Peace Psychology Book Series

Series EditorDaniel J. Christie

More information about this series athttp://www.springer.com/series/7298

Herbert Blumberg, Goldsmiths College, United KingdomDaniel Bar-Tal, Tel Aviv University, IsraelKlaus Boehnke, International University Bremen, GermanyEd Cairns, University of Ulster, Northern IrelandPeter Coleman, Columbia University, USACheryl de la Rey, University of Cape Town, South AfricaAnthony Marsella, University of Hawaii, USAFathali Moghaddam, Georgetown University, USAMaritza Montero, Central University of Venezuela, VenezuelaCristina Montiel, Ateneo de Manila University, PhilippinesNoraini Noor, International Islamic University, MalaysiaNora Alarifi Pharaon, Tamkeen: Center for Arab American Empowerment, USAAntonella Sapio, University of Florence, ItalyIllana Shapiro, University of Massachusetts, USAAnn Sanson, University of Melbourne, AustraliaRichard Wagner, Bates College, USAMichael Wessells, Columbia University and Randolph-Macon College, USA

Brandon Hamber • Elizabeth GallagherEditors

Psychosocial Perspectiveson Peacebuilding

2123

EditorsBrandon Hamber Elizabeth GallagherINCORE, University of Ulster Institute of Nursing and Health Research,Derry/Londonderry University of UlsterNorthern Ireland Derry/Londonderry

Northern Ireland

ISSN 2197-5779 ISSN 2197-5787 (electronic)ISBN 978-3-319-09936-1 ISBN 978-3-319-09937-8 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09937-8Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

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Acknowledgements

This book began a number of years ago as an idea in 2007 and then developed intoa range of projects and sub-projects, and as a result is the product of many peo-ple’s hard work. We would particularly like to express gratitude to the InternationalDevelopment Research Centre (IDRC) for their financial support and willingnessto fund a large-scale initiative with many global partners. We are indebted to theirvision and backing. We would like to particularly thank Navasharan Singh from theIDRC for her contributions to the project, perseverance and guidance for supportingthe project initially called Trauma, Development and Peacebuilding: Towards anintegrated psychosocial approach.

We also need to acknowledge all the people who took part in Phase One of theproject in Delhi, it was their ideas, along with the chapter authors, that led to thefinal study that is documented in this book-so thank you to Adolf Awuku Bekoe,Carlos Martín Beristain, Angela María Estrada Mesa, Rita Giacaman, Joop de Jong,Carlinda Monteiro, Augustine Nwoye, Pau Pérez-Sales, and Arvinder Singh. Wealso acknowledge the participation of Grainne Kelly, Gillian Robinson and KennethBush in the Belfast workshop that led to this book, and the support of the INCOREadministration team Janet Farren, Shonagh Higgenbotham and Ann Marie Dorritywho helped throughout. We would also like to thank the INCORE Research Asso-ciates who contributed to the overall project at different points, specifically MaryAlice Clancy and Claire Magill, whose work and ideas contributed immensely tothe project behind this book. We also thank Cathy Brolly and Florian Prommeggerwho also provided some research assistance in the final stages, as well as HelenMcLaughlin for her editorial help.

The authors who have written in this volume need a massive thank you. Many ofthem also took part in the formative Delhi meeting that seeded the idea for this book.We cannot thank all of you enough for your contributions to this volume and partakingin the wide-ranging study behind it that you all participated in with enthusiasm,intellectual fortitude, critical insight, patience to say the least, and good humour.So we are indebted to Inger Agger, Saliha Bava, Glynis Clacherty, Alison Crosby,Sumona DasGupta, Mauricio Gaborit, Victor Igreja, M. Brinton Lykes, R. SrinivasaMurthy, Duduzile Ndlovu, Lorena Núñez, Ingrid Palmary, Gameela Samarasinghe,Jack Saul, Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Shobna Sonpar, Stevan Weine, and MichaelWessells. In the end we jointly created something great, so thanks one and all.

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vi Acknowledgements

Usche Merk from Medico International also needs to be acknowledged for hercontributions and also to supporting the dissemination of some of the work fromthe project. We would also like to thank the editors of the Intervention Journal,Marian Tankink and Peter Ventevogel, who published abridged versions of some ofthe chapters, and we acknowledge the use of some of the pictures in Chap. 5.

