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Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
People-to-People Connectivity
between Central Vietnam, Lao
PDR and Thailand
Masami Ishida
Institute of Developing Economies
Japan External Trade Organization
1
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
Today’s Topic
I. Exchange through Tourism
II. Cooperation in Education
III. Sister – City Relations
IV. Background of Deepened Relations
2
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
I. Exchange through Tourism
3
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
Thai Tourists Visit Central Vietnam
Khon Kaen
Mukdahan
Ubon Ratchathani
Hue
Hoi An
Da Nang
From 2004 or 2005 Thai tourists who visit Central Vietnam Had Increased.
1st 3rd
2nd
3 Nights4 DaysTrip
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
Arrivals to Laos by Vietnamese and Thai
5
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20150
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Tay Trang – Pang Hok
2.7 – 4.8%
Na Meo – Nam Xoi
0.2 – 1.8%
Nam Can – Nam Khan
0.2 – 2.1%
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Cau Treo – Nam Phao 1.1 – 7.4%
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Cha Lo – Naphao 0.9 – 7.0%
Lao Bao – Den
Savanh 8.6 – 27.3%Bo Y – Phou Keua
0.5 – 5.0%
Vang Tao – Chong
Mek 1.7 – 3.1%
Savannakhet – Mukdahan 3.3 – 4.5%
Thakhek –
Nakhon Phanom
16.2 – 35.6%
Pakxan – Bueng Kan
5.6 – 13.5%
Vientiane – Nong Khai 8.4 – 20.4%
Nam Heuang –
Nong Phur 0.8 – 9.0%
Nam Ngeun –
Huay Kon 0.8 – 1.7%
Huay Xai –
Chiang Kohn 2.8 – 8.5%
: Entry by Thai people.
: Entry by Vietnamese people.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
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30,179 31,669 22,489 25,099 33,576 26,499 31,749
80,568
145,126161,717
190,876
236,984
280,772 291,825
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Tourist Arrivals at Den Savanh Border
Source: Statistical Report on Tourism in Laos.
Thai tourists created
the new trend of
people-to- people
connectivity. But the
number of Thai tourist
show sluggish Trend
recently.
1. Thai government
regulation to
government
officials business
tour has become
tight.
2. Competition
between LCC and
bus tour has
become tough.
3. Thai tourists do
not repeat visits to
the same spot
Central Vietnam.0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
2005 2010 2015
Savannakhet + Den Savanh Border
: Entry by Thai people.
: Entry by Vietnamese people.
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58,963 49,800 56,040 59,709
90,236103,120
132,456
11,377 9,635 13,68325,230
40,53757,048
29,134
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Tourist Arrivals at 3rd Mekong Bridge & Thakhek
442,168513,870 517,300
709,946767,382 789,390
925,043
40,496 91,629115,157 129,090
152,548 201,790129,112
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Tourist Arrivals at 1st Mekong Bridge (near Vientiane)
November 11, 2011
Completion of Third Mekong Bridge
Vietnamese people
who moves from Nong
Khai to Vientiane and
from Nakhon Phanom
to Thakhek have
increased.
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
Vietnamese Tourists Visit Thailand & LaosVientiane
Udon Thani
Nakhon Phanom
Vinh
2nd
1st
Shopping
2 Nights 3 DaysTour
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II. Cooperation in Education
9
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10
Pham Van Dong Univ. (Lao)
Da Nang
Ha Tinh Univ. (Lao)Quang Binh Univ.
(Lao)
Hue
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2010 2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2010 2015
Quang Nam Univ. (Lao)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2010 2015
Da Nang Foreign
Language Univ.
(Foreign)Da Nang
Education College
Under Graduate (Lao)
Graduate (Lao)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2005 2010 2015
Hue Medical College (Lao)
Hue Educational
College (Lao)Hue Univ. (Foreign)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2005 2010 2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
2005 2010 2015
Vinh Univ. (Foreign)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2010 2015
Thai
Lao
Chinese
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2010 2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2010 2015
Under
GraduateLanguage
Foreign Students Enroll in Central Vietnam
Quang Tri Education
College (Lao)
Nghe An Educational
College (Lao)
Quang Ngai
Tam Ky
Dong Ha
Da Nang
Dong Hoi
Vinh
Source: Graphs are based on data collected by Vietnam Institute of Economics
from Ministry of Education in Vietnam.
