttmr pdit, ` dgem`r trmel

dgem `pprixgj`tms tbm nmst-agt dgem tbriuob tbm l`t` pigets.

Ge `llgtgie, ti hb`r`htmrgzm tbm sdipm ia tbm trmel dgem,

m`hb 06-ym`r gehglmehm r`tm or`pb gehdulms tbm `vmròm

pmrhmet hbèom m`hb ym r. \bgs pmrhmetòm gs h`dhud tml

ny t`cgeo tbm mqu`tgie ia tbm trmel dgem (y : jx + n) èl

sidvgeo air tbm pmrhmet hbèom nmtwmmeygegtg`dèlyage`d.

\bm lgaamrmehm gs lgvglml ny tbm eujnmr ia l`t` pigets ti

mstgj`tm è `vmròm hbèom ge tbm sdipm air m`hb ym`r.

\bgs rmpirt lgspd`ys tbm l`t` ge tbrmm h`tmoirgms; smxu`d

`ssùdts, pbysgh`d ssùdts/vmrn`d tbrm`ts, el pripmrty

hrgjms. Gehglmehm r`tms, odin`d èl rmogie`d trmel

è`dysms, èl hrgjm priagdms `rm privglml ge m`hb ia tbm

tbrmm h`tmoirgms. M`hb agourm gehdulml ge tbm hrgjm priagdm

è`dysgs smhtgies gehdulms tbm eujnmr ia gehglmets

hietrgnutgeo ti tb`t p`rtghud`r è`dysgs èl gs lmeitml `s

e : ## wgtbge tbm agourm. Ge sijm e`dysms, tbm egs dmss

tbè tbm tit`d eujnmr ia rmpirtml gehglmets air tb`t

p`rtghud`r hrgjm nmhùsm rmspielmets j`y b`vm dmat l`t`

agmdls ueèswmrml wgtbge tbm gehglmet rmpirts.

Gehglmehm `tmsGehglmehm r`tms `rm jirm `hhur`tm gelgh`tirs ia rmpirtml

hrgjms air hijp`r`tgvm purpisms tbè `rm tbm r`w eujnmr

ia gehglmets, ir tbm hrgjm vidujm. Ny rmpirtgeo gehglmehm

r`tms (g.m., tbm eujnmr ia gehglmets `s ` auehtgie ia tbm

eujnmr ia Qiduetmmrs smrvgeo ge ` ogvme hiuetry), jirm

jmègeoaud hijp`rgsies hè nm j`lm `hriss Vm`hm Hirps

hiuetrgms ir rmogies tb`t b`vm lgaamrgeo eujnmrs ia

Qiduetmmrs. Air mx`jpdm, >= rmpirtml gehglmets ia

òor`v`tml `ssùdt àamht ` bgobmr pmrhmetòm iaQiduetmmrs `t ` pist wgtb 066 Qiduetmmrs tbè ` pist wgtb

>66 Qiduetmmrs.

Aurtbmrjirm, gehglmehm r`tms rm h`dhud`tml usgeo Q\

ym`rs wbghb `rm jirm `hhur`tm tbè usgeo tbm eujnmr ia

Qiduetmmrs ge tbm lmeijge`tir. \bm Q\ ym`r h`dhud`tgie

hiesglmrs tbm dmeotb ia tgjm Qiduetmmrs wmrm `t rgsc3 ir,

tbm dmeotb ia tgjm smrvml ny Qiduetmmrs.

@ Q\ ym`r mehijp`ssms tbm `jiuet ia tgjm `

Qiduetmmr/tr`gemm smrvml lurgeo ` ogvme ym`r nmtwmme tbm

st`rt ia lijmstgh tr`gegeo (stògeo) tbriuob tbm mel iasmrvghm. Air mx`jpdm, ga ` Qiduetmmr dm`vms àtmr sgx

jietbs, bm ir sbm gs iedy `t rgsc lurgeo tb`t sgx-jietb

pmrgil, èl iedy b`da (6.=) ia Q\ ym`r gs hietrgnutml ti

tbm gehglmehm r`tm h`dhud`tgie. Ga ` Qiduetmmr st`ys tbm audd

ym`r, iem audd (0.6) Q\ ym`r gs hietrgnutml. ]edmss

itbmrwgsm eitml ge tbm rmpirt, gehglmehm r`tms `rm rmpirtml

`s gehglmets pmr 066 Qiduetmmr/tr`gemm (Q\) ym`rs.

Hrgjms wgtb rmd`tgvmdy diw armqumehy wgdd `dsi nm

mxprmssml pmr 0,666 Q\ ym`rs.

Vòm 8 ia


5/67


Gehglmehm `tm :

(Eujnmr ia gehglmets i a ` hrgjm/Q\ ym`rs) x 066

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets vs. Eujnmr ia Qghtgjs@ hrgjm gehglmet tb`t gevidvms jirm tbè iem Qiduetmmr gs

hiuetml `s iem gehglmet èl gs hd`ssgagml `hhirlgeo ti tbm

jist smvmrmdy àamhtml Qiduetmmr (smm @ppmelgx @ air

bgmr`rhby ia gehglmet smvmrgty). Nmogeegeo ge >662,

hbèoms ti tbm òmehys l`t` hiddmhtgie maairts wgdd `ddiw

air hiuets ia judtgpdm vghtgjs èl tbm hrgjms `ssihg`tml

wgtb m`hb vghtgj lurgeo ` sgeodm gehglmet.

Ge >66?, tbm d`romst lgaamrmehm nmtwmme tbm eujnmr ia

gehglmets rmpirtml èl tbm eujnmr ia vghtgjs gevidvml ge

tbism gehglmets w`s eitml ge tbm rinnmry gehglmets. \igddustr`tm, tbm eujnmr ia Qiduetmmrs gevidvml ge rinnmrgms

(>>2) w`s bgobmr tbè tbm eujnmr ia rmpirtml rinnmrgms

(0??). \bgs sbiws, wgtb rinnmrgms ge p`rtghud`r, tbmrm `rm

iatme judtgpdm Qiduetmmrs gevidvml ge iem gehglmet. \bm

nrm`cliwe ia tbm eujnmr ia rmpirtml gehglmets vmrsus tbm

eujnmr ia Qiduetmmr vghtgjs ge m`hb gehglmet h`tmoiry gs

prmsmetml ge Agourm 0. @ppmelgx O lgspd`ys med`roml

hipgms ia `dd agourms prmsmetml ge tbm rmpirt.

Agourm 0 ge @ppmelgx O `dsi hiet`ges v`dums.

L`t` Dgjgt tgies\bmrm `rm tbrmm dgjgt`tgies ti getmrprmtgeo tbm l`t` ge tbgs

rmpirt tb`t tbm rm`lmr sbiudl nm`r ge jgel.

\bm agrst dgjgt`tgie rmd`tms ti tbm smdmhtgvm rmpirtgeo ia

smhurgty gehglmets ny Qiduetmmrs. Ge rmvgmwgeo tbm

armqumehy ia gehglmets, tbm rm`lmr sbiudl cmmp ge jgel

tb`t tbmsm `rm tbm eujnmrs air rmpirtmlgehglmets. \bm

ngmeeg`dVm`hm Hirps Qiduetmmr Xurvmy rmpirt hiet`ges

tbm rmsudts ia è èieyjius survmy `ljgegstmrml ti `dd

smrvgeo Qiduetmmrs. Xurvmy agelgeos hiesgstmetdy sbiw

tb`t uelmrrmpirtgeo ia smhurgty gehglmets lims ihhur. Air

mx`jpdm, tbm l`t` arij tbm jist rmhmetQiduetmmr Xurvmy

>rmvm`ds tb`t ia tbm 07 Qiduetmmrs wbi st`tml tbmy wmrmr`pml, sgx (8> pmrhmet) rmspielml tb`t tbmy lgl eit rmpirt

tbm r`pm ti tbm Vm`hm Hirps. \bm `htu`d eujnmr ia

Qiduetmmrs wbi lgl eit rmpirt tbm r`pm j`y nm mvme

bgobmr nmhùsm è `llgtgie`d smvme (8? pmrhmet) lgl eit

rmspiel `s ti wbmtbmr ir eit tbmy rmpirtml tbm r`pm. \bm

Lmp`rtjmet ia Kustghm Nurmù ia Kustghm Xt`tgstghs

E`tgie`d Hrgjm Qghtgjgz tgie Xurvmy air >661 gelgh`tms

bgob uelmrrmpirtgeo r`tms air r`pms ge tbmgr rmsm`rhb ia

hrgjm vghtgjgz`tgie ge tbm ]egtml Xt`tms. Iedy 661. ^md`tml ti tbm smda-rmpirtml e`turm ia

tbm gehglmet rmpirtgeo prihmss gs tbm pitmetg`d air

jgshd`ssgagh`tgie ia gehglmets. Gehglmets rm hd`ssgagml

sidmdy ie tbm geairj`tgie privglml ny tbm Qiduetmmr,

wbghb hiudl dm`l ti ge`hhur`tm hd`ssgagh`tgie ga `

Qiduetmmr lims eit privglm `dd emhmss`ry èl rmdmvèt

geairj`tgie. \bm gehglmet lmagegtgies `rm gehdulml ge

@ppmelgx @.

\bm smhiel dgjgt`tgie gs jirm ia ` hùtgie`ry eitm èl

rmd`tms ti hijp`rgeo gehglmehm r`tms `hriss Vm`hm Hirps

pists. _bgdm tbm usm ia gehglmehm r`tms lims `ddiw air

hijp`rgsies `hriss pists, hùtgie sbiudl nm usml wbme

hijp`rgeo hrgjm r`tms air hiuetrgms wgtb dgjgtml Q\

ym`rs, suhb `s Ougem` (>= Q\ ym`rs), nmhùsm tbmy `ppm`r

lr`j`tgh`ddy bgobmr wbme hijp`rml ti r`tms air hiuetrgms

wgtb orm`tmr Q\, ym`rs suhb `s Ou`tmj`d` (0?= Q\ ym`rs),

mvme wbme tbm eujnmr ia gehglmets gs sj`dd. \i gddustr`tm,

è gehrm`sm arij iem tbmat ti twi tbmats `t ` pist wgtb >=

Q\ rmsudts ge tbmat gehglmehm r`tms gehrm`sgeo arij 66?, tbmrm

wmrm egem pists (08 pmrhmet) wgtb amwmr tbè =6 Q\ ym`rs.

Ge `llgtgie, r`tms n`sml ie ` sj`dd eujnmr ia gehglmets(amwmr tbè 86), suhb `s r`pms, sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtb

hùtgie `s tbmy j`y eit nm è `hhur`tm gelgh`tgie ia rgsc.

@ppmelgx M privglms tbm eujnmr ia rmpirtml gehglmets

èl tbm eujnmr ia Q\ ym`rs hietrgnutml ny m`hb hiuetry

ge >66?.

Agourm 0; Hijp`rgsie ia Eujnmr ia Mvmets

vs. Eujnmr ia Qiduetmmr Qghtgjs air >66?

6 066 >66 866 L`t` `rm int`geml arij tbm Vm`hm Hirps >662 Ngmeeg`d Qiduetmmr

Xurvmy.

Vòm < ia


6/67


@ tbgrl dgjgt`tgie gevidvms tbm è`dysgs ia tbm l`t` ny tbm

Qiduetmmrs hiuetry ia smrvghm. \bm v`st j`kirgty ia

gehglmets ihhur ge tbm Qiduetmmrs hiuetry ia smrvghm.

Biwmvmr, gehglmets o`gest Qiduetmmrs li b`ppme iutsglm

tbmgr hiuetry ia smrvghm3 air mx`jpdm, wbme ` Qiduetmmr gsv`h`tgiegeo ge èitbmr hiuetry. Ge >66?, tbmrm wmrm 8?

rmpirtml gehglmets tb`t ihhurrml ge ` hiuetry itbmr tbè

tbm Qiduetmmrs hiuetry ia smrvghm. \bgs rmprmsmets 8

pmrhmet ia tbm tit`d gehglmets. Ogvme tbgs sj`dd

pmrhmetòm, èl tbm emml ti rmj`ge hiesgstmet wgtb

è`dysms hieluhtml ge prmvgius Xàmty ia tbm Qiduetmmr

rmpirts, tbgs rmpirt wgdd prmsmet è`dysms n`sml ie tbm

vghtgjs hiuetry ia smrvghm, wbghb ge 8 pmrhmet ia tbm

h`sms gs eit tbm s`jm `s tbm hiuetry ia gehglmet. Air tbm

dgst ia hiuetrgms ge wbghb tbm Qiduetmmr hiuetry ia smrvghm

lgaamrs arij tbm hiuetry ia gehglmet, smm @ppmelgx A.

Hietgeuml tr`gegeo b`s aihusml ie strmeotbmegeo tbm

h`p`hgty ia pist stàa ti rmgeairhm tbm gjpirtèhm ia

gehglmet rmpirtgeo èl ti `llrmss uelmrrmpirtgeo. ^msudts

arij tbmQiduetmmr Xurvmy rmvm`d tb`t ia tbm Qiduetmmrs

wbi mxpmrgmehml ` hrgjm nut lgl eit rmpirt gt, tbm jist

armqumet rm`sies wmrm nmhùsm tbm hrgjm w`s tii jgeir ir

hijjie ti rmpirt ir nmhùsm tbmy lgl eit tbgec tbm Vm`hm

Hirps hiudl bmdp. Itbmr rm`sies, suhb `s pitmetg`d

puegtgvm rmspiesms ny tbm Vm`hm Hirps, pmrhmgvml

nrm`hbms ia hieaglmetg`dgty, èl tbm jgelsmt tb`t tbm

Qiduetmmr hè bèldm tbm gehglmet ie bgs ir bmr iwe, j`y

`dsi b`vm ` supprmssgvm maamht ie Qiduetmmrs rmpirtgeo

gehglmets. Xunrmogie`d stàa (Vm`hm Hirps sàmty el

smhurgty iaaghmrs), s wmdd s bm`lqu`rtmrs stàa, wirc wgtb

pists ti nmttmr uelmrstèl tbm rm`sies Qiduetmmrs `rm eit

rmpirtgeo èl ti lmvmdip hiomet rmspiesms ti Qiduetmmr

hiehmres. \bm Iaaghm ia Xàmty èl Xmhurgty hietgeums ti

mjpb`sgzm hrgjm prmvmetgie èl strmssms rmpirtgeo ge gts

tr`gegeo prior`js. Ieoigeo sàmty èl smhurgty tr`gegeo gs

privglml ti Vm hm Hirps stàa nitb `t bm`lqu`rtmrs èl

ivmrsm`s pists.

