pengetahuan pasar modal - universitas pendidikan...
TRANSCRIPT
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Investasi di Pasar Modal
Review
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Define these markets
Markets in general
Markets for physical assets
Markets for financial assets
Money versus capital markets
Primary versus secondary markets
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The Economic Theory of Choice:
An Illustration Under Certainty
Konsumsi: Pemakaian sumber daya yang ada untuk
mendapatkan kepuasan atau utility
Investasi: Penundaan konsumsi sekarang untuk digunakan di
dalam produksi yang efisien selama periode waktu tertentu
Ilustrasi:
Untuk dua tahun ke depan (setiap awal tahun) seorang Investor
mempunyai Income $10,000. Tingkat bunga tabungan 5% dan
tingkat bunga pinjaman 5%.
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The option open to the investor:
1. To save nothing and consume $10,000 in each period.
2. To consume everything now and not worry about
tomorrow. The maximum he can consume in the first
period is $19,524.
3. To save all income in the first period and consume
everything in the second. The maximum he can
consume in the second period is $20,500.
The point from the Illustration is time value of money.
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Time Value of Money
Future value
Present value
Rates of return
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Time lines show timing of cash flows.
CF0 CF1 CF3CF2
0 1 2 3i%
Tick marks at ends of periods, so Time 0 is today; Time 1 is the end of Period 1; or the beginning of Period 2.
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Time line for a $100 lump sum due at the end of Year
2. (diterima sekali pada akhir tahun 2)
$100
0 1 2 Yeari%
Single Sum
Several Sums?
Pola Cash Flow
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Ordinary Annuity
PMT PMTPMT
0 1 2 3i%
PMT PMT
0 1 2 3i%
PMT
Annuity Due
What’s the difference between an ordinary
annuity and an annuity due?
PV FV
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Time line for an ordinary annuity of $100
for 3 years.
100 100100
0 1 2 3i%
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Time line for an annuity due of $100 for
3 years.
100 100100
0 1 2 3i%
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Time line for uneven CFs: -$50 at t = 0 and
$100, $75, and $50 at the end of Years 1
through 3.
100 5075
0 1 2 3i%
-50
Cash Outflow
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Future Value
What’s the FV of an initial $100 after 3
years if i = 10%?
FV = ?
0 1 2 3
10%
Finding FVs (moving to the right
on a time line) is called compounding.
100
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After 1 year:
FV1 = PV + INT1 = PV + PV (i)
= PV(1 + i)
= $100(1.10)
= $110.00.
After 2 years:
FV2 = PV(1 + i)2
= $100(1.10)2
= $121.00.
Future Value
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After 3 years:
FV3 = PV(1 + i)3
= $100(1.10)3
= $133.10.
In general,
FVn = PV(1 + i)n.
Future Value
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10%
What’s the PV of $100 due in 3 years if i = 10%?
Finding PVs is discounting, and it’s the reverse of compounding.
$100
0 1 2 3
PV = ?
Present Value
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Solve FVn = PV(1 + i )n for PV:
PV =
FV
1+ i = FV
1
1+ in
n n
n
PV = $1001
1.10
= $100 0.7513 = $75.13.
3
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What’s the FV of a 3-year ordinary
annuity of $100 at 10%?
100 100100
0 1 2 310%
110
121
FV = 331
Future Value
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What’s the PV of this ordinary annuity?
100 100100
0 1 2 310%
90.91
82.64
75.13
248.69 = PV
Present Value
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Find the FV and PV if the annuity were an
annuity due.
$100 $100
0 1 2 3
10%
$100
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What is the PV of this uneven cash
flow stream?
0
100
1
300
2
300
310%
-50
4
90.91
247.93
225.39
-34.15
530.08 = PV
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What interest rate would cause $100 to grow to
$125.97 in 3 years?
$100(1 + i )3 = $125.97.
(1 + i)3 = $125.97/$100 = 1.2597
1 + i = (1.2597)1/3 = 1.08
i = 8%.
Rate of Return
Untuk periode panjang, cara seperti ini sulit dilakukan. Cara
yang mungkin adalah dengan, misalnya, menggunakan excel
trial and error atau dengan kalkulator (seri BF)
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Will the FV of a lump sum be larger or smaller
if we compound more often, holding the stated
10% constant? Why?
LARGER! If compounding is more frequent than
once a year--for example, semiannually, quarterly,
or daily--interest is earned on interest more often.
Ilustrasi next slide
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0 1 2 310%
0 1 2 3
5%
4 5 6
134.01
100 133.10
1 2 30
100
Annually: FV3 = $100(1.10)3 = $133.10.
Semiannually: FV6 = $100(1.05)6 = $134.01.
Future Value
Present Value ?? sebaliknya
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We will deal with 3 different rates:
iNom = nominal, or stated, or
quoted, rate per year.
iPer = periodic rate.
EAR = effective annual rate.
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iNom is stated in contracts. Periods per year
(m) must also be given.
Examples:
8%; Quarterly
8%, Daily interest (365 days)
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Periodic rate = iPer = iNom/m, where m is number of
compounding periods per year. m = 4 for
quarterly, 12 for monthly, and 360 or 365 for daily
compounding.
Examples:
8% quarterly: iPer = 8%/4 = 2%.
8% daily (365): iPer = 8%/365 = 0.021918%.
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Effective Annual Rate (EAR = EFF%): is the annual
rate which causes PV to grow to the same FV as
under multi-period compounding.
Example: EFF% for 10%, semiannual:
FV = (1 + iNom/m)m
= (1.05)2 = 1.1025.
EFF% = 10.25% because
(1.1025)1 = 1.1025.
Any PV would grow to same FV at 10.25% annually
or 10% semiannually.
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An investment with monthly payments is different from one with quarterly payments. One must put on EFF% basis to compare rates of return. Use EFF% only for comparisons.
Banks say “interest paid daily.” Same as compounded daily.
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How do we find EFF% for a nominal rate of 10%,
compounded semiannually?
EFF% = - 1(1 + )iNom
m
m
= - 1.0(1 + )0.10
2
2
= (1.05)2 - 1.0
= 0.1025 = 10.25%.
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EAR = EFF% of 10%
EARAnnual = 10%.
EARQ = (1 + 0.10/4)4 - 1 = 10.38%.
EARM = (1 + 0.10/12)12 - 1 = 10.47%.
EARD(360) = (1 + 0.10/360)360 - 1 = 10.52%.
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FV of $100 after 3 years under 10%
semiannual compounding? Quarterly?
= $100(1.05)6 = $134.01.
FV3Q = $100(1.025)12 = $134.49.
FV = PV 1 .+i
mn
Nom
mn
FV = $100 1 +0.10
23S
2x3
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Can the effective rate ever be equal to the
nominal rate?
Yes, but only if annual compounding is used,
i.e., if m = 1.
If m > 1, EFF% will always be greater than the
nominal rate.
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When is each rate used?
iNom: Written into contracts, quoted by
banks and brokers. Not used in
calculations or shown
on time lines.
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iPer: Used in calculations, shown on
time lines.
If iNom has annual compounding,
then iPer = iNom/1 = iNom.
EAR = EFF%: Used to compare returns on investments with different payments per year.
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What’s the value at the end of Year 3 of the following CF stream if the quoted interest rate is 10%, compounded semiannually?
0 1
$100
2 3
5%
4 5 6
$100 $100
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Payments occur annually, but
compounding occurs each 6 months.
So we can’t use normal annuity valuation
techniques.
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Compound Each CF
0 1
100
2 35%
4 5 6
100 100.00110.25121.55331.80
FVA3 = $100(1.05)4 + $100(1.05)2 + $100
= $331.80.
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What’s the PV of this stream?
0
100
15%
2 3
100 100
90.70
82.27
74.62
247.59
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Direct transfer
Through an investment banking house
Through a financial intermediary (lewat pasar modal)
Three Primary Ways Capital Is Transferred
Between Savers and Borrowers
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Jenis Investment:
Tabungan
Deposito
T-bill
Stock
Bond
Investasi di pasar turunan (derivative) Option
Put option
Call option
Futures
Fokus pembahasan
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What do we call the price, or cost, of
debt capital?
The interest rate
What do we call the price, or cost, of
equity capital?
Required Dividend Capitalreturn yield gain
= +
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What four factors affect the cost of money?
Production opportunities
Time preferences for consumption
Risk
Expected inflation
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Stock (saham)
Jenis saham
Preferred Stock (saham preferen): merupakan
saham yang mempunyai sifat gabungan (hybrid)
antara obligasi dan saham biasa. It is a class of
stock with preferential rights over common stock.
Common Stock (saham biasa) : is the residual
corporate interest that bears the ultimate risk of
loss and receives the benefits of success. In
every corporation common stock represents the
basic ownership interest.
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Each share carries the following rights:
1. To share proportionately in profits and losses.
2. To share proportionately in management (the right to
vote for director).
3. To share proportionately in corporate assets upon
liquidation.
4. To share proportionately in any new issues of stock of
the same class - called the pre-emptive right.
Common Stock
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Perbedaan antara bunga efektif dan
bunga flat?