pedagogies of engagement cooperative learning and challenge-based learning

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Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning Karl A. Smith Engineering Education – Purdue University Technological Leadership Institute/ STEM Education Center/ Civil Engineering - University of Minnesota [email protected] - http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith Nanyang Business School Nanyang Technological University Teaching Strategies for Cooperative Learning Workshop

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Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning. Karl A. Smith Engineering Education – Purdue University Technological Leadership Institute/ STEM Education Center/ Civil Engineering - University of Minnesota [email protected] - http ://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Pedagogies of EngagementCooperative Learning andChallenge-Based Learning

Karl A. SmithEngineering Education – Purdue University

Technological Leadership Institute/ STEM Education Center/ Civil Engineering - University of Minnesota

[email protected] - http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith

Nanyang Business SchoolNanyang Technological University

Teaching Strategies for Cooperative Learning Workshop

February – March, 2012

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Session Layout• Welcome & Overview• Pedagogies of Engagement – Cooperative

Learning and Challenge Based Learning– Informal – Bookends on a Class Session– Formal Cooperative Learning

• Design and Implementation

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Participant Learning Goals (Objectives)

• Describe key features of Cooperative Learning• Explain rationale for Pedagogies of Engagement,

especially Cooperative Learning & Challenge Based Learning

• Describe key features of the Understanding by Design and How People Learn

• Describe models for processing and monitoring team work

• Apply cooperative learning to classroom practice• Identify connections between cooperative learning and

desired outcomes of courses and programs

Page 4: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Reflection and Dialogue

• Individually reflect on your practice of Pedagogies of Engagement, especially Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning (Case, Problem, Project). Write for about 1 minute– Key ideas, insights, applications – Success Stories– Questions, concerns, challenges

• Discuss with your neighbor for about 2 minutes– Select one Insight, Success Story, Comment,

Question, etc. that you would like to present to the whole group if you are randomly selected

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Pedagogies of Engagement

Page 6: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Cooperative Learning Introduced to Engineering – 1981

• Smith, K.A., Johnson, D.W. and Johnson, R.T., 1981. The use of cooperative learning groups in engineering education. In L.P. Grayson and J.M. Biedenbach (Eds.), Proceedings Eleventh Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, Rapid City, SD, Washington: IEEE/ASEE, 26‑32.

6 JEE December 1981

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“Throughout the whole enterprise, the core issue, in my view, is the mode of teaching and learning that is practiced. Learning ‘about’ things does not enable students to acquire the abilities and understanding they will need for the twenty-first century. We need new pedagogies of engagement that will turn out the kinds of resourceful, engaged workers and citizens that America now requires.”

Russ Edgerton (reflecting on higher education projects funded by the Pew Memorial Trust)

http://www.asee.org/publications/jee/issueList.cfm?year=2005#January2005

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Cooperative Learning AdoptedThe American College Teacher:

National Norms for 2007-2008

Methods Used in “All” or “Most”

All – 2005

All – 2008

Assistant - 2008

Cooperative Learning

48 59 66

Group Projects 33 36 61

Grading on a curve

19 17 14

Term/research papers

35 44 47

http://www.heri.ucla.edu/index.php

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The Active Learning Continuum

ActiveLearning

Problem-Based Learning

Make thelecture active

ProblemsDrive the Course

Instructor Centered

StudentCentered

CollaborativeLearning

CooperativeLearning

InformalGroupActivities

StructuredTeamActivities

Prince, M. (2010). NAE FOEEWorkshop is situated here – CooperativeLearning & Challenge-Based Learning

Page 10: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Student Response to Different Active Learning Methods

14121086420

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0

Time

Stu

den

t Eva

luati

ons

Life After N.E.T.I .

Attended NETI. Began active learning,

Began PBL.

Learned how to do PBL.

Page 11: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Lots of Supporting Data

Average College and University Results

0 20 40 60 80 100

Velocity

Acceleration

Force

% Students Understanding Concepts

After New Methods

After TraditionalInstruction

Before Instruction

Page 12: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

• Achievement: Small groups produced greater achievement (d=0.51)--sufficient to move a student from 50th to 70th percentile on a standardized test

50 70

Page 13: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

• Retention: Small groups resulted in greater retention (d=0.46)--sufficient to reduce attrition from STEM programs and courses by 22%

• Attitudes: Small groups led to more favorable attitudes (d=0.55)--far exceeding average effect of educational interventions on affective outcomes measures

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Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).