Ammln`hc

Vm`hm Hirps sàmty el smhurgty hiirlge`tirs, jmlgh`d

iaaghmrs, hiuetry lgrmhtirs, èl rmogie`d stàa `rm mxpmhtml

ti rmvgmw tbm gehglmehm ia smhurgty gehglmets ge tbmgr

rmspmhtgvm hiuetrgms èl lgshuss w`ys ti jgtgo`tm rgscs ti

Qiduetmmrs. \bm Iaaghm ia Xàmty èl Xmhurgty gs `v`gd`ndm

air hiesudt`tgie ie trmels ia hiehmre ir air lgshussgies

`niut pissgndm sàmty getmrvmetgies. \bm stàa wmdhijms

ammln`hc ie tbm hietmet ia tbgs rmpirt èl èy suoomstml

jilgagh`tgies tb`t wiudl mebèhm tbm rmpirts usmaudemss

ge tbm auturm. Ge p`rtghud`r, tbm sàmty èl smhurgty tm`j gs

getmrmstml ge ammln`hc tb`t wiudl bmdp ge-hiuetry stàa

nmttmr mluh`tm el tr`ge Qiduetmmrs.

Vdm`sm smel yiur ammln`hc ti Ogrdye @roèz` H`hb`pmr

wgtb tbm Hrgjm Xt`tgstghs el @e`dysgs ]egt, Iaaghm ia

Xàmty èl Xmhurgty `t tbm Vm`hm Hirps

(o`roèz`Fpm`hmhirps.oiv).

Vòm = ia


7/67


Hijp`rgsie ia >661 èl >66?Gehglmets

\bm Vm`hm Hirps gs hijjgttml ti jgegjgzgeo rgscs a`hmlny `dd Qiduetmmrs riuel tbm wirdl, `s wmdd s mesurgeo è

maamhtgvm gehglmet rmpirtgeo prihmss. Ge >661, tbm Vm`hm

Hirps strm`jdgeml el utij`tml tbm rmpirtgeo prihmss.

\bgs hbèom rmsudtml ge jirm hijprmbmesgvm èl tgjmdyrmpirtgeo arij Vm`hm Hirps pists, `s wmdd `s ` hbèom ti

tbm òmehys lmagegtgie ia ` rinnmry. Gt gs eiw jirm

hiesgstmet wgtb tbm Amlmr`d Nurmù ia Gevmstgo`tgieslmagegtgie.

\bgs smhtgie hijp`rms gehglmehm r`tms ia rmpirtml hrgjms

ge >661 èl >66?. Ge `llgtgie ti >661 èl >66?

hijp`rgsies, nrgma priagdms ia tbm jist smvmrm gehglmettypms wgtbge tbm smxu`d `ssùdts (r`pm), pbysgh`d `ssùdts

(òor`v`tml `ssùdt), èl pripmrty hrgjms (rinnmry) `rm

privglml. Air ` jirm lmt`gdml pghturm ia sàmty èl

smhurgty gehglmets tb`t àamht tbm Vm`hm HirpsQiduetmmrs/tr`gemms èl rmd`tml trmels, ` rmvgmw ia tbm

metgrm rmpirt gs mehiuròml.

Xmxu`d @ssùdts\bm òormo`tm gehglmehm r`tm ia `dd rmpirtml smxu`d

`ssùdts rmj`geml hiestèt arij >661 ti >66? (gehrm`sm ia

6.0%).

^`pms lmhrm`sml 0>% (6.% (6.>


8/67


Xmxu`d @ssùdts

HGÂ Lmagegt gies

^`pm; Vmemtr`tgie ia tbm vòge` ir èus mgtbmr ir`ddy

èl/ir wgtb tbm pmegs, wgtbiut tbm hiesmet èl/ir ò`gest

tbm wgdd ia tbm vghtgj. ^`pm `dsi gehdulms wb`t w`sairjmrdy rmamrrml ti `s airhml ir`d smx, lmageml `s eie-

hiesmesu`d hiet`ht nmtwmme tbm vghtgjs jiutb èl tbm

`ss`gdèts omegt`ds ir èus. ^`pm gehdulms wbme ` vghtgj

gs ue`ndm ti hiesmet nmhùsm ia geomstgie ia lruos èl/ir`dhibid.

@ttmjptml r`pm; @ttmjptml nut uesuhhmssaud pmemtr`tgie

ia tbm vòge` ir èus mgtbmr ir`ddy èl/ir wgtb tbm pmegs,wgtbiut tbm hiesmet èl/ir ò`gest tbm wgdd ia tbm vghtgj,

`s lmtmrjgeml ny tbm vghtgj. @ttmjptml r`pm `dsi gehdulms

`ttmjptml airhml ir`d smx, lmageml `s eie-hiesmesu`dhiet`ht nmtwmme tbm vghtgjs jiutb èl tbm `ss`gdètsomegt`ds ir èus. \bgs `dsi gehdulms wbme ` vghtgj gs

ue`ndm ti hiesmet nmhùsm ia geomstgie ia lruos èl/ir

`dhibid.

J`kir smxu`d `ssùdt; Xcge-ti-scge hiet`ht wgtb tbm

nrm`sts, omegt`ds, jiutb, nuttihcs, ir èus @EL ey ia

tbm aiddiwgeo;

0) tbm usm/lgspd`y ia ` wm`pie ny tbm `ss`gdèt, I^

>) pbysgh`d gekury ti tbm vghtgj, I^

8) wbme tbm vghtgj b`l ti usm airhm ti lgsmeoòm tbm

`ss`gdèt.

Itbmr smxu`d `ssùdt; Itbmr smxu`d ssùdt (airjmrdyjgeir smxu`d `ssùdt) gs lmageml `s hiet`ht ia tbm nrm`sts,

omegt`ds, jiutb, nuttihcs, ir èus tb`t gs eit hd`ssgagml `s

r`pm, `ttmjptml r`pm, ir j`kir smxu`d `ssùdt. Itbmr

smxu`d `ssùdt gehdulms uewètml cgssgeo, aieldgeo, èl

oripgeo.

\bm aiddiwgeo smhtgie privglms odin`d èl rmogie`d

è`dysms ia smxu`d ssùdt gehglmets. Gehglmehm ia smxu`d

`ssùdt gs mxprmssml pmr 066amj`dm Q\ ym`rs nmhùsm

wijme `rm `t juhb orm`tmr rgsc air smxu`d `ssùdts tbèjme. Ge >66?, 71 pmrhmet ia tbm smxu`d `ssùdts wirdlwglm

wmrm o`gest amj`dm Qiduetmmrs. ]sm ia amj`dm-spmhgagh

gehglmehm r`tms nmttmr hb`r`htmrgzms tbm rgsc ia smxu`d

`ssùdt. Ge hijp`rgeo ym`r-ti-ym`r l`t` air r`pms,

`ttmjptml r`pms, èl j`kir smxu`d `ssùdts, gehglmehm

r`tms sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtb hùtgie lum ti tbm sj`dd

eujnmr ia gehglmets pmrpmtr`tml èeu`ddy ò`gest Vm`hm

Hirps Qiduetmmrs.

G. ^`pm

\`ndm 0 privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia r`pms.

Eitm; Gehglmehm r`tms rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. `tmaduhtu`tgies ivmr ym`rs sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtb hùtgie lum titbm sj`dd eujnmr ia gehglmets tb`t rm rmpirtml eeu`ddy.

^`pmOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm 0? r`pms rmpirtml ny Vm`hm Hirps Qiduetmmrs

wirdlwglm lurgeo >66?, è gehglmehm ia 6.87 gehglmets pmr

066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs, ir 8.7 gehglmets pmr 0,666 amj`dm

Q\ ym`rs. \bm gehglmehm r`tm lurgeo >66? lmhrm`sml 0>

pmrhmet rmd`tgvm ti >661 (6.). \bm r`tm ge >66? w`s 0> pmrhmet

nmdiw tbm 06-ym`r `vmròm gehglmehm r`tm. \rmel e`dysgs

gelgh`tms tb`t nmtwmme 0772 èl >66? tbm r`pm gehglmehm

r`tms b`vm rmj`geml rmd`tgvmdy uehbèoml, lmhrm`sgeo è

`vmròm ia dmss tbè 0 pmrhmet pmr ym`r.

Agourm >; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia ^`pm ny Wm`r

6.876.660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Amj`dmQ\Wm`rs

Eitm; Xmxu`d ssùdt gehglmets rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs.\bm x-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jist iptgjujvgmw ia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr, l`t` pigets mehijp`ss 0772tbriuob >66?.

\`ndm 0; Xujj`ry^`pm

0772 Gehglmehm `tm 6.=6

>661 Gehglmehm `tm 6.66? Gehglmehm `tm 6.87

06-ym`r vmròm Gehglmehm `tm 6.66? ti >661) 0>% Lmhrm`sm

>66? hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. ^`tm 0>% Lmhrm`sm

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >661 02

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >66? 0?

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? MJ@ (.1?)

Bgobmst mogie`d 06-ym`r vmròmGehglmehm `tm (0772 ti >66?) G@V (.10)

Vòm ? ia


9/67


^`pm^mogie`d @e`dysgsAgourm 8 sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm r`tms ia r`pm ny

ym`r. ^mogie`d è`dysgs sbiws tbm eujnmr ia r`pms

lmhrm`sml arij smvme ge >661 ti aiur ge >66? ge tbm

@argh` rmogie3 ge tbm G@V rmogie, tbm lmhrm`sm w`s `dsiarij smvme r`pms ti aiur, wbgdm ge tbm MJ@ rmogie tbm

eujnmr ia r`pms gehrm sml arij aiur ti egem. Lurgeo

>66?, tbm MJ@ rmogie b`l tbm bgobmst rmogie`d gehglmehm

ia r`pm (6.1? gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs). \bm

bgobmst 06-ym`r (0772->66?) rmogie`d vmròm gehglmehm

ia r`pm ihhurrml ge tbm G@V rmogie (6.10 gehglmets pmr 066

amj`dm Q\ ym`rs).

Agourm 8; ^mogie`d Gehglmehm ia ^`pm ny

Wm`r

6.66

6.>6

6.666>660>66>>668>6666=>661>66?

Mvmetspmr066Amj`dmQ\

Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V

Eitm; Xmxu`d ssùdt gehglmets rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs.

GG. @ttmjptml ^`pm

\`ndm > privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia

`ttmjptml r`pms.

Eitm; Gehglmehm r`tms rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. `tmaduhtu`tgies hriss ym`rs sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtb hùtgie lumi tbm sj`dd eujnmr ia hrgjm gehglmets rmpirtml eeu`ddy.t

@ttmjptml `pmOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm aiur `ttmjptml r`pms ge >66?, è gehglmehm ia

6.67 gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. \bmrm wmrm aiur

`ttmjptml r`pms ge >661 (6.06 gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm

Q\ ym`rs) (Agourm 66?) `vmròmgehglmehm r`tm air `ttmjptml r`pm gs 6.0> gehglmets pmr 066

amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. \bm r`tm ge >66? w`s >= pmrhmet nmdiw

tbm 06-ym`r `vmròm gehglmehm r`tm. \rmel è`dysgs

gelgh`tms tb`t nmtwmme 0772 èl >66? tbm `ttmjptml r`pm

gehglmehm r`tms lmhrm`sml ny è `vmròm ia < pmrhmet pmr

ym`r ivmr tbm 06-ym`r pmrgil.

Agourm 6.00

@vo. 6

6.666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Amj`dmQ\

Wm`rs

Eitm; Xmxu`d ssùdt gehglmets rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. \bmx-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jist iptgjuj vgmwia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr, l`t` pigets mehijp`ss 0772 tbriuob>66?.

@ttmjptml ^`pm^mogie`d @e dysgsAgourm = sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm r`tms ia `ttmjptml

r`pm ny ym`r. ^mogie`d è`dysgs sbiws tbm eujnmr ia

`ttmjptml r`pms lurgeo >66? rmd`tgvm ti >661 gehrm`sml

arij zmri ti iem gehglmet ge tbm @argh` rmogie èl

lmhrm`sml arij twi ti iem gehglmet ge tbm MJ@ rmogie. Ge

G@V, tbm eujnmr ia `ttmjptml r`pm gehglmets rmj`geml tbm

s`jm nmtwmme >661 èl >66?. Lurgeo >66?, tbm bgobmst

rmogie`d gehglmehm ia `ttmjptml r`pm w`s ge tbm G@V

rmogie (6.0< gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs). \bm


r`tm ihhurrml ge tbm G@V rmogie (6.02 gehglmets pmr 066

amj`dm Q\ ym`rs).