In addition to this, the Mellon Foundation requires specific mention as their sup-port for Brandon Hamber as a Mellon Distinguished Visiting Scholar allowed himto collaborate with the South African team who worked on Chap. 6.

Dan Christie also needs a mention for his editorial assistance, wisdom and willing-ness to support our proposal to turn the case studies into a book, as well as WelmoedSpahr and Hana Nagdimov for their support at Springer.

We then leave the most important people (sorry everyone) for last but not least.This book, and the project behind it, has been a massive undertaking over a numberof years, all those we have thanked so far made it possible but arguably our familiespaid the price in terms of lost family time and dealing with the stress of the projectand final publication.

Brandon Hamber would like to thank Helen McLaughlin and James for theiraffection, love, understanding, encouragement and support (and he could go onand on).

Elizabeth Gallagher would particularly like to express gratitude to her husbandDanny Harkin and to her children Collette and Kian for their love, support andencouragement during the production of this book.

1 July 2014 Brandon Hamber & Elizabeth Gallagher

Contents

1 Exploring how Context Matters in Addressing the Impactof Armed Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Brandon Hamber, Elizabeth Gallagher, Stevan M. Weine, Inger Agger,Saliha Bava, Mauricio Gaborit, R. Srinivasa Murthy and Jack Saul

2 Transforming Conflict, Changing Society: PsychosocialProgramming in Indian Jammu and Kashmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Shobna Sonpar

3 Addressing the Psychosocial Needs of Young Men: The Caseof Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Elizabeth Gallagher and Brandon Hamber

4 Rethinking Psychosocial Programming in Post-war Sri Lanka . . . . . . . 117Gameela Samarasinghe

5 Creative Methodologies as a Resource for Mayan Women’sProtagonism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147M. Brinton Lykes and Alison Crosby

6 Remembering, Healing, and Telling: Community-InitiatedApproaches to Trauma Care in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Ingrid Palmary, Glynis Clacherty, Lorena Núñez and Duduzile Ndlovu

7 Legacies of War, Healing, Justice and Social Transformationin Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Victor Igreja

8 Death and Dying in My Jerusalem: The Power of Liminality . . . . . . . . 255Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian

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viii Contents

9 Towards Contextual Psychosocial Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Brandon Hamber, Elizabeth Gallagher, Stevan M. Weine,Sumona DasGupta, Ingrid Palmary and Mike Wessells

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Contributors

Inger Agger Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark

Saliha Bava Mercy College, New York, USA

Glynis Clacherty African Centre for Migration and Society, University of theWitwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Alison Crosby York University, Toronto, Canada

Sumona DasGupta New Delhi, India

Mauricio Gaborit Department of Psychology, Universidad Centroamericana JoséSimeón Cañas (UCA), San Salvador, El Salvador

Elizabeth Gallagher Institute of Nursing and Health Research, University of Ulster,Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland

Brandon Hamber International Conflict Research Institute (INCORE) Universityof Ulster, Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland

Victor Igreja School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,Australia

M. Brinton Lykes Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

R. Srinivasa Murthy National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,Bangalore, India

Lorena Núñez Department of Sociology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannes-burg, South Africa

Duduzile Ndlovu African Centre for Migration and Society, University of theWitwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Ingrid Palmary African Centre for Migration and Society, University of theWitwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Gameela Samarasinghe University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

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x Contributors

Jack Saul InternationalTrauma Studies Program, Mailman School of Public Health,Columbia University, New York, USA

Shobna Sonpar Institute of Social Studies Trust, New Delhi, India

Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian School of Social Work and Public Welfare, HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Stevan M. Weine College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA

Mike Wessells Program on Forced Migration and Health, Columbia University,New York, USA

About the Editors

Brandon Hamber Ph.D. is Director of the International Conflict Research Institute(INCORE), an associate site of the United Nations University based at the Universityof Ulster and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies. He is also an Associate of theTransitional Justice Institute at the university. He was a Mellon DistinguishedVisitingScholar in the School of Human and Community Development and the African Cen-tre for Migration and Society at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg(2010–2013). He trained as a Clinical Psychologist in South Africa and holds a Ph.D.from the University of Ulster. Prior to moving to Northern Ireland, he co-ordinatedthe Transition and Reconciliation Unit at the Centre for the Study of Violence andReconciliation in Johannesburg. He has published some 40 book chapters and sci-entific journal articles, including Transforming Societies after Political Violence:Truth, Reconciliation, and Mental Health was published by Springer in 2009, andpublished in 2011 in Spanish by Ediciones Bellaterra and entitled Transformar lassociedades después de la violencia política. Verdad, reconciliación y salud mental.