Key Concepts

•Positive Interdependence•Individual and Group Accountability•Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction•Teamwork Skills•Group Processing

http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith/docs/Smith-CL%20Handout%2008.pdf

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

Notes: Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-804.doc)

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Book Ends on a Class Session

Smith, K.A. 2000. Going deeper: Formal small-group learning in large classes. Energizing large classes: From small groups to learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2000, 81, 25-46. [NDTL81Ch3GoingDeeper.pdf]

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Book Ends on a Class Session

1. Advance Organizer2. Formulate-Share-Listen-Create (Turn-

to-your-neighbor) -- repeated every 10-12 minutes

3. Session Summary (Minute Paper)1. What was the most useful or meaningful thing you

learned during this session?2. What question(s) remain uppermost in your mind as we

end this session?3. What was the “muddiest” point in this session?

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Advance Organizer“The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly.”

David Ausubel - Educational psychology: A cognitive approach, 1968.

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Quick Thinks

•Reorder the steps•Paraphrase the idea•Correct the error•Support a statement•Select the response

Johnston, S. & Cooper,J. 1997. Quick thinks: Active- thinking in lecture classes and televised instruction. Cooperative learning and college teaching, 8(1), 2-7.

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Formulate-Share-Listen-Create

Informal Cooperative Learning GroupIntroductory Pair Discussion of a

FOCUS QUESTION

1. Formulate your response to the question individually

2. Share your answer with a partner3. Listen carefully to your partner's answer4. Work together to Create a new answer

through discussion

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Minute Paper• What was the most useful or meaningful thing

you learned during this session?• What question(s) remain uppermost in your

mind as we end this session?• What was the “muddiest” point in this session?• Give an example or application• Explain in your own words . . .

Angelo, T.A. & Cross, K.P. 1993. Classroom assessment techniques: A handbook for college teachers. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

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Session Summary(Minute Paper)

Reflect on the session:

1. Most interesting, valuable, useful thing you learned.

2. Things that helped you learn.

3. Question, comments, suggestions.

4. Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast5. Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots6. Instructional Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah

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Q4 – Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast (3.2)Q5 – Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots (3.9)Q6 – Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah (4.0)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Q4 Q5 Q6

1

2

3

4

5

MOT 8221 – Spring 2012 – Session 1 (1/6/12)

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Q4 – Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast (2.9)Q5 – Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots (3.9)Q6 – Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah (3.7)

Q4 Q5 Q60

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1

2

3

4

5

MOT 8221 – Spring 2011 – Session 1 (3/25/11)

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Informal CL (Book Ends on a Class Session) with Concept Tests

Physics Peer InstructionEric Mazur - Harvard – http://galileo.harvard.eduRichard Hake – http://www.physics.indiana.edu/~hake/

Chemistry Chemistry ConcepTests - UW Madison

www.chem.wisc.edu/~conceptVideo: Making Lectures Interactive with ConcepTests

ModularChem Consortium – http://mc2.cchem.berkeley.edu/

STEMTECVideo: How Change Happens: Breaking the “Teach as You Were Taught” Cycle – Films for the Humanities & Sciences – www.films.com

Harvard – Derek Bok Center Thinking Together & From Questions to Concepts: Interactive Teaching in Physics – www.fas.harvard.edu/~bok_cen/

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The “Hake” Plot of FCI

Pretest (Percent)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

ALS

SDI

WP

PI(HU)

ASU(nc)

ASU(c)

HU

WP*

UMn Traditional

XUMn Cooperative Groups

XUMn-CL+PS

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Physics (Mechanics) Concepts:The Force Concept Inventory (FCI)

• A 30 item multiple choice test to probe student's understanding of basic concepts in mechanics.

• The choice of topics is based on careful thought about what the fundamental issues and concepts are in Newtonian dynamics.

• Uses common speech rather than cueing specific physics principles.

• The distractors (wrong answers) are based on students' common inferences.

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Informal CooperativeLearning Groups

Can be used at any timeCan be short term and ad hocMay be used to break up a long lectureProvides an opportunity for students to process material they have been listening to (Cognitive Rehearsal)Are especially effective in large lecturesInclude "book ends" procedureAre not as effective as Formal Cooperative Learning or Cooperative Base Groups

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Strategies for Energizing Large

Classes: From Small Groups to

Learning Communities:

Jean MacGregor,James Cooper,

Karl Smith,Pamela Robinson

New Directions for Teaching and Learning,

No. 81, 2000.Jossey- Bass

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-804.doc)

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Formal Cooperative Learning Task Groups

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Professor's Role inFormal Cooperative Learning

1. Specifying Objectives

2. Making Decisions

3. Explaining Task, Positive Interdependence, and Individual Accountability

4. Monitoring and Intervening to Teach Skills

5. Evaluating Students' Achievement and Group Effectiveness

Page 34: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Formal Cooperative Learning – Types of Tasks