\`ndm >; Xujj`ry@ttmjptml ^`pm

0772 Gehglmehm `tm 6.>0

>661 Gehglmehm `tm 6.06

>66? Gehglmehm `tm 6.67

06-ym`r @vo. Gehglmehm `tm 6.0>

Wm`rdy `tm Hijp`rgsie (>66? ti >661) ?% lmhrm`sm

>66? hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. `tm >=% lmhrm`sm

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >661 66? 66? G@V (.066?) G@V (.02)

Vòm 2 ia


10/67


Agourm =; ^mogie`d Gehglmehm ia @ttmjptml

^`pm ny Wm`r

6.66

6.06

6.>6

6.86

6.666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?M

vmetspmr066Amj`dmQ\Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V


GGG. J`kir Xmxu`d @ssùdt

\`ndm 8 privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia j`kir

smxu`d ssùdts.

Eitm; Gehglmehm r`tms rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. `tmaduhtu`tgies ivmr ym`rs sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtb hùtgie lum titbm sj`dd eujnmr ia hrgjm gehglmets tb`t ihhur ie ym`rdy n`sgs.

J`kir Xmxu`d @ssùdtOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm 00 j`kir smxu`d `ssùdts ge >66?, è gehglmehm

ia 6.>= gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. \bm gehglmehmia j`kir smxu`d `ssùdt gehrm`sml > pmrhmet nmtwmme >661

(6.>= gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs ge >661) èl

>66? (Agourm 1). \bm r`tm ge >66? w`s >> pmrhmet nmdiw


gelgh`tms tb`t j`kir smxu`d `ssùdt gehglmehm r`tms b`vm

nmme lmhrm`sgeo è vmròm ia 0 pmrhmet pmr ym`r ivmr tbm

06-ym`r pmrgil.

Agourm 1; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia J`kir Xmxu`d

@s sùdt ny Wm `r

6.>=6.>=

6.81

6.>76.>16.>1

6.=16.


11/67


GQ. Itbmr Xmxu`d @ssùdt

\`ndm < privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia itbmr

smxu`d ssùdts.

Eitm; Gehglmehm r`tms rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs.

Itbmr Xmxu`d @ssùdtOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm 22 itbmr smxu`d `ssùdt gehglmets ge >66?, è

gehglmehm r`tm ia >.6> pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. \bm

gehglmehm ia itbmr smxu`d `ssùdts lurgeo >66? gehrm`sml

0? pmrhmet arij >661 (0.?8 gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\

ym`rs) (Agourm 2). \bm r`tm ge >66? w`s >7 pmrhmet `nivm


gelgh`tms tb`t itbmr smxu`d `ssùdt gehglmehm r`tms b`vm

nmme gehrm`sgeo è `vmr om ia ? pmrhmet m`hb ym`r ivmr tbm06-ym`r pmrgil.

Agourm 2; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Itbmr Xmxu`d

@s sùdt ny Wm `r

0.700.?8

>.6>

6.2>

0.11 0.16 0..66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmets

pmr066Amj`dmQ\Wm`rs

Eitm; Xmxu`d ssùdt gehglmets rm pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs. \bmx-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jist iptgjuj vgmwia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr, l`t` pigets mehijp`ss 0772 tbriuob>66?.

Itbmr Xmxu`d @ssùdt^mogie`d @e`dysgsAgourm 7 sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm r`tm ia itbmr smxu`d

`ssùdt ny ym`r. Mx`jgegeo rmogie`d trmels, tbm eujnmr ia

itbmr smxu`d `ssùdts lurgeo >66? lmhrm`sml arij >661 ge

tbm @argh` rmogie (>0 ti 00 gehglmets), gehrm`sml ge tbm

MJ@ rmogie (8< ti 66?, tbm bgobmst

rmogie`d gehglmehm ia itbmr smxu`d `ssùdt w`s ge tbm MJ@rmogie (8.21 gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs). \bm

bgobmst 06-ym`r (0772->66?) `vmròm gehglmehm r`tm `dsi

ihhurrml ge tbm MJ@ rmogie (>.27 gehglmets pmr 066

amj`dm Q\ ym`rs). \bm 06-ym`r `vmròm gehglmehm r`tm ia

itbmr smxu`d `ssùdts ge MJ@ w`s jirm tbè liundm tbm

`vmròm r`tms air mgtbmr tbm @argh` ir G@V rmogies.


Vriagdm ia Xmxu`d @ssùdts ge >66?

\bm aiddiwgeo smhtgie mx`jgems vghtgj lmjior`pbghs el

gehglmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ge lmt`gd ti privglm ` nmttmr

uelmrstèlgeo ia tbm rgsc a`htirs `ssihg`tml wgtb smxu`d

`ssùdts. Xmp`r`tm priagdms air r`pm èl itbmr smxu`d

`ssùdt `rm privglml `t tbm mel ia tbgs smhtgie. L`t` ge tbm

or`pbs `rm n`sml ie tbm eujnmr ia rmspiesms `v`gd`ndm air

tb`t è`dysgs èl `rm lmeitml `se:##. Lmpmelgeo ie tbm

hijpdmtmemss ia tbm gehglmet rmpirts, tbm ej`y eit

`dw`ys mqu`d tbm tit`d eujnmr ia smxu`d `ssùdt gehglmets.Hijp`rgsies nmtwmme tbm lmjior`pbghs ia tbm Qiduetmmr

vghtgj s`jpdm èl tbm lmjior`pbghs ia tbm ivmr`dd

Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie bmdp ti uelmrstèl tbm agelgeos ge `

jmègeoaud hietmxt. Air ` sujj`ry ia tbm ivmr`dd

lmjior`pbgh hb`r`htmrgstghs ia Qiduetmmrs el tr`gemms

smrvgeo ge >66?, rmamr ti @ppmelgx H.

\`ndm = privglms tbm odin`d hijpisgtm ia tbm gehglmets

è`dyzml air tbm smxu`d `ssùdt priagdm.

\`ndm 661 Gehglmehm `tm 0.?8

>66? Gehglmehm `tm >.6>

06-ym`r vmròm Gehglmehm `tm 0.=1

Wm`rdy `tm Hijp`rgsie (>66? ti >661) 0?% Gehrm`sm

>66? hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. ^`tm >7% Gehrm`sm

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >661 ?6

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >66? 22

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? MJ@ (8.21)

Bgobmst mogie`d 06-ym`r vmròmGehglmehm `tm (0772 ti >66?)

MJ@ (>.27)

Agourm 7; ^mogie` d Gehglme hm ia Itbmr

Xmxu`d @ssùdt ny Wm`r

6.66

0.66

>.66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?M

vmetspmr066Amj`dmQ

\Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V

Vòm 06 ia


12/67


OmelmrGe >66?, `s ge prmvgius ym`rs, vghtgjs ia smxu`d `ssùdt

wmrm `djist mxhdusgvmdy amj`dm (>.1 gehglmets pmr 066

amj`dm Q\ ym`rs) (Agourm 06). Amj`dms hijprgsm =7

pmrhmet ia tbm omemr d Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie8.

Agourm 06; Odin`d Gehglmeh m ia Xmxu`d

@ssùd ts ny Ome lmr air >66? (e:0>6)

6.>

>.1

6.6

6.=

0.6

0.=

>.6

>.=

8.6

J`dm Amj`dm

Mvmetspmr066Q\Wm`rs

@omLurgeo >66?, 7> pmrhmet ia tbm vghtgjs ia smxu`d `ssùdts

wmrm ge tbmgr >6s. \bgs gs eit surprgsgeo ogvme tb`t 22

pmrhmet ia tbism ge tbm ivmr`dd Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie ge >66?

wmrm ge tbmgr >6s. \i `hhiuet air tbm ivmrwbmdjgeo

eujnmr ia Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr >6s èl ti lmtmrjgem ` trum

rmprmsmet`tgie ia tbm nrm`cliwe ia smxu`d `ssùdts ò`gest

m`hb òm oriup, Q\ ym`rs wmrm usml ti lmtmrjgem r`tms.Nmhùsm ia tbm dgjgtml eujnmr ia amj`dm Qiduetmmrs ge

tbmgr ?6s èl 26s (0=.1 Q\ ym`rs), tbmsm twi òm oriups

wmrm hijngeml wgtb amj`dm Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr 16s. _bme

è`dyzml usgeo Q\ ym`rs, tbm gehglmehm ia smxu`d `ssùdts

w`s bgobmst `jieo amj`dm Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr 66? (e:002 )

>.7

0.>

6.6

0.1

6.6

.6

8.6

6->7 86-87 66?, ?7 pmrhmet ia tbm vghtgjs ia smxu`d `ssùdts wmrm ia

Hùh`sgè/wbgtm mtbeghgty. \bgs gs mxpmhtml, ogvme tb`t ?1

pmrhmet ia tbm ivmr`dd Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie ge >66? w`s

Hùh`sgè/wbgtm. \i `hhiuet air tbm d`rom pmrhmetòm ia

Qiduetmmrs wbi `rm Hùh`sgè/wbgtm èl ti lmtmrjgem `trum rmprmsmet`tgie ia tbm nrm`cliwe ia smxu`d `ssùdts

ò`gest m`hb mtbegh oriup, gt gs glm`d ti usm Q\ ym`rs ti

lmtmrjgem r`tms. Biwmvmr, òmehy l`t` ie Q\ ym`rs ny

r`hm/mtbeghgty gs eit v`gd`ndm el, tbmrmairm, tbm e`dysgs

usgeo gehglmehm r`tms gs eit am`sgndm.

Agourm 0>; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@s s` ud ts ny Mtbe ghg ty air >6 6? (e:002 )

8%

8%

0%

2%

8%

?7%

8%

6%

6%

6% >6% 66?)

\ypm ia Gehglmet

Eujnmria

GehglmetsVmrhmetòm ia @ddXmxu`d @ssùdts

^`pm 0? 06 066%

Vòm 00 ia


13/67


Biur, L`y, èl Jietb\bm tgjm ia l`y lurgeo wbghb smxu`d `ssùdts wmrm

rmpirtml ti b`vm ihhurrml jist armqumetdy ge >66?

wmrm tbm mvmegeo biurs, nmtwmme 1 p.j. èl jglegobt

(87 pmrhmet) (Agourm 08). \bgs insmrv`tgie gs glmetgh`d titbm agelgeos ge >661.

Agourm 08; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@ssùdts ny \gjm ia L` y air >66? (e:0>6 )

>8%

>0% 87%

01%

>%6%

>6%

66?

ihhurrml ie ` wmmcl`y (Jiel`y tbriuob \bursl`y)

(Agourm 0661, ivmr b`da (== pmrhmet) ia tbm smxu`d`ssùdts ihhurrml ie tbm wmmcmel (Argl`y tbriuob

Xuel`y.)

Lurgeo >66?, tbm jietb wgtb tbm bgobmst eujnmr ia

smxu`d `ssùdts w`s Kudy (0> pmrhmet) (Agourm 0=). Ge >661,Ihtinmr w`s tbm jietb wgtb tbm bgobmst eujnmr ia smxu`d

`ssùdts. Vists j`y wèt ti hiesglmr ga tbmsm jietbs

higehglm wgtb tbm tgjgeo ia ge-hiuetry mvmets suhb `s

e`tgie`d bidgl`ys ir mdmhtgies.

Agourm 0=; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@s s` ud ts ny Jietb ai r > 66 ? (e:0>6 )

7%

?%

2% 2%

06%

1%

0>%

1%

2%

00%

?%

2%

6%

>%

%

066?, smxu`d `ssùdts wmrm rmpirtml ti b`vm ihhurrml

jist armqumetdy lurgeo tbm zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil (87

pmrhmet)3 tbmrm w`s ` sj`ddmr spgcm ge `ssùdts lurgeo tbm

smvme-ti-0> jietb pmrgil (88 pmrhmet). Ge >661, ` bgobmr

r`tm w`s aiuel ge tbm zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil (< pmrhmet). \bm l`t` w`s`dsi mx`jgeml ny lgvglgeo tbm zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil

geti zmri-ti-tbrmm jietb el aiur-ti-sgx jietb pmrgils,

nut smxu`d `ssùdts wmrm aiuel ti ihhur ge `djist mqu`d

eujnmrs ge nitb ia tbm sj`ddmr tgjm pmrgils.Agourm 066?

(e:007)

=?%

6%

66 ? (e:007 )

87%88%

01%0>%

6% 6%

6%

>6%

jietbs

08 ti 02

jietbs

07 ti >= ti 86

jietbs

80 ti 81

jietbs

Vòm 0> ia


14/67


^md`tgiesbgp ia @ss`gd et ti QghtgjLurgeo >66?, ivmr b`da (=2 pmrhmet) ia tbm `ss`gdèts ge

smxu`d `ssùdts wmrm strèomrs ir sijmiem tbm Qiduetmmr

hiudl eit glmetgay (Agourm 0?). Ge 00 pmrhmet ia tbm smxu`d

`ssùdts, tbm `ss`gdèt w`s ` argmel ir è `hqu`getèhm irw`s h`tmoirgzml `s itbmr. \bgs gs lmhrm`sm arij

>661, lurgeo wbghb >= pmrhmet ia tbm smxu`d `ssùdts wmrm

pmrpmtr`tml ny ` argmel ir `hqu`get ehm. Ge >661, `

hijp`r`ndm == pmrhmet ia tbm `ss`gdèts wmrm strèomrs ti

tbm vghtgj.

Agourm 0?; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu` d

@ssùdt s n y ^ md`tgiesb gp ia @ss` gdèt air

>66? (e:0>6)

8%

00%

=2%

2%

8%

00%

6%

?%

6% >6% 66?, 661, wbme tbm agourm w`s 8> pmrhmet. \bm

eujnmr ia smxu`d `ssùdts tb`t ihhurrml ie ` airj ia

trèspirt`tgie lmhrm`sml 0< pmrhmet ge >66? hijp`rml ti

tbm prmvgius ym`r. \bmsm gehglmets `rm jistdy itbmr/jgeir

smxu`d `ssùdts. \wmety-iem pmrhmet ia smxu`d `ssùdts

ihhurrml ge tbm Qiduetmmrs iwe bijm, wbghb gs `

lmhrm`sm arij >= pmrhmet ge >661.

