PENGENALAN TEKNIK KIMIAagus hadiyartoagushadi55@gmail.com agushadi55@undip.ac.id

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Daftar Bacaan Perry, C., 1994, Chemical Engineers Handbook, Mac GrawHill Kogakusha, Tokyo pafko.com/history/h_whatis.html copyright 2000, Wayne Pafko Rubin E.S., Davidson C.I.,2001, Introduction to Engineering and the Environment, Mc Graw Hill, Boston Burr Ridge Woods, D.R, 1995, Process Design and Engineering Practice, PTR Prentice Hall, New Jersey

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Pengantar Materi/energi tidak dapat di ubah menjadi bentuk lain Materi/ atau dihilangkan, tanpa mengoperasikan berbagai peralatan maupun pengaturan kondisi operasi Engineer mampu mensintesa sistem baru yang mengubah materi dan energi menjadi suatu produk, produk, atau menghilangkan kontaminan dalam bahan

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Teknik KimiaMemanfaatkan pengetahuan kimia, fisika, matematik, ekonomi dan rekayasa untuk menyelesaikan problema yang ada (scientific and technical)

universal engineer2/23/2011 4

So What Exactly Does This "Universal Engineer" Do?During the past Century, chemical engineers have made tremendous contributions to our standard of living. To celebrate these accomplishments, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has compiled a list of the "10 Greatest Achievements of Chemical Engineering." These triumphs are summarized below:

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The Atom : Biology, medicine, metallurgy, and power generation have all been revolutionized by our ability to split the atom and isolate isotopes. Chemical engineers played a prominent role in achieving both of these results. Early on facilities such as DuPont's Hanford Chemical Plant used these techniques to bring an abrupt conclusion to World War II with the production of the atomic bomb. Today these technologies have found uses in more peaceful applications. Medical doctors now use isotopes to monitor bodily functions; quickly identifying clogged arteries and veins. Similarly biologists gain invaluable insight into the basic mechanisms of life, and archaeologists can accurately date their historical findings.2/23/2011 6

The Plastic Age:The 19th Century saw enormous advances in polymer chemistry. However, it required the insights of chemical engineers during the 20th Century to make mass produced polymers a viable economic reality. When a plastic called Bakelite was introduced in 1908 it sparked the dawn of the "Plastic Age" and quickly found uses in electric insulation, plugs & sockets, clock bases, iron cooking handles, and fashionable jewelry. Today plastic has become so common that we hardly notice it exists. Yet nearly all aspects of modern life are positively and profoundly impacted by plastic.

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The Human Reactor:Chemical engineers have long studied complex chemical processes by breaking them up into smaller "unit operations." Such operations might consist of heat exchangers, filters, chemical reactors and the like. Fortunately this concept has also been applied to the human body. The results of such analysis have helped improve clinical care, suggested improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic devices, and led to mechanical wonders such as artificial organs. Medical doctors and chemical engineers continue to work hand in hand to help us live longer fuller lives.

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Wonder Drugs : Chemical engineers have been able to take small amounts of antibiotics developed by people such as Sir Arthur Fleming (who discovered penicillin in 1929) and increase their yields several thousand times through mutation and special brewing techniques. Today's low price, high volume, drugs owe their existence to the work of chemical engineers. This ability to bring once scarce materials to all members of society through industrial creativity is a defining characteristic of chemical engineering2/23/2011 9

Synthetic Fibers :From blankets and clothes to beds and pillows, synthetic fibers keep us warm, comfortable, and provide a good night's rest. Synthetic fibers also help reduce the strain on natural sources of cotton and wool, and can be tailored to specific applications. For example; nylon stockings make legs look young and attractive while bullet proof vests keep people out of harm's way.2/23/2011 10

Liquefied Air :When air is cooled to very low temperatures (about 320 deg F below zero) it condenses into a liquid. Chemical engineers can then separate out the different components. The purified nitrogen can be used to recover petroleum, freeze food, produce semiconductors, or prevent unwanted reactions while oxygen is used to make steel, smelt copper, weld metals together, and support the lives of patients in hospitals.2/23/2011 11

The Environment, We All Have to Live Here:Chemical engineers provide economical answers to clean up yesterday's waste and prevent tomorrow's pollution. Catalytic converters, reformulated gasoline, and smoke stack scrubbers all help keep the world clean. Additionally, chemical engineers help reduce the strain on natural materials through synthetic replacements, more efficient processing, and new recycling technologies.2/23/2011 12

Food, "It's What's For Dinner": Plants need large amounts of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus to grow in abundance. Chemical fertilizers can help provide these nutrients to crops, which in turn provide us with a bountiful and balanced diet. Fertilizers are especially important in certain regions of Asia and Africa where food can sometimes be scarce . Advances in biotechnology also offer the potential to further increase worldwide food production. Finally, chemical engineers are at the forefront of food processing where they help create better tasting and most nutritious foods.2/23/2011 13

Petrochemicals, "Black Gold, Texas Tea":Chemical engineers have helped develop processes like catalytic cracking to break down the complex organic molecules found in crude oil into much simpler species. These building blocks are then separated and recombined to form many useful products including: gasoline, lubricating oils, plastics, synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers. Petroleum processing is therefore recognized as an enabling technology, without which, much of modern life would cease to function2/23/2011 14

Running on Synthetic Rubber:Chemical engineers played a prominent role in developing today's synthetic rubber industry. During World War II, synthetic rubber capacity suddenly became of paramount importance. This was because modern society runs on rubber. Tires, gaskets, hoses, and conveyor belts (not to mention running shoes) are all made of rubber. Whether you drive, bike, rollerblade, or run; odds are you are running on rubber.2/23/2011 15

LAIN-LAIN

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Chemical Safety and HazardPengenalan sifat Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun B3), (B3), hazardous materials Cara penanganan dan penyimpanan B3 Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Ledakan dan kebakaran Pengolahan Limbah B3 Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja

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EnvironmentalCleaner production (UNEP) Eco efficiency (WBCSD) Green Engineering (EPA) Wastewater Engineering Air Pollution Engineering Bioremediation/Fitoremediation Energy Conservation Atmosferic Chemistry Etc2/23/2011 18

Cakupan bidang yang dipahami oleh Chemical EngineersUnit Operation Unit Process Energy Utilization, Conversion Process Control Materials of Construction Process Machinery Drives Process Economics Waste Management Biochemical Engineering2/23/2011 19

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Unit OperationTransport and storage of fluid Handling of Bulk Solids Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Distillation Mass transfer and gas Absorption Extraction Adsorption and Ion Exhange Separation Processes Drying

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Unit ProcessReaction Kinetics and Katalis Reactor Design

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Energy Utilization, ConversionFuel (solid, liquid, gaseous, coal convertion) Heat Generation (stoichiometry, product combustion, burner, steam generator) Heat Transport

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Process ControlFundamentals of automatic control Process Measurement Indicating and Recording Instrument Computer Process Control

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Materials of ConstructionCorrosion and its control Properties of materials High and low temperature materials

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6. Process Machinary Drive Electric Motors Steam Turbines Mechanical Power transmission Equipment 7. Process Economics Investment and Profitability Fixed Capital Cost Estimation Manufacturing Cost Estimation

8. Waste Management Air Pollution Management of Stationary Sources Industrial wastewater Management Managemement of Industrial Solid Waste

9. Biochemical Enginering Biological Reactor (fermenter, oxygen transfer, scale up, sterilization) Enzymatic Reactor

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The Role of Chemical Engineer1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The Creator and Synthesizer (develop new processes to make pharmaceutical, food, paper, cosmetics, perfume, material construction, transistor, fibres, etc) Analyst and Improver (the enger are continually on the search for ways and means of improving and upgrading existing processes) The Troubleshooter The Researcher The Specialist and Consultant The Predictor (to anticipate the future) The Selector of Process Equipment (the equipment selected must technically solve the problem, be financially feasible and economically attractive, be environmentally acceptable, be reliable, be safe to operate, be available for purchase, be serviceable, be operable and controllabe and be from a reputable supplier)

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isotopensonde2/23/2011 24

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Tennis fibre court

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Conveyor belt sushi2/23/2011 27

Pressure reactor

HE / Radiator2/23/2011 28

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WATER SAMPLER - HORISONTAL/VERTICAL

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DO/BOD METER & CONDUCTOMETER

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Sampling di dermaga

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WATER SAMPLER DAN WATER CHECKER OTOMATIS

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Hydrolab dan Data Pengukuran

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WATER & WASTEWATER SAMPLER

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STACK SAMPLING2/23/2011

Hi VOL Sampler36

gas

pompa vakum

BUBBLER2/23/2011

IMPINGER37

Cleaner Production - Related Concepts Eco-Efficiency Pollution Prevention Waste Minimisation Green Productivity Industrial Ecology/Industrial Metabolism Green Engineering39

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ECO-EFFICIENCYEco-Efficiency was coined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in 1992 and defined as the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with the earth's estimated carrying capacity.2/23/2011 42

the concepts of eco-efficiency and Cleaner Production are almost synonymous. The slight difference between them is that Eco-efficiency Ecostarts from issues of economic efficiency which have positive environmental benefits, benefits while Cleaner Production starts from issues of environmental efficiency which have positive economic benefits.2/23/2011 43

POLLUTION PREVENTIONThe terms Cleaner Production and pollution prevention are often used interchangeably. The distinction between the two tends to be geographic -- the term pollution prevention tends to be used in North America, while Cleaner Production is used in other parts of the world. Both, Cleaner Production and pollution prevention (P2) focus on a strategy of continuously reducing pollution and environmental impact through source reduction -- that is eliminating waste within the process rather than at the end-of-pipe Waste treatment end-of-pipe. does not fall under the definition of Cleaner Production or P2 because it does not prevent the creation of waste.2/23/2011 44

Environment Canada defines Pollution Prevention as the use of processes, practices, materials, products or energy that avoid or minimise the creation of pollutants and waste, and reduce the overall risk to human health or the environment. The US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) defines Pollution Prevention as the source reduction - preventing or reducing waste where it originates, at the source including practices that conserve natural resources by reducing or eliminating pollutants through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water and land. Under the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, pollution prevention is the national environmental policy of the United States.2/23/2011 45

WASTE MINIMISATIONThe concept of waste minimisation was introduced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1988. In this concept, waste prevention approach and its techniques are defined as on-site reduction source onreduction of waste by changes of input raw materials, technology changes, good operating practices and product changes. Off-site recycling by Offdirect reuse after reclamation are also considered to be waste minimisation techniques, but have a distinctly lower priority compared to on-site prevention or onminimisation of waste. The waste minimisation concept is used in the Pollution Prevention Directive (1992).2/23/2011 46

Currently, waste minimisation and pollution prevention terms are often used interchangeably. Pollution prevention means not generating waste in the first place by reducing it at the source. Waste minimisation is a broader term that also includes recycling and other means to reduce the amount of waste which must be treated/disposed2/23/2011 47

GREEN PRODUCTIVITYGreen productivity is a term used by the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) to address the challenge of achieving sustainable production. The APO started its Green Productivity programme in 1994. Just like Cleaner Production, green productivity is a strategy for enhancing productivity and environmental performance for overall socio-economic sociodevelopment.2/23/2011 48

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY/INDUSTRIAL METABOLISM Industrial ecology and industrial metabolism are concepts for new patterns of industrial production and are closely related to the Cleaner Production concept. Industrial ecology and industrial metabolism are studies of industrial systems and economic activities, and their links to fundamental natural systems systems. Basically, they aim to imitate the material recycling aspect of an ecosystem - a material flow management is the crucial aspect of these approaches.2/23/2011 49

Six principal elements of industrial ecology/industrial metabolism:1. The creation of industrial ecosystems: maximizing use of recycled materials in production, optimising use of materials and embedded energy, minimizing waste generation, and re-evaluating "wastes" as raw material for other processes. 2. Balancing industrial input and output to natural ecosystem capacity: understanding the ability of the larger natural system to deal with toxics and other industrial wastes in typical and catastrophic situations. 3. Dematerialization of industrial output: reducing materials and energy intensity in industrial production. 4. Improving the metabolic pathways of industrial processes and materials use: reducing or simplifying industrial processes to emulate natural, highly efficient ones. 5. Systemic patterns of energy use: promote the development of an energy supply system that functions as a part of the industrial ecosystem, and is free of the negative environmental impacts associated with current patterns of energy use. 6. Policy alignment with a long-term perspective of industrial system evolution: nations working together to integrate economic and environmental policies.2/23/2011 50

Green engineering, EPAis the design, commercialization, and use of processes and products, which are feasible and economical while minimizing 1) generation of pollution at the source and 2) risk to human health and the environment. Green engineering embraces the concept that decisions to protect human health and the environment can have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to the design and development phase of a process or product.2/23/2011 51

Principles of Green Engineering Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate environmental impact assessment tools. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being. Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and benign as possible. Minimize depletion of natural resources. Strive to prevent waste. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography, aspirations, and cultures. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve, innovate, and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions.2/23/2011 52

Green Engngas developed by more than 65 engineers and scientists at the Green Engineering: Defining the Principles Conference, held in Sandestin, Florida in May of 2003. The preliminary principles forged at this multidisciplinary conference are intended for engineers to use as a guidance in the design or redesign of products and processes within the constraints dictated by business, government and society such as cost, safety, performance and environmental impact.2/23/2011 53