Elizabeth Gallagher Ph.D. previously worked as a ResearchAssociate at INCORE,an associate site of the United Nations University based at the University of Ulster.She worked on the IDRC Trauma, Development and Peacebuilding Project. Shegraduated with a B.Sc. (Hons) in Psychology and Organisational Science from theUniversity of Ulster and obtained an M.Sc. in Health Promotion from the same Insti-tution. She has recently obtained a Ph.D. from the School of Psychology also at theUniversity of Ulster. She has previously worked on a cross-national study involvingsenior academics from Universities in The Netherlands, England, Cyprus, Israel, TheBasque Country and Northern Ireland. This study assessed national identity, inter-group attitudes, and the development of enemy images with young children in bothnon-divided and divided societies. Dr. Gallagher is currently based at the Instituteof Nursing and Health Research at the University of Ulster where she is working ona large scale project examining the differences in how residential facilities supportpeople with intellectual disabilities with challenging behaviour and/or mental healthproblems.

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About the Authors

Inger Agger Ph.D. & licensed clinical psychologist is a Senior Expert and NIASAssociate of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies in Copenhagen. Recently, sheconcluded a research project in Cambodia in which she explored local Buddhist ap-proaches to healing of violence-related trauma, and also directed a documentary film,“Justice and Healing in Cambodia” (2012, with S. Rordam), which she screened anddiscussed in 2013 in a number of Southeast Asian countries. Currently, Dr. Aggeris continuing her studies of Buddhist psychotherapy in Japan with special focus on“Naikan”, a contemplative approach developed withing the Japanese Pure Land Tra-dition. Dr. Agger has worked extensively with testimony as acknowledgement andhealing of violence-related distress, and her latest publications includes: Agger, I.,Igreja, V., Kiehle, R. & Polatin, P. (2012). Testimony ceremonies in Asia: Integrat-ing spirituality in testimonial therapy for survivors of torture in India, Sri Lanka,Cambodia and the Philippines. Transcultural Psychiatry.

Saliha Bava Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Marriage and Family Therapy atMercy College, NY; an advisor in the Taos Institute’s Ph.D. program and a fac-ulty in their M.Sc. Relational Leading program. She consults, writes and presentson performative/play-based and dialogic relational processes within organizational,community, family, learning and research systems. She has consulted on disasterpreparedness and response to organizations in profit, non-profit and governmentalsectors. She received a leadership award from the City of Houston’s Disaster MentalHealth Crises Response Team for directing the Mental Health Services at the GeorgeR. Brown Katrina Shelter in 2005. As Director of Research, International TraumaStudies Program, affiliated with Columbia University, she researches the use of the-ater for community resiliency and psychosocial practices with refugees of politicalviolence. She is a board member of the American Family Therapy Academy and theInternational Certificate in Collaborative Practices. She practices couples therapy inNYC and presents workshops internationally.

Glynis Clacherty is a Ph.D. student at the African Centre for Migration and Societyat Wits University. She has spent the last twenty years doing research for organisa-tions such as Save the Children, UNHCR, UNICEF, Soul City, PLAN Internationaland REPSSI in southern and eastern Africa. She has a special interest in ethical

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participatory research with vulnerable children. She initiated a support project forunaccompanied migrant children in inner city Johannesburg in 2000 that used aninnovative art-based approach to dealing with trauma. Her Ph.D. research is a reflec-tion on this project in the context of alternatives to traditional approaches to traumafor migrant children.