Agourm 02; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@ssùdt s ny D ih`tgie air >66? (e:0 >6)

>0%

8%

01%

?%

8%

0%

6%


15/67


Agourm >6; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@ssùdts ny Hijjue gty X gzm air >66?

(e:002)

?%

>=%

2%

ûr d Getmrjmlg tm ]rn e ]eceiwe

_m`pie ]sm_m`pie usm wgtb smxu`d `ssùdts gs iedy `ppdgh`ndm ge

h`sms ia r`pms, `ttmjptml r`pms, èl j`kir smxu`d `ssùdts.

_bme ` wm`pie w`s usml ge tbmsm typms ia smxu`d

`ssùdts, tbm jist armqumetdy rmpirtml typm w`s ` cegam ir

itbmr sb`rp inkmht (1? pmrhmet) (Agourm >0).


@ss` ud ts ny _m`p ie ai r > 66 ? (e:7)

00%

00%

6%

6%

00%

1?%

6% >6% 661, l`t` wmrm hiddmhtml ie wbmtbmr

jmlgh`d `ttmetgie w`s nmgeo hiesglmrml air tbm Qiduetmmr

`t tbm tgjm ia rmpirtgeo, prmsuj`ndy `s ` rmsudt ia gekury

sust`geml lurgeo tbm gehglmet. Ge >66?, jmlgh`d `ttmetgie

w`s eit ` hiesglmr`tgie ge ?1 pmrhmet ia tbm rmpirtml

smxu`d `ssùdts (Agourm >>).

Agourm >>; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@ssùd ts ny VH Q Jml gh` d @ ttm et gie air > 66 ?

(e:0>6)

>8%

?1%

0%

Jmlgh`d @ttmetgieEi Jmlgh`d @ttmetgie]eceiwe

JitgvmGe 22 pmrhmet ia tbm smxu`d `ssùdts, tbm jitgvm `spmrhmgvml ny tbm Qiduetmmr vghtgj w`s smxu`d `htgvgty.

@dhibid ]smXmvmety-agvm pmrhmet (Agourm >8) ia Qiduetmmr vghtgjs

rmpirtml tbmy b`l eit usml `dhibid prgir ti tbm smxu`d

`ssùdt. Airty-egem pmrhmet (Agourm >8; Odin`d Vmrhmetò m ia Xmxu` d

@ssùdts n y Q idu etm mr @dhibi d ] sm air >66?

(e:0>6)

0?%

?=%

2%

]sml @dhibid Lgl Eit ]sm @dhibid ]eceiwe

Vòm 0< ia


16/67


Agourm >66?

(e:00?)

>8%

>2%

=). \bgs gs hiesgstmet

wgtb tbm prmvgius ym`rs agelgeos. Agourm >1 sbiws tb`t ia

tbm >< pmrhmet ia vghtgjs wbi wmrm `hhijpègml, =; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@ssùdts ny @hhijpè gjmet Xt` tus ia

Qiduetmmr air >66? (e:0>6)

?=%

>1; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Xmxu`d

@ssùdt s n y @ hhijpègjmet ia Itbmr VH Q

air >66? (e:8


17/67



@ssùdts ny G etm etgie ti Vri smhutm air >66?

(e:0>6)

07%

11%

0=%

Getmetgie ti VrismhutmEi Getmetgie]elmhglml ir ]eceiwe

^`pm/@ttmjptml ^`pm Vriagdm\`ndm 1 lmt`gds tbm jist prmv`dmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ia tbgs

ym`r's >0 r`pm èl `ttmjptml r`pm gehglmets.

\`ndm 1; ^`pm/@ttmjptml ^`pm Vriagdm (e:>0)

OmelmrAmj`dm (6.= gehglmets/066 amj`dm

Q\ ym`rs)

@om*>6s (6.= gehglmets/066 amj`dm Q\

ym`rs)

Mtbeghgty/^`hm Hùh`sgè (?0%)

\gjm ge smrvghm ?-0> Jietbs (


18/67


Vbysgh`d @ssùdts

HGÂ Lmage gtgies

Cgle`ppgeo; ]ed`waud smgzurm, trèspirt`tgie, el/irlmtmetgie ia ` vghtgj ò`gest bmr/bgs wgdd air rèsij ir

rmw`rl. @dsi rmamrrml ti `s `nluhtgie. \bgs h`tmoirygehdulms bistòm-t`cgeo.

@oor`v`tml ssùdt; @e `tt`hc ir tbrm`t ia `tt`hc;

0) wgtb ` wm`pie, air tbm purpism ia geadghtgeo smvmrm ir

òor`v`tml nilgdy gekury, wbmtbmr ir eit è gekury

ihhurrml I^

>) wgtbiut ` wm`pie wbme smrgius gekury rmsudts.

Xmrgius gekury gehdulms nricme niems, dist tmmtb,

getmre`d gekurgms, smvmrm d`hmr`tgie, diss ia

hieshgiusemss, ir èy gekury rmqugrgeo twi ir jirml`ys ia bispgt`dgz`tgie.

\bgs typm ia `ssùdt usu`ddy gs `hhijpègml ny tbm usm ia` wm`pie ir ny jmès dgcmdy ti priluhm lm`tb ir orm`t

nilgdy b`rj. _bme pbysgh`d `ssùdt èl rinnmry ihhur

tiomtbmr, tbm iaamesm a`dds uelmr tbm h`tmoiry ia rinnmry.

@ttmjptml jurlmr gs hd`ssgagml `s è òor`v`tml `ssùdt.

J`kir pbysgh`d `ssùdt; @e `tt`hc wgtbiut ` wm`pie

rmsudtgeo ge;

0) gekury rmqugrgeo dmss tbè twi l`ys ia

bispgt`dgz`tgie, I^>) lgòeistgh x-r`ys ti rudm iut nricme niems (èl ei

ar`hturm gs aiuel), I^

8) surogh`d getmrvmetgie (gehdulgeo suturgeo), I^

661. Ge >66?, tbmrm

wmrm ei rmpirtml cgle`ppgeo gehglmets. Iem gehglmet,

jirm hijjiedy ceiwe `t pist `s è mxprmss

cgle`ppgeo, w`s rmpirtml ny tbm G@V rmogie. \bgs

gevidvml ` Qiduetmmr nmgeo lmt`geml ge ` t`xg `t ouepiget,

lrgvme ti ` em`rny @\J, èl airhml ti wgtblr`w jiemy

nmairm nmgeo rmdm`sml ny bmr h`ptirs. \bm jitgvm ia tbm

`ss`gdèts w`s ti rin tbm Qiduetmmr. @atmr hiesudtgeo wgtb

tbm ANGs ]egairj Hrgjm ^mpirtgeo prior`j ie tbm jist

`ppriprg`tm hd`ssgagh`tgie air suhb mvmets, gt w`s hd`ssgagml

`s ` rinnmry.

GG. @oor`v`tml @ssùdt

\`ndm 2 privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia

òor`v`tml ssùdt.

_gtb tbm gjpdmjmet`tgie ia HGÂ ge >661, tbm

hd`ssgagh`tgie ia oor`v`tml ssùdts w`s orm`tdy àamhtml

ny ` hbèom ge tbm lmagegtgie ia rinnmry. Vrgir ti >661,

òor`v`tml ssùdts gehdulml pbysgh`d ssùdts wgtb tbm

getmetgie ia t`cgeo pmrsie`d nmdieogeos. Nmogeegeo ge

>661, tbm HGÂ lmagegtgie air òor`v`tml `ssùdts ei

dieomr gehdulms gehglmets wbmrm tbm getmet gs ti t`cmpmrsie`d nmdieogeos. @ pbysgh`d `ssùdt wgtb tbm getmet ti

t`cm pmrsie`d nmdieogeos gs eiw hd`ssgagml `s ` rinnmry ge

`hhirlèhm wgtb tbm ANGs ]egairj Hrgjm

^mpirtgeo/E`tgie`d Gehglmet-N`sml ^mpirtgeo Xystmj

lmagegtgies.

Eitm; `tm aduhtu`tgies ivmr ym`rs sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtbhùtgie lum ti tbm sj`dd eujnmr ia hrgjm gehglmets tb`t ihhur ie ym`rdy n`sgs.

\`ndm 2; Xujj`ry@oor`v`tml @ssùdt

0772 Gehglmehm `tm 0.8=

>661 Gehglmehm `tm 6.=8

>66? Gehglmehm `tm 6.0

Wm`rdy `tm Hijp`rgsie (>66? ti >661) 7% Lmhrm`sm

>66? hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. ^`tm 16% Lmhrm`sm

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >661 8?

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >66? 81

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? MJ@ (6.=6)

Bgobmst mogie`d 06-ym`r vmròmGehglmehm `tm (0772 ti >66?) G@V (0.=>)

Vòm 0? ia


19/67


@oor`v`tml @ssùdtOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm 81 òor`v`tml ssùdts rmpirtml wirdlwglm

lurgeo >66?, è gehglmehm r`tm ia 6.7). _bgdm tbm >66? òor`v`tml `ssùdt gehglmehm

r`tm gs tbm diwmst gt b`s nmme ge tbm d`st 06 ym`rs, tbmlr`j`tgh lmhdgem gs jist dgcmdy lum ti tbm sgoegaghèt

hbèom ge tbm lmagegtgie ia òor`v`tml `ssùdt èl rinnmry

lmshrgnml ge tbm prmvgius p`ròr`pb. Air tbgs rm`sie, tbm

trmel dgem nmtwmme tbm >66=, >661, èl >66? l`t` pigets gs

eit prmsmetml air tbgs gehglmet h`tmoiry ge Agourm >7.

Nmtwmme 0772 èl >66=, tbm gehglmehm r`tm ia òor`v`tml

`ssùdt rmj`geml rmd`tgvmdy uehbèoml.

Agourm >7; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia @oor`v`tml

@ssùdt ny Wm `r

0.>>

6.=86.10.870.820.>7

0.=?0.8=

6.66

0.66

>.66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\Wm`rs

Eitms;* L`t` arij >661 èl >66? `rm eit gehdulml ge tbm trmel è`dysgs

lum ti tbm hbèom ge lmagegtgie.** \bm x-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jistiptgjuj vgmw ia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr, l`t` pigets mehijp`ss0772 tbriuob >66?.

@oor`v`tml @ssùdt^mogie`d @e`dysgsAgourm 86 sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm ia òor`v`tml

`ssùdt ny ym`r. Lurgeo >66?, tbm bgobmst rmogie`d

gehglmehm ia òor`v`tml `ssùdt w`s ge tbm MJ@ rmogie

(6.=6 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs). \bm bgobmst 06-ym`r

(0772->66?) `vmròm gehglmehm r`tm ihhurrml ge tbm G@V

rmogie (0.=> gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs). Nmtwmme 0772

èl >66=, tbm G@V rmogie b`s b`l ` hijp`r`tgvmdy bgobmr

gehglmehm ia òor`v`tml `ssùdts tbè @argh` ir MJ@rmogies. Nmogeegeo ge >661, wbme tbm lmagegtgie air

òor`v`tml `ssùdt hbèoml, tbm gehglmehm r`tms air `dd

tbrmm rmogies lrippml ti sgjgd`r dmvmds.

Agourm 86; ^mogie`d Gehglmehm ia

@o or`v`tml @ssùdt ny W m` r

6.66

6.=6

0.66

0.=6

>.66>.=6

8.66

0772

0777

>666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661*>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\

Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V

Eitm;* `tms nmtwmme >66= el >661 sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtbhùtgie lum ti tbm lmagegtgie hbèom ge >661

GGG. J`kir Vbysgh`d @ssùdt@vo. 6.1% pmr ym`r lmhrm`sm tbriuob >66=?% lmhrm`sm >661 - >66?

\`ndm 7 privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia j`kir

pbysgh`d `ssùdt.


J`kir Vbysgh`d @ssùdtOdin`d @e`dysgsLurgeo >66?, tbmrm wmrm 0= j`kir pbysgh`d `ssùdts

wirdlwglm, è gehglmehm ia 6.>6 pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs (Agourm80)._bgdm tbm >66? j`kir pbysgh`d `ssùdt gehglmehm r`tm

gs tbm smhiel diwmst gt b`s nmme ge tbm d`st 06 ym`rs, tbm

lmhrm`sm sbiudl nm vgmwml wgtb hùtgie, `s gt j`y

prgj`rgdy nm è maamht hùsml ny tbm hbèom ge tbm

lmagegtgie ia rinnmry. Vrmvgiusdy, rinnmry w`s lmageml `s

è gehglmet vigl ia vgidmehm ir tbrm`t ia vgidmehm wbmrm

pripmrty ir h`sb gs t`cme lgrmhtdy arij ` Qiduetmmr. Ga tbm

rinnmry w`s `hhijpègml ny è `tt`hc, mgtbmr wgtb ir

wgtbiut ` wm`pie, rmsudtgeo ge gekury, tbm rinnmry wiudl

b`vm nmme rmpirtml `s ` pbysgh`d `ssùdt. Xijm gehglmets

\`ndm 7; Xujj`ryJ`kir Vbysgh`d @ssùdt

0772 Gehglmehm `tm 6.>>

>661 Gehglmehm `tm 6.08

>66? Gehglmehm `tm 6.>6

06-ym`r vmròm Gehglmehm `tm 6.>?

Wm`rdy `tm Hijp`rgsie (>66? ti >661) =1% Gehrm`sm

>66? Hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. `tm >1% Lmhrm`sm


Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >66? 0=

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? MJ@ (6.>8)


MJ@ (6.


