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January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine

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Page 1: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

January 2012

Betty Lim, MDAssistant ProfessorBrookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative MedicineMount Sinai School of Medicine

Page 2: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Financial Disclosure:  None

Career Development Support: HRSA Geriatric Academic Career Award K01HP20465A d f   h       d  li  R  S l   Award from the Fan Fox and Leslie R. Samuels Foundation

Page 3: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Objectives Recognize a few selected non‐pain symptoms that may appear benign but are either distressing to patients with serious illness or a harbinger of underlying illnesswith serious illness or a harbinger of underlying illness

Appreciate impact these symptoms have on quality of  Appreciate impact these symptoms have on quality of life

Understand management strategies for these non‐pain symptoms

Page 4: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Older Adults with Serious Illness Serious Illness:  COPD, heart failure, strokes, renal insufficiency and failure, advance dementia, debility, peripheral vascular disease  cancerperipheral vascular disease, cancer…

Symptom Burdens:  Pain vs  Non Pain Symptoms Symptom Burdens:  Pain vs. Non Pain Symptoms

In the spotlight:  Pain  Depression  Shortness of  In the spotlight:  Pain, Depression, Shortness of Breath

Page 5: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

So many to choose from…k h h d l fAkathesiaAnhedonia Anorexia Anxiety Colic ConfusionConstipation Cough Crying Death rattle/secretionsDiarrhea Dizziness Drooling Dry skin Dysarthria

h hDysgeusia Dyspepsia DysphagiaDysphoriaDyspneaDysuria Failure to thrive Fatigue Fear Fecal incontinenceFever Flatulence Halitosis Hallucinations Hearing lossHiccups Impotence Intestinal obstruction Irritability 

Memory loss Mucositis Muscle spasms Nausea Odor Panic attacks Peripheral edema Photosensitivity 

PolydipsiaPolyuriaPruritus Restlessness Sexual dysfunction PolydipsiaPolyuriaPruritus Restlessness Sexual dysfunction Sleep disorders Stomatitis Taste alterations Urinary 

frequency Urinary incontinence Visual problems Vomiting Xerostomia

Index, Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 1998

Page 6: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Today’s picks Hiccups Pruritus Fatigue Symptoms associated with Bowel Obstruction

Page 7: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Management Guidelines• Perform history and physical exam• Conceptualize likely causes• Determine whether underlying cause is reversible (ie: y g (curable)

• Discuss aim of treatment – to eliminate underlying cause, or to alleviate symptom only, to eliminate underlying cause, or to alleviate symptom only, or both

• Discuss treatment options and benefits and burdens• Set realistic goals that can be achieved within an acceptable Set realistic goals that can be achieved within an acceptable time frame

• Reassess FREQUENTLY – Monitor effectiveness and side effectsMonitor effectiveness and side effects

Page 8: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Case• Mrs. Emma Jones is a 75 year old woman who comes in for a check up after not being seen for over a year and complains of hiccups for weeks that just won’t go away.  complains of hiccups for weeks that just won t go away.  She has tried gargling water, biting a lemon, holding her breath, and even had the neighbor’s kids try to startle her   Nothing seemed to work for long and she startle her.  Nothing seemed to work for long and she expresses desperation to get the hiccups to stop.  

• She blames the hiccups for making her lose her p gappetite because they interfere with eating

• Her exam was only remarkable for a moderately distended abdomendistended abdomen.

Page 9: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

HiHiccups(Singultus)

Very distressing to patients and family and can even be debilitating (wt loss, fatigue, insomnia…)C l   fl    i l i   dd   i   Complex reflex pattern involving sudden contraction of the diaphragm with simultaneous closing of the glottis and producing the characteristic soundglottis and producing the characteristic sound.