1. Jigsaw – Learning new conceptual/procedural material

2. Peer Composition or Editing

3. Reading Comprehension/Interpretation

4. Problem Solving, Project, or Presentation

5. Review/Correct Homework

6. Constructive Academic Controversy

7. Group Tests

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Challenge-Based Learning• Problem-based learning• Case-based learning• Project-based learning• Learning by design• Inquiry learning• Anchored instruction

John Bransford, Nancy Vye and Helen Bateman. Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn

Page 36: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Challenge-Based Instruction with the Legacy Cycle

LegacyCycle

The Challenges

Generate Ideas

Multiple Perspectives

Research & Revise

Test Your Mettle

Go Public

41https://repo.vanth.org/portal/public-content/star-legacy-cycle/star-legacy-cycle

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Problem-Based Learning

Problem posed

Identify what weneed to know

Learn it

Apply it

START

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Problem-Based Cooperative Learning

January 13, 2009—New York Times – http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/us/13physics.html?em43

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http://web.mit.edu/edtech/casestudies/teal.html#video

44

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http://www.ncsu.edu/PER/scaleup.html

45

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http://www1.umn.edu/news/news-releases/2010/UR_CONTENT_248261.html

http://mediamill.cla.umn.edu/mediamill/embed/78755

46

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfT_hoiuY8w

http://youtu.be/lfT_hoiuY8w

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http://www.udel.edu/inst/

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW_M426V2E0&feature=related

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Leading with TeamLEAD: An Innovative Curriculum at Duke-NUS

• Called TeamLEAD (learn, engage, apply, develop), the method is a radical departure from traditional lecture-based teaching formats. Instead, students are responsible for learning the bulk of the material before class, using recorded lectures from Duke University School of Medicine along with reading assignments from textbooks and medical journals.

• Once in class, they are tested both individually and in small groups, so instructors can focus the rest of the session on areas of weakness. The teams then work together, with “open-book” access to medical references, to solve clinically oriented questions related to the material.

• “The best doctor is no longer the doctor with the best memory,” says Robert Kamei, MD, vice dean for education at Duke-NUS. “In an age when information is available anywhere, instantaneously, we want to provide students with the skills they’ll need in the future -- the ability to find the latest information and apply it to clinical practice.

• To succeed at the highest level, they need to be able to both work in teams and provide leadership, so our curricular approach focuses on developing those abilities, not just rote memorization.”

• Although the concept of team-based learning was introduced in business schools in the 1980s, TeamLEAD is the first time it has been adapted for medical education.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlVPLYGdBLg

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Problem-Based Cooperative Learning

Karl A. SmithEngineering Education – Purdue UniversityCivil Engineering - University of Minnesota

[email protected]://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith

Estimation Exercise

Page 46: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

First Course Design Experience UMN – Institute of Technology

• Thinking Like an Engineer

• Problem Identification

• Problem Formulation

• Problem Representation

• Problem SolvingProblem-Based Learning

Page 47: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

*Based on First Year Engineering course – Problem-based cooperative learning How to Model It published in 1990.

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Problem Based Cooperative Learning FormatTASK: Solve the problem(s) or Complete the project.

INDIVIDUAL: Estimate answer. Note strategy.

COOPERATIVE: One set of answers from the group, strive for agreement, make sure everyone is able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EXPECTED CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS: Everyone must be able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EVALUATION: Best answer within available resources or constraints.

INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY: One member from your group may be randomly chosen to explain (a) the answer and (b) how to solve each problem.

EXPECTED BEHAVIORS: Active participating, checking, encouraging, and elaborating by all members.

INTERGROUP COOPERATION: Whenever it is helpful, check procedures, answers, and strategies with another group.

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Cooperative Base Groups• Are Heterogeneous• Are Long Term (at least one quarter or

semester)• Are Small (3-5 members)• Are for support• May meet at the beginning of each session or

may meet between sessions• Review for quizzes, tests, etc. together• Share resources, references, etc. for

individual projects• Provide a means for covering for absentees

Page 50: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Designing and Implementing Cooperative Learning

• Think like a designer• Ground practice in robust theoretical

framework• Start small, start early and iterate• Celebrate the successes; problem-solve

the failures

Page 51: Pedagogies of Engagement Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning

Formal Cooperative Learning

59

1 2 3 4 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Jigsaw

2. Reading Comprehension

3. Problem Solving, Project, or Presentation

4. Constructive controversy

5. Group Tests

0of36

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