Dong Hoi
College (Lao)
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The Number of Lao Students in Vietnam
Qaung Nam Univ.
Da Nang Univ.
Hue Univ.
Quang Binh Univ.
Ha Tinh Univ.
Vinh Univ.
179 Students
517 Students
310 Students
1900 Students
642 Students
Students do not have to use air plane. They can move to the cities from their home towns by bus. Thisis an effect of cross-border roadinfrastructure development
140 Students (2015)
Source: Interviews with the universities conducted in October 2016 and in
December 2015.
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Other Examples of Exchange of Students
12
2013 2014 2015 2016
Science & Technology 177 202 236 213
Health 182 219 250 225
Humanities & Society 364 435 401 480
Total 723 856 977 918
🔶 Increase in the number of foreign students at Khon Kaen Univ.
Source: Survey conducted by Khon Kaen Univ.
Many of them are
from CLMV countries
including Laos
🔶 Another case study
Mukdahan
Industrial College
Chaophraya
University
Hue
Industrial College
1 or 2 students
Vietnamese
study tourism
as of 2015
12 trainees of
business
experience as
of 2015
Source: Survey conducted by Khon Kaen Univ and Vietnamese Institute of Economics.
Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
III. Sister-City Relations
13
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MOUs between Neighboring Provinces
14
Nghe An
Ha Tinh
Quang TriThua Thien
Hue
Quang Binh
Da Nang
Quang
Nam
Xieng
Khouang
Bolikhamxay
Khammouane
Savannakhet
Salavan
Sekong
Attapeu
Champasak
Mukdahan
Ubon
Ratchathani
Preah
Vihear
Bangkok
: A Sister – City Relation between neighboring provinces. : Cooperative relations based on Emerald Triangle.
: Cooperative relations based on MOUs on education and tourism.
Source: Interview at People’s Committees
and DPI of Vietnamese provinces and
commercial department of Ubon
Ratchathani province in 2015 and
2016.
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Sister City Relations and MOU in General
15
Nghe An
Ha Tinh
Quang Tri
Thua Thien
Hue
Quang Binh
Da Nang
Quang
Nam
Xieng
Khouang
Bolikhamxay
Khammouane
Savannakhet
Salavan
Sekong
Attapeu
Champasak
Mukdahan
Ubon
Ratchathani
Bangkok
Source: Interview at DPI in Thua Thien Hue Province and Department of Foreign Affairs of Da Nang City in December 2015, and at DPI
of Quang Tri Province in October 2016.
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MOUs between Vietnam and Lao PDR
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Thua Thien
Hue
Da Nang
Khammouane
Savannakhet
Salavan
Sekong
Attapeu
Champasak
Thua Thien Hue
Province and Da
Nang Concluded
MOU with 6
Provinces in Lao
PDR
Source: Interview at DPI in Thua Thien Hue Province and Department of Foreign Affairs of Da Nang City in December 2015.
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Nine Provinces’ Cooperative Relations
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Bolikhamxay
Khammouane
Nghe An
Bueng
KanHa Tinh
Nakhon
Phanom
Sakon
Nakhon
Nong Khai
1996 Plan of Vietnam –
Thailand Friendship
Village was started in
Nakhon Phanom
1996 Sister – city relation of
2 Lao Provinces, 3
Vietnamese provinces
and Nakhon Phanom
2011 The third Mekong
Friendship Bridge was
completed
3 Thai provinces
added
Meeting twice in a year
Promoting trade, tourism
and road development
Quang
Binh
Source: Interviews at People’s Committee of Ha Tinh Province and DPI of Nghe An Province
in October 2016.
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EWEC Business Database Project
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Da Nang
Thua Thien
Hue
Quang Tri
Savannakhet
MukdahanKalasinKhon
Kaen
Phit
SanulokTak
Mon
Karen
Source: Based on my experience of working for Mekong Institute as a consultant in 2012.
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IV. Background of Deepened
Relation
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First Generation (18 – 19 century)
1) Vietnamese who accompanied with Nguyen Phuc Anh (later called as
Gia Long, the First Emperor of Nguyen Dynasty) when escaped to
Bangkok in 1783 and continued to live in Thailand.