Mediated by CNS via phrenic and vagus nerves Persistent > 48hrs, Intractable > 1 monthPersistent > 48hrs, Intractable > 1 month

Page 10: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

HiccupsHiccups

Etiology Psychological‐Stress, excitement Irritation of diaphragm (phrenic nerve)

gastric distension, liver disease, cancer, MI

Irritation of branches of Vagus Nerve Irritation of branches of Vagus Nerve CNS lesions Meds: IV steroids Uremia Idiopathic 

more common in YOUNGER people

Page 11: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

HiccupsHiccups

First consideration is to work it up

Pursue treatment while determining reversibility of cause

Page 12: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

HiccupsHiccups

• Non‐pharmacologic treatments– Interruption of  the respiratory cycle

• Coughing  breath holding  hyperventilation  sneezing• Coughing, breath‐holding, hyperventilation, sneezing– Vagal Stimulation

• Valsalva maneuver, carotid massage, NGT placement and lremoval

– Time‐honored home remedies• Gargling with water, biting a lemon, sipping sugar, startle response

– Other interventions• Acupuncture, hypnosis, surgical ablation of the reflex arc then p , yp , gdiaphragmatic pacing electrodes,.

Page 13: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Hiccups

Pharmacologic Treatments Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

The only FDA‐approved agent for hiccups (intractable)   TID   QID 25‐50mg po TID or QID

Can also be given as a continuous IV infusion over several hours for intractable and debilitating hiccups

SEDATING, watch for EPS Avoid if possible in the elderly

Or…

Page 14: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

HiccupsHiccups

Pharmacologic Treatments: Baclofen

h l d d d The only drug studied in a RCT  5mg po q8h did not eliminate hiccups, but provided symptomatic relief in some patients

Can dose escalate to achieve response Watch for sedation and avoid in renal failure

Or…

Page 15: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

HiccupsHiccups

Pharmacologic Treatments: Haldol 2‐5mg IM / po loading dose followed by 1‐4mg po q8hpo q8h

Phenytoin 200mg slow IV push followed by 300mg po daily.  Effective in hiccups of CNS etiologyM l id       6h   U f l if  i l  i   Metoclopramide 10mg po q6h.  Useful if etiology is stomach distension

** case studies only Duration of pharmacologic treatments:  few days –weeks  stop treatment after symptoms stopweeks, stop treatment after symptoms stop

Page 16: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Case• Mrs. Jones was prescribed baclofen 5mg po TID and potential side effects were explained, but she gave it a try because she could not endure the hiccups any longer.  h d d h• She was instructed to get some imaging done in the 

upcoming weeks.• Two weeks later she returned for an urgent visit.  She 

d  h   h    l  h d   hi  b    reported that she no longer had constant hiccups, but now complained of severe itching.

• Exam found her anxious and squirming in her seat with i   f  ki   i ti   d   bl d  ll   h  signs of skin excoriations and even blood all across her arms, thighs, chest and anywhere else within her fingernails’ reach.

Page 17: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus Very distressing and diminishes quality of life

Triggered by either direct stimulation of skin itch receptors or centrally by drugs. 

Both histamine sensitive and non‐histamine sensitive nerve fibers are involvednerve fibers are involved

Page 18: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus – common causes• Dermatologic

– Dryness or wetness– Irritation

• Heme/Onc– Iron deficiency– Polycythemia

– Eczema, psoriasis• Metabolic

– Liver or renal failure

y y– Thrombocytosis– Leukemia, lymphoma

• Infection– Liver or renal failure– Hypothyroidism

• DrugsO i id

Infection– Scabies– Lice

Candida– Opioids– Aspirin– Drug reactions

– Candida• Allergy

– UrticariaC  d• Psychogenic – Contact dermatitis

Page 19: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus• Treatments: Topical

– moisturizers and emollients effective for xerosis (dry skin).  Urea containing products also helpful.

l b d• Most OTC preparations are mostly water based– Oatmeal Baths– Cooling Agents

C l i     h l i      ( % %)• Calamine or menthol in aqueous cream (0.5%‐2.0%)– Anesthetic agents

