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CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7International International

Organization and LawOrganization and Law

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Seventh EditionSeventh Edition

Joshua S. GoldsteinJoshua S. Goldstein

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International NormsInternational Norms

Periods of hegemonyPeriods of hegemony Hugo GrotiusHugo Grotius HabitHabit ExpectationsExpectations The end of the Cold WarThe end of the Cold War Changing economic powerChanging economic power Technological changesTechnological changes

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Sources of International LawSources of International Law

Most Important: TreatiesMost Important: Treaties The United Nations Charter is one of the The United Nations Charter is one of the

most important treatiesmost important treaties

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The United The United NationsNations

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The Secretary-GeneralThe Secretary-General“President of the World”“President of the World”

Trygve Lie, Norway (1946-1952)Trygve Lie, Norway (1946-1952) Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden (1953-1961)Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden (1953-1961) U Thant, Burma (1961-1971)U Thant, Burma (1961-1971) Kurt Waldheim, Austria (1972-1982)Kurt Waldheim, Austria (1972-1982) Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru (1982-1992)Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru (1982-1992) Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt (1992-1996)Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt (1992-1996) Kofi Annan, Ghana (1997-2006)Kofi Annan, Ghana (1997-2006)

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History of the United NationsHistory of the United Nations

Five victors of World War II secure veto powerFive victors of World War II secure veto power China is represented by Taiwan, not mainlandChina is represented by Taiwan, not mainland Soviet Union, at first, boycotts the UN and later Soviet Union, at first, boycotts the UN and later

is the major veto wielding poweris the major veto wielding power During the 1970s, the United States begins During the 1970s, the United States begins

vetoing more than the USSRvetoing more than the USSR Peacekeeping rarely used during Cold WarPeacekeeping rarely used during Cold War

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Choosing Non-Permanent Choosing Non-Permanent Members of the Security CouncilMembers of the Security Council

10 non-permanent members 10 non-permanent members 9 votes needed to pass resolution, albeit 9 votes needed to pass resolution, albeit

without a veto from the permanent 5without a veto from the permanent 5 5 new non-permanent members chosen 5 new non-permanent members chosen

every year for a 2-year cycleevery year for a 2-year cycle Each region of the world is represented by Each region of the world is represented by

the 5 new members—check each year’s the 5 new members—check each year’s choices.choices.

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Regional Representation on Regional Representation on the UN Security Councilthe UN Security Council

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Proposed Changes of the Proposed Changes of the Security CouncilSecurity Council

Including Japan and Germany as Including Japan and Germany as permanent memberspermanent members

2003, Japan reduced UN dues by 25 % 2003, Japan reduced UN dues by 25 % because of its discontent with the UNbecause of its discontent with the UN

Expand Security Council to 24 MembersExpand Security Council to 24 Members New permanent members, such as India, New permanent members, such as India,

Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, and South AfricaBrazil, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa Can change occur?Can change occur?

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UN Peacekeeping Missions as UN Peacekeeping Missions as of March 2005of March 2005

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The Four Main Sources of The Four Main Sources of International LawInternational Law

Judicial reviewJudicial review PrinciplesPrinciples CustomsCustoms TreatiesTreaties

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DiplomacyDiplomacy

The most developed area of international lawThe most developed area of international law Diplomatic recognitionDiplomatic recognition Diplomatic immunityDiplomatic immunity Diplomatic pouchesDiplomatic pouches EmbassiesEmbassies Recalling ambassadorsRecalling ambassadors SpiesSpies

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Crimes Against HumanityCrimes Against Humanity

The least developed areas of international The least developed areas of international lawlaw

War crimesWar crimes International criminal courtInternational criminal court Human rightsHuman rights