20/67


tb`t wiudl b`vm nmme hd`ssgagml `s j`kir pbysgh`d `ssùdts

prgir ti >661 `rm eiw hd`ssgagml s rinnmrgms. \bm lmhdgem

ge j`kir pbysgh`d `ssùdts rmadmhts tbm lmagegtgie hbèom.

Air tbgs rm`sie, tbm trmel dgem nmtwmme tbm >66=, >661,

èl >66? l`t` gs eit prmsmetml ge Agourm 80. @e`dysgs iar`tms nmtwmme 0772 èl >66= gelgh`tm ` sdgobt `vmròm

gehrm`sm ia > pmrhmet gehrm`sm pmr ym`r.

Agourm 80; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia J`kir Vbysgh`d

@ssùdt ny Wm`r

6.8=

6.086.>66.>>

6.866.8>6.806.82

6.80

6.>>

6.66

6.>6

6.666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\Wm`rs

@vo. 6.7% pmr ym` r g ehrm`sm tbriuo b >66=

=661 - >66?

Eitms;* L`t` arij >661 èl >66? `rm eit gehdulml ge tbm trmel è`dysgslum ti tbm hbèom ge lmagegtgie.** \bm R-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jistiptgjuj vgmw ia tbm trmel dgem, biwmvmr l`t` pigets mehijp`ss0772 tbriuob >66?.

J`kir Vbysgh`d @ssùdt^mogie`d @e`dysgs

Agourm 8> privglms tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm ia j`kirpbysgh`d `ssùdt ny ym`r. Lurgeo >66?, tbm bgobmst

rmogie`d gehglmehm ia j`kir pbysgh`d `ssùdts w`s ge tbm

MJ@ rmogie (6.>8 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs). \bm


r`tm `dsi ihhurrml ge tbm MJ@ rmogie (6.; ^mogie` d Gehglme hm ia J`kir

Vbysgh`d @ssùdt ny Wm`r

6.66

6.>6

6.666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661*

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\

Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V


GQ. Itbmr Vbysgh`d @ssùdt

\`ndm 06 privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia itbmr

pbysgh`d `ssùdt.


Itbmr Vbysgh`d @ssùdtOdin`d @e`dysgsLurgeo >66?, tbmrm wmrm >= rmpirtml itbmr pbysgh`d

`ssùdts wirdlwglm, è gehglmehm r`tm ia 6.8< gehglmets pmr

066 Q\ ym`rs, ir 8.< gehglmets pmr 0,666 Q\ ym`rs (Agourm

88). \bm gehglmehm ia itbmr pbysgh`d ssùdts lmhrm`sml

661 èl >66?. @s mxpd`geml ge tbm

prgir `ssùdt smhtgies, ` pmrhmet om ia hrgjms tb`t wiudl

b`vm nmme hd`ssgagml `s itbmr/jgeir pbysgh`d `ssùdts prgir

ti >661 `rm eiw hd`ssgagml `s rinnmrgms, lmpmelgeo ie tbm

hb`r`htmrgstghs ia tbm gehglmet. \bgs hbèom ge lmagegtgie gs

tbiuobt ti hietrgnutm ti tbm lmhdgem ia gehglmets air itbmr

\`ndm 06; Xujj`ryItbmr Vbysgh`d @ssùdt

0772 Gehglmehm `tm 0.661 Gehglmehm `tm 6.=2

>66? Gehglmehm `tm 6.866? ti >661) 66? Hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. `tm ?6% Lmhrm`sm

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >661 66? >=

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? MJ@ (6.66?)

MJ@ (0.20)

Vòm 07 ia


21/67


pbysgh`d `ssùdts ge >661. Air tbgs rm`sie, tbm trmel dgem

nmtwmme tbm >66=, >661, èl >66? l`t` pigets gs eit

prmsmetml air tbgs hrgjm h`tmoiry. \rmel è`dysgs ia

gehglmehm r`tms nmtwmme 0772 èl >66= sbiws è `vmròm

8 pmrhmet lmhrm`sm pmr ym`r ge itbmr pbysgh`d `ssùdts.

Agourm 88; Odin`d Gehglme hm ia Itbmr Vbysgh`d

@ssù dt ny Wm`r

0.0=

6.=26.87

0.00 0.07

6.66

0.66

>.66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\

Wm`rs

@vo. 8% pmr ym`r lmhrm` sm tbri uob >66=

661 - >66?

Eitm;* L`t` arij >661 èl >66? `rm eit gehdulml ge tbm trmel è`dysgslum ti tbm hbèom ge lmagegtgie.** \bm x-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jistiptgjuj vgmw ia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr, l`t` pigets mehijp`ss0772 tbriuob >66?.

Itbmr Vbysgh`d @ssùdt^mogie`d @e`dysgsAgourm 8< sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm ia itbmr pbysgh`d

`ssùdts ny ym`r. Lurgeo >66?, tbm bgobmst rmogie`d

gehglmehm ia itbmr pbysgh`d `ssùdts w`s ge tbm MJ@

rmogie (6.66=, èl mxhdulms >661 èl >66? nmhùsm ia tbm hbèom

ge hrgjm lmagegtgies.

Agourm 8.66

>.=6

8.66

0772

0777

>666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661*>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\

Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V


Vriagdm ia Vbysgh`d @ssùdts ge >66?



uelmrstèlgeo ia tbm rgsc a`htirs `ssihg`tml wgtb pbysgh`d

`ssùdts. @ smp`r`tm priagdm air òor`v`tml `ssùdt gs

privglml `t tbm mel ia tbgs smhtgie. L`t` ge tbm or`pbs `rm

n`sml ie tbm eujnmr ia rmspiesms `v`gd`ndm air tb`t

è`dysgs èl `rm lmeitml `se:##. Lmpmelgeo ie tbm


`dw`ys mqu`d tbm tit`d eujnmr ia rmpirtml pbysgh`d `ssùdt

gehglmets. Air ` sujj`ry ia tbm ivmr`dd lmjior`pbgh

hb`r`htmrgstghs ia Qiduetmmrs èl tr`gemms smrvgeo ge >66?,

rmamr ti @ppmelgx H.

\`ndm 00 privglms tbm odin`d hijpisgtm ia tbm gehglmets

è`dyzml air tbm pbysgh`d `ssùdt priagdm.

\`ndm 00;Odin`d Hijpisgtm ia @dd Vbysgh`d @ssùdts (>66?)

\ypm Ia Gehglmet

Eujnmr

iaGehglmets Vmrhmetòm ia @ddVbysgh`d @ssùdts

@oor`v`tml @ss udt 81


22/67


OmelmrGe >66?, tbm gehglmehm r`tm air pbysgh`d `ssùdts ò`gest

j`dms (0.0 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs) w`s hijp`r`ndm ti

tbm gehglmehm r`tm air pbysgh`d `ssùdts ò`gest amj`dms

(0.6 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs) (Agourm 8=).

Agourm 8=; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Vbysgh`d

@ssù dts ny Omelmr ai r >66? (e:?1)

0.00.6

6.6

6.>

6.

0.66?, 70 pmrhmet ia tbm vghtgjs ia pbysgh`d

`ssùdts wmrm ge tbmgr >6s (jgrrirgeo tbm 22 pmrhmet ia tbm

ivmr`dd Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie ge tbmgr >6s) (Agourm 81).

\bm òm oriups wmrm ò`ge è`dyzml usgeo Q\ ym`rs ti

`hhiuet air tbm d`rom pmrhmetòm ia Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr

>6s. \bm usm ia Q\ ym`rs `ddiws hijp`rgsie `jieo òm

oriups wgtb v`rgml Qiduetmmr pipud`tgies. Nmhùsm ia tbm

dgjgtml eujnmr ia Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr ?6s èl 26s (>66? w`s

sdgobtdy bgobmr `jieo Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr >6s (0.0 pmr 066

Q\ ym`rs) hijp`rml ti tbism ge tbmgr 86s.

Agourm 81; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Vbysgh`d

@ssùdt s n y @ om Ori up air >66? (e:? =)

0.00.6

6.2

6.6 6.66.6

6.6

6.>

6.

06-07 >6->7 86-87 66 ? (e:?=)

6%

6%

0%

0%

20%

8%

?%

8%

6% 66?, pbysgh`d `ssùdts wmrm rmpirtml ti b`vm ihhurrml

jist armqumetdy lurgeo tbm mvmegeo biurs ia 1 p.j. ti

jglegobt (Agourm 82). \bgs gs iedy sdgobtdy bgobmr tbè

lurgeo tbm m`rdy jiregeo biurs (jglegobt ti =;=7 `.j.)

Vòm >0 ia


23/67


Agourm 82; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Vbysgh`d

@s s` udt s ny \gjm ia L` y air > 66 ? (e:?1)

>1% 8>%

7%

86%

6%

>6%

6 6? (e:?1)

=0% 6%

66?, tbm jietbs wgtb tbm bgobmst eujnmr ia

pbysgh`d `ssùdts wmrm Amnru`ry (00 pmrhmet) èl J`y (08

pmrhmet). \bmrm wmrm ei itbmr trmels eitml ge tbm

lgstrgnutgie ia pbysgh`d `ssùdts wgtb rmo`rl ti tbm jietb

ia ihhurrmehm (Agourm %

%

06%

KeAmnJr @p

rJy Ku

e Kud

@uo

Xmp

IhtEivLmh

\gjm ge Xmrvghm

Xgjgd`r ti tbm priagdm air smxu`d `ssùdts, tbm tgjm ge

smrvghm lurgeo wbghb pbysgh`d `ssùdts wmrm rmpirtml ti

b`vm ihhurrml jist armqumetdy ge >66? w`s tbm zmri-ti-sgx

jietb pmrgil (8> pmrhmet) (Agourm 661 agelgeos. \bm l`t` w`s dsi mx`jgeml ny

lgvglgeo tbm zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil geti zmri-ti-tbrmm

jietb èl aiur-ti-sgx jietb pmrgils, nut pbysgh`d

`ssùdts wmrm aiuel ti ihhur ge `djist mqu`d eujnmrs ge

nitb ia tbm sj`ddmr tgjm pmrgils.

Agourm 66 ? (e:?8)

8>%>1%

02% 0=%2%

0%

6%

>6%

jietbs

08 ti 02

jietbs

07 ti >= ti 86

jietbs

80 ti 81

jietbs

^md`tgiesbgp ia @ss gdèt ti QghtgjJist (1? pmrhmet) ia tbm rmpirtml pbysgh`d `ssùdts wmrm

pmrpmtr`tml ny strèomrs (Agourm ). \bm smhiel-bgobmst

eujnmr wmrm pmrpmtr`tml ny ` argmel ir sijmiem tbm

Qiduetmmr cemw (0< pmrhmet) èl `dsi ny itbmrs (08

pmrhmet), suhb s ` stulmet.

Vòm >> ia


24/67


Agourm ; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Vbysgh`d

@ssùdt s n y ^ md`t giesbgp ia @ss` gdèt air

>66? (e:?1)

8%

06% 66?

ihhurrml ge pundgh `rm`s (Agourm


25/67


Agourm 66 ? (e:87%

00%

6% 661, l`t` wmrm hiddmhtml ie wbmtbmr

jmlgh`d `ttmetgie w`s nmgeo hiesglmrml air tbm Qiduetmmr

`t tbm tgjm ia rmpirtgeo, prmsuj`ndy `s ` rmsudt ia gekury

sust`geml lurgeo tbm gehglmet. Ge >66?, jmlgh`d `ttmetgie

w`s eit ` hiesglmr`tgie ge 1? pmrhmet ia tbm rmpirtml

pbysgh`d `ss`udts (Agourm


26/67


Agourm =6; Odin`d Vmrhmet`om ia Vbysgh`d

@s s` ud ts ny @s s` gd` et @dhi bi d ] sm ai r > 66 ?

(e:?=)

81%

>6%


27/67


Agourm = 66 ?

(e:?1)

01%

=0%

88%


@oor`v`tml @ssùdt Vriagdm\`ndm 0> dgsts tbm jist prmv`dmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ia tbgs

ym`rs 81 oor`v`tml `ssùdt gehglmets.

\`ndm 0>; @oor`v`tml @ssùdt Vriagdm (e:81)

OmelmrJ`dm (6.1 gehglmets/066 j`dm Q\

ym`rs)

@om >6s* (6.= gehglmets/066 Q\ ym`rs)

Mtbeghgty/^`hm Hùh`sgè (21%)

\gjm ge smrvghm 6-1 Jietbs (8


28/67


Qmrn`d \brm`ts

HGÂ Lmage gtgies

Lm`tb tbrm`t; @ tbrm`t ti cgdd j`lm wgtbiut pbysgh`d

hiet`ht, gekury ti tbm vghtgj, ir smxu`d `ssùdt. Xuhbtbrm`ts j`y nm j`lm ge pmrsie, ivmr tbm tmdmpbiem ir ge

wrgtgeo.

Getgjgl`tgie; Ihhurs wbme tbm vghtgj gs pd`hml germ`sie`ndm am`r ia nilgdy b`rj tbriuob tbm usm ia

tbrm`tmegeo wirls èl/ir itbmr hieluht nut wgtbiut

lgspd`ygeo ` wm`pie ir sunkmhtgeo tbm vghtgj ti `htu`d

pbysgh`d `tt`hc. Getgjgl`tgie gehdulms st`dcgeo `slmtmrjgeml ny tbm pmrhmptgie ia tbm vghtgj. Airjmrdy

rmamrrml ti `s itbmr tbrm`t.