2) Vietnamese Christians who escaped to Thailand from oppression
under the Nguyen dynasty since Emperor Ming Mang rejected French
missionaries in 1825
Second Generation (1890s – 1930s)
Vietnamese nationalists who utilized Thailand as a safe place to
escape from French police from the end of 19 century to 1930s. The
leaders of pro-independence movement such as Mr. Phan Boi Chau
and Mr. Ho Chi Minh also visited Thailand.
Third Generation (1975 – 80)
People called as “boat people” who escaped from Southern and
Central part of Vietnam.20
Overseas Vietnamese in Thailand
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Overseas Vietnamese in Thailand and Laos
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Vinh
Ha Tinh
Dong Ha
Hue
Quang Binh
Da Nang
Quang
Nam
Bolikhamxay
Khammouane
Savannakhet
Ubon
Ratchathani
Bangkok
Source : Takahashi (2012) and Foreign Language Publishing House (1962).
Khon
Kaen
Udon
Thani
Mukdahan
Sakhon
Nakhon
Nakhon
Phanom
Nong Khai
Phichit
: Cities where Association of Vietnamese People exists.
: Cities where Mr. Ho Chi Minh stayed between 1928-31.
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Tourist Spots as Connector
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World Cultural
and Natural
Heritages
of UNESCO
Nguyen Dynasty Palace at Hue, 11 Apr. 2010.
Japan Bridge at Hoi An, 13 Apr. 2110.
My Son Sanctuary, 9 Sep. 2009.
Anousavary Patuxay at Vientiane,
18 Jul. 2013.
Ho Chi Minh’s House at Nakhon
Phanom, 22 Jul.. 2015.
Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park
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Before & After 2nd Friendship Bridge
5 September 2016
27 August 2006
23 July 2015
December 26 2006
Completion of 2nd Mekong Bridge
between Mukdahan-Savannakhet
(1,600m)
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Before & After 3rd Friendship Bridge
Opening Ceremony on November 11, 2011 Third Mekong Friendship Bridge on July 22, 2015
Ferry before the completion December 19, 2012
November 11, 2011
Completion of 3rd Mekong Bridge
between Mukdahan-Savannakhet
(780m)
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Short Distance (Highway No. 9, 8, 12)
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Chiang Khong –
Houayxai
Pang Hok –
Tay Trang
Huaykon –
Nam Ngeun
Nong Phur –
Nam Heuan
Bridge
Nong Khai –
Thanaleng
Nakhon Phanom –
Thakhek
Chong Mek –
Vang Tao
Mukdahan –
Savannakhet
Nam Phao –
Cau Treo
Nam Suoy – Na Meo
Den Savanh – Lao Bao
Na Pao – Cha Lo
Lalay – La Lay
Phou Keua – Bo Y
470km
505km
160km
89km218km
94km
258km
Vinh
Vung An (Ky Anh)
Dong Ha
Quy Nhon
246km
82km
Vientiane
Ha Noi
282km
350km
Note: The distance is
measured when I
passed road
(except roads to Na
Meo – Nam Suoy,
Huaykon – Nam
Noeun, Nong Phur
– Nam Heuan
Bridge and Lalay –
Lalay). These
secdions’ distances
are measured by
maps sold at book
shops.
Source : Created by
presenter.
485km
284km
Khon Kaen
Ubon Ratchathani
388km
700km
690km
274km92km
Hue103km
From border
to border in
Laos
Border to HW
No.1 in Vietnam
From Ubon
Ratchathani
to border in
Thailand
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ConclusionsPeople-to-people connectivity between Central Vietnam,
Laos and Northeastern Thailand have been deepened:
1) in tourism (started with Thai tourists’ visits and the number of
Vietnamese tourists’ visits to Thailand and Laos)
2) in education (Lao students who study in Central Vietnam and in
Thailand have increased)
3) in sister – city relations and MOUs between local governments
Backgrounds of the deepened connectivity are:
1) Overseas Vietnamese people who live in Central Laos and in
Northeastern Thailand as a connector
2) Tourist’s spots as a connector
3) Infrastructure development including bridges over Mekong River
4) Especially short distance between borders with Thailand and with
Vietnam in Laos (Highway No. 9, Highway 12 and Highway 8)
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Thank you !
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