• EMLA creams (mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine)Topical Steroids (hydrocortisone  clobetasol)– Topical Steroids (hydrocortisone  clobetasol)• Very helpful for time limited use if eczema or other dermatitis 

identified• Ointment better, less chance of allergic reaction, g• Educate caregivers on safe handling

Page 20: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus Treatments: Antihistamines

Helpful if itch assoc. w/ histamine releaseC   bi  H   d H   t  bl k Can combine H1 and H2 receptor blockerse.g. diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine and ranitidine May have central and peripheral antihistaminic effects

Doxepin – tricyclic antidepressant Potent antihistamine Potent antihistamine For refractory cases use 10‐30 mg po qhs Topical doxepin in studyAgent of last resort Agent of last resort

Page 21: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus Opioid Induced

non‐immune mediated histamine release from mast cells vs direct opioid receptor activationp p

Antihistamines may be helpful

Mu opioid receptor antagonist (diluted naloxone) still in trial phases, Paroxetine and mirtazapine is anecdotal

Consider opioid rotation

Page 22: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus Uremic Pruritus

60% of dialysis patients complain of uncontrollable itchingitching

Sweat gland atrophy, anemia, calcium phosphate depositionHi i   h   ibl  i i i   f    Histamine somewhat responsible, irritation of mu opioid receptors somehow involved

Treatments: Renal Transplant ‐ definitive treatment Improving anemia Topical emolient+ capsaicin  UVB light therapy  gabapentin   Topical emolient+ capsaicin, UVB light therapy, gabapentin, mu opioid antagonists (naltrexone‐‐> still in study)

Page 23: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Pruritus Cholestatic pruritus

Theories:  Bile acid deposition vs opioid receptor irritationirritation

Possible Treatments: Cholestyramine

f b d Rifampin 150mg bid Opioid antagonists (naloxone) Colchicine Ursodiol (Ursodeoxycholic acid) UVB light therapy SSRI (Sertraline, paroxetine) and NSRI( , p )

Page 24: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Case After lotions and topical steroid creams failed to give her any relief from the itching, Mrs. Jones was prescribed hydroxyzine 25mg qhs and q8hrs prn with prescribed hydroxyzine 25mg qhs and q8hrs prn with clear warnings about sedation, constipation, and instructions to discontinue use if she felt overly ysedated.  

Page 25: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

CCase

She also complained of progressive fatigue. She was no longer as energetic as she once was and felt that she had to discontinue some of her daily activities since had to discontinue some of her daily activities since she was too tired.

Page 26: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

F tiFatigue Very common and associated with most acute and ychronic illnesses ( as well as regular life)

A state of sustained exhaustion , not relieved by rest Lack of physical and mental energy, inability to concentrate, poor memoryI    diff i  b   l  d i i   Important to differentiate between sleep deprivation and fatigue associated with another illness

?Fatigability as sign of aging vs  sign of underlying  ?Fatigability as sign of aging vs. sign of underlying illness and side effect of treatments

Page 27: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Fatigue Multiple causes – direct chemo effects, cumulative effect of radiation, systemic inflammatory response, hypermetabolic state of tumors  anemia  nutrition  hypermetabolic state of tumors, anemia, nutrition, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal effects, pain, stress…

Cancer Related FatigueCancer Related Fatigue Prevalence data 15‐90% of cancer patients report fatigue (75% of patients with advance or metastatic cancer report it)

Only 50% actually discuss it with health care providers

Page 28: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

F iFatigue Treatment‐ Is the cause reversible?  Symptomatic relief?relief?

Non‐pharmacologic approachNon pharmacologic approach Exercise‐ to reduce muscle atrophy Patient education, normal sleep requirementsDiet and nutrition Treatment of anemia

Psychosocial support 

Page 29: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Fatigue Pharmacologic – all off label no FDA approved meds, no double‐blinded trials Stimulants (methylphenidate 5mg daily ‐ bid)Wake promoting agents (modafinil 100mg daily)p g g g y Steroids Antidepressants – only if depression present as p y p pwell

Attempt a time limited TRIALp

Page 30: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Case• Mrs.  Jones’s imaging revealed stage IV metastatic ovarian cancer with liver metastasis and presumed malignant ascites   malignant ascites.  