Alison Crosby Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the School of Gender, Sexual-ity and Women’s Studies and Director of the Centre for Feminist Research at YorkUniversity in Toronto. Her research and publications use an anti-racist anti-colonialfeminist lens to explore survivors’ multifaceted struggles for agency and subjectivityin the aftermath of violence. She is currently completing a book manuscript withProfessor M. Brinton Lykes on gender and reparation in Guatemala, based on fouryears of feminist participatory action research with Mayan women survivors of vi-olence during the armed conflict in Guatemala, funded by the Social Sciences andHumanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and the International Develop-ment Research Centre (IDRC). And with Dr. Malathi de Alwis, she is exploringmemorialization as a site of contestation in Guatemala and Sri Lanka in a project en-titled The Inhabitance of Loss: A transnational feminist project on memorialization,also funded by SSHRC.

Sumona DasGupta is a researcher, writer, consultant, and trainer based in NewDelhi, India. Trained as a Political Scientist she is currently engaged with theoriesand practices around critical security studies, peace and conflict, democracy anddialogue and politics in South Asia. Previously she has taught in the Departmentof Political Science Loreto College, Kolkata, was Assistant Director of Women inSecurity Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP) an initiative of the Foun-dation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness The Dalai Lama in New Delhiand Lead Researcher for Society for Participatory research in Asia (PRIA) on a EUproject on governance and conflict resolution. She was a 2014 Visiting Fellow withthe South Asia programme at the Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS),Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Sumona is on the International Advi-sory Group of INCORE, University of Ulster, and Member of the International PeaceCommission, of the Warrington based Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry Foundation forPeace.

Mauricio Gaborit Ph.D. holds a doctorate in social psychology from the Universityof Michigan (AnnArbor) and is presently Chairman of the Department of Psychologyof the Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA) of El Salvador andDirector of its Graduate Programme in Community Psychology. He has publishedin the areas of gender, social and gang violence and psychosocial intervention inpolitical violence and in disasters. He taught at St. Louis University (St. Louis,MO, USA) and has served as visiting professor at the Universidad Complutense deMadrid, Georgetown University (where he held the Jesuit Chair) and the Institutefor Peace Studies of the University of Tromsø in Norway. His current interest is inresearching historical memory in communities that suffered the violence of civil warin El Salvador and the area of undocumented migration of children.

About the Authors xv

Victor Igreja holds a Ph.D. in medical anthropology. His research focuses on theeffects of war violence in Mozambique and Timor Leste. His publications haveappeared in numerous academic journals and edited books. He is a member ofthe Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal of Religion in Africa, member of theBoard of the Transitional Justice Book Series (Springer Publications) and Associateresearch fellow, Centre for Mozambican and International Studies (CEMO, Maputo-Mozambique). Currently he teaches at the School of Social Science, the Universityof Queensland (Brisbane, Australia).

M. Brinton Lykes Ph.D. is Professor of Community-Cultural Psychology and As-sociate Director of the Center for Human Rights and International Justice at BostonCollege. She accompanies communities affected by war, gross violations of humanrights and unnatural disasters, drawing on the creative arts, indigenous resources,and feminist participatory and action research methodologies to analyse causes anddocument effects of racialized gender violence. Currently is accompanying Mayantransnational mixed-status families (in New England and Guatemala) whose narra-tives of the continuities and discontinuities of historical and contemporary violenceinform community-based educational and legal resources and actions towards re-dressing ongoing racialized violence. She has co-authored and co-edited severalbooks and published widely in peer-reviewed journals, edited volumes, researchhandbooks, and organisational newsletters; Brinton is a co-founder and participantin the Boston Women’s Fund and the Ignacio Martín-Baró Fund for Mental Healthand Human Rights.

R. Srinivasa Murthy M.D. was Professor of Psychiatry at the National Instituteof Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India, from 1987–2003. ProfessorMurthy has worked with World Health Organization extensively. He functioned asEditor-in-Chief of the World Health Report 2001, focusing on Mental Health. From2004, he worked with the WHO at its Eastern Mediterranean Regional Offices ofCairo, Khartoum andAmman. During 2006–2007, he worked as mental health officerof WHO-Iraq. In the last few years, he has been assisting Afghanistan, Somaliaand South Sudan. Professor Murthy was the first psychiatrists to study the mentalhealth impact of the Bhopal Disaster (1984) and continues to work towards mentalhealth care. He has been working towards understanding the mental health impactof disasters along with the development of interventions to meet the psychosocialneeds of survivors. He has authored a number of manuals of mental health care fornon-specialists.

Duduzile S Ndlovu Dudu is pursuing a Ph.D. with the African Centre for Migration& Society at the University of the Witwatersrand. The Ph.D. research focuses on theuse of art by migrants in the memorialisation of socio-political violence, an extensionof the research reported in this chapter. She holds an M.A. in Forced MigrationStudies and a B.Sc. (Hons) in Environmental Science and Health. She has worked inemergency drought relief, community health and sanitation in rural Zimbabwe andwith refugees and migrants in the gender based violence sector in SouthAfrica. Other

xvi About the Authors

work has included research work on migration in South Africa related to sex workand xenophobic violence. Her current interests are in migration research teaching.

Lorena Núñez Ph.D. is a social anthropologist with specialization in Medical An-thropology, Her earlier work experience was in the field of gender and developmentas researcher and activist in the women’s movement in Chile in the 90’s. Later, shedeveloped an academic interest on topics that intersect culture, health and displace-ment. She has been conducting research and lecturing on these topics with specificfocus on women, ethnic groups and international migrant in both Latin America andAfrica. Her Ph.D. research was on social exclusion and its impact on mental and re-productive health among Peruvian migrant workers in Chile and was conducted at theUniversity of Leiden in The Netherlands. Currently, as a Lecturer at the departmentof Sociology, University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. She is also conductingresearch on African Independent and Pentecostals churches and faith healing amongmigrant populations as well as on issues of dying and death among cross bordermigrants.

Ingrid Palmary Ph.D. is an associate Professor and the director of the African Cen-tre for Migration and Society at the University of the Witwatersrand. She joined Witsin 2005 after completing her Ph.D. (psychology) at Manchester Metropolitan Univer-sity, UK. Prior to joining Wits she worked at the Centre for the Study of Violence andReconciliation as a senior researcher. Her research has been in the field of gender,violence and displacement. She has published in numerous international journalsand is the co-editor of Gender and Migration: feminist interventions published byZed Press and Handbook of International Feminisms: Perspectives on psychology,women, culture and rights published by Springer. Ingrid is also the coordinator of thepostgraduate programmes offered at ACMS. Ingrid has conducted research on criti-cal perspectives on sex work and trafficking, claims brought on the basis of genderbased persecution in the asylum system, the tensions between political and domesticviolence and gender mainstreaming in development work.

Gameela Samarasinghe Ph.D. is a clinical psychologist and Associate Professorat the University of Colombo in Sri Lanka. Prof. Samarasinghe has designed post-graduate programmes that provoke thinking about alternative visions of support tocommunities. She has collaborated in many research projects with universities suchas Sydney University and Ryerson University. Her recent research has focused onthe exploration of attitudes towards human rights and human rights violations, andperceptions about truth and justice, guilt, punishment and responsibility. She co-authored a book with Maleeka Salih Localizing Transitional Justice in the context ofpsychosocial work in Sri Lanka, which was published in 2006. She has been involvedin service delivery projects in Sri Lanka and currently serves as a consultant to theAsia Foundation and the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She has beenthe recipient of the Fulbright-Hays Senior Research Scholar Award (2004–2005) andthe Fulbright Advanced Research and Lecturing Award (2013–2014).

About the Authors xvii

Jack Saul Ph.D. is the director of the International Trauma Studies Program (ITSP)and assistant professor of clinical population and family health at Columbia Univer-sity’s Mailman School of Public Health. As a psychologist he has created a numberof programs for populations that have endured war, torture and political violence,including the Bellevue/NYU Program for Survivors of Torture, the FEMA fundedPost 9/11 Downtown Community Resource Center in Lower Manhattan, REFUGE:Refugee Resource Center, and Theater Arts Against Political Violence. He has writ-ten about this work in his recently published book, Collective Trauma, CollectiveHealing: Promoting Community Resilience in the Aftermath of Disaster (Routledge,2013). As Director of ITSP he currently directs a Global Mental Health TrainingProgram in Trauma and Disaster response (www.itspnyc.org). Dr. Saul consults tohumanitarian and media organizations on staff welfare in response to trauma and hasa private practice in Manhattan.

Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian is a longtime anti-violence, native Palestinian fem-inist activist and scholar. She is the Lawrence D. Biele Chair in Law at the Facultyof Law-Institute of Criminology and the School of Social Work and Public Wel-fare at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her research focuses on femicide andother forms of gendered violence, crimes of abuse of power in settler colonial con-texts, surveillance, securitization, and trauma in militarized and colonized zones.Her most recent book is entitled: “Militarization and Violence Against Women inConflict Zones in the Middle East: The Palestinian Case Study” published by Cam-bridge University Press, 2010. Shalhoub-Kevorkian plays a prominent role in thelocal Palestinian community, engages in direct actions and critical dialogue to endviolence over Palestinian children’s lives, spaces of death, and women’s birthingbodies and lives.

Shobna Sonpar Ph.D. is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist in Delhi, In-dia. Her research interests have been in gender, social justice and political violence.Her research work includes studies of survivors of the displacement and violenceof India’s 1947 Partition, former militants in Indian Kashmir, women’s role inpeacebuilding, and the gendered impact of economic liberalization policies on psy-chosocial well-being. She has also been associated with projects in Kashmir thatbuild capacity for psychosocial support and with women’s peacebuilding initiatives.

Stevan M. Weine M.D. is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois atChicago College of Medicine, where he is also the Director of the International Centeron Responses to Catastrophes and the Director of Global Health Research Trainingat the Center for Global Health. His scholarly work focuses on the impact of traumaand migration on families and communities. For over 20 years he has been conduct-ing research both with refugees in the U.S. and in post-conflict countries, focusedon mental health, health, and countering violent extremism. His research mission isto develop, implement, and evaluate psychosocial interventions that are feasible, ac-ceptable, and effective with respect to the complex real-life contexts where migrantsand refugees live. This work has been supported by multiple federal, state, univer-sity, and foundation grants, all with collaboration from community partners. Weine

xviii About the Authors

is author of two books. When History is a Nightmare: Lives and Memories of EthnicCleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Rutgers, 1999) and Testimony and Catastrophe:Narrating the Traumas of Political Violence (Northwestern, 2006).

Michael Wessells Ph.D. is Professor at Columbia University in the Program onForced Migration and Health. A long time psychosocial and child protection prac-titioner, he is former Co-Chair of the IASC Task Force on Mental Health andPsychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. He has conducted extensive researchon the holistic impacts of war and political violence on children, and he is author ofChild soldiers: From violence to protection (Harvard University Press, 2006). Cur-rently, he is lead researcher on inter-agency, multi-country research on communitydriven interventions for strengthening linkages of community-based child protectionmechanisms with government led aspects of national child protection systems. Heregularly advises UN agencies, governments, and donors on issues of child protec-tion and psychosocial support, including in communities and schools. ThroughoutAfrica andAsia he helps to develop community-based, culturally grounded programsthat assist people affected by armed conflict and natural disasters.

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Interlocking focus of the study.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Figure 5.1 Drawing of an Ixil woman: “She is strong as a tree” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Figure 5.2 Drawing by Ixil woman: “Who I am”.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Figure 5.3 A Mayan woman in traje (indigenous dress) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Figure 5.4 Women juxtaposing their right to participate compared to their

husbands as “angry faces”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Figure 5.5 Chuj woman describes herself as having “sad roots” but the

“branches are growing” .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Figure 5.6 Typical drawing depicting the violence of the war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Figure 5.7 Drawing representing resilience and suffering .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Figure 5.8 Drawing depicting multiple forms of impoverishment and

violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Figure 5.9 Depicts the role of intermediaries in the community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Figure 6.1 Drawing by jean, 10-year-old boy from Rwanda .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

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List of Tables

Table 6.1 List of songs from Inkulu Lendaba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Table 7.1 Childhood adversities and traumatic experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Table 7.2 Characteristics of plaintiff and defendants and types of

conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Table 7.3 Spirit possession experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Table 7.4 Mechanisms of conflict resolution .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

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