Ge >661, tbm `llgtgie ia tbm getgjgl`tgie h`tmoiry me`ndml

tbm òmehy ti nmoge hiddmhtgeo geairj`tgie ie gehglmets ge

wbghb tbm Qiduetmmr pmrhmgvms tbm tbrm`t ia vgidmehm ir

smrgius b`rj ti bmr/bgjsmda. Nmhùsm ia tbm bgmr`rhby

usml ge hd`ssgaygeo mvmets, ` vmrn`d tbrm`t mvmet j`y

gehdulm ` dmssmr `ssùdt gehglmet. \bmsm typms ia `ssùdts

wiudl eit b`vm rmsudtml ge smrgius pbysgh`d gekury ir

rmqugrml sunstètg`d airhm arij tbm Qiduetmmr ti msh`pm.

Nitb getgjgl`tgie èl lm`tb tbrm`ts `rm sgjgd`r typms ia

gehglmets ge tbmsm rmspmhts èl wmrm è`dyzml uelmr ` emw

òormo`tm h`tmoiry d`nmdml vmrn`d tbrm`ts.

G. Lm`tb \brm`t

@ sujj`ry t`ndm air lm`tb tbrm`t gehglmets gs eit privglml

lum ti tbm sj`dd eujnmr ia suhb gehglmets rmpirtml

èeu`ddy.

Lm`tb \brm`tsOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm egem lm`tb tbrm`ts rmpirtml wirdlwglm ge

>66?, è gehglmehm ia 6.0> gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs.

\bmrm wmrm 0= lm`tb tbrm`ts rmpirtml ge >661 (6.>>gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs, ir >.> gehglmets pmr 0666 Q\

ym`rs). \bgs rmprmsmets ` 661 ti

>66?. \bm 06-ym`r (0772>66?) `vmròm gehglmehm r`tm

air lm`tb tbrm`ts gs 6.62 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs. Xgehm

0772, tbmrm b`vm nmme =8 lm`tb tbrm`ts wirdlwglm.

@dtbiuob tbm gehglmehm r`tm gs diw, tbgs rmprmsmets ` =7

pmrhmjt gehrm`sm ge tbm >66? gehglmehm r`tm hijp`rml ti

tbm `vmròm r`tm ia tbm prmvgius 06 ym`rs. Ge tbm h`sm ia

lm`tb tbrm`ts, `s wgtb tbm h`sm ia `ttmjptml r`pm, tbm

pmrhmet ia hbèom ivmr tgjm gs lr`j`tgh lum ti tbm sj`dd

eujnmr ia rmpirtml lm`tb tbrm`ts ie ` ym`rdy n`sgs.

Agourm ==; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Lm`tb \brm`t nyWm`r

6.62

6.>>

6.0>

6.686.61

6.606.6?

6.686.62 6.6=

@vo. >=% pmr ym`r gehrm`sm

6.66

6.>6

6.666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\

Wm`rs

Lm`tb \brm`ts^mogie`d @e`dysgs^mogie`d è`dysgs sbiws tbm eujnmr ia lm`tb tbrm`ts tb`t

ihhurrml ge m`hb rmogie b`s aduhtu`tml nmtwmme zmri èl

egem lm`tb tbrm`ts pmr ym`r sgehm 077?. Ge >66?, tbm

eujnmr ia lm`tb tbrm`ts w`s bgobmst ge tbm G@V rmogie,

wbghb b`l sgx lm`tb tbrm`ts (6.>< gehglmets pmr 066 Q\

ym`rs, ir >.< gehglmets pmr 0666 Q\ ym`rs).

Agourm =1; ^mogie`d Gehglmehm ia Lm`tb

\brm`t ny Wm`r

6.66

6.06

6.>6

6.86

6.666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V

GG. Getgjgl`tgie

L`t` air tbgs hrgjm h`tmoiry lims eit mxgst prgir ti >661.

Getgjgl`tgieOdin d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm


29/67


Getgjgl`tgie^mogie`d @e`dysgsLurgeo >66?, tbm bgobmst rmogie`d gehglmehm ia

getgjgl`tgie w`s ge tbm @argh` rmogie (.11 gehglmets pmr

066 Q\ ym`rs, ir 1.1 gehglmets pmr 0,666 Q\ ym`rs).

Vriagdm ia Qmrn`d \brm`ts ge >66?

Xujj`ry\bm aiddiwgeo smhtgie mx`jgems vghtgj lmjior`pbghs el


uelmrstèlgeo ia tbm rgsc a`htirs `ssihg`tml wgtb vmrn`d

tbrm`ts. @ smp`r`tm priagdm air getgjgl`tgie gs privglml `t

tbm mel ia tbgs smhtgie. L`t` ge tbm or`pbs rm n`sml ie

tbm eujnmr ia rmspiesms `v`gd`ndm air tb`t è`dysgs èl

`rm lmeitml `se:##. Lmpmelgeo ie tbm hijpdmtmemss iatbm gehglmet rmpirts, tbm ej`y eit `dw`ys mqu`d tbm tit`d

eujnmr ia rmpirtml vmrn`d tbrm`t gehglmets. Air `

sujj`ry ia tbm ivmr`dd lmjior`pbgh hb`r`htmrgstghs ia

Qiduetmmrs èl tr`gemms smrvgeo ge >66?, rmamr ti

@ppmelgx H.

\`ndm 08 privglms tbm odin`d hijpisgtm ia gehglmets

è`dyzml air tbm vmrn`d tbrm`ts priagdm.

OmelmrGe >66?, tbm gehglmehm r`tm air vmrn`d tbrm`ts ò`gest

amj`dms (0.0 gehglmets pmr 066 amj`dm Q\ ym`rs) w`s

hiesglmr`ndy bgobmr tbè tbm gehglmehm r`tm air tbrm`ts

ò`gest j`dms (6.8 gehglmets pmr 066 j`dm Q\ ym`rs).

Agourm =?; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Qmrn`d

\brm`ts ny Omelmr air >66? (e:=1)

6.8

0.0

6.6

6.>

6.

J`dm Amj`dm

Mvmetspmr066Q

\Wm`rs

@om@s wgtb tbm òm-spmhgagh è`dysgs uelmr tbm smxu`d `ssùdt

priagdm èl tbm pbysgh`d `ssùdt priagdm, vmrn`d tbrm`ts

wmrm è`dyzml usgeo Q\ ym`rs ti `hhiuet air tbm

ivmrwbmdjgeo eujnmr ia Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr >6s.

Agelgeos gelgh`tm tbm gehglmehm ia vmrn`d tbrm`ts ge >66?

w`s bgobmst `jieo Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr .< pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs). Hùtgie sbiudl nm usml ge

getmrprmtgeo tbmsm rmsudts, `s tbm `htu`d eujnmr ia

gehglmets wgtbge m`hb òm oriup gs sj`dd (g.m., tbrmm vmrn`d

tbrm`ts ò`gest Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr 661 wgtb tbm gjpdmjmet`tgie ia tbm HGÂ,

l`t` wmrm hiddmhtml ie tbm mtbeghgty ia vghtgjs ge hrgjm

gehglmets. Ge >66?, 2> pmrhmet ia vghtgjs ia vmrn`d tbrm`ts

wmrm ia Hùh`sgè/wbgtm mtbeghgty. @ bgob pmrhmetòm ia

tbrm`ts o`gest Hùh`sgè/wbgtm Qiduetmmrs gs eit

surprgsgeo ogvme tbmy hijprgsm ?1 pmrhmet ia tbm ivmr`dd

Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie. \i `hhiuet air tbm d`rom eujnmr ia

Qiduetmmrs wbi `rm Hùh`sgè/wbgtm èl ti lmtmrjgem `

\`ndm 08;Odin`d Hijpisg tm ia @d d Qmrn`d \brm`ts (>66?)

\ypm Ia Gehglmet Eujnmr iaGehglmets Vmrhmetòm ia @ddQmrn`d \brm`ts

Lm`tb \brm`t 7 01%

Getgjgl`tgie


30/67


trum rmprmsmet`tgie ia tbm nrm`cliwe ia vmrn`d tbrm`ts

ò`gest m`hb mtbegh oriup, gt gs glm`d ti usm Q\ ym`rs ti

lmtmrjgem r`tms. @s eitml ge prmvgius smhtgies, òmehy

l`t` ie Q\ ym`rs ny r`hm/mtbeghgty gs eit `v`gd`ndm èl,

tbmrmairm, è`dysgs privglgeo gehglmehm r`tms gs eitpissgndm `t tbgs tgjm.

Biur, L`y, èl Jietb\bm tgjm ia l`y lurgeo wbghb vmrn`d tbrm`ts wmrm rmpirtml

ti b`vm ihhurrml jist armqumetdy (86 pmrhmet) ge >66?

w`s tbm àtmreiie biurs, nmtwmme eiie èl =;=7 p.j.

\bm pmrgil ia tbm wmmc lurgeo wbghb vmrn`d tbrm`ts wmrm

rmpirtml ti b`vm ihhurrml jist armqumetdy ge >66? w`s

lurgeo wmmcl`ys (Jiel`y tbriuob \bursl`y) (=?

pmrhmet).

Agourm 10; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Qmrn`d

\brm`ts _mmcl`y vs. _mmcmel >66? (e:=1)

=?%

6%

66? (e:=1)

%

6%

6% 66?, tbm jietb wgtb tbm bgobmst eujnmr ia vmrn`d

tbrm`ts w`s Amnru`ry (>6 pmrhmet), aiddiwml ny J`rhb (01

pmrhmet). Ge >661, J`rhb w`s iem ia tbm bgobmst jietbs

air vmrn`d tbrm`ts (0= pmrhmet).

Agourm 1>; Odin`d Vmrhmetò m ia Qmrn`d

\brm`ts ny Jietb air >66? (e:=1)

=%

>6%

01%

>%

%

08%

7% 7%

6%

>%%

06%

Ke

Amn

Jr @p

rJ

y Kue Ku

d@u

oXm

pIht

Eiv

Lmh

VmrhmetpmrJietb

Agourm 16; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Qmrn`d

\brm`ts ny \gjm ia L`y air >66? (e:=1)

86% >7%>0% 01%

6%

7 ia


31/67


\gjm ge XmrvghmXgjgd`r ti tbm priagdm air pbysgh`d `ssùdts, tbm `jiuet ia

tgjm ge smrvghm lurgeo wbghb vmrn`d tbrm`ts wmrm rmpirtml

ti b`vm ihhurrml jist armqumetdy ge >66? w`s lurgeo tbm

zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil (661. \bm l`t` w`s dsi mx`jgeml ny

lgvglgeo tbm zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil geti zmri-ti-tbrmm

jietb èl aiur-ti-sgx jietb pmrgils, nut vmrn`d tbrm`ts

wmrm aiuel ti ihhur ge `djist mqu`d eujnmrs ge nitb ia

tbm sj`ddmr tgjm pmrgils.

^md`tgiesbgp ia @ss`gdèt ti Qghtgj\bm d`romst pmrhmet (=7 pmrhmet) ia rmpirtml vmrn`d tbrm`tswmrm pmrpmtr`tml ny strèomrs. Aiurtmme pmrhmet ia tbm

`ss`gdèts wmrm h`tmoirgzml s itbmr.

Agourm 166?

(e:=1)

=%

7%

=7%

=%

6%

06% 66? (e:=1)


32/67


Xgzm ia tbm HijjuegtyQmrn`d tbrm`ts jist iatme ihhurrml ge rur`d `rm`s

( pmrhmet ia

rmpirtml vmrn`d tbrm`ts w`s gelgh`tml `s ueceiwe. \bgs

gs sgjgd`r ti pbysgh`d `ss`udts wbmrm tbm d`romst pirtgie

(66? (e:=1)

0%

66? (e:=1)

0%

?%

>0%

%

6% >6% 66?

(e:=1)

%

066?

(e:=1)

78%

?%

Jmlgh`d @ttmetgieEi Jmlgh`d @ttmetgie

V`om 80 ia


33/67


Agourm ?0; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Qmrn`d

\brm`ts ny @ss`gdèt @dhibid ]sm air >66?

(e:=1)

>6%

>6%16%


@hhijpègjmetAgaty-agvm pmrhmet ia tbm tgjm, tbm Qiduetmmr w`s `diem `t

tbm tgjm ia tbm gehglmet. Ge hietr`st, Qiduetmmrs wmrm

`hhijpègml ny itbmrs ge ivmr b`da (=8 pmrhmet) ia tbm

pbysgh`d `ssùdts. Ge em`rdy iem-tbgrl ia gehglmets wbmrm

tbm Qiduetmmr w`s eit `diem, sbm/bm w`s `hhijpègml ny

iem ir jirm Qiduetmmrs.

T

Agourm ?8; Odin`d Vmrhmetò m ia Qmrn`d

\brm`ts ny @hhijpègjmet ia Itbmr VHQ ia

Qiduetmmr air >66? (e:>1)

17%

80%

Eit wgtb VHQs _gtb VHQs

Eujnmr ia @ss`gdètsXgjgd`r ti pbysgh`d ssùdts, vmrn`d tbrm`ts typgh`ddy

gevidvml iedy iem `ss`gdèt. Ge 2? pmrhmet ia vmrn`d

tbrm`ts, iedy iem `ss`gdèt w`s gevidvml.

Agourm ?66 ?

(e:=1)

2?%

66? (e:==)

==% ia


34/67


Getmetgie ti VrismhutmGe =6 pmrhmet ia vmrn`d tbrm`ts, tbm Qiduetmmr vghtgj

rmpirtml ei getmetgie ti prismhutm tbm `ss`gd`et.

Getgjgl`tgie Vriagdm\`ndm 0< lmt`gds tbm jist prmv`dmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ia tbgs

ym`r's


35/67


\bm aiddiwgeo smhtgie privglms odin`d èl rmogie`d

è`dysms ia pripmrty hrgjm gehglmets. Ge tbgs rmpirt,

gehglmehm ia pripmrty hrgjms gs mxprmssml pmr 066 Q\

ym`rs. _bme rmvgmwgeo l`t` arij prgir ym`rs, nm`r ge

jgel tb`t wgtb tbm gjpdmjmet`tgie ia HGÂ ge >661, tbm

jmtbil air hiddmhtgeo geairj`tgie ie pripmrty hrgjms

swgthbml arij ` jietbdy t`ddy wgtb em`rdy ei lmt`gds ia

m`hb gehglmet ti ` audd gehglmet rmpirt air m`hb pripmrty

hrgjm. \bm lmagegtgie ia rinnmry `dsi hbèoml arij è

gehglmet vigl ia vgidmehm ir tbrm`t ia vgidmehm ti iem

tb`t j`y gehdulm tbism hb`r`htmrgstghs èl usm ia `

wm`pie. Age`ddy, tbm h`tmoiry ia nurod`ry w`s sunlgvglml

geti `) nurod`ry wgtb ` Qiduetmmr prmsmet èl n) nurod`ry

wgtbiut Qiduetmmr prmsmet.

G. înnmry

\`ndm 0= privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia

rinnmry.

înnmryOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm 0?2 rmpirtml rinnmrgms wirdlwglm ge >66?, è

gehglmehm r`tm ia >.661 lum ti tbm hbèom ge tbm

rinnmry lmagegtgie. \rmel e`dysgs gelgh`tms tb`t nmtwmme

0772 èl >66= tbm rinnmry gehglmehm r`tms b`vm lmhrm`sml

ny è `vmròm ia 0 pmrhmet pmr ym`r ivmr tbm mgobt-ym r

pmrgil. ]sgeo tbm emw lmagegtgie air rinnmry, nmtwmme

>661 èl >66? tbmrm w`s ` > pmrhmet gehrm`sm ge

rinnmrgms.

Agourm ?1; Odin`d Gehglmeh m ia innmry ny

Wm`r

0.?>

>..8=*>.07

0.160.7=

0.1= 0.== 0.1>>.6>

6.66

0.66

>.66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspm

r066Q\Wm`rs

@vo . 0% pmr ym` r lmhrm`sm tb riu ob >66=

>% gehrm`sm >661 - >66?

Eitms;* L`t` arij >661 èl >66? `rm eit gehdulml ge tbm trmel è`dysgslum ti tbm hbèom ge lmagegtgie.** \bm x-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglm tbm jistiptgjuj vgmw ia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr, l`t` pigets iedymehijp`ss 0772 tbriuob >66?.

Vripmrty Hrgjms

HGÂ Lmage gtgies

înnmry; \`cgeo ir `ttmjptgeo ti t`cm èytbgeo ia v`dumuelmr hieariet`tgie`d hgrhujstèhms arij tbm hietrid,

hustily ir h`rm ia èitbmr pmrsie ny airhm ir tbrm`t ia

airhm ir vgidmehm èl/ir ny puttgeo tbm vghtgj ge am`r ia

gjjmlg`tm b`rj. înnmry `dsi gehdulms wbme ` rinnmrlgspd`ys/usms wm`pie.

Nurod`ry; \bm ued`waud ir airhgndm metry ia ` Qiduetmmrs

rmsglmehm. \bgs hrgjm usu`ddy, nut eit `dw`ys, gevidvms

tbmat. \bm gddmo`d metry j`y nm airhgndm, suhb `s nrm`cgeo `wgeliw ir sd`sbgeo ` shrmme, ir j`y nm wgtbiut airhm ny

metmrgeo tbriuob è uedihcml liir ir è ipme wgeliw. @s

dieo `s tbm pmrsie metmrgeo b`s ei dmo`d rgobt ti nm prmsmet

ge tbm rmsglmehm, ` nurod`ry b`s ihhurrml. Nurod`ry `dsigehdulms gddmo`d metry ia ` bitmd riij. _bme pbysgh`d

`ssùdt èl nurod`ry ihhur tiomtbmr, tbm iaamesm a`dds

uelmr tbm h`tmoiry ia rinnmry.

\bmrm `rm twi typms ia nurod`ry uelmr tbm HGÂ;

Nurod`ry wgtb Qiduetmmr prmsmet.

Nurod`ry wgtbiut Qiduetmmr prmsmet.

\bmat; \bm HGÂ lmagems tbmat `s tbm t`cgeo `w`y ia, ir

`ttmjptgeo ti t`cm `w`y, pripmrty ir h`sb wgtbiut

gevidvgeo airhml ir gddmo`d metry. \bmrm gs ei ceiwe lgrmhthiet`ht wgtb tbm vghtgj. \bmat gehdulms pghcpihcmtgeo,

stidme pursms, èl tbmat arij ` rmsglmehm tb`t lims eit

gevidvm gddmo`d metrgms.

Qèl`dgsj; \bm HGÂ lmagems vèl`dgsj s jgshbgmviusir j`dghgius lma`hmjmet, lmstruhtgie, ir l`jòm ia

pripmrty. Ga ued waud ir airhgndm metry ir `ttmjptml metry

ia ` rmsglmehm gs gevidvml, tbm gehglmet gs hd`ssgagml `s

nurod`ry.

\`ndm 0=; Xujj`ryînnmry

0772 Gehglmehm `tm >.07

>661 Gehglmehm `tm >.8=

>66? Gehglmehm `tm >.66? ti >661) >% Gehrm`sm

>66? Hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. `tm >1% Gehrm`sm


Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >66? 0?2

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? @argh` (8.00)


@argh` (>.88)

Vòm 8< ia


36/67


înnmry^mogie`d @e`dysgsAgourm ?? sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm ia rinnmry ny

ym`r. \bm bgobmst rmogie`d gehglmehm ia rinnmry ge >66?

w`s ge tbm @argh` rmogie (8.87 pmr 066 Q\ Wm`rs). \bm

bgobmst 06-ym`r rmogie`d `vmròm gehglmehm ia rinnmry(0772>66?) w`s `dsi ge tbm @argh` rmogie (>.81 gehglmets

pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs).

Agourm ??; ^mogie`d Gehglmehm ia înnmry

ny Wm`r

6.66

0.66

>.66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661*>66?

Mvm

etspmr066Q\Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V

Eitm;* `tms nmtwmme >66= el >661 sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtbhùtgie lum ti tbm lmagegtgie hbèom ge >661.

GG. Nurod`ry

@dtbiuob tbm n`sgh lmagegtgie ia nurod`ry b`s rmj`geml

tbm ued`waud ir airhgndm metry ir `ttmjptml metry ia `Qiduetmmrs rmsglmehm, prgir ti >661, nurod`ry mxgstml `s

iem h`tmoiry wgtbiut tbm lgstgehtgie nmtwmme tbm prmsmehm

èl `nsmehm ia tbm vghtgj. Ge >661, nurod`ry w`s

smp`r`tml geti twi lgaamrmet typms; wgtb ` Qiduetmmr

vghtgj prmsmet èl wgtbiut ` Qiduetmmr vghtgj prmsmet.

Ge >66?, tbmrm wmrm 7> gehglmets (0.8> gehglmets pmr 066

Q\ ym`rs) ia nurod`ry wgtb ` Qiduetmmr prmsmet èl 02=

gehglmets (>.11 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs) ia nurod`ry

wgtbiut Qiduetmmr prmsmet.

Ge `llgtgie, tbm h`tmoiry ia nurod`ry wgtb ` Qiduetmmrprmsmet w`s d`nmdml `s iem ia tbm vgidmet hrgjms èl

rmqugrml eitgagh`tgie ia tbm IGO gevmstgo`tgvm uegt wgtbge

>< biurs ia tbm pist dm`regeo ia tbm gehglmet. Nmhùsm tbm

n`sgh lmagegtgie ia nurod`ry b`s rmj`geml get`ht, tbm twi

typms ia nurod`rgms wmrm hijngeml ti hijputm è

òormo`tm nurod`ry hiuet èl gehglmehm r`tm, `s wmdd `s ti

hieluht trmel è`dysms. \`ndm 01 privglms tbm vidujm,

trmels, èl r`tms ia `dd nurod`rgms.

Nurod`ryOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmrm wmrm >?? rmpirtml nurod`rgms (8.?< gehglmets pmr

066 Q\ ym`rs) wirdlwglm ge >66?. Ge >661 tbm gehglmehm

r`tm w`s 661. \rmel è`dysgs gelgh`tms tb`t nmtwmme

0772 èl >66= tbm nurod`ry gehglmehm r`tms b`l è

`vmròm > pmrhmet gehrm`sm m`hb ym`r ivmr tbm mgobt-ym`r

pmrgil (Agourm ?2). \bm r`tm gehrm`sml sb`rpdy ge >661,

nut ge >66? lmhrm`sml ti em`r prm->661 dmvmds.

Agourm ?2; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Nurod`ry ny

Wm`r

8.00

.=?

8.00>.71

>..?1>.?0

6.66

0.66

>.66

8.66

666

>660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661

>66?

Mvmetspmr066Q\Wm`rs

@vo . >% pmr ym` r g ehr m`sm tb riu ob >66=

02% lmhrm`sm >661 - >66?

Eitms;* L`t` arij >661 èl >66? `rm eit gehdulml ge tbm trmelè`dysgs lum ti tbm hbèom ge lmagegtgie èl rmpirtgeormqugrmjmets.** \bm R-`xgs nmoges wgtb 077? ge irlmr ti privglmtbm jist iptgjuj vgmw ia tbm trmel dgem3 biwmvmr,l`t` pigets mehijp`ss 0772 tbriuob >66?.

\`ndm 01; Xujj`ryNurod`ry

0772 Gehglmehm `tm >.?0

>661 Gehglmehm `tm 66? Gehglmehm `tm 8.?66? ti >661) 02% Lmhrm`sm

>66? Hijp`rml ti 06-ym`r @vo. Geh. `tm >6% Gehrm`sm

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >661 80?

Eujnmr ia Gehglmets ge >66? >??

Bgobmst mogie`d Gehglmehm `tm ge >66? @argh` (=.66?)

G@V (8.2>)

Vòm 8= ia


37/67


Nurod`ry^mogie`d @e`dysgsAgourm ?7 sbiws tbm rmogie`d gehglmehm ia nurod`ry ny

ym`r. \bm bgobmst gehglmehm ia nurod`ry ge >66? w`s ge tbm

@argh` rmogie (=.660

>66>

>668

>6666=

>661*>66?

Mvmets

pmr066Q\Wm`rs

@A^GH@ MJ@ G@V

Eitm;* `tms nmtwmme >66= el >661 sbiudl nm getmrprmtml wgtbhùtgie lum ti tbm lmagegtgie hbèom ge >661.

GGG. \bmat

\`ndm 0? privglms tbm vidujm, trmels, èl r`tms ia tbmat.

\bmatOdin`d @e`dysgs\bmat gs tbm jist armqumetdy rmpirtml pripmrty hrgjm, èl

tbm jist armqumetdy rmpirtml gehglmet typm ivmr`dd. \bmrm

wmrm 18? tbmats wirdlwglm lurgeo >66?, wgtb 2.16

gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs (Agourm 26). \bgs rmprmsmets `

? pmrhmet gehrm`sm ge gehglmehm r`tms ia rmpirtml tbmats

hijp`rml ti >661. \rmel è`dysgs gelgh`tms tb`t nmtwmme

0772 èl >66? tbm tbmat gehglmehm r`tms b`vm gehrm`sml ny

è `vmròm ia < pmrhmet pmr ym`r ivmr tbm 06-ym`r pmrgil.

Agourm 26; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia \bmat ny Wm`r

?.>12.61

2.16

=.181.


38/67


GQ. Qèl`dgsj

Qèl`dgsjOdin`d @e`dysgsQèl`dgsj gs tbm dm`st hijjie pripmrty hrgjm. Ge >66?,

tbmrm wmrm agvm rmpirtml vèl`dgsj gehglmets, è gehglmehm

ia 6.6? gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs. Ge >661, tbmrm wmrm

aiur rmpirtml gehglmets (6.61 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs),

rmprmsmetgeo ` 0? pmrhmet gehrm`sm ge tbm gehglmehm r`tm ia

rmpirtml vèl`dgsj nmtwmme >661 èl >66?. Ge tbm h`sm ia

vèl`dgsj, `s ge tbm h`sms ia `ttmjptml r`pm èl lm`tb

tbrm`ts, hùtgie sbiudl nm usml ge getmrprmtgeo tbm l`t` lum

ti tbm dgjgtml eujnmr ia rmpirtml gehglmets.

Qèl`dgsj^mogie`d @e`dysgs\bm G@V èl MJ@ rmogies m`hb rmpirtml twi vèl`dgsj

gehglmets ge >66?3 @argh` rmpirtml iem. ^mogie`d è`dysgs

sbiws tb`t vèl`dgsj gs ` rmd`tgvmdy r`rm gehglmet èl tbm

gehglmehm ia vèl`dgsj aduhtu`tms wgtbiut p`ttmre arij

ym`r ti ym`r.

Vriagdm ia Vripmrty Hrgjms ge >66?



uelmrstèlgeo ia tbm rgsc a`htirs `ssihg`tml wgtb pripmrty

hrgjms. Xmp`r`tm priagdms air rinnmry èl tbmat `rmprivglml `t tbm mel ia tbgs smhtgie. L`t` ge tbm or pbs `rm

n`sml ie tbm eujnmr ia rmspiesms `v`gd ndm air tb`t

è`dysgs èl `rm lmeitml `se:##. Lmpmelgeo ie tbm


`dw`ys mqu`d tbm tit`d eujnmr ia rmpirtml pripmrty hrgjm

gehglmets. Air ` sujj`ry ia tbm ivmr`dd lmjior`pbgh

hb`r`htmrgstghs ia Qiduetmmrs èl tr`gemms smrvgeo ge >66?,

rmamr ti @ppmelgx H.

\`ndm 02 privglms tbm odin`d hijpisgtm ia hrgjms

è`dyzml.

\bm aiddiwgeo smhtgie mx`jgems tbm Qiduetmmr vghtgj èl

gehglmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ge jirm lmt`gd ti nmttmr geairj tbm

rm`lmr ia pitmetg`d rgsc a`htirs `ssihg`tml wgtb pripmrty

hrgjms ge omemr`d, èl rinnmrgms èl tbmats spmhgagh`ddy.

L`t` ge tbm or`pbs `rm n`sml ie tbm eujnmr ia rmspiesms`v`gd`ndm air tb`t è`dysgs èl `rm lmeitml `se:##.

Lmpmelgeo ie tbm hijpdmtmemss ia tbm gehglmet rmpirts,

tbm ej`y eit `dw`ys mqu`d tbm tit`d eujnmr ia rmpirtml

pripmrty hrgjm gehglmets. Air ` hijprmbmesgvm sujj`ry

ia tbm lmjior`pbgh `spmhts ia Qiduetmmrs èl tr`gemms

smrvgeo ge >66?, pdm`sm rmamr ti @ppmelgx H.

OmelmrGe >66?, tbm gehglmehm r`tm air pripmrty hrgjms ò`gest

amj`dms (0=.2 gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs) w`s 02 pmrhmet

bgobmr tbè tbm gehglmehm r`tm air pripmrty hrgjms ò`gest

j`dms (08.< gehglmets pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs) (Agourm 2>).

Agourm 2>; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny Omelmr air >66? (e:067=)

08..6

08.6

066?, 2? pmrhmet ia tbm vghtgjs ia pripmrty hrgjms

wmrm ge tbmgr >6s. @s wgtb itbmr òm-spmhgagh è`dysms, tbm

agelgeos `rm eit surprgsgeo ogvme tb`t 22 pmrhmet ia tbm

ivmr`dd Qiduetmmr pipud`tgie ge >66? wmrm ge tbmgr >6s.

\bm òm oriups wmrm è`dyzml usgeo Q\ ym`rs ti `hhiuet

air tbm bgobdy scmwml lgstrgnutgie. Nmhùsm ia tbm dgjgtml

eujnmr ia Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr ?6s èl 26s (>.6 Q\ ym`rs).

_bme è`dyzml usgeo tbmsm òm oriupgeos, tbm gehglmehm

ia pripmrty hrgjms ge >66? w`s bgobmst `jieo Qiduetmmrs

ge tbmgr >6s (0=.6 pmr 066 Q\ ym`rs), aiddiwml hdismdy ny

Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr ?? >=%

\bmat 18? =2%

Qèl`dgsj = 40%

\it`d 067? 066%

Vòm 8? ia


39/67


Agourm 28; Odin`d Gehglmehm ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny @om Oriup air >66? (e:0622)

6.6

0=.6

08.? 0.7

6.6

>.6

.6

06->7 86-87 %

>%

6%

8%

%

6% >6% 66? w`s ge

tbm àtmreiie, nmtwmme eiie èl 1 p.j. (80 pmrhmet)

(Agourm 2=). Nmhùsm tbmats j`cm up ivmr b`da ia tbm

pripmrty hrgjms, tbm tgjm ia l y gs hiesgstmet wgtb tbm

hijjie shme`rgi ia ` Qiduetmmr nmgeo pghcpihcmtml

wbgdm w`dcgeo `riuel lurgeo tbm l`y.

Agourm 2=; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny \gjm ia L`y air >66? (e:067? )

80%>66? (e:06==)

=>%6%

66?, tbm jietbs wgtb tbm bgobmst eujnmr ia

pripmrty hrgjms wmrm Xmptmjnmr, Ihtinmr, èl

Eivmjnmr, lurgeo wbghb 86 pmrhmet ia tbm hrgjms

ihhurrml (Agourm 2?). Vists sbiudl lmtmrjgem wbmtbmr

tbmsm jietbs higehglm wgtb tbm tgjgeo ia ge-hiuetry

gehglmets ir pmrgils ia bgob Qiduetmmr tr`vmd èl lgshuss

str`tmogms ti jgtgo`tm tbm ihhurrmehm ia tbmsm hrgjms wgtb

Qiduetmmrs.

Vòm 82 ia


40/67


Agourm 2?; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny Jietb air >66? (e:067?)

?% 2% 2% ?%2%

?% ?%7%

06%06%06%

2%

6%

>%

%

06%

KeAmn

Jr @p

rJy Ku

e Kud

@uo

Xmp

IhtEivLmh

Eitm; N`rs ppm`rgeo uemqu`d air s`jm v`dum pmrhmetòms rm

lum ti riuelgeo.

\gjm ge Xmrvghm\bm tgjm ge smrvghm lurgeo wbghb pripmrty hrgjms wmrm

rmpirtml ti b`vm ihhurrml jist armqumetdy ge >66? w`s tbm

zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil (8> pmrhmet) (Agourm 22). \bgs gs

tbm s`jm p`ttmre smme ge >661 l`t`. \bm l`t` w`s `dsi

mx`jgeml ny lgvglgeo tbm zmri-ti-sgx jietb pmrgil geti

zmri-ti-tbrmm jietb el aiur-ti-sgx jietb pmrgils, nut

pripmrty hrgjms wmrm aiuel ti ihhur ge `djist mqu`d

eujnmrs ge nitb ia tbm sj`ddmr tgjm pmrgils.

Agourm 22; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny \gjm ge Xmrvghm air >66? (e:06?>)

8>%>=%

>8%01%

>% >%

6%

>6%

jietbs

08 ti 02

jietbs

07 ti >= ti 86

jietbs

80 ti 81

jietbs

^md`tgiesbgp ia @ss`gdèt ti QghtgjGe em`rdy `dd ia tbm pripmrty hrgjms, tbm `ss`gdèt gs eit

sijmiem ceiwe ir glmetgag`ndm ny tbm Qiduetmmr. Ge =2

pmrhmet ia tbm rmpirtml pripmrty hrgjms, tbm Qiduetmmr lgl

eit smm wbi hijjgttml tbm hrgjm (tbm iaamelmr w`s

ueceiwe ti tbm Qiduetmmr) (Agourm 27). Ge 88 pmrhmet ia

tbm gehglmets, tbm `ss`gdèt w`s ` strèomr.

Agourm 27; Odin`d Vmrhmetò m ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny ^md`tgiesbgp ia @ss`gdèt air >66?

(e:067?)

=2%

8%

88%

6%

6%

6% pmrhmet) ia pripmrty hrgjms ge

>66? ihhurrml ge tbm Qiduetmmrs bijm (Agourm 76).

@llgtgie`ddy, >2 pmrhmet ihhurrml ge pundgh `rm`s, èl >6

pmrhmet wmrm trèspirt`tgie-rmd tml.


Hrgjms ny Dih`tgie air >66? (e:067?)

0.0%

>2%

8>%

>%

>6%

00%

=%

6.6%

6% >6%


41/67



Hrgjms ny Xgtm air >66? (e:067?)

=0%; Odin`d Vmrhmet`om ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny Hijjuegty Xgzm air >66? (e:067?%

>>%

6% 66?, jmlgh`d `ttmetgie w`s eit nmgeo

hiesglmrml air 7= pmrhmet ia tbm pripmrty hrgjms (Agourm

7


42/67


prgir ti tbm rinnmry. Xmvmety-egem pmrhmet (Agourm 71) ia

tbm Qiduetmmr vghtgjs rmpirtml tbmy lgl eit ceiw wbmtbmr

tbm `ss`gdèt b`l ir b`l eit usml `dhibid prgir ti tbm

rinnmry.

Agourm 7=; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia înnm rgms

ny Qiduetmmr @dhibid ]sm air >66? (e:0??)

01%

1?%

0?%


Agourm 71; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia înnm rgms

ny @ss`gdèt @dhibid ]sm air >66? (e:0?=)

=%

01%

?7%


@hhijpègjmetGe =< pmrhmet ia tbm rmpirtml pripmrty hrgjms, tbm

Qiduetmmr w`s `diem wbme tbm gehglmet ihhurrml (Agourm

7?). Ia tbm Qiduetmmr vghtgjs wbi rmpirtml tbmy wmrm`hhijpègml, =? pmrhmet wmrm `hhijpègml ny iem ir

jirm Qiduetmmrs (Agourm 72). \bgs è`dysgs lgl eitgehdulm nurod`rgms ge wbghb tbm Qiduetmmrs wmrm eit

prmsmet nmhùsm tbm Qiduetmmr usu ddy lgl eit ceiw wbme

tbm gehglmet ihhurrml ge irlmr ti lmtmrjgem bmr/bgs

`hhijpègjmet st`tus t tbm tgjm.

Agourm 7?; Odin`d Vmrhmetòm ia Vripmrty

Hrgjms ny @hhijpègjmet Xt`tus ia

Qiduetmmr air >66? (e:76?)

=66?

(e:067?)

>8%

0>%

?%

=2%

Iem \wi \brmm ir jirm ]eceiwe

Vòm


43/67


Getmetgie ti VrismhutmGe =1 pmrhmet ia rmpirtml pripmrty hrgjms, tbm Qiduetmmr

vghtgj st`tml sbm/bm lgl eit getmel ti prismhutm tbm

iaamelmr (Agourm 066). \bgrtmme pmrhmet ia Qiduetmmrsvghtgjgzml ny ` pripmrty hrgjm rmpirtml tbmy getmelml ti

prismhutm.


Hrgjms ny Getmetgie ti Vrismhutm air >66?

(e:067=)

08%

=1%

80%


înnmry Vriagdm

\`ndm 07 lmt`gds tbm jist prmv`dmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ia tbgs

ym`rs 0?2 rmpirtml rinnmry h`sms.

\`ndm 07; înnmry Vriagdm (e:0?2)

OmelmrJ`dm (>.7 gehglmets/066 j`dm Q\

ym`rs)

@om =6s (8.= gehglmets/066 Q\ ym`rs)*

Mtbeghgty/^ hm Hùh`sgè (21%)

\gjm ge smrvghm 6 ti 1 jietbs (>7%)

^md`tgiesbgp ia @ss`gdèt Xtrèomr (71%)

Dih`tgie ia Gehglmet Vundgh @rm` (??%)

_m`pie ]sm Wms (1>%)

Ihhur t Qid. Xgtm Ei (11%)

VHQ @hhijpègml Ei (=0%)

\gjm ia Ihhurrmehm Mvmegeo (1 p.j. ti 00;=7 p.j.) (87%)

Eujnmr ia @ss`gdèts \wi (82%)

L`y ia _mmc _mmcmel (Arg. Xue) (=66?, ` bgobmr gehglmehm r`tm ia rinnmrgms mxgsts airQiduetmmrs ge tbmgr =6s hijp`rml ti Qiduetmmrs ge itbmr

òm oriups. Ogvme tb`t iedy smvme rinnmrgms ihhurrml

ò`gest Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr =6s lurgeo >66?, hùtgiesbiudl nm usml wbme getmrprmtgeo tbmsm rmsudts. Mvmegeo

gs tbm jist armqumetdy rmpirtml tgjm ia l`y (87 pmrhmet)

air rinnmrgms ti ihhur, èl tbm hrgjm iatme t`cms pd`hm ge `

pundgh `rm` (?? pmrhmet), p`rtghud`rdy ie ` strmmt iutsglm `

pd`hm arij wbghb tbm Qiduetmmr gs lmp`rtgeo ir rrgvgeo

(m.o., rmsglmehm, bitmd, iaaghm, n`r/hdun, mth.). @ppmelgx Ldgsts tbm priagdm air rinnmry vghtgjs èl tbm hb`r`htmrgstghs

ia rinnmry gehglmets ge lmt`gd.

Vòm ia


44/67


\bmat Vriagdm

\`ndm >6 lmt`gds tbm jist prmv`dmet hb`r`htmrgstghs ia tbgs

ym`rs 18? rmpirtml tbmat h`sms.

\`ndm >6; \bmat Vriagdm (e:18?)

OmelmrAmj`dm (7.< gehglmets /066 amj`dm Q\

ym`rs)

@om>6s (2.1 gehglmets/066 Q\ ym`rs)

16+ (2.1 gehglmets/066 Q\ ym`rs)

Mtbeghgty/^ hm Hùh`sgè (2%)

Ihhur t Qid. Xgtm Ei (10%)

VHQ @hhijpègml Ei (=8%)

\gjm ia Ihhurrmehm @atmreiie (Eiie ti =;=7 p.j.) (8=%)

Eujnmr ia @ss`gdèts ]eceiwe (?>%)

L`y ia _mmc _mmcl`y (=6%)

Getmetgie ti Vrismhutm Ei (11%)

\bmats `rm tbm jist armqumet typm ia pripmrty hrgjm (=2

pmrhmet). \bm gehglmehm r`tm gs bgobmst `jieo

Hùh`sgè/wbgtm, amj`dm Qiduetmmrs, rmadmhtgeo tbm ivmr`dd

Qiduetmmr lmjior pbghs. Biwmvmr, tbm gehglmehm r`tm

ò`gest Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr 16s gs kust `s bgob `s tbm r`tm

ò`gest Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr >6s, mvme tbiuob tbm Q\ ym`rs

air Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr 16s gs juhb diwmr (02? Q\ ym`rs).Ge tbm prmvgius ym`r, Qiduetmmrs ge tbmgr 16s ò`ge b`l `

bgob gehglmehm r`tm hijp`rml ti tbm itbmr òm oriups.

\bm d`romst pmrhmetòm ia tbmats (8> pmrhmet) ihhur wbgdm `

Qiduetm

peace corps the safety of the volunteer 2007

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