• The news was devastating to Mrs  Jones and she • The news was devastating to Mrs. Jones and she wanted to explore treatment options in the hopes to  achieve remission.

Page 31: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Case• Over the next few months, Mrs. Jones underwent several debulking surgeries and was found to have carcinomatosis.  She underwent neoadjuvant carcinomatosis.  She underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and her course was further complicated by development of a DVT for which she received anticoagulationwhich she received anticoagulation.

• She had suffered with intermittent nausea and She had suffered with intermittent nausea and vomiting shortly after her chemotherapy, but was readmitted for nausea and vomiting associated with severe colicky abdominal painsevere colicky abdominal pain

Page 32: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Case Repeat CT of the abdomen/pelvis revealed a high grade bowel obstruction.

Page 33: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction Common in ovarian and colon cancer Also complication of bowel strictures from adhesions, volvulus, or fecal impaction, p

Symptoms Abdominal pain (colicky and/or continuous)N   d  iti Nausea and vomiting

Goals of treatment Relief of symptoms (pain, nausea/vomiting)y p p g Allow oral intake as tolerated Permit pt to return to chosen care setting Support of patient and family Support of patient and family

Page 34: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction Why Bowel Obstructions hurt:

Abdominal distention from gas as well as pooling of i t ti l  tiintestinal secretions

Intestinal edema leading to poor absorption and thus more abdominal distension

Direct tumor invasion and inflammation

Page 35: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction Pain management should always be maintained

Opioid is mainstay  Can use sublingual (morphine), subcutaneous, or intravenous

Titrate to comfort Titrate to comfort Avoid transdermal route given slow onset of action and difficult to titrate in setting of acute symptoms

Can use continuous infusion via pump or PCA

Page 36: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel ObstructionBowel Obstruction Surgical managementg g

Ideal in pts with good performance status Poor prognostic indicators:

Ascites, carcinomatosis, palpable intra‐abdominal masses, multiple , , p p , pbowel obstructions, prior obstructions

Endoscopic approaches Stentingg

May include laser or balloon dilatation prior to stent 64‐100% relief of symptoms in colorectal obstructions >70% relief of symptoms in upper GI obstructions (esophageal, gastric 

l  d d l  j j l)outlet, duodenal, jejunal) PEG tube placement

“Venting” procedure to alleviate intractable N/V for upper GI obstructionsobstructions

Offers possibility of intermittent oral intake for pleasure Contraindication ‐ ascites

Page 37: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel ObstructionMedical Management

May require NG tube initially When output < 100 cc/day, clamp NG tube for 12 hours and then remove if no complaints of worsening nausea or vomitting 

IV hydrationy Restrict to 50 cc/hr during med titration phase D/C once symptoms controlled Continue only if: Continue only if:

Pt remains dehydrated despite oral intake  AND Use of hydration to extend life is consistent with goals of care

Page 38: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction Take advantage of other routes of administration when oral route no longer available

Al i Alternatives: Subcutaneous Sublingualg Topical IntravenousR l Rectal

Page 39: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction

Reduce Secretions: Antimuscarinic/Anticholinergic drugs:t usca c/ t c o e g c d ugs:

Reduce colicky pain due to smooth muscle spasm and bowel wall distensionReduce saliva and secretions (up to 2 liters/day) Reduce saliva and secretions (up to 2 liters/day)

Scopolamine 10 mg/hr sc/iv continuous infusion 1 patch (1.5 mg) transdermal q72h

Glycopyrrolate 0 2‐0 4 mg sc/iv q2‐4h0.2 0.4 mg sc/iv q2 4h

Page 40: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction Somatostatin analogs

Inhibit secretion of gastric & pancreatic enzymesg p y Decrease peristalsis and splanchnic blood flow Octreotide (Sandostatin)

    /i   h 50‐100 mcg sc/iv q8h 10‐20 mcg/hr sc/iv continuous infusion Titrate every 24 hrs until N/V and abd pain are controlled

Fewer side effects than anticholinergic agents

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Bowel Obstruction Corticosteroids

Consider in most patients Reduction of edema around site of obstruction May relieve nausea Dexamethasone 

Dosages studied vary greatly:  2mg ‐ 80 mg IV daily to q8hrs If ineffective  can discontinue If ineffective, can discontinue

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PathophysiologyPathophysiologyf N   d V i if N   d V i iof Nausea and Vomitingof Nausea and Vomiting

hh CortexChemoreceptorChemoreceptorTrigger Zone (CTZ)Trigger Zone (CTZ)

Vestibular Vestibular apparatusapparatus

Vomiting centerVomiting centerpppp

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters SerotoninSerotoninDopamineDopamine

GI tractGI tractDopamineDopamine AcetylcholineAcetylcholineHistamineHistamine Substance PSubstance P

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Anti‐emetics Dopaminergic Antagonist AntihistaminesA ti h li i Anticholinergics

Serotonin antagonist Prokinetic agents Prokinetic agents Antacids Cytoprotective agentsy p g others

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Dopaminergic Antagonistd d Dopamine mediated nausea: most common

Prochlorperazine (Compazine)   O  h        h        h 10‐25mg PO q6h or 25mg PR q12h or 5‐10mg IV q6h

Metoclopramide (Reglan) In addition is a prokinetic agent and at higher doses is serotonin 

antagonistg 10‐20mg PO q6h (decrease dose in renal failure: max 5mg Q6h)

Haloperidol  Acts on CTZ 0 5‐2mg PO IV/SQ q6h 0.5 2mg PO IV/SQ q6h

Promethazine (Phenergan) – also antihistamine 12.5‐25 mg IV or 25mg PO/PR q4‐6h

Trimethobenzamine (Tigan) – no longer used( g ) g 250mg PO q6‐8h, 200mg PR q6‐8h

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Histamine Antagonist All those used for nausea can cause sedation Acts on the H1 receptors in the vomiting center 

d  tib l   ffand vestibular afferens Also have anticholinergic effects Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

25‐50mg PO q6h

Meclizine (Antivert)( ) 25‐50mg PO q6h

Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) PO  6h 25‐50mg PO q6h

Page 46: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Acetylcholine Antagonists (Anticholinergics)Opioid and anesthetics can trigger acetylcholine medicated nausea in the vestibular apparatus

Helpful also if there is partial or complete bowel  Helpful also if there is partial or complete bowel obstruction by decreasing peristalsis and secretionsS l i Scopolamine 0.1‐0.4mg SC/IV q4h Transdermal patches q72hp q7 10‐80 mcg/h by continuous IV/ SC infusion

Glycopyrrolate  SC/IV  6h 0.2mg SC/IV q4‐6h

Page 47: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Serotonin antagonists Very effective for chemotherapy induced nausea Acts on CTZ, vagal nerves and enterochromaffin cells in the gut wallcells in the gut wall

Can be used for refractory nausea of different types*New concern ‐‐ arrythmias

Ondansetron (Zofran) 8mg PO TID

Granisetron (Kytril) Granisetron (Kytril) 1mg PO QD or BID

Dolansetron PO/IV  h ( 8 /k ) 100mg PO/IV q24h (1.8mg/kg)

Page 48: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Others Prokinetics: 

Metoclopramide or erythromycin in cases of peristasis iissues

Antacids, H2 blockers, PPI can be used if there is associated hyperacidityassociated hyperacidity

Cytoprotective agents:  misoprostol/PPI for nausea caused by NSAID associated p / ymucosal erosions

Page 49: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Others: unknown mechanisms Dexamethasone : intrinsic anti emetic properties

Tetrahydrocannabinol : ?Tetrahydrocannabinol : ? 2.5‐5 mg PO TID

Lorazepam: helpful in anticipatory nausea Lorazepam: helpful in anticipatory nausea

Page 50: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Strategy for Management ofStrategy for Management of Nausea and Vomiting Identify etiology Targeted therapy if possible to address the underlying cause

Treat symptoms with antiemetic targeting certain neurotransmitterneurotransmitter

Combination therapy if needed REASSESS frequently REASSESS frequently

Page 51: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

B l Ob iBowel Obstruction Antiemetics

Metoclopramide Prokinetic – contraindicated in total obstructionMay be helpful in partial obstruction May be helpful in partial obstruction

Time trial – stop if colic worsens If not metoclopramide, try prochlorperazine +/‐

d todansetron Haloperidol

Dopamine antagonistp g 0.5‐1 mg iv/sc q6h Less sedating

LorazepamLorazepam 1‐2 mg iv/sc q6h Helpful if pt is anxious and sedation is welcome

Page 52: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Bowel Obstruction Satisfactory relief of symptoms is achieved in most patientspatients

Patients may still vomit several times/day, but usually preferable to NG tube

No need to make pt NPO Pt will usually moderate their own oral intake to achieve balance between symptoms and pleasure

Page 53: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

Take Home Points… If you can’t eliminate the underlying problem, treat the symptomsy p

Very few treatments have been studied in robust been studied in robust clinical trials, so may have to try several different techniques and treatmentstechniques and treatments

Reassess frequently and adjust as you go along

Page 54: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

References Hiccups Hiccups

Farmer C. Fast Facts and Concepts #81. Hiccups. January 2003. End‐of‐Life/Palliative Education Resource Center www.eperc.mcw.edu. 

Ramirez FC, Graham DY. Treatment of intractable hiccup with baclofen: R lt   f   d bl bli d   d i d   t ll d     t d A  J Results of a double‐blind, randomized, controlled, cross‐over study.Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:1789‐91. 

Smith HS, Busracamwongs A. Management of hiccups in the palliative care population. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2003;20(2):149‐54.

Pruritus von Gunten CF, Ferris F. Fast Facts and Concepts #37. Pruritus. August 

2005. End‐of‐Life Palliative Education Resource Center www.eperc.mcw.edu.

Krajnik M and Zylicz. Understanding pruritus in systemic disease. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21:151 168Symptom Manage 2001;21:151‐168.

Page 55: PENN Grand Rounds January 2011.ppt · 2012. 1. 6. · January 2012 Betty Lim, MD Assistant Professor Brookdale Department of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of

References Fatigue

Luctkar‐Flude MF et al. Fatigue and physical activity in older adults with cancer: A systematic review of the literature.Cancer Nurs. 2007;30(5):E35‐E45

Medscape CME.New approaches to better manage fatigue and sleepiness associated with common medical conditions.

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References Bowel obstruction

Krouse R. Fast Facts and Concepts #119: Invasive treatment options for malignant bowel obstruction. August 2004. End‐of‐Life/Palliative Education Resource Center www.eperc.mcw.edu.p

von Gunten C and Muir, JC. Fast Facts and Concepts #45. Medical Management of Bowel Obstruction. August 2005. End‐of‐Life/Palliative Education Resource Center www.eperc.mcw.edu.

Adler DG. Management of Malignant Colonic Obstruction. Curr Treat ( )

g gOptions Gastroenterol 2005;8(3):231‐237.

Campagnutta E, Cannizzaro R. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in palliative treatment of non‐operable intestinal obstruction due to gynecologic cancer: a review. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2000;21:397‐402. 

Feuer DJ, Broadley, KE, Shepherd JH, Barton DP. Systematic review of surgery in malignant bowel obstruction in advanced gynecological and gastrointestinal cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1999;75:313‐322.

Ripamonti C, Mercadante S. How to use octreotide for malignant bowel b i  J S  O l ( ) 6  obstruction. J Support Oncol 2004;2(4):357‐64.