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STPM/S(E)964STPM/S(E)964

MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

((MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCILMALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL))

PEPERIKSAANPEPERIKSAANSIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

(( MALAYSIA HIGHER MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXSCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION AMINATION ))

BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

Syllabus, Specimen Papers and Specimen Syllabus, Specimen Papers and Specimen ExperimentExperiment

This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 session and thereafter until further notice.session and thereafter until further notice.

FALSAFAH PENDIDIKAN KEBANGSAANFALSAFAH PENDIDIKAN KEBANGSAAN

“Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan“Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan

ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu secarasecaramenyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yangmenyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yang

seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi,seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi,

dan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyatdan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyat

Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia,Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia,

bertanggungjabertanggungjawab, berketerampilan, wab, berketerampilan, dan berkeupayaandan berkeupayaan

mencapai kesejahteraamencapai kesejahteraan diri n diri serta memberi sumbanganserta memberi sumbangan

terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga,terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga,

masyarakat dan negara.”masyarakat dan negara.”

FOREWORDFOREWORD

This revised Biology syllabus is designed to This revised Biology syllabus is designed to replace the existing syllabus which has been in use sincereplace the existing syllabus which has been in use sincethe 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 the 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 and the first examinationand the first examination

will also be held the will also be held the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the changes made bychanges made by

the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the existing STPM examination. Through the newexisting STPM examination. Through the new

system, sixth-form study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit system, sixth-form study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit for an examination atfor an examination at

the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the requirements of this new system. The mainrequirements of this new system. The main

objective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching and learningobjective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching and learningorientation in sixth form so as to orientation in sixth form so as to be in line with the be in line with the orientation of teaching and learning in collegesorientation of teaching and learning in colleges

and universities.and universities.

The revision of the Biology syllabus incorporates current developments in biology studies to be The revision of the Biology syllabus incorporates current developments in biology studies to be moremorerelevant to the current global developments. Biology is a science that deals with relevant to the current global developments. Biology is a science that deals with the study of livingthe study of living

organisms. It is dynamic and affects every aspect of our daily lives, from food and organisms. It is dynamic and affects every aspect of our daily lives, from food and health, to thehealth, to the

responsibilities towards our environment. The cumulative discoveries and developments in responsibilities towards our environment. The cumulative discoveries and developments in biologybiology

have tremendously enhanced our understanding and perceptihave tremendously enhanced our understanding and perception towards both the unity on towards both the unity and diversity of and diversity of

life. With this understanding, we have become more aware of our interdependence with our richlife. With this understanding, we have become more aware of our interdependence with our rich

biodiversity and natural resources. The application biodiversity and natural resources. The application of biology together with of biology together with modern technologiesmodern technologies

leads to the evolution of biotechnology. Furthermore, the assessment tools of this syllabus leads to the evolution of biotechnology. Furthermore, the assessment tools of this syllabus consist of consist of

written papers and coursework. The written papers and coursework. The written papers evaluate candidates’written papers evaluate candidates’ knowledge and understandingknowledge and understanding

of the subject, while the coursework provides an opportunity for candidates to trigger their of the subject, while the coursework provides an opportunity for candidates to trigger their inquisitiveinquisitive

biological reasoning. This also biological reasoning. This also enhances their understanding and application of biological sciencesenhances their understanding and application of biological sciences

and develops the candidates’ soft skills.and develops the candidates’ soft skills.

The syllabus contains topics, The syllabus contains topics, teaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, gradeteaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, gradedescription, and sample questions.description, and sample questions.

The design of this syllabus was The design of this syllabus was undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Emeritus Dato’ Dr.undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Emeritus Dato’ Dr.

Latiff bin Mohamad of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Other committee members consist of Latiff bin Mohamad of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Other committee members consist of

university lecturers, representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of university lecturers, representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of

Education Malaysia, and experienced teachers teaching Biology. On behalf of Education Malaysia, and experienced teachers teaching Biology. On behalf of the Malaysianthe Malaysian

Examinations Council, I would like Examinations Council, I would like to thank the to thank the committee for their commitment and invaluablecommittee for their commitment and invaluable

contribution. It is hoped that this contribution. It is hoped that this syllabus will be a guide for syllabus will be a guide for teachers and candidates in the teachingteachers and candidates in the teaching

and learning process.and learning process.

OMAR BIN ABU BAKAROMAR BIN ABU BAKARChief ExecutiveChief Executive

Malaysian Examinations CouncilMalaysian Examinations Council

CONTENTSCONTENTS

Syllabus 964 BiologySyllabus 964 Biology

PagePage

AimsAims

ObjectivesObjectives

ContentContent

First Term: Biological Molecules and MetabolismFirst Term: Biological Molecules and Metabolism

Second Term: PhysiologySecond Term: Physiology

Third Term: Ecology and GeneticsThird Term: Ecology and Genetics

Practical Syllabus (School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4))Practical Syllabus (School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4))

Written Practical Test (Paper 5)Written Practical Test (Paper 5)

Scheme of AssessmentScheme of Assessment

Performance DescriptionsPerformance Descriptions

Reference BooksReference Books

Specimen Paper 1Specimen Paper 1



Specimen Experiment Paper 4Specimen Experiment Paper 4


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11

22 – – 88

99 – – 1515

1616 – – 2121

2222

2323

2424 – – 2525

2626

2727

2929 – – 4343

4545 – – 6363

6565 – – 8181

8383 – – 8686

8787 – – 101101

SYLLABUS SYLLABUS 964 BIOLOGY964 BIOLOGY

AimsAims

This syllabus is designed to enhance candidates’ knowledge and understanding of biology andThis syllabus is designed to enhance candidates’ knowledge and understanding of biology andbiological issues, to prepare and equip the candidates for their tertiary education, to pursue careers inbiological issues, to prepare and equip the candidates for their tertiary education, to pursue careers in

related fields and to promote continuous awareness of the importance of biology in life.related fields and to promote continuous awareness of the importance of biology in life.

ObjectivesObjectives

This syllabus enables candidates to:This syllabus enables candidates to:

((aa))

((bb))

((cc))

((d d ))

((ee))

understand the biological phenomena, principles and theories;understand the biological phenomena, principles and theories;

evaluate biological information critically and deduce logical conclusion;evaluate biological information critically and deduce logical conclusion;

plan and carry out experiments scientifically and plan and carry out experiments scientifically and make deductions;make deductions;

develop abilities and skills in handling develop abilities and skills in handling materials and apparatus correctmaterials and apparatus correctly and safely, and;ly and safely, and;

cultivate proper attitudes and values on social, technological, and environmental issues incultivate proper attitudes and values on social, technological, and environmental issues in

biology.biology.

11

TopicTopicTeachingTeaching

Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome

1 Biological Molecules1 Biological Molecules

1.1 Water1.1 Water

1.2 1.2 CarbohydraCarbohydratestes

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Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:

((aa) describe the ) describe the chemical propertiechemical properties (solvent, bonds (solvent, bond

angles and hydrogen bond) of water and relateangles and hydrogen bond) of water and relate

its physiological roles in the organisms;its physiological roles in the organisms;

((bb) describe the ) describe the physical properties (polarity,physical properties (polarity,

cohesiveness, density, surface tension, specificcohesiveness, density, surface tension, specific

heat capacity, and latent heat of heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporisation)vaporisation)

of water and relate its physiological roles inof water and relate its physiological roles in

organisms.organisms.


((aa) classify carbohydrates into ) classify carbohydrates into monosaccharide,monosaccharide,disaccharide and polysaccharide with respectdisaccharide and polysaccharide with respect

to their physical and to their physical and chemical properties;chemical properties;

((bb) classify monosaccharide according to the) classify monosaccharide according to the

number of carbon atoms and the number of carbon atoms and the functionalfunctional

groupsgroups

(i) triose e.g. gl(i) triose e.g. glyceraldehyyceraldehydes,des,

(ii) pentose e.g. ribose and deoxyribose,(ii) pentose e.g. ribose and deoxyribose,

(iii) hexose e.g. glucose and fructose,(iii) hexose e.g. glucose and fructose,

((cc) illustrate the molecular structure of a) illustrate the molecular structure of a

monosaccharimonosaccharide and de and differentiate between thedifferentiate between the

reducing and non-reducing ends;reducing and non-reducing ends;

((d d ) describe the formation of glycosidic bond in) describe the formation of glycosidic bond in

disaccharides (maltose and sucrose) anddisaccharides (maltose and sucrose) and

polysaccharides (starch, glycogen andpolysaccharides (starch, glycogen andcellulose);cellulose);

((ee) relate the structure of ) relate the structure of disaccharides anddisaccharides and

polysaccharides to their functions in livingpolysaccharides to their functions in living

organisms.organisms.

FIRST TERM: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND METABOLISMFIRST TERM: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND METABOLISM

22



1.3 Lipids1.3 Lipids

1.4 Proteins1.4 Proteins

1.5 Nucleic acids1.5 Nucleic acids

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((aa) describe the structures, properties and) describe the structures, properties anddistribution of triglycerides, phospholipidsdistribution of triglycerides, phospholipids

(lecithin) and steroid (lecithin) and steroid (cholesterol);(cholesterol);

((bb) state the functions of triglycerides,) state the functions of triglycerides,

phospholipids (lecithin) and steroidsphospholipids (lecithin) and steroids

(cholesterol);(cholesterol);

((cc) differentiate between saturated and unsaturated) differentiate between saturated and unsaturated

fatty acids.fatty acids.


((aa) classify amino acids into four main classes) classify amino acids into four main classesbased on their side chains: polar, non-polar,based on their side chains: polar, non-polar,

acidic and basic;acidic and basic;

((bb) describe the structure of an amino acid and the) describe the structure of an amino acid and the

formation of peptide bonds in formation of peptide bonds in polypeptides;polypeptides;

((cc) explain the ) explain the properties of protein (amphoteric,properties of protein (amphoteric,

isoelectric point, buffer and colloid);isoelectric point, buffer and colloid);

((d d ) differentiate the various levels ) differentiate the various levels of organisationof organisation

of protein sof protein structure (primary, secondary,tructure (primary, secondary,

tertiary and quaternary) and relate thetertiary and quaternary) and relate the

functions of each structure to the organisationfunctions of each structure to the organisation

of proteins;of proteins;

((ee) explain the denaturation and renaturation of ) explain the denaturation and renaturation of

protein;protein;

(( f f ) classify proteins according to their structures,) classify proteins according to their structures,

compositions (simple and conjugated) andcompositions (simple and conjugated) and

functions.functions.


((aa) describe the structures of nucleotides and the) describe the structures of nucleotides and theformation of phosphodiester bonds in aformation of phosphodiester bonds in a

polynucleotide;polynucleotide;

((bb) distinguish between DNA and RNA and the) distinguish between DNA and RNA and the

three types of RNAs three types of RNAs (mRNA, tRNA and(mRNA, tRNA and

rRNA);rRNA);

((cc) describe the structure of DNA based on) describe the structure of DNA based on

Watson and Crick model.Watson and Crick model.

33



1.6 Analytical techniques1.6 Analytical techniques

2 Structure of Cells and2 Structure of Cells and

OrganellesOrganelles

2.1 Prokaryotic and2.1 Prokaryotic andeukaryotic cellseukaryotic cells

2.2 Cellular components2.2 Cellular components

2.3 Specialised cells2.3 Specialised cells

44

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44

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66


((aa) describe the basic principles of paper) describe the basic principles of paperchromatograchromatography in phy in pigment separation,pigment separation,

electrophoresis for protein and nucleic acidelectrophoresis for protein and nucleic acid

separation.separation.


((aa) state the cell theory;) state the cell theory;

((bb) compare the structures of ) compare the structures of prokaryotic andprokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells;eukaryotic cells;

((cc) compare typical animal and plant cells as seen) compare typical animal and plant cells as seen

under electron under electron microscopes;microscopes;

((d d ) describe the basic principles of light and) describe the basic principles of light and

electron microscopy.electron microscopy.


((aa) identify the cellular components of typical) identify the cellular components of typicalplant and animal cells;plant and animal cells;

((bb) describe the structures of organelles and state) describe the structures of organelles and state

their functions;their functions;

((cc) explain the basic principles of differential) explain the basic principles of differential

centrifugation used to fractionate cellularcentrifugation used to fractionate cellular

components (components (gg andand S S values).values).


((aa) outline the structures, functions and) outline the structures, functions anddistributions of unspecialised cells found indistributions of unspecialised cells found in

plants (meristematic cells);plants (meristematic cells);

((bb) describe the structures, functions and) describe the structures, functions and

distributions of specialised plant cells found indistributions of specialised plant cells found in

epidermal, ground and vascular tissue;epidermal, ground and vascular tissue;

((cc) describe the structures, functions and) describe the structures, functions and

distributions of specialised animal cells founddistributions of specialised animal cells found

in connective, nervous, muscular and epithelialin connective, nervous, muscular and epithelial

tissues, including the formation of endocrinetissues, including the formation of endocrine

and exocrine glands.and exocrine glands.

44



3 Membrane Structure and3 Membrane Structure and

TransportTransport

3.1 Fluid mosaic model3.1 Fluid mosaic model

3.2 Movement of 3.2 Movement of substance acrosssubstance across

membranemembrane

4 Enzymes4 Enzymes

4.1 Catalysis and4.1 Catalysis andactivation energyactivation energy

4.2 Mechanism of action4.2 Mechanism of actionand kineticsand kinetics

88

33

55

2020

33

55


((aa) describe the structure of a membrane based on) describe the structure of a membrane based onSinger-Nicolson fluid mosaic model;Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model;

((bb) explain the roles of ) explain the roles of each component of theeach component of the

membrane.membrane.


((aa) explain the processes of passive and active) explain the processes of passive and activetransports, endocytosis and exocytosis;transports, endocytosis and exocytosis;

((bb) explain the concepts of water potential, solute) explain the concepts of water potential, solute

potential and pressure potential;potential and pressure potential;

((cc) calculate the water potential of a plant cell in ) calculate the water potential of a plant cell in aa

solution.solution.


((aa) explain that enzyme is a globular protein) explain that enzyme is a globular proteinwhich catalyses a metabolic reaction;which catalyses a metabolic reaction;

((bb) explain the mode of action of enzymes at) explain the mode of action of enzymes at

active site involving active site involving enzyme-substraenzyme-substratete

complex and lowering of the complex and lowering of the activation energyactivation energy

and enzyme specificity.and enzyme specificity.


((aa) illustrate enzyme specificity using induced fit) illustrate enzyme specificity using induced fit

(Koshland) and lock and key (Koshland) and lock and key (Fischer) models;(Fischer) models;

((bb) explain the time course of an ) explain the time course of an enzyme-enzyme-

catalysed reaction by measuring the rate of catalysed reaction by measuring the rate of

formation of product(s) or rate of formation of product(s) or rate of

disappearance of substrate(s) as the rate of disappearance of substrate(s) as the rate of

reaction;reaction;

((cc) deduce the Michaelis-Menten constant () deduce the Michaelis-Menten constant (K K mm))

from the from the Michaelis-MeMichaelis-Menten and nten and LineweaveLineweaver-r-

Burk plots;Burk plots;

((d d ) explain the significance of ) explain the significance of K K mm andand V V maxmax;;

((ee) explain the ) explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzymeeffects of temperature, pH, enzyme

concentration and substrate concentration onconcentration and substrate concentration on

the rate of an the rate of an enzyme-enzyme-catalysed reaction.catalysed reaction.

55



4.3 Cofactors4.3 Cofactors

4.4 Inhibitors4.4 Inhibitors

4.5 Classification of 4.5 Classification of enzymesenzymes

4.6 Enzyme technology4.6 Enzyme technology

5 Cellular Respiration5 Cellular Respiration

5.1 The need for energy in5.1 The need for energy inlivingliving

5.2 Aerobic respiration5.2 Aerobic respiration

33

44

22

33

1212

11

88


((aa) explain the roles of ) explain the roles of cofactors (ion activatorcofactors (ion activators,s,coenzymecoenzymes and s and prosthetic groups) in anprosthetic groups) in an

enzymatic reaction;enzymatic reaction;

((bb) explain the importance of vitamins and) explain the importance of vitamins and

minerals as precursors of minerals as precursors of

coenzymes/cofactors.coenzymes/cofactors.


((aa) explain the effects of competitive and non-) explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitions on the rate of enzymecompetitive inhibitions on the rate of enzyme

activity of reversible inhibition;activity of reversible inhibition;

((bb) relate the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the effect of ) relate the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the effect of

inhibition oninhibition on K K mm andand V V maxmax values.values.


((aa) describe enzyme classification according to) describe enzyme classification according toInternational Union of International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)Biochemistry (IUB)

e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase,e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase,

lyase, isomerase and ligase.lyase, isomerase and ligase.


((aa) explain the importance and the main) explain the importance and the maintechniques of enzyme immobilisation namelytechniques of enzyme immobilisation namely

adsorption, entrapment and covalent coupling;adsorption, entrapment and covalent coupling;

((bb) explain the application of enzyme) explain the application of enzyme

immobilisation in the development of immobilisation in the development of

biosensors.biosensors.


((aa) outline the importance of energy and) outline the importance of energy and

respiration in living organisms;respiration in living organisms;

((bb) describe the ) describe the structure of the energy carriersstructure of the energy carriers

such as ATP, NADH and FADHsuch as ATP, NADH and FADH 22 ..


((aa) describe the various stages of aerobic) describe the various stages of aerobicrespiration and its location in the cells;respiration and its location in the cells;

((bb) describe glycolysis, and calculate the net) describe glycolysis, and calculate the net

energy produced in glycolysis;energy produced in glycolysis;

66



5.3 Anaerobic respiration5.3 Anaerobic respiration

6 Photosynthesis6 Photosynthesis

6.1 Autotroph6.1 Autotroph

6.2 Light-dependent6.2 Light-dependentreactionsreactions

33

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33

33

((cc) describe the various steps involved in the) describe the various steps involved in the

Krebs cycle (including the link Krebs cycle (including the link reaction);reaction);

((d d ) explain the formation of NADH, FADH) explain the formation of NADH, FADH 22 , GTP, GTP

and ATP during the and ATP during the Krebs cycle;Krebs cycle;

((ee) describe oxidative phosphorylation and) describe oxidative phosphorylation andchemiosmosis in the electron transport system;chemiosmosis in the electron transport system;

(( f f ) explain the role of NADH, FADH) explain the role of NADH, FADH 22 and ATPand ATP

synthase in the electron transport chain;synthase in the electron transport chain;

((gg) calculate and explain the net energy produced) calculate and explain the net energy produced

in aerobic respiration per molecule of in aerobic respiration per molecule of glucoseglucose

in liver and muscle cells;in liver and muscle cells;

((hh) describe the effects of cyanide and carbon) describe the effects of cyanide and carbon

monoxide on respiration;monoxide on respiration;

((ii) explain how lipid and ) explain how lipid and protein act as alternativeprotein act as alternative

energy sources.energy sources.


((aa) explain the anaerobic respiration in yeast and) explain the anaerobic respiration in yeast andmuscle cells;muscle cells;

((bb) describe the applications of anaerobic) describe the applications of anaerobic

respiration in food industries (bread,respiration in food industries (bread, tapaitapai, and, and

yogurt).yogurt).


((aa) classify autotroph into photoautotroph and) classify autotroph into photoautotroph and

chemoautotroph;chemoautotroph;

((bb) describe photosynthetic pigments;) describe photosynthetic pigments;

((cc) explain the absorption spectrum and action) explain the absorption spectrum and action

spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.


((aa) explain photo-activation of ) explain photo-activation of chlorophyllchlorophyll aaresulting in photolysis of water;resulting in photolysis of water;

((bb) explain the cyclic and non-cyclic) explain the cyclic and non-cyclic

photophosphorylation including electronphotophosphorylation including electron

transport system resulting in the production of transport system resulting in the production of

ATP and NADPH.ATP and NADPH.

77



6.3 Light-independent6.3 Light-independent

reactionsreactions

6.4 Limiting factors6.4 Limiting factors

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22


((aa) describe Calvin cycle;) describe Calvin cycle;

((bb) explain photorespiration;) explain photorespiration;

((cc) describe the anatomical structure of C) describe the anatomical structure of C 44 leaf leaf (Krantz anatomy) in comparison to C(Krantz anatomy) in comparison to C 33 leaf;leaf;

((d d ) explain carbon dioxide fixation in C) explain carbon dioxide fixation in C 44 plantsplants

and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)

plants;plants;

((ee) differentiate the metabolism of C) differentiate the metabolism of C 33 , C, C 44 andand

CAM plants.CAM plants.


((aa) explain limiting factors of photosynthesis) explain limiting factors of photosynthesis(light intensity, carbon dioxide (light intensity, carbon dioxide concentrationconcentration

and and temperaturetemperature););

((bb) relate the roles of C) relate the roles of C 33 , C, C 44 and CAM plants onand CAM plants onthe increasing carbon dioxide emission andthe increasing carbon dioxide emission and

global warming.global warming.

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7 Gas Exchange7 Gas Exchange

7.1 Gaseous exchange in7.1 Gaseous exchange in

humanshumans

7.2 Breathing cycle7.2 Breathing cycle

7.3 Gaseous exchange in7.3 Gaseous exchange inplantsplants

8 Transport in Animals and8 Transport in Animals and

PlantsPlants

8.1 Transport system in8.1 Transport system inmammalsmammals

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22

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((aa) outline the structure of human respiratory) outline the structure of human respiratory

system, including the microscopic structure of system, including the microscopic structure of

the wall of an alveolus;the wall of an alveolus;

((bb) describe the ) describe the structure of haemoglobin;structure of haemoglobin;

((cc) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon

dioxide in blood;dioxide in blood;

((d d ) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of ) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of

haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetalhaemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal

haemoglobin;haemoglobin;

((ee) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the

oxygen dissociation curve.oxygen dissociation curve.


((aa) explain the ) explain the control of breathing mechanism,control of breathing mechanism,including the role including the role of chemoreceptor;of chemoreceptor;

((bb) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung

capacity, inspiratory reserve volume,capacity, inspiratory reserve volume,

expiratory reserve volume and residualexpiratory reserve volume and residual

volume.volume.


((aa) describe the structure and functions of stomata;) describe the structure and functions of stomata;

((bb) describe the mechanism of opening and) describe the mechanism of opening and

closing of stomata based on potassium ionclosing of stomata based on potassium ionaccumulation hypothesis.accumulation hypothesis.


((aa) describe the ) describe the structure of a mammalian heart;structure of a mammalian heart;

((bb) define systole and diastole, and explain the) define systole and diastole, and explain the

sequence of events in a sequence of events in a cardiac cycle includingcardiac cycle including

changes in pressure and volume in aorta, leftchanges in pressure and volume in aorta, left

atrium and left ventricle;atrium and left ventricle;

((cc) describe the initiation and regulation of heart) describe the initiation and regulation of heart

beat;beat;

SECOND TERM: PHYSIOLOGYSECOND TERM: PHYSIOLOGY

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8.2 Transport system in8.2 Transport system in

vascular plantsvascular plants

9 Control and Regulation9 Control and Regulation

9.1 Nervous system9.1 Nervous system

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((d d ) explain ) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis,hypertension, atherosclerosis,

arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, andarteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and

state their causes and state their causes and preventions;preventions;

((ee) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the

blood circulatory system;blood circulatory system;(( f f ) determine the direction of fluid movement at) determine the direction of fluid movement at

the arterial and venous ends of the capillariesthe arterial and venous ends of the capillaries

by calculating the differences betweenby calculating the differences between

osmotic pressure/solute potential andosmotic pressure/solute potential and

hydrostatic pressure.hydrostatic pressure.


((aa) explain the uptake of water and mineral ions) explain the uptake of water and mineral ionsfrom the soil by the root hairs from the soil by the root hairs involving waterinvolving water

potential;potential;

((bb) describe the ) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolarapoplast, symplast and vacuolar

pathway of water movement through the pathway of water movement through the rootroot

tissues;tissues;

((cc) describe the root ) describe the root pressure, cohesion-tensionpressure, cohesion-tension

theory and transpiration pull in relation totheory and transpiration pull in relation to

water movement from the roots to water movement from the roots to leaves;leaves;

((d d ) explain translocation using the mass flow,) explain translocation using the mass flow,

electro-osmelectro-osmosis, cytoplasmic osis, cytoplasmic streaming andstreaming and

peristaltic waves hypotheses;peristaltic waves hypotheses;

((ee) explain the concept of source and sink, and) explain the concept of source and sink, and

phloem loading and unloading in translocationphloem loading and unloading in translocation

according to pressure flow hypothesis.according to pressure flow hypothesis.


((aa) describe the organisation of the nervous) describe the organisation of the nervoussystem in humans;system in humans;

((bb) explain the formation of resting and action) explain the formation of resting and action

potentials;potentials;

((cc) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;

((d d ) describe the structure of synapse, and explain) describe the structure of synapse, and explain

the role the role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholineof neurotransmitters (acetylcholine

and norepinephrine);and norepinephrine);

((ee) explain and ) explain and compare the mechanisms of compare the mechanisms of

impulse transmission along the axon andimpulse transmission along the axon and

across the synapse;across the synapse;

1010



9.2 Hormones9.2 Hormones

10 Reproduction,10 Reproduction,

Development and GrowthDevelopment and Growth

10.1 Sexual reproduction in10.1 Sexual reproduction in

humanshumans

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(( f f ) describe the structure ) describe the structure of neuromuscularof neuromuscular

junction and sarcom junction and sarcomere;ere;

((gg) explain the ) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum,role of sarcoplasmic reticulum,

calcium ions, myofibril and T tubules incalcium ions, myofibril and T tubules in

muscle contraction;muscle contraction;((hh) explain the ) explain the mechanism of muscle contractionmechanism of muscle contraction

according to the sliding according to the sliding filament hypothesis;filament hypothesis;

((ii) compare the ) compare the sympathetic and parasympatheticsympathetic and parasympathetic

nervous systems;nervous systems;

(( j j) explain the mechanisms of drug action on) explain the mechanisms of drug action on

nervous system and nervous system and neuromuscular junctionneuromuscular junction

(cocaine and curare).(cocaine and curare).


((aa) explain the mechanisms of action of steroid) explain the mechanisms of action of steroidhormone and non-steroid hormones;hormone and non-steroid hormones;

((bb) explain the roles of ) explain the roles of plant hormones in growthplant hormones in growthand development;and development;

((cc) explain the ) explain the mechanism of phytochrome actionmechanism of phytochrome action

and their roles in photoperiodism andand their roles in photoperiodism and

flowering;flowering;

((d d ) outline the application of plant growth) outline the application of plant growth

regulators (synthetic auxin, syntheticregulators (synthetic auxin, synthetic

gibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) ingibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) in

agriculture.agriculture.


((aa) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;

((bb) describe the ) describe the passage and development of passage and development of

sperms from the testis to the oviduct forsperms from the testis to the oviduct for

fertilisation;fertilisation;

((cc) describe the process of fertilisation and) describe the process of fertilisation and

implantation;implantation;

((d d ) describe the ) describe the roles of hormones in menstrualroles of hormones in menstrual

cycle and pregnancy;cycle and pregnancy;

((ee) describe briefly the stages ) describe briefly the stages in embryonicin embryonic

development;development;

1111



10.2 Sexual reproduction in10.2 Sexual reproduction inflowering plantsflowering plants

10.3 Seed germination10.3 Seed germination

10.4 Growth curves and10.4 Growth curves andpatterns of growthpatterns of growth

11 Homeostasis11 Homeostasis

11.1 Importance of 11.1 Importance of homeostasishomeostasis

22

11

44

1010

22

(( f f ) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic

fluid and allantois in foetal development;fluid and allantois in foetal development;

((gg) explain the process of parturition.) explain the process of parturition.


((aa) outline double fertilisation;) outline double fertilisation;

((bb) describe the ) describe the embryonic developmembryonic development in seedent in seed

and formation of fruit.and formation of fruit.


((aa) explain the mobilisation of nutrients after) explain the mobilisation of nutrients afterimbibition in seed germination;imbibition in seed germination;

((bb) state the ) state the external factors affecting germination.external factors affecting germination.


((aa) explain the types of growth curves (absolute) explain the types of growth curves (absolutegrowth curve, absolute growth rate curve andgrowth curve, absolute growth rate curve and

relative growth rate curve);relative growth rate curve);

((bb) explain with examples the patterns of growth) explain with examples the patterns of growth

(limited growth in humans, unlimited growth(limited growth in humans, unlimited growth

in perennial plant, allometric growth inin perennial plant, allometric growth in

humans, isometric growth in fish andhumans, isometric growth in fish and

intermittent growth in insect);intermittent growth in insect);

((cc) explain the processes of ecdysis and) explain the processes of ecdysis and

metamormetamorphosis in insects, and phosis in insects, and relate the role of relate the role of

hormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenilehormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenile

hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.


((aa) explain the ) explain the importance of homeostasis;importance of homeostasis;

((bb) describe the homeostatic control ) describe the homeostatic control system insystem in

mammals;mammals;

((cc) explain the ) explain the physiological and behaviouralphysiological and behavioural

control in thermoregulation of endotherms.control in thermoregulation of endotherms.

1212



11.2 Liver11.2 Liver

11.3 Osmoregulation in11.3 Osmoregulation inmammalsmammals

11.4 Osmoregulation in11.4 Osmoregulation inplantsplants

12 Immunity12 Immunity

12.1 Immune system12.1 Immune system

44

33

11

1010

33


((aa) describe the structure of liver, and explain the) describe the structure of liver, and explain theroles of its components;roles of its components;

((bb) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver(glycogenesis, glycogenolysis,(glycogenesis, glycogenolysis,

gluconeogenesis);gluconeogenesis);

((cc) describe protein ) describe protein metabolism (transammetabolism (transamination,ination,

deamination and urea formation) in the deamination and urea formation) in the liver.liver.


((aa) explain the process of ultrafiltration,) explain the process of ultrafiltration,reabsorption and secretion in the reabsorption and secretion in the formation of formation of

urine;urine;

((bb) explain the role of ADH and ) explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, andaldosterone, and

the related hormones in regulating water,the related hormones in regulating water,

sodium and potassium ions of urine;sodium and potassium ions of urine;

((cc) explain the regulation of pH of ) explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.tissue fluid.


((aa) describe the role of stomata in regulation of ) describe the role of stomata in regulation of water loss, and explain the importance of water loss, and explain the importance of

transpiration;transpiration;

((bb) describe the various types of plant adaptations) describe the various types of plant adaptations

to prevent water loss (halophytes andto prevent water loss (halophytes and

xerophytes).xerophytes).


((aa) describe human lymphatic system, and explain) describe human lymphatic system, and explain

its function in relation to immunity;its function in relation to immunity;

((bb) describe antibody (structure and ) describe antibody (structure and function),function),

antigen, epitope, and the development of Bantigen, epitope, and the development of B

and T cells;and T cells;

((cc) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and

T cells.T cells.

1313



12.2 Development of 12.2 Development of

immunityimmunity

12.3 Concept of self and12.3 Concept of self andnon-self non-self

12.4 Immune disorder12.4 Immune disorder

13 Infectious Diseases13 Infectious Diseases

13.1 Infectious disease13.1 Infectious disease

13.2 Dengue13.2 Dengue

13.3 Cholera13.3 Cholera

33

33

11

1313

11

33

33


((aa) explain cell-mediated and humoral immune) explain cell-mediated and humoral immuneresponses;responses;

((bb) outline the ) outline the antigen-antibody reactionsantigen-antibody reactions(precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation,(precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation,

complemecomplement nt fixation).fixation).


((aa) explain the concept of self and non) explain the concept of self and non-self and-self andrelate this to tissue rejection in organrelate this to tissue rejection in organ

transplant;transplant;

((bb) explain the ) explain the mechanism of immune suppressionmechanism of immune suppression

(HIV infection).(HIV infection).


((aa) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic Lupus) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic LupusErythematosus (SLE)).Erythematosus (SLE)).


((aa) explain what is meant by an ) explain what is meant by an infection and aninfection and an

infectious disease;infectious disease;

((bb) outline the types of infectious agents.) outline the types of infectious agents.


((aa) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;

((bb) explain the transmission of dengue;) explain the transmission of dengue;

((cc) discuss the roles of s) discuss the roles of social, economical andocial, economical and

biological factors in the prevention of dengue.biological factors in the prevention of dengue.


((aa) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;

((bb) explain the transmission of cholera;) explain the transmission of cholera;


biological factors in the prevention of cholera.biological factors in the prevention of cholera.

1414



13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)

13.5 Malaria13.5 Malaria

33

33


((aa) describe the causes and symptoms of ) describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB);tuberculosis (TB);

((bb) explain the transmission of TB;) explain the transmission of TB;((cc) discuss the roles of s) discuss the roles of social, economical andocial, economical and

biological factors in the prevention of TB.biological factors in the prevention of TB.


((aa) describe the ) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria;causes and symptoms of malaria;

((bb) explain the ) explain the transmission of malaria;transmission of malaria;


biological factors in the biological factors in the prevention of malaria.prevention of malaria.

1515



14 Taxonomy and14 Taxonomy and

BiodiversityBiodiversity

14.1 Taxonomy14.1 Taxonomy

14.2 Diversity of organisms14.2 Diversity of organisms

14.3 Biodiversity in14.3 Biodiversity inMalaysiaMalaysia

14.4 Threats to biodiversity14.4 Threats to biodiversity

14.5 Conservation of 14.5 Conservation of biodiversitybiodiversity

1414

22

66

22

22

22


((aa) explain the importance of taxonomy in) explain the importance of taxonomy in

biological sciences;biological sciences;

((bb) explain the concept of species, and relate how) explain the concept of species, and relate how

a species is classified into higher categories ina species is classified into higher categories in

a taxonomic a taxonomic hierarchy.hierarchy.


((aa) describe the ) describe the morphological charactmorphological characteristics of eristics of the following phyla in the respectivethe following phyla in the respective

kingdoms: Protoctista (Chlorophyta andkingdoms: Protoctista (Chlorophyta and

Zoomastigina), Fungi (Zygomycota), PlantaeZoomastigina), Fungi (Zygomycota), Plantae

(Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta and(Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta and

AngiospermophyAngiospermophyta) and ta) and Animalia (Porifera,Animalia (Porifera,

Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca,Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca,

Arthropoda and Chordata).Arthropoda and Chordata).


((aa) describe the different levels and examples of ) describe the different levels and examples of biodiversity in Malaysia, namely ecosystem orbiodiversity in Malaysia, namely ecosystem or

community diversity, species or taxonomiccommunity diversity, species or taxonomic

diversity and genetic diversity;diversity and genetic diversity;

((bb) explain the importance of biodiversity in) explain the importance of biodiversity in

Malaysia.Malaysia.


((aa) explain the ) explain the natural and man-made factors thatnatural and man-made factors that

threaten biodiversity in threaten biodiversity in Malaysia;Malaysia;

((bb) explain the steps and efforts taken by various) explain the steps and efforts taken by various

agencies and organisations to address theagencies and organisations to address the

threats.threats.


((aa) describe the various measures taken to) describe the various measures taken toconserve the different levels of biodiversityconserve the different levels of biodiversity

includingincluding in situin situ andand ex situex situ conservation inconservation in

Malaysia.Malaysia.

THIRD TERM: ECOLOGY AND GENETICSTHIRD TERM: ECOLOGY AND GENETICS

1616



15 Ecology15 Ecology

15.1 Levels of ecological15.1 Levels of ecologicalorganisationorganisation

15.2 Biogeochemical cycles15.2 Biogeochemical cycles

15.3 Energy flow15.3 Energy flow

15.4 Population ecology15.4 Population ecology

15.5 Carrying capacity15.5 Carrying capacity

15.6 Quantitative ecology15.6 Quantitative ecology

2222

33

33

33

66

33

44


((aa) explain the concept of hierarchy in an) explain the concept of hierarchy in an

ecosystem and the interaction between theecosystem and the interaction between thebiotic and abiotic components.biotic and abiotic components.


((aa) describe the ) describe the biogeochemicbiogeochemical cycles (carbon,al cycles (carbon,

phosphorus and sulphur), and explain theirphosphorus and sulphur), and explain their

importance.importance.


((aa) describe the energy flow and the efficiency of ) describe the energy flow and the efficiency of energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystemenergy transfer in terrestrial ecosystem

(tropical rain forest) and aquatic ecosystem(tropical rain forest) and aquatic ecosystem

(lake).(lake).


((aa) explain population growth (S and J ) explain population growth (S and J growthgrowthcurves), biotic potential, natality, mortality,curves), biotic potential, natality, mortality,

migration and survivorship;migration and survivorship;

((bb) explain the characteristics of populations that) explain the characteristics of populations that

show Type I, Type II and Type IIIshow Type I, Type II and Type III

survivorship curves, andsurvivorship curves, and K K -strategies and-strategies and

r r -strategies.-strategies.


((aa) explain what is meant by carrying capacity and) explain what is meant by carrying capacity and

sustainable development;sustainable development;((bb) explain the factors limiting the population size) explain the factors limiting the population size

and distribution.and distribution.


((aa) describe the use of quadrat and line ) describe the use of quadrat and line transecttransectsampling methods and explain the sampling methods and explain the advantagesadvantages

and disadvantages of using these methods;and disadvantages of using these methods;

((bb) calculate the various ) calculate the various sampling parameterssampling parameters

(frequency(frequency, density, cover , density, cover and their absoluteand their absolute

and relative estimations) and estimate theand relative estimations) and estimate the

population size of organisms;population size of organisms;

((cc) explain the pattern of distribution of organisms) explain the pattern of distribution of organisms

in an ecosystem.in an ecosystem.

1717



16 Selection and Speciation16 Selection and Speciation

16.1 Natural and artificial16.1 Natural and artificialselectionselection

16.2 Speciation16.2 Speciation

17 Inheritance and Genetic17 Inheritance and Genetic

ControlControl

17.1 Types of genetic17.1 Types of geneticcrosses and breedingcrosses and breeding

systemsystem

17.2 Non-Mendelian17.2 Non-Mendelianinheritanceinheritance

1010

66

44

3434

55

77


((aa) describe continuous and discontinuous) describe continuous and discontinuous

variations in relation to selection andvariations in relation to selection andspeciation;speciation;

((bb) explain the modes of natural selection) explain the modes of natural selection

(stabilising, directional and disruptive) and(stabilising, directional and disruptive) and

their consequences;their consequences;

((cc) describe with examples, sexual selection and) describe with examples, sexual selection and

polymorphism;polymorphism;

((d d ) explain the ) explain the importance of artificial selectionimportance of artificial selection

(gene bank, germplasm bank and sperm bank).(gene bank, germplasm bank and sperm bank).


((aa) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift,) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift,hybridisation and adaptive radiation;hybridisation and adaptive radiation;

((bb) explain the importance of speciation in relation) explain the importance of speciation in relation

to evolution.to evolution.


((aa) explain the ) explain the Mendelian inheritance pertainingMendelian inheritance pertaining

to the phenotypic and genotypic ratios;to the phenotypic and genotypic ratios;

((bb) describe the types of crosses (test cross,) describe the types of crosses (test cross,

backcross, reciprocal cross and selfing) andbackcross, reciprocal cross and selfing) and

explain their importance;explain their importance;

((cc) describe pure breeding, outbreeding,) describe pure breeding, outbreeding,

inbreeding, selective breeding, and explaininbreeding, selective breeding, and explain

their importance.their importance.


((aa) explain) explain

(i) incomplete dominance (flower colour in(i) incomplete dominance (flower colour in

snapdragon),snapdragon),

(ii) codominance (MN blood group in(ii) codominance (MN blood group in

humans),humans),

(iii) multiple alleles (ABO blood group in(iii) multiple alleles (ABO blood group in

humans), andhumans), and

calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios;calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios;

1818



17.3 Genetic mapping17.3 Genetic mapping

17.4 Population genetics17.4 Population genetics

17.5 DNA replication17.5 DNA replication

22

55

44

((bb) explain lethal ) explain lethal genes (sickle-cell in human/coatgenes (sickle-cell in human/coat

colur in mice/chlorophyll production incolur in mice/chlorophyll production in

maize), polygenes (height in humans), linkedmaize), polygenes (height in humans), linked

and sex-linked genes (and sex-linked genes ( Drosophila Drosophila eye coloureye colour

and haemophilia in humans), and epistasisand haemophilia in humans), and epistasis

(coat colour in dog and capsule shape in(coat colour in dog and capsule shape in

shepherd’s purse plant);shepherd’s purse plant);

((cc) explain the ) explain the pedigree analysis.pedigree analysis.


((aa) explain crossing over and distinguish between) explain crossing over and distinguish betweenparental and recombinant genotypes andparental and recombinant genotypes and

phenotypes;phenotypes;

((bb) calculate the distance between two loci, and) calculate the distance between two loci, and

determine the relative position of a gene on adetermine the relative position of a gene on a

chromosomchromosome based on e based on percentage of crossing-percentage of crossing-

over inover in Drosophila Drosophila..


((aa) describe the concept of gene pool, gene/allele) describe the concept of gene pool, gene/allelefrequency and genotype frequency and genotype frequency;frequency;

((bb) explain ) explain Hardy-WeinbeHardy-Weinberg equilibriumrg equilibrium

(( p p22 + 2+ 2 pq pq ++qq22 = 1 and= 1 and p p ++ qq = 1), and calculate= 1), and calculate

the gene/allele and the gene/allele and genotype frequencies;genotype frequencies;

((cc) explain the ) explain the conditions for Hardy-Weinbergconditions for Hardy-Weinberg

equilibrium to be valid;equilibrium to be valid;

((d d ) describe changes in ) describe changes in genotype frequencies ingenotype frequencies in

relation to evolution.relation to evolution.


((aa) explain the experiments to prove DNA is the) explain the experiments to prove DNA is thegenetic material (Avery, MacLeod andgenetic material (Avery, MacLeod and

McCarty experiment and Hershey and McCarty experiment and Hershey and ChaseChase

experiment);experiment);

((bb) explain the three models of DNA replication,) explain the three models of DNA replication,

and interpret the experiment of Meselson and interpret the experiment of Meselson andand

Stahl to prove the Stahl to prove the semi-conservsemi-conservative model of ative model of

DNA replication;DNA replication;

((cc) explain the ) explain the mechanism of DNA replication,mechanism of DNA replication,

and the role of the enzymes involved.and the role of the enzymes involved.

1919



17.6 Gene expression17.6 Gene expression

17.7 Regulation of gene17.7 Regulation of geneexpressionexpression

17.8 Mutation17.8 Mutation

44

22

55


((aa) explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatum) explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatumwhich leads to which leads to the establishment of one-gene-the establishment of one-gene-

one-polypeptide hypothesis;one-polypeptide hypothesis;

((bb) interpret the genetic code table, and identify) interpret the genetic code table, and identify

the appropriate anti-codon;the appropriate anti-codon;

((cc) explain the ) explain the characteristcharacteristics of ics of genetic code;genetic code;

((d d ) describe transcription and translation.) describe transcription and translation.


((aa) define repressor, inducer, negative control in) define repressor, inducer, negative control inlaclac operon and constitutive enzyme;operon and constitutive enzyme;

((bb) describe the components of ) describe the components of laclac operon, andoperon, and

explain its explain its mechanismmechanism..


((aa) describe the different types of gene mutation) describe the different types of gene mutationwith examples of its with examples of its consequencesconsequences

(substitution(substitution – – sickle-cell anaemia,sickle-cell anaemia,

insertion/additioninsertion/addition – – frameshift mutation,frameshift mutation,

deletiondeletion – – frameshift mutation andframeshift mutation and

thalassaemia major and inversion);thalassaemia major and inversion);

((bb) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent/ ) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent/

neutral mutations;neutral mutations;

((cc) describe the four structural changes in) describe the four structural changes in

chromosomchromosomes (duplication, es (duplication, deletion, inversiondeletion, inversion

and translocation);and translocation);

((d d ) describe the ) describe the changes in chromosome number,changes in chromosome number,

including the definition of non-disjunction;including the definition of non-disjunction;

((ee) describe the consequences of non-disjunction) describe the consequences of non-disjunction

in relation to meiosis;in relation to meiosis;

(( f f ) explain and give examples of different types of ) explain and give examples of different types of

aneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy);aneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy);

((gg) explain and give examples of different types of ) explain and give examples of different types of

euploidy: diploid and polyploid, includingeuploidy: diploid and polyploid, including

autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.

2020



18 Gene Technology18 Gene Technology

18.1 Recombinant DNA18.1 Recombinant DNAtechnologytechnology

19 Biotechnology19 Biotechnology

19.1 Roles of 19.1 Roles of biotechnologybiotechnology

19.2 Applications of 19.2 Applications of biotechnologybiotechnology

88

88

88

11

77


((aa) explain ) explain recombinant DNA technology/geneticrecombinant DNA technology/genetic

engineering;engineering;((bb) differentiate between genomic and) differentiate between genomic and ccDNADNA

cloning and genomic andcloning and genomic and ccDNA libraries;DNA libraries;

((cc) describe the vectors used in cloning and ) describe the vectors used in cloning and theirtheir

properties;properties;

((d d ) describe the ) describe the restriction enzyme (restriction enzyme ( Eco EcoR1 andR1 and

SmaSmaI), including its nomenclature, recognitionI), including its nomenclature, recognition

site (palindrome), importance and the types of site (palindrome), importance and the types of

ends generated;ends generated;

((ee) explain reverse transcription, insertion,) explain reverse transcription, insertion,

ligation, ligation, transformation/tratransformation/transduction,nsduction,

amplification and screening;amplification and screening;

(( f f ) describe the steps involved in ) describe the steps involved in genomic andgenomic and

ccDNA cloning, including the DNA cloning, including the enzymesenzymes

involved, and explain human insulininvolved, and explain human insulin

production inproduction in E. coli E. coli as an example.as an example.


((aa) define ) define biotechnology;biotechnology;

((bb) outline the roles of ) outline the roles of biotechnology in our life.biotechnology in our life.


((aa) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in

food and beverages food and beverages production (fermentationproduction (fermentationand vitamin-enriched eggs);and vitamin-enriched eggs);

((bb) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in

agriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistantagriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistant

plants and transgenic fish);plants and transgenic fish);

((cc) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in

medicine (human growth hormone, humanmedicine (human growth hormone, human

insulin and gene therapy) and insulin and gene therapy) and forensic (DNAforensic (DNA

finger printing);finger printing);

((d d ) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in

public health (genetic screening, diagnosticpublic health (genetic screening, diagnostic

kits and kits and oil-decomposioil-decomposing bacteria).ng bacteria).

2121

The Practical SyllabusThe Practical Syllabus

School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)

School-based assessment of practical work will be School-based assessment of practical work will be carried out throughout the carried out throughout the form six school termsform six school termsfor candidates from government schools and private schools which are approved by the MEC to carryfor candidates from government schools and private schools which are approved by the MEC to carry

out the school-based assessment of out the school-based assessment of practical work.practical work.

MEC will determine 15 compulsory experimMEC will determine 15 compulsory experiments to be carried out by the ents to be carried out by the candidates and to becandidates and to beassessed by the subject teachers in schools in assessed by the subject teachers in schools in the respective terms. Details of the title, objective,the respective terms. Details of the title, objective,

learning outcome, introduction, material, apparatus and procedure of each of learning outcome, introduction, material, apparatus and procedure of each of the experiments will bethe experiments will be

specified in the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Practical Biology which can be downloaded fromspecified in the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Practical Biology which can be downloaded from

MEC PortalMEC Portal (http://www.mpm.edu.my)(http://www.mpm.edu.my) during the first term of form six by during the first term of form six by the subject teacher.the subject teacher.

Candidates should be supplied with Candidates should be supplied with a work scheme before the a work scheme before the day of the compulsory experimentday of the compulsory experimentso as to enable them to so as to enable them to plan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one schoolplan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one school

double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the subject teachers during the practicalsubject teachers during the practical

sessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessmentsessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessment

guidelines prepared by MEC.guidelines prepared by MEC.

A repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for two subsequentA repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for two subsequentexaminations. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should examinations. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should be made during thebe made during the

registration of the examination.registration of the examination.

During the practical session, candidates should be able to:During the practical session, candidates should be able to:

((aa))

((bb))((cc))

((d d ))

((ee))

(( f f ))

((gg))

((hh))

make observations on living, make observations on living, preserved specimens and models, and record them accuratelypreserved specimens and models, and record them accuratelyin writing or by using in writing or by using clear drawings or diagrams,clear drawings or diagrams,

identify morphological features of specimens as a identify morphological features of specimens as a basis for their basis for their classification,classification,

carry out dissection, display and illustrate the result,carry out dissection, display and illustrate the result,

stain and mount stain and mount specimens for microscopic examinatispecimens for microscopic examination,on,

identify and illustrate the identify and illustrate the specimens observed under light microscope,specimens observed under light microscope,

carry out biochemical, physiological and genetic experiments,carry out biochemical, physiological and genetic experiments,

carry out sampling for ecological studies,carry out sampling for ecological studies,

record the results systematically, interpret the data record the results systematically, interpret the data scientifically and make conclusion.scientifically and make conclusion.

2222

http://www.mpm.edu.my/

http://www.mpm.edu.my/

Written Practical Test (Paper 5)Written Practical Test (Paper 5)

The main objective of written practical test is to The main objective of written practical test is to assess the candidates’ understanding of practicalassess the candidates’ understanding of practicalprocedures in the laboratory.procedures in the laboratory.

The following candidates are required to register for this paper:The following candidates are required to register for this paper:

((aa))

((bb))

((cc))

((d d ))

((ee))

individual private candidates,individual private candidates,

candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-basedcandidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-based

assessment of practical work,assessment of practical work,

candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),

candidates who docandidates who do notnot attend classes of lower six and upper six attend classes of lower six and upper six in twoin two consecutiveconsecutive yearsyears

(in government or private schools),(in government or private schools),

candidates who take Biology other candidates who take Biology other than the package offered by schools.than the package offered by schools.

Three structured questions related to practical work will be set. MEC will not be Three structured questions related to practical work will be set. MEC will not be strictly bound bystrictly bound bythe syllabus in setting questions. the syllabus in setting questions. Where appropriate, candidaWhere appropriate, candidates will be given sufficient information totes will be given sufficient information to

enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory within the enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory within the syllabus and knowledge of syllabus and knowledge of

usual laboratory practical procedures will be usual laboratory practical procedures will be expected.expected.

Candidates should have sufficient knowledge on:Candidates should have sufficient knowledge on:

((aa))

((bb))

((cc))

((d d ))

((ee))

(( f f ))

((gg))

((hh))

((ii))

structure of specimens and record them accurately in structure of specimens and record them accurately in writing or illustration,writing or illustration,

morphological and anatomical featurmorphological and anatomical features and relate to functions of specimens as a es and relate to functions of specimens as a basis forbasis fortheir classification,their classification,

dissection of specimens and illustration of the result (rat),dissection of specimens and illustration of the result (rat),

staining and mounting specimens for staining and mounting specimens for microscopic examination,microscopic examination,

identification and illustration of identification and illustration of the specimens as observed under the specimens as observed under microscope,microscope,

biochemical, physiological and genetic biochemical, physiological and genetic experimentexperiments,s,

sampling for ecological studies,sampling for ecological studies,

interpreting, evaluating, drawing conclusion interpreting, evaluating, drawing conclusion from experimental data,from experimental data,

using theories to explain the results of using theories to explain the results of experiments and performing simple calcexperiments and performing simple calculationsulations

based on experiments.based on experiments.

2323

Term of Term of

StudyStudy

Paper CodePaper Code

and Nameand NameTheme/Title Theme/Title Type Type of of Test Test

Mark Mark

((WeightingWeighting)) Duration Duration AdministrationAdministration

FirstFirst

TermTerm

964/1964/1

BiologyBiology

Paper 1Paper 1

BiologicalBiological

MoleculesMolecules

andand

MetabolismMetabolism

Written testWritten test

Section ASection A

15 compulsory15 compulsorymultiple-choicemultiple-choice

questions to bequestions to be

answered.answered.

Section BSection B

2 compulsory short2 compulsory short

structured questions tostructured questions to

be answered.be answered.

Section CSection C

2 out of 3 essay2 out of 3 essay


answered.answered.

All questions areAll questions are

based on topics 1 to 6.based on topics 1 to 6.

6060

(26.67%)(26.67%)

1515

1515

3030

1½ hours1½ hoursCentralCentral

assessmentassessment

SecondSecond

TermTerm

964/2964/2

BiologyBiology

Paper 2Paper 2

PhysiologyPhysiology Written testWritten test

Section ASection A

15 compulsory15 compulsory

multiple-choicemultiple-choice


answered.answered.

Section BSection B




Section CSection C



answered.answered.


based on topics 7 tobased on topics 7 to

13.13.

6060

(26.67%)(26.67%)

1515

1515

3030



Scheme of AssessmentScheme of Assessment

2424

Term of Term of

StudyStudy

Paper CodePaper Code

and Nameand NameTheme/Title Theme/Title Type Type of of Test Test

Mark Mark

((WeightingWeighting)) Duration Duration AdministrationAdministration

ThirdThird

TermTerm964/3964/3

BiologyBiology

Paper 3Paper 3

Ecology andEcology and

GeneticsGenetics

Written testWritten test

Section ASection A

15 compulsory15 compulsorymultiple-choicemultiple-choice


answeredanswered..

Section BSection B




Section CSection C



answered.answered.


based on topics 14 tobased on topics 14 to

19.19.

6060

(26.67%)(26.67%)

1515

1515

3030



964/5964/5

BiologyBiology

Paper 5Paper 5

Written PracticalWritten Practical

TestTest

3 structured questions3 structured questions

with diagram/graph/ with diagram/graph/

table to be answered.table to be answered.

4545

(20%)(20%)



First,First,

SecondSecond

andand

ThirdThird

TermsTerms

964/4964/4

BiologyBiology

Paper 4Paper 4

BiologyBiology

PracticalPractical

School-basedSchool-based

Assessment of Assessment of

PracticalPractical

15 compulsory15 compulsory

experiments to beexperiments to be

carried out.carried out.

225225

(20%)(20%) Through-Through-

out theout the

threethree

termsterms

School-basedSchool-based


2525

Performance DescriptionsPerformance Descriptions

AA Grade AGrade A candidate is likely able to:candidate is likely able to:

((aa))

((bb))

((cc))

((d d ))

((ee))

(( f f ))

recall almost all the content of required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the contentrecall almost all the content of required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the contentwith the question;with the question;

decide on, organise and present information to explain the concept, theories and depth of decide on, organise and present information to explain the concept, theories and depth of

biological knowledge in an biological knowledge in an ordered and logical manner;ordered and logical manner;

plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a sound biological knowledge;sound biological knowledge;

interpret and analyse complex data presented, and interpret and analyse complex data presented, and relate the biological knowledge andrelate the biological knowledge and

understanding of content by usunderstanding of content by using correct formulae, terminologies, scientific units anding correct formulae, terminologies, scientific units and

approach;approach;

integrate various concepts and findings integrate various concepts and findings accurately, and formulate logical conclusion;accurately, and formulate logical conclusion;

apply and justify knowledge apply and justify knowledge and understanding successfully to unfamiliar contexts andand understanding successfully to unfamiliar contexts and

data.data.

AA Grade CGrade C candidate is likely able to:candidate is likely able to:

((aa))

((bb))

((cc))

((d d ))

((ee))

(( f f ))

recall some of the content of the required areas of biological srecall some of the content of the required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the contentyllabus, and relate the contentwith the question with the question moderately;moderately;

decide on, organise and present information to describe the concept, theories and depth of decide on, organise and present information to describe the concept, theories and depth of

biological knowledge;biological knowledge;

plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a mediocre biologicalmediocre biological

knowledge;knowledge;

interpret and analyse simple and interpret and analyse simple and straight forward data presented, and relate straight forward data presented, and relate the biologicalthe biological

knowledge and understanding of content knowledge and understanding of content by using some formulae, terminologies andby using some formulae, terminologies and

scientific units;scientific units;

integrate some concepts and findings, integrate some concepts and findings, and formulate simple conclusion;and formulate simple conclusion;

apply knowledge with moderate understanding to apply knowledge with moderate understanding to unfamiliar contexts and data.unfamiliar contexts and data.

2626

Reference BooksReference Books

Teachers and candidates may use books Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the specially written for the STPM examination and otherSTPM examination and otherreference books such as those listed below.reference books such as those listed below.

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

5.5.

6.6.

7.7.

8.8.

9.9.

10.10.

11.11.

12.12.

13.13.

14.14.

15.15.

16.16.

Alters, S. and Alters, B., 2006.Alters, S. and Alters, B., 2006. Biology: Understanding L Biology: Understanding Lifeife. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,Inc.Inc.

Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B. E., 2001.Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B. E., 2001. Biology: Life on Earth. Biology: Life on Earth. 6th edition. New6th edition. NewJersey: Prentice Hall.Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., 2006.Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., 2006. Biochemistry Biochemistry. Belmont: Thomson . Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.Brooks/Cole.

Campbell, N. A. and Reece, N. A., 2005.Campbell, N. A. and Reece, N. A., 2005. Biology Biology. 7th edition. . 7th edition. San Francisco: Benjamin/ San Francisco: Benjamin/ Cummings.Cummings.

Clegg, C. J. and Mackean, D. G., 2000.Clegg, C. J. and Mackean, D. G., 2000. Advanced Biology: Advanced Biology: Principles and ApplicationsPrinciples and Applications..2nd edition. London: J2nd edition. London: John Murray.ohn Murray.

Kent, M., 2000.Kent, M., 2000. Advanced Biology Advanced Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Klug, W. S., Cummings, M.R. and Spencer, C. A., 2005.Klug, W. S., Cummings, M.R. and Spencer, C. A., 2005. Concepts of GeneticsConcepts of Genetics. 8th edition.. 8th edition.New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Klug, W. S. and Cummings, M. R., 2005.Klug, W. S. and Cummings, M. R., 2005. Essentials of Genetics Essentials of Genetics.. 5th edition. New J5th edition. New Jersey:ersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.Pearson Prentice Hall.

Mader, S., 2004.Mader, S., 2004. Biology. Biology. 8th edition. 8th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.New York: McGraw-Hill.

Raven, P. H.,Raven, P. H., et. alet. al. 2005.. 2005. Biology. Biology. 7th edition. New York: 7th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.McGraw-Hill.

Russel, P. J.,Russel, P. J., et. alet. al. 2008.. 2008. Biology: The Dy Biology: The Dynamics Sciencenamics Science. 1st edition. Belmont: Thompson. 1st edition. Belmont: ThompsonBrooks/Cole.Brooks/Cole.

Smith, R. L. and Smith, T. M., 2003.Smith, R. L. and Smith, T. M., 2003. Elements of Ecology Elements of Ecology. 5th . 5th edition. San Francisco: Benjaminedition. San Francisco: BenjaminCummings.Cummings.

Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R. and Martin, D. W., 2005.Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R. and Martin, D. W., 2005. Biology. Biology. 7th edition. Belmont: Thompson7th edition. Belmont: Thompson

Brooks/Cole.Brooks/Cole.

Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Stout, G. W., 2003.Stout, G. W., 2003. Biological Science 1: Org Biological Science 1: Organisms,anisms,

Energy and Environme Energy and Environment nt . 3rd edition. . 3rd edition. Cambridge: CambCambridge: Cambridge University Press.ridge University Press.

Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Stout, G. W., 2003.Stout, G. W., 2003. Biological Science 2: Sy Biological Science 2: Systems,stems,

Maintenance and Cha Maintenance and Change.nge. 3rd editon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.3rd editon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Toole, G. and Toole, S., 1999.Toole, G. and Toole, S., 1999. Understanding Biology for Advanced Level.Understanding Biology for Advanced Level. 4th edition. United4th edition. UnitedKingdom: Nelson Thornes.Kingdom: Nelson Thornes.

2727

Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….

(Nombor kad pengenalan)(Nombor kad pengenalan)

964/1964/1

(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)

SPECIMEN PAPERSPECIMEN PAPER

STPMSTPM

BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)

PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)

One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)

MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)

Instructions to candidates:Instructions to candidates:

DO NOT OPEN THIS DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Answer Answer allall questions in Section A. Marks will not questions in Section A. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers. For eachbe deducted for wrong answers. For each

question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.

Answer Answer allall questions in Section B. Write your questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces provided.answers in the spaces provided.

Answer Answer anyany twotwo questions in Section C. All essential working should questions in Section C. All essential working should be shown. For numericalbe shown. For numerical

answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper fresh sheet of paper

and arrange your answers in numerical order.and arrange your answers in numerical order.

Arahan kepada calon:Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUATSEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT

DEMIKIAN.DEMIKIAN.

Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.bagi jawapan yang salah. Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawjawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatanapan yang betul dan buat bulatan

pada jawapan tersebut. pada jawapan tersebut.

Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang diberikan.ruang yang diberikan.

Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklahsoalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklah

ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.

Mulakan setiap jawapan pad Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian kertas jawapan yaa helaian kertas jawapan yang baharu dan susun jawapang baharu dan susun jawapan andan anda

mengikut tertib berangka.mengikut tertib berangka.

This This question question paper paper consists consists of of printed printed pages pages and and blank blank page.page.

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada h(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak danalaman bercetak dan

© Majlis © Majlis Peperiksaan MalaysiaPeperiksaan Malaysia

STPMSTPM 964/1964/1

2929

halaman kosong.)halaman kosong.)

Section ASection A [15[15 marksmarks]]

Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..

11

22

33

44

55

Which property of water is important to living organisms?Which property of water is important to living organisms?

AA Polar moleculePolar molecule

BB Non polar moleculeNon polar molecule

CC Low specific heat capacityLow specific heat capacity

DD Low latent heat of vaporisationLow latent heat of vaporisation

Which monosaccharide, example and its Which monosaccharide, example and its description correspond?description correspond?

Monosaccharide Exa Monosaccharide Example Descriptionmple Description

AA Pentose Ribose A coenzyme involved in the Pentose Ribose A coenzyme involved in the transfer of transfer of

hydrogen during glycolysishydrogen during glycolysis

BB Pentose Ribulose A source of Pentose Ribulose A source of NADPH productionNADPH production

CC Triose Glyceraldehyde An important intermediate substance inTriose Glyceraldehyde An important intermediate substance in

glycolysisglycolysis

DD Triose Dihydroxyacetone A monomer of Triose Dihydroxyacetone A monomer of cellulosecellulose

Which isWhich is notnot true of lipid?true of lipid?

AA It is soluble in water.It is soluble in water.

BB It is a solvent for cholesterol.It is a solvent for cholesterol.

CC It is soluble in organic solvents.It is soluble in organic solvents.

DD It is an ester formed from the reaction of fat and alcohol.It is an ester formed from the reaction of fat and alcohol.

Which amino acid is the first to Which amino acid is the first to be carried by tRNA to ribosome during translation?be carried by tRNA to ribosome during translation?

AA LeucineLeucine

BB TyrosineTyrosine

CC TryptophanTryptophan

DD MethionineMethionine

Which organelle gives rise to the membranes of a cell?Which organelle gives rise to the membranes of a cell?

AA VacuoleVacuole

BB NucleusNucleus

CC LysosomeLysosome

DD Smooth endoplasmic reticulumSmooth endoplasmic reticulum

964/1964/1

3030

Bahagian ABahagian A [15[15 markahmarkah]]

Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..

11

22

33

44

55

Sifat air yang manakah yang penting Sifat air yang manakah yang penting kepada organism hidup?kepada organism hidup?

AA Molekul berkutubMolekul berkutub

BB Molekul tak berkutubMolekul tak berkutub

CC Muatan haba tentu yang rendahMuatan haba tentu yang rendah

DD Haba pendam pengewapan yang rendahHaba pendam pengewapan yang rendah

Monosakarida, contohnya, dan penerangan yang manakah yang Monosakarida, contohnya, dan penerangan yang manakah yang berpadanan?berpadanan?

Monosakarida Contoh Pene Monosakarida Contoh Peneranganrangan

AA Pentosa Ribosa Satu koenzim yang terlibat dalamPentosa Ribosa Satu koenzim yang terlibat dalam

pemindahan hydrogen semasa glikolisispemindahan hydrogen semasa glikolisis

BB Pentosa Ribulosa Sumber penghasilan NADPHPentosa Ribulosa Sumber penghasilan NADPH

CC Triosa Gliseraldehid Bahan perantara penting dalam glikolisisTriosa Gliseraldehid Bahan perantara penting dalam glikolisis

DD Triosa Dihidroksiaseton Monomer selulosaTriosa Dihidroksiaseton Monomer selulosa

Yang manakah yangYang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang lipid?benar tentang lipid?

AA Terlarut dalam air.Terlarut dalam air.

BB Pelarut bagi kolesterol.Pelarut bagi kolesterol.

CC Terlarut dalam pelarut organik.Terlarut dalam pelarut organik.

DD Satu ester yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas Satu ester yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas lemak dan alkohol.lemak dan alkohol.

Asid amino yang manakah yang pertama dibawa oleh Asid amino yang manakah yang pertama dibawa oleh tRNA ke ribosom semasa translasi?tRNA ke ribosom semasa translasi?

AA LeusinaLeusina

BB TirosinaTirosina

CC TriptofanTriptofan

DD MetioninaMetionina

Organel yang manakah yang membentuk membran sel?Organel yang manakah yang membentuk membran sel?

AA VakuolVakuol

BB NukleusNukleus

CC LisosomLisosom

DD Jalinan endoplasma licinJalinan endoplasma licin

964/1964/1

3131

Component of a cellComponent of a cell

membranemembraneFunctionsFunctions

I OligosaccharideI Oligosaccharide

II LecithinII Lecithin

III ProteinIII Protein

IV CholesterolIV Cholesterol

p p Acts as a receptor to a certain molecule such as hormoneActs as a receptor to a certain molecule such as hormone

qq As an indicator so that As an indicator so that the cells can recognise each otherthe cells can recognise each other

r r Gives the Gives the semi-permsemi-permeable and eable and selective characteristics toselective characteristics to

the membranethe membrane

ss Maintains the fluid characteristics of the Maintains the fluid characteristics of the membranemembrane

66

77

88

Which statement isWhich statement is notnot true of xylem?true of xylem?

AA Xylem cells contain pits.Xylem cells contain pits.

BB Matured xylem cells are dead cells.Matured xylem cells are dead cells.

CC Companion cells provide nutrients to Companion cells provide nutrients to the xylem.the xylem.

DD Xylem consists of vessel elements and Xylem consists of vessel elements and tracheids.tracheids.

The table below shows the components of a cell membrane and their functions.The table below shows the components of a cell membrane and their functions.

Which components of cell membrane and functions Which components of cell membrane and functions correspond?correspond?

I II III IVI II III IV

AA p q r s p q r s

BB q r p sq r p s

CC r p s qr p s q

DD s r q ps r q p

Which factor reduces enzyme activity?Which factor reduces enzyme activity?

AA Extreme pHExtreme pH

BB Heavy metalHeavy metal

CC Competitive inhibitorCompetitive inhibitor

DD Very high temperatureVery high temperature

964/1964/1

3232

KomponenKomponen

membran selmembran selFungsiFungsi

I OligosakaridaI Oligosakarida

II LesitinII Lesitin

III ProteinIII Protein

IV KolesterolIV Kolesterol

p p Bertindak sebagai reseptor kepada molekul tertentu sepertiBertindak sebagai reseptor kepada molekul tertentu seperti

hormonhormon

qq Sebagai penanda supaya sel boleh mengecam antara satuSebagai penanda supaya sel boleh mengecam antara satu

sama lainsama lain

r r Memberi sifat separa telap dan sifat Memberi sifat separa telap dan sifat memilih pada membranmemilih pada membran

ss Mengekalkan ciri bendalir bagi Mengekalkan ciri bendalir bagi membranmembran

66

77

88

Penyataan yang manakah yangPenyataan yang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang xilem?benar tentang xilem?

AA Sel xilem mengandungi pit.Sel xilem mengandungi pit.

BB Sel xylem yang matang ialah sel mati.Sel xylem yang matang ialah sel mati.

CC Sel rakan membekalkan nutrien kepada xilem.Sel rakan membekalkan nutrien kepada xilem.

DD Xilem terdiri daripada unsur salur dan trakeid.Xilem terdiri daripada unsur salur dan trakeid.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan komponen-komponen satu membran sel dan fungsinya.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan komponen-komponen satu membran sel dan fungsinya.

Yang manakah yang betul bagi Yang manakah yang betul bagi komponen membrakomponen membran sel di n sel di atas dan fungsi masing-masing?atas dan fungsi masing-masing?

I II III IVI II III IV

AA p q r s p q r s

BB q r p sq r p s

CC r p s qr p s q

DD s r q ps r q p

Faktor yang manakah yang Faktor yang manakah yang mengurangkan aktiviti enzim?mengurangkan aktiviti enzim?

AA pH yang melampaupH yang melampau

BB Logam beratLogam berat

CC Perencat persainganPerencat persaingan

DD Suhu yang sangat tinggiSuhu yang sangat tinggi

964/1964/1

3333

99 Which graph shows the possible changes in the Which graph shows the possible changes in the rate of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme in therate of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme in thepresence of a competitive inhibitor?presence of a competitive inhibitor?

1/V1/VWithoutWithoutinhibitorinhibitor

WithWith

inhibitorinhibitor

1/[S]1/[S]

AA

1/V1/V WithoutWithout

inhibitorinhibitorWithWithinhibitorinhibitor

1/[S]1/[S]

CC

1/V1/V

1/V1/V

WithWithinhibitorinhibitor

WithoutWithoutinhibitorinhibitor

1/[S]1/[S]

BB

WithWithinhibitorinhibitor

WithoutWithout

inhibitorinhibitor

1/[S]1/[S]

DD

1010 Which statement describes the Which statement describes the advantage of immobilised enzyme?advantage of immobilised enzyme?

AA The efficiency of enzyme increases.The efficiency of enzyme increases.

BB The enzyme can be easily retrieved but The enzyme can be easily retrieved but cannot be reused.cannot be reused.

CC The end product does not The end product does not contain the enzyme and easily retrieved.contain the enzyme and easily retrieved.

DD The characteristics of enzyme can be changed in The characteristics of enzyme can be changed in order to increase its order to increase its surface area.surface area.

1111 What is the fate of all What is the fate of all carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?

AA PyruvatePyruvate

BB CarbohydrateCarbohydrate

CC Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

DD Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A

1212 In a condition without oxygen, pyruvate in plants willIn a condition without oxygen, pyruvate in plants will

AA be converted into lactatebe converted into lactate

BB be converted into be converted into acetaldehydeacetaldehyde

CC enter the Krebs cycle immediatelyenter the Krebs cycle immediately

DD be converted back into be converted back into phosphoglyceraphosphoglyceraldehydeldehyde

964/1964/1

3434

99 Graf yang manakah yang menunjukkan kemungkinan perubahan kadar tindak balas yangGraf yang manakah yang menunjukkan kemungkinan perubahan kadar tindak balas yangdimangkinkan oleh enzim dalam kehadiran dimangkinkan oleh enzim dalam kehadiran perencat persaingan?perencat persaingan?

1/V1/VTanpaTanpaperencatperencat

DenganDengan

perencatperencat

1/[S]1/[S]

AA

1/V Tanpa1/V Tanpaperencatperencat

DenganDengan

perencatperencat

1/[S]1/[S]

CC

1/V1/VDenganDenganperencatperencat

TanpaTanpaperencatperencat

1/[S]1/[S]

BB

1/V1/V

DenganDengan

perencatperencat

TanpaTanpa

perencatperencat

1/[S]1/[S]

DD

1010 Penyataan yang manakah yang Penyataan yang manakah yang memerihamemerihalkan kelebihan enzim lkan kelebihan enzim pentakmobilan?pentakmobilan?

AA Keefisienan enzim bertambah.Keefisienan enzim bertambah.

BB Enzim boleh didapatkan dengan mudah tetapi tidak Enzim boleh didapatkan dengan mudah tetapi tidak boleh digunakan semula.boleh digunakan semula.

CC Produk akhir tidak mengandungi enzim dan mudah Produk akhir tidak mengandungi enzim dan mudah didapatkan.didapatkan.

DD Ciri enzim boleh diubah Ciri enzim boleh diubah bagi meningkatkan luas permukaan.bagi meningkatkan luas permukaan.

1111 Apakah yang terjadi kepada semua karbon dari Apakah yang terjadi kepada semua karbon dari molekul glukosa selepas dioksidakan denganmolekul glukosa selepas dioksidakan denganlengkap?lengkap?

AA PiruvatPiruvat

BB KarbohidratKarbohidrat

CC Karbon dioksidaKarbon dioksida

DD Asetil koenzim AAsetil koenzim A

1212 Dalam keadaan ketiadaan oksigen, piruvat dalam tumbuhan akanDalam keadaan ketiadaan oksigen, piruvat dalam tumbuhan akan

AA ditukarkan kepada laktatditukarkan kepada laktat

BB ditukarkan kepada asetildehidditukarkan kepada asetildehid

CC masuk ke kitar Krebs dengan segeramasuk ke kitar Krebs dengan segera

DD ditukar semula kepada ditukar semula kepada fosfogliseraldehidfosfogliseraldehid

964/1964/1

3535

1313 In cyclic photophosphorylation, the excited electron which returns to its ground state will emitIn cyclic photophosphorylation, the excited electron which returns to its ground state will emit

AA lightlight

BB microwavemicrowave

CC gamma raygamma ray

DD ultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation

1414 Which statement describes the characterWhich statement describes the characteristic of bundle sheath cell of istic of bundle sheath cell of CC 44 plants?plants?AA It has small grana.It has small grana.

BB It contains a few starch granules.It contains a few starch granules.

CC The activity of photosystem I is high.The activity of photosystem I is high.

DD Carbon dioxide is assimilated by Carbon dioxide is assimilated by PEP carboxylase.PEP carboxylase.

1515 The diagram below shows non-cyclic photophosphorylatiThe diagram below shows non-cyclic photophosphorylation during the light on during the light reaction of reaction of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Which are represented byWhich are represented by X X ,, Y Y andand Z Z ??

X X

AA FerredoxinFerredoxin

BB FerredoxinFerredoxin

CC PlastocyaninPlastocyanin

DD PlastoquinonePlastoquinone

964/1964/1

Y Y

PlastoquinonePlastoquinonePlastocyaninPlastocyanin

PlastoquinonePlastoquinone

PlastocyaninPlastocyanin

Z Z

PlastocyaninPlastocyaninPlastoquinonePlastoquinone

FerredoxinFerredoxin

FerredoxinFerredoxin

3636

1313 Dalam pemfotofostorilaDalam pemfotofostorilan berkitar, elektron teruja n berkitar, elektron teruja yang kembali ke keadaan asas akanyang kembali ke keadaan asas akanmembebaskanmembebaskan

AA cahayacahaya

BB gelombang mikrogelombang mikro

CC sinar gammasinar gamma

DD sinaran ultra lembayungsinaran ultra lembayung

1414 Penyataan yang manakah yang memerihalkan ciri sel berkas tumbuhan CPenyataan yang manakah yang memerihalkan ciri sel berkas tumbuhan C 44 ??

AA Mempunyai grana yang kecil.Mempunyai grana yang kecil.

BB Mengandungi beberapa granul kanji.Mengandungi beberapa granul kanji.

CC Aktiviti fotosistem I adalah tinggi.Aktiviti fotosistem I adalah tinggi.

DD Karbon dioksida diasimilasi oleh PEP karboksilase.Karbon dioksida diasimilasi oleh PEP karboksilase.

1515 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan bukan kitar semasa tindak balas cahayaGambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan bukan kitar semasa tindak balas cahayafotosintesis.fotosintesis.

PenerimaPenerimapertamapertama

KompleksKompleksNADPNADP ++

sitokromsitokromreduktasereduktase

CahayaCahaya

Yang manakah yang diwakili olehYang manakah yang diwakili oleh X X ,, Y Y , dan, dan Z Z ??

X Y Z X Y Z

AA Ferredoksin Plastokuinon PlastosianinFerredoksin Plastokuinon Plastosianin

BB Ferredoksin Plastosianin PlastokuinonFerredoksin Plastosianin Plastokuinon

CC Plastosianin Plastokuinon FerredoksinPlastosianin Plastokuinon Ferredoksin

DD Plastokuinon Plastosianin FerredoksinPlastokuinon Plastosianin Ferredoksin

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CahayaCahaya

Section BSection B [15[15 marksmarks]]


1616 A quantity of cells taken from a type of A quantity of cells taken from a type of tissue were homogenised and their organelles weretissue were homogenised and their organelles wereseparated by ultracentrifugation. The diagrams below show three types separated by ultracentrifugation. The diagrams below show three types of organelles obtained.of organelles obtained.

R RPP

OrganelleOrganelle X X OrganelleOrganelle Y Y

((aa) State where these ) State where these cells may have been taken from.cells may have been taken from.

QQ

OrganelleOrganelle Z Z

[1[1 mark mark ]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

((bb) Arrange the order of ) Arrange the order of sedimentation of organellessedimentation of organelles X X ,, Y Y andand Z Z . Explain your answer. [2. Explain your answer. [2 marksmarks]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

((cc) From the above ) From the above diagrams, name the structure labelleddiagrams, name the structure labelled PP,, QQ andand R R. . [3[3 marksmarks]]

PP: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...

QQ: : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………...

R R: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...

((d d ) Give one function of organelle) Give one function of organelle Y Y . . [1[1 mark mark ]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

((ee) Give one ) Give one common function of organellescommon function of organelles X X andand Z. Z. [1[1 mark mark ]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

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Bahagian BBahagian B [15[15 markahmarkah]]


1616 Sejumlah sel yang diambil daripada tisu Sejumlah sel yang diambil daripada tisu telah dihomogenkan dan kandungan organelnyatelah dihomogenkan dan kandungan organelnyadiasingkan melalui ultrapengemparan. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis organel yangdiasingkan melalui ultrapengemparan. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis organel yang

diperoleh.diperoleh.

R RPP

OrganelOrganel X X OrganelOrganel Y Y

QQ

OrganelOrganel Z Z

((aa) ) Nyatakan Nyatakan dari dari manakah manakah sel-sel sel-sel ini ini mungkin mungkin telah telah diperoleh. diperoleh. [1[1 markahmarkah]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

((bb) Susunkan turutan pengenapan bagi organel) Susunkan turutan pengenapan bagi organel X X ,, Y Y , dan, dan Z Z . . Jelaskan Jelaskan jawapan jawapan anda. anda. [2[2 markahmarkah]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

……………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................

((cc) Daripada gambar rajah di ) Daripada gambar rajah di atas, namakan struktur yang berlabelatas, namakan struktur yang berlabel PP,, QQ, dan, dan R R. . [3[3 markahmarkah]]

PP: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...

QQ: : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………...

R R: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...

((d d ) Berikan satu fungsi organel) Berikan satu fungsi organel Y Y . . [1[1 markahmarkah]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

((ee) Berikan satu fungsi sepunya bagi organel) Berikan satu fungsi sepunya bagi organel X X dandan Z. Z. [1[1 markahmarkah]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

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1717 The diagram below shows photophosphorylation in light reaction for plants.The diagram below shows photophosphorylation in light reaction for plants.

Oxidation-Oxidation-reductionreduction

potentialpotential

(Relative(Relative

energyenergy

level)level)

((aa) Name the photosystems labeled) Name the photosystems labeled QQ andand R R, and give the wavelengths of their appropriate, and give the wavelengths of their appropriatereaction centres.reaction centres.

Name of photosystem WavelengthName of photosystem Wavelength

QQ : …………………… ………………: …………………… ………………

R R: ……………………. ………………: ……………………. ………………

((bb) What are the forms of energy represented by) What are the forms of energy represented by S S andand T T ??

[4[4 marksmarks]]

[2[2 marksmarks]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

((cc) Name the process that occurs at) Name the process that occurs at QQ. . [1[1 mark mark ]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

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1717 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan dalam tindak balas cahaya bagiGambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan dalam tindak balas cahaya bagitumbuhan.tumbuhan.

KeupayaanKeupayaanpengoksidaanpengoksidaan

penurunanpenurunan

(Aras tenaga(Aras tenagaPenerima elektronPenerima elektron

relatif)relatif)

Penerima elektronPenerima elektron

((aa) Namakan fotosistem yang berlabel) Namakan fotosistem yang berlabel QQ dandan R R, dan berikan panjang gelombang bagi pusat, dan berikan panjang gelombang bagi pusattindak balas yang sewajarnya.tindak balas yang sewajarnya.

Nama fotosistem Panjang gelombangNama fotosistem Panjang gelombang

QQ : …………………… ………………………..: …………………… ………………………..

R R: ……………………. ………………………: ……………………. ………………………

((bb) Apakan bentuk tenaga yang diwakili oleh) Apakan bentuk tenaga yang diwakili oleh S S dandan T T ??

[4[4 markahmarkah]]

[2[2 markahmarkah]]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................

((cc) Namakan proses yang berlaku di) Namakan proses yang berlaku di QQ. . [1[1 markahmarkah]]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................

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Section CSection C [30[30 marksmarks]]

Answer any Answer any twotwo questions in this sectionquestions in this section..

1818 ((aa) Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of ) Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. State the importance of proteins. State the importance of these these structures structures which which are are related related to to the the properties properties of of proteins. proteins. [11[11 marksmarks]]

((bb) Based on their functions, proteins can be classified into s) Based on their functions, proteins can be classified into several types. Giveeveral types. Give twotwo types of thesetypes of these

proteins and their functions in living organisms.proteins and their functions in living organisms.

1919 ((aa) Distinguish a ) Distinguish a bacteria chromosombacteria chromosome from a e from a eukaryotic chromosome.eukaryotic chromosome.

((bb) Describe the distinctive anatomical features of ) Describe the distinctive anatomical features of vascular bundles in maize leaves.vascular bundles in maize leaves.

2020 ((aa) Explain) Explain threethree different classes of enzymes based on different classes of enzymes based on the reactions that they catalyse.the reactions that they catalyse.

[4[4 marksmarks]]

[8[8 marksmarks]]

[7[7 marksmarks]]

[6[6 marksmarks]]

((bb) By giving) By giving twotwo examples of enzymatic reactions, explain how the examples of enzymatic reactions, explain how the appropriate cofactor andappropriate cofactor and

inhibitor affect their activities.inhibitor affect their activities.

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[9[9 marksmarks]]

Bahagian CBahagian C [30[30 markahmarkah]]

Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan daripada bahagian ini.soalan daripada bahagian ini.

1818 ((aa) Perihalkan struktur primer, sekunder, dan tertier bagi ) Perihalkan struktur primer, sekunder, dan tertier bagi protein. Nyatakan kepentingan strukturprotein. Nyatakan kepentingan strukturini ini yang yang berkaitan berkaitan dengan dengan sifat sifat protein. protein. [11[11 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Berdasarkan fungsinya, protein boleh dikelaskan kepada beberapa jenis. Berikan) Berdasarkan fungsinya, protein boleh dikelaskan kepada beberapa jenis. Berikan duadua jenis jenis

protein ini dan protein ini dan fungsinya dalam organisma hidup.fungsinya dalam organisma hidup.

1919 ((aa) Bezakan kromosom bacteria daripada kromosom eukariot.) Bezakan kromosom bacteria daripada kromosom eukariot.

((bb) Perihalkan ciri anatomi yang ) Perihalkan ciri anatomi yang ketara bagi berkas vaskular pada daun ketara bagi berkas vaskular pada daun jagung.jagung.

[4[4 markahmarkah]]

[8[8 markahmarkah]]

[7[7 markahmarkah]]

2020 ((aa) Perihalkan) Perihalkan tigatiga kelas enzim yang berbeza berdasarkan tindak balas yang dimangkinkan.kelas enzim yang berbeza berdasarkan tindak balas yang dimangkinkan.[6[6 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Dengan memberi) Dengan memberi duadua contoh tindak balas enzim, jelaskan bagaimana kofaktor dan contoh tindak balas enzim, jelaskan bagaimana kofaktor dan perencatperencat

yang sesuai mempengaruhi aktiviti yang sesuai mempengaruhi aktiviti masing-masing.masing-masing.

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[9[9 markahmarkah]]



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STPMSTPM
















DEMIKIAN.DEMIKIAN.

Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.bagi jawapan yang salah.

Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawjawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatanapan yang betul dan buat bulatan










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11 The graph below shows The graph below shows the oxygen dissociation curves for myoglobin, the oxygen dissociation curves for myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin andmaternal haemoglobin andfoetal haemoglobin.foetal haemoglobin.

Percentage of Percentage of oxygen saturationoxygen saturation

Partial pressure of oxygen/mm HgPartial pressure of oxygen/mm Hg

Which curves correspond to myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin and foetal haemoglobin?Which curves correspond to myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin and foetal haemoglobin?

Myoglobin Myoglobin

AA PP

BB PP

CC QQ

DD R R

Maternal haemoglobin Maternal haemoglobin

QQ

R R

R R

PP

Foetal haemoglobinFoetal haemoglobin

R R

QQ

PP

QQ

22 Which factor causes the stomata to Which factor causes the stomata to close?close?

AA Water stressWater stress

BB Low temperatureLow temperature

CC High light intensityHigh light intensity

DD Low carbon dioxide Low carbon dioxide concentrationconcentration

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11 Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung penceraian oksigen untuk Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung penceraian oksigen untuk mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu danmioglobin, hemoglobin ibu danhemoglobin fetus.hemoglobin fetus.

Peratus ketepuanPeratus ketepuanoksigenoksigen

Tekanan separa oksigen/mm HgTekanan separa oksigen/mm Hg

Lengkung yang manakah yang sepadan dengan mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu, Lengkung yang manakah yang sepadan dengan mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu, dan hemoglobindan hemoglobinfetus?fetus?

Mioglobin Mioglobin

AA PP

BB PP

CC QQ

DD R R

Hemoglobin ibu Hemoglobin ibu

QQ

R R

R R

PP

Haemoglobin fetus Haemoglobin fetus

R R

QQ

PP

QQ

22 Faktor yang manakah yang Faktor yang manakah yang menyebabkan penutupan stoma?menyebabkan penutupan stoma?

AA Tekanan airTekanan air

BB Suhu rendahSuhu rendah

CC KeamatKeamatan cahaya yang an cahaya yang tinggitinggi

DD Kepekatan karbon dioksida yang rendahKepekatan karbon dioksida yang rendah

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33 The graph below shows the pressure changes in the atrium, ventricle and aorta during a completeThe graph below shows the pressure changes in the atrium, ventricle and aorta during a completecardiac cycle.cardiac cycle.

Pressure/kPaPressure/kPa

Time/sTime/s

What doWhat do X X ,, Y Y andand Z Z represent?represent?

X X

Aortic pressureAortic pressure AA

Ventricular pressureVentricular pressure BB

Atrial pressureAtrial pressure CC

Atrial pressureAtrial pressure DD

Y Y

Atrial pressureAtrial pressure

Atrial pressureAtrial pressure

Ventricular pressureVentricular pressure

Aortic pressureAortic pressure

Z Z





44

55

Which statement about the control of heart beat is true?Which statement about the control of heart beat is true?

AA The secretion of adrenaline increases the rate The secretion of adrenaline increases the rate of heart beat.of heart beat.

BB The decrease in blood pH inhibits neurons in The decrease in blood pH inhibits neurons in the chemoreceptors at the aorta and carotidthe chemoreceptors at the aorta and carotid

artery.artery.

CC The propagation of impulse through The propagation of impulse through the sympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial andthe sympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial and

atrioventricular nodes decreases the rate of heart atrioventricular nodes decreases the rate of heart beat.beat.

DD The propagation of impulses through The propagation of impulses through the parasympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial andthe parasympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial and

atrioventricular nodes increases the rate of heart atrioventricular nodes increases the rate of heart beat.beat.

The role of the Casparian strip in the The role of the Casparian strip in the endodermal cell of the root isendodermal cell of the root is

AA to carry out active transportto carry out active transport

BB to strengthen the root structureto strengthen the root structure

CC to ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the symplastic routeto ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the symplastic route

DD to ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the apoplastic routeto ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the apoplastic route

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33 Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan tekanan di Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan tekanan di dalam atrium, ventrikel, dan aorta semasa satudalam atrium, ventrikel, dan aorta semasa satukitar kardium yang lengkap.kitar kardium yang lengkap.

TekanankPaTekanankPaSistolSistolatriumatrium

Apakah yang diwakili olehApakah yang diwakili oleh X X ,, Y Y , dan, dan Z Z ??

X Y X Y

SistolSistolDiastolDiastol

ventrikelventrikel

Masa/sMasa/s

Z Z

Tekanan aortaTekanan aorta AA

Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikel BB

Tekanan atriumTekanan atrium CC

Tekanan atriumTekanan atrium DD

Tekanan atriumTekanan atriumTekanan atriumTekanan atrium

Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikel

Tekanan aortaTekanan aorta

Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikelTekanan aortaTekanan aorta

Tekanan aortaTekanan aorta

Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikel

44

55

Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang kawalan denyutan jantung?Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang kawalan denyutan jantung?

AA Rembesan adrenalina meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.Rembesan adrenalina meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.

BB Penurunan pH darah menrencat neuron pada aorta dan arteri carotid Penurunan pH darah menrencat neuron pada aorta dan arteri carotid dalam kemoreseptordalam kemoreseptor

CC Perambatan impuls melalui saraf simpatetik ke arah buku sinoatrium dan Perambatan impuls melalui saraf simpatetik ke arah buku sinoatrium dan buku atreoventrikelbuku atreoventrikel

merendahkan kadar denyutan jantung.merendahkan kadar denyutan jantung.

DD Perambatan impuls melalui saraf parasimpatePerambatan impuls melalui saraf parasimpatetik kearah buku tik kearah buku sinoatrium dan bukusinoatrium dan buku

atreoventrikel meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.atreoventrikel meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.

Peranan jalur Caspary di dalam sel endodermis akar ialahPeranan jalur Caspary di dalam sel endodermis akar ialah

AA menjalankan pengangkutan aktif menjalankan pengangkutan aktif

BB mengukuhkan struktur akarmengukuhkan struktur akar

CC memasmemastikan bahawa air tikan bahawa air dan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan simplasdan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan simplas

DD memasmemastikan bahawa air tikan bahawa air dan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan apoplasdan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan apoplas

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66

77

88

The role of calcium ions during muscle contraction isThe role of calcium ions during muscle contraction is

AA to form tropomyosin-troponin complexto form tropomyosin-troponin complex

BB to bind myosin to actin forming cross-bridgesto bind myosin to actin forming cross-bridges

CC to bind with tropomyosin exposing the myosin headto bind with tropomyosin exposing the myosin head

DD to bind with troponin allowing the to bind with troponin allowing the formation of cross-bridgesformation of cross-bridges

Which statement refers to the mechanism of action Which statement refers to the mechanism of action of adrenaline?of adrenaline?

AA Transcription and translation occur.Transcription and translation occur.

BB Hormone diffuses through the Hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane.plasma membrane.

CC The hormone-receptor compleThe hormone-receptor complex enters x enters the nucleus.the nucleus.

DD Hormone binds with a Hormone binds with a receptor on the plasma membrane.receptor on the plasma membrane.

The events regarding the action of oestrogen are given as follows.The events regarding the action of oestrogen are given as follows.

I A specific gene is activated.I A specific gene is activated.

II Transcription and translation occur.II Transcription and translation occur.

III Hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus.III Hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus.

IV Hormone diffuses through the IV Hormone diffuses through the plasma membraneplasma membrane..

Which sequence of events is Which sequence of events is correct?correct?

AA I IV II IIII IV II III

BB I IV III III IV III II

CC IV III I IIIV III I II

DD IV III II IIV III II I

99 Which structure cease to function after the formation of placenta in the development of Which structure cease to function after the formation of placenta in the development of mammalian foetus?mammalian foetus?

AA AllantoisAllantois

BB Yolk sacYolk sac

CC Chorionic Chorionic membramembranene

DD Amniotic membraneAmniotic membrane

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88

Peranan ion kalsium dalam pengecutan otot adalahPeranan ion kalsium dalam pengecutan otot adalah

AA untuk membentuk kompleks untuk membentuk kompleks tropomiosin-troponintropomiosin-troponin

BB untuk mengikat miosin kepada aktin untuk mengikat miosin kepada aktin membentuk titian silangmembentuk titian silang

CC untuk mengikat dengan tropomiosin untuk mengikat dengan tropomiosin mendedahkan kepala miosinmendedahkan kepala miosin

DD untuk mengikat dengan troponin membenarkan pembentukan titian silanguntuk mengikat dengan troponin membenarkan pembentukan titian silang

Penyataan yang manakah yang merujuk Penyataan yang manakah yang merujuk kepada mekanisme tindakan adrenalina?kepada mekanisme tindakan adrenalina?

AA Transkripsi dan penterjemahan berlaku.Transkripsi dan penterjemahan berlaku.

BB Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.

CC Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.

DD Hormon mengikat dengan reseptor pada Hormon mengikat dengan reseptor pada membramembran plasma.n plasma.

Peristiwa berkenaan tindakan estrogen diberikan seperti yang berikut.Peristiwa berkenaan tindakan estrogen diberikan seperti yang berikut.

I Gen spesifik diaktifkan.I Gen spesifik diaktifkan.

II Transkripsi dan translasi berlaku.II Transkripsi dan translasi berlaku.

III Kompleks hormon reseptor III Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.memasuki nukleus.

IV Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.IV Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.

Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang benar?Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang benar?

AA I IV II IIII IV II III

BB I IV III III IV III II

CC IV III I IIIV III I II

DD IV III II IIV III II I

99 Struktur yang manakah yang berhenti berfungsi selepas pembentukan plasenta dalamStruktur yang manakah yang berhenti berfungsi selepas pembentukan plasenta dