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Pedagogical Acumen: What should you know before you’re allowed in the classroom? Helen Chick University of Tasmania [email protected] Presentation at the “Conversations on Knowledge for Teaching” Conference 1113 February 2015, Launceston, Tasmania Note 1: The presentation was given with the title shown in the first slide below (reflecting the theme I had been asked to address initially), but the main point of the talk is better reflected in the title given above. Note 2: The slides are as presented; the accompanying notes are my post hoc recollections of what I thought I said, what I meant to say, and/or what I actually meant by what I did say!

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Page 1: Pedagogical*Acumen:* What*should*you*know*before*you’re ...conversationsonkft.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/4/1/19412239/chick... · Pedagogical*Acumen:* What*should*you*know*before*you’re*allowed*in*the*classroom?*!

Pedagogical  Acumen:  What  should  you  know  before  you’re  allowed  in  the  classroom?  

 Helen  Chick  

University  of  Tasmania  [email protected]  

 Presentation  at  the  “Conversations  on  Knowledge  for  Teaching”  Conference  

11-­‐13  February  2015,  Launceston,  Tasmania      Note  1:  The  presentation  was  given  with  the  title  shown  in  the  first  slide  below  (reflecting  the  theme  I  had  been  asked  to  address  initially),  but  the  main  point  of  the  talk  is  better  reflected  in  the  title  given  above.    Note  2:  The  slides  are  as  presented;  the  accompanying  notes  are  my  post  hoc  recollections  of  what  I  thought  I  said,  what  I  meant  to  say,  and/or  what  I  actually  meant  by  what  I  did  say!        

   

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   The  prevalence  of  teachers  teaching  “out  of  area”,  notably  in  mathematics,  is  a  long-­‐standing  and  wide-­‐ranging  issue,  occurring  not  only  within  Australia  but  other  countries  throughout  the  world,  and  the  situation  does  not  seem  to  be  getting  better.      These  people  are  qualified  teachers,  but  working  in  an  area  for  which  they  have  no  subject/discipline  qualification.  Are  they,  then,  really  maths  teachers?    

   In  an  attempt  to  address  the  issue  in  my  home  state,  my  institution  has  been  asked  by  the  state  Department  of  Education,  to  develop  a  one-­‐term  intensive  program  for  these  

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teachers  (they  will  study  four  units  —  two  in  maths,  two  in  science  —  with  these  being  equivalent  to  a  full-­‐time  study  load  for  a  semester/half  a  year).      The  big  questions  here  are:  What  are  the  most  important  things  to  include  in  such  a  program  that  will  have  the  most  impact  on  these  teachers’  capacity  to  teach  maths?  What  kind  of  knowledge  do  these  teachers  need?      These  are  complex  questions,  involving  recognition  of  the  complex  nature  of  the  work  of  teaching  a  particular  discipline  area.    To  highlight  this,  let’s  consider  the  following  scenario,  arising  in  a  Grade  5  classroom  during  some  work  on  addition  of  fractions.      

   Here,  the  student  has  used  materials  to  represent  fractions  and  the  addition  process,  and  the  materials  seem  to  justify/confirm/explain  her  answer  of  2/8.    Of  course,  most  teachers  —  indeed,  most  reasonably  well-­‐educated  adults  —  would  know  that  the  answer  of  2/8  is  erroneous.    Knowing  this  is  not  enough  for  teachers,  however.  The  question  that  the  teacher  has  to  deal  with  next  —  and  it  is  a  big  question  —  is  what  to  do  about  it.    

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You  might  like  to  think  about  what  you  would  do  in  this  situation.  I’d  encourage  you  to  not  just  think  about  it  in  your  head,  but  to  try  your  response/explanation  on  someone  [we  actually  did  this  in  the  presentation,  in  small  groups].  What  are  the  words  you  need  to  say?  What  are  the  materials  you  will  use?  How  will  you  address  the  fact  that  the  student’s  materials  seem  to  give  2/8  as  the  answer?  What  is  the  critical  mathematical  issue  that  underlies  the  problem  here?      Should  a  grade  5  teacher  be  able  to  deal  with  this  scenario?  After  all,  it’s  “just”  Grade  5  maths!    

   

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I  should  point  out  that  responding  to  this  student  IS  a  hard  thing.  You  need  to  have  a  profound  understanding  (cf.  Ma,  1999)  of  the  fact  that  fractions  are  determined  by  a  relationship  to  a  “whole”.      Given  that  some  aspects  of  teaching  are  “hard”,  and  that  there  are  constraints  in  teacher  education  courses  that  mean  that  not  every  teaching  issue  that  might  arise  can  be  addressed,  how  do  we  know  that  someone  is  “safe  to  practise”  as  a  Grade  5  teacher?    The  idea  of  “safe  to  practise”  has  been  around  for  some  time  in  the  medical,  health,  and  veterinary  professions.      

   The  emphasis  in  “safe  to  practise”  for  health,  seems  to  be  on  the  idea  of  “competence”.  In  some  sense,  this  seems  to  be  a  base-­‐level  requirement:  in  order  to  practise  safely,  you  must  have  at  least  this  level  of  functionality.    Let’s  take  a  look  at  another  example  from  (maths)  teaching.  The  next  couple  of  slides  are  taken  from  extracts  of  a  video-­‐taped  lesson  on  the  teaching  of  Pythagoras’  Theorem  to  a  Grade  8  class  in  the  United  Kingdom.  At  the  end  of  what  appears  to  be  a  very  engaging,  interactive,  multi-­‐faceted  lesson,  the  students  seem  able  to  use  Pythagoras’  theorem  to  find  the  unknown  side-­‐length  in  right-­‐angled  triangles.      On  closer  inspection,  though,  there  are  some  critical  issues.  The  first  slide  highlights  one:  the  teacher  writes  up  a  bunch  of  numbers  and  symbols  (6,  8,  +,  x,  √,  =)  and  challenges  students  produce  an  answer  of  10,  hoping  that  they  find  √(6x6  +  8x8).  Surprisingly,  a  few  students  manage  to  do  this,  but  although  the  teacher  connects  this  to  the  6-­‐8-­‐10  right-­‐angled  triangle,  the  scope  of  the  discovery  in  relationship  to  the  whole  family  of  different  right-­‐angled  triangles  does  not  appear  to  be  investigated  at  all.  The  second  slide  highlights  a  second  issue,  more  trivial  but  still  important:  there  is  no  right  angle  marked  on  the  golf-­‐course  dog-­‐leg  and  yet  the  expectation  is  to  “do  Pythagoras”.  

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   There  is  a  tension  here.  The  students  certainly  learned  how  to  “use”  Pythagoras  —  and  so  in  this  sense  the  lesson  is  effective  —  but  there  were  many  critical  mathematical  and  conceptual  things  that  appeared  to  be  absent,  to  the  point  that  I  am  not  sure  that  the  students  learned  all  the  mathematically  significant  things  that  they  needed  to,  especially  about  the  actual  discipline  of  mathematics  itself  (and  not  just  the  specifics  of  Pythagoras’  theorem).  Is  this  teacher  “safe  to  practise”?  Is  he  “competent”?  His  colleague  teacher,  in  reviewing  the  lesson,  certainly  thought  he  was.    

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[Important  caveat:  the  video  shows  neither  the  entirety  of  the  lesson  nor  any  of  the  following  lesson,  so  it  may  be  that  some  of  my  concerns  are  assuaged,  but  there  are  other  issues  which  cannot  be  so  dismissed.]    

   At  the  very  least,  just  as  for  medicine,  our  teacher  education  programs  should  ensure  that  graduates  are  “safe  to  practise”  —  that  they  are  competent  in  the  classroom,  with  no  egregious  errors/problems  in  their  teaching.  But  competent  in  what?  As  in  medicine,  the  areas  of  competence  for  teaching  are  many  and  varied.    

   

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The  challenge,  though,  is  that  mere  competence  may  not  be  enough.  Our  Grade  5  teacher  in  the  fractions  example  may  well  know  how  to  teach  fractions  using  good  materials,  but  may  struggle  to  find  the  insight  to  resolve  the  student’s  interpretation  of  fraction  addition  with  the  resulting  wrong  answer;  our  Pythagoras’  theorem  teacher  has  great  teaching  strategies  for  helping  students  to  learn  what  to  do,  but  he  failed  to  highlight  what  Pythagoras’  theorem  means  as  a  theorem  that  applies  to  all  right-­‐angled  triangles  and  not  to  other  triangles.      In  the  classroom  on  the  next  slide,  where  students  are  learning  about  probability  and  having  a  lesson  on  sample  space,  there  is  a  range  of  pedagogical,  mathematical,  and  social  issues  occurring.  Some  of  these  are  routine  —  in  the  sense  that  a  teacher  who  is  “safe  to  practise”  should  have  “stock  standard”  strategies  and  explanations  and  approaches  that  will  allow  him  or  her  to  address  them.  Other  issues,  like  the  fact  that  Jess’  approach  to  constructing  the  sample  space  is  different  from  the  teacher’s  (highlighted  below)  may  not  be  so  easily  addressed.  The  teacher  may  require  some  insight,  in  the  moment  after  Jess  has  shown  her  work,  in  order  to  evaluate  and  weigh  up  her  work,  figure  out  what  she  was  thinking,  ascertain  its  mathematical  correctness,  perhaps  decide  if  it  can  be  adapted  (if  it  isn’t  correct),  perhaps  decide  if  it  can  be  generalised  (if  it  is  correct,  and  so  might  it  be  used  in  other  circumstances),  and  so  on.  This  is  more  than  being  “safe  to  practise”;  this  is  something  of  a  “knack”  for  being  able  to  see  what  is  going  on,  understand  the  student,  and  know  what  to  do  next.  Those  teachers  who  design  really  nice  activities  for  students  —  the  activities  that  engage  students,  but  hit  the  nail  on  the  head  with  regard  to  developing  understanding  of  concepts  as  well  —  also  have  such  a  knack.      

   This  additional,  higher  level  of  functioning  has  also  been  recognised  in  the  medical  profession,  in  the  idea  of  “clinical  acumen”  or  “clinical  judgement”.  (Note  that  the  parallels  with  medicine  aren’t  perfect,  since  teaching  goes  beyond  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  problems.)  

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   Clinical  acumen  is  most  evident  when  dealing  with  “contingency”,  by  which  we  mean  the  unexpected,  the  different,  the  non-­‐routine.  This  parallels  the  work  of  Rowland  et  al.  (e.g.,  2005),  and  the  idea  of  “contingency”  as  a  component  of  the  “Knowledge  Quartet”.    Can  we  come  up  with  a  parallel  concept  for  teaching?    

   Here  is  my  attempt.      

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 It  is  really  important  to  appreciate  that  this  created  solution  comes  out  of  teacher’s  existing  knowledge,  notably  of  content  and  of  pedagogy,  and  that  there  is  much  that  we  know  —  from  research  into  education  —  about  learning  and  teaching  already.  This  knowledge  provides  the  foundation,  but  there  are  times  during  teaching  when  the  teacher  has  to  construct  something  that  he  or  she  didn’t  know  about  before:  a  way  to  resolve  a  student’s  misconceptions,  a  task  to  assess  understanding,  an  activity  that  will  reinforce  conceptual  understanding,  a  real-­‐world  example  of  a  certain  phenomenon,  and  so  on.    

   In  particular,  this  definition  acknowledges  the  dynamic  nature  of  knowledge  development  in  teaching.  Some  knowledge  is  acquired  through  teacher  training,  professional  learning,  mentoring,  and  the  like;  other  aspects  may  be  constructed  by  the  teacher  in  response  to  a  need.  The  trick  is  —  as  in  medicine  —  finding  out  whether  or  not  that  acumen  is  effective.    Since  all  my  examples  so  far  have  been  mathematical,  an  area  in  which  I  believe  I  am  “safe  to  practise”  and  where  I  hope  I  have  some  pedagogical  acumen,  I  thought  it  might  be  salutary  to  take  me  “out  of  area”.  Would  I  be  safe  to  practise  as  an  English  teacher?  Am  I  likely  to  have  pedagogical  acumen  for  this  area?    I  have  done  no  teacher  training  in  English  but  I  would  say  I  have  high-­‐level  literacy  [spot  the  grammatical  errors  in  this  document  —  aaggghhh!!]  and  am  moderately  well-­‐read.  Could  I  teach  a  secondary  English  lesson,  perhaps  using  Harry  Potter?  

Pedagogical  acumen  is  the  practical  reasoning  employed  when  a  teacher  interprets  the  full  context  of  the  educational  situation  (as  best  it  can  be  seen)  and  draws  on  existing  knowledge  to  create  an  effective  response.  

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   [This  scenario  is  “potentially  scary”  both  for  me  attempting  to  be  an  English  teacher  and  for  any  poor  students  upon  whom  I  might  be  inflicted!]    What  are  some  of  the  things  I  might  be  called  upon  to  teach?    

   I  think  I  can  deal  with  apostrophes.  I  know  the  rules;  I  even  think  I  have  an  analogy  that  helps  with  deciding  what  to  do  in  the  “one  hour’s  time”  case.  But  do  I  have  a  way  of  teaching  about  apostrophes  beyond  dictatorially  laying  down  an  interminable  list  of  

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rules?  [Yes,  I  know  sentences  should  not  begin  with  “But”!]  In  this  case,  my  content  knowledge  may  be  okay,  but  maybe  my  pedagogical  content  knowledge  is  lacking.    The  question  about  teaching  a  lesson  on  the  wizarding/muggle  world  parallels  is  trickier.  Here  I  suspect  my  content  knowledge  would  be  stretched  (e.g.,  I  can’t  talk  about  “metaphor”  and  “simile”  fluently),  and,  again,  pedagogical  content  knowledge  is  lacking  too  (e.g.,  I  am  struggling  to  think  of  a  good  starter  activity  that  would  get  students  thinking  about  the  parallels,  so  I  know  enough  to  know  that  I  need  a  good  starter  activity,  but  I  am  not  sure  I  know  enough  to  actually  construct  one).  Perhaps  I  might  just  be  able  to  devise  something,  but  it  would  be  a  “safe  to  practise”  something  at  best;  I  doubt  that  I  have  the  pedagogical  acumen  —  in  part  because  my  foundations  are  lacking  anyway  —  to  devise  something  of  the  more  inspirational  kind  (my  efforts  would,  perhaps,  be  like  a  lesson  taught  by  a  Lockhart  or  a  Hagrid,  rather  than  a  McGonagall).    As  for  teaching  about  caricature  …  I  think  I  could  do  some  of  it  —  so,  perhaps,  I  am  “safe  to  practise”  —  but,  again,  the  real  challenge  would  be  how  to  inspire  students  with  the  idea  and  to  run  with  it,  and  to  tease  it  out  to  build  deep  conceptual  understanding  of  it.      How  could  I  become  better  as  an  English  teacher?  I  think  some  professional  learning  could  help  me  become  “safer  to  practise”  but  can  I  learn  to  develop  pedagogical  acumen?    If  I  want  my  pre-­‐service  teachers  to  become  the  ones  who  can  address  the  fractions  problem,  realise  what’s  missing  in  the  Pythagoras  lesson,  and  identify  Jess’s  sample  space,  then  what  to  I  need  to  do  as  teacher  educator  to  help  them  get  there?      

   This  brings  us  back  to  the  teachers  who  are  teaching  out  of  area.  As  a  potential  English  teacher,  I  felt  a  little  hamstrung  by  my  lack  of  content  knowledge  and  my  lack  of  PCK.  I  need  both  as  foundations  if  I  am  to  develop  pedagogical  acumen,  I  think.  

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   I  certainly  think  it  is  important  that  we  aim  for  more  than  just  “safe  to  practise”  in  our  teachers.  It  is  good  to  have  a  doctor  who  can  treat  a  broken  wrist,  but  it  is  even  better  if  the  doctor  can  realise  that  the  wrist  break  arose  from  balance  difficulties  and  that  such  problems  are  symptoms  of  a  certain  disease.  If  we  want  to  meet  the  needs  of  students  in  an  effective  rather  than  merely  functional  way,  then  it  is  pedagogical  acumen  that  we  need.    

         

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References    General  Medical  Council  (UK).  (2013).  The  meaning  of  fitness  to  practise.  Retrieved  from  http://www.gmc-­‐uk.org/guidance/21721.asp    Keates,  H.  (2012).  “Teaching  Veterinary  Anaesthesia:  Are  we  there  yet?”.  Presentation  at  the  conference  on  “Building  a  Culture  of  Evidence-­‐based  Practice  in  Teacher  Preparation  for  Mathematics  Teaching”  (CEMENT)  (7-­‐8  June  2012).      Ma,  L.  (1999).  Knowing  and  teaching  elementary  mathematics:  Teachers’  understanding  of  fundamental  mathematics  in  China  and  the  United  States.  Mahwah,  NJ:  Lawrence  Erlbaum  Associates.    Montgomery,  K.  (2006).  How  doctors  think:  Clinical  judgment  and  the  practice  of  medicine.  Oxford,  UK:  Oxford  University  Press.    Rowland,  T.,  Huckstep,  P.,  &  Thwaites,  A.  (2005).  Elementary  teachers’  mathematics  subject  knowledge:  The  knowledge  quartet  and  the  case  of  Naomi.  Journal  of  Mathematics  Teacher  Education,  8,  255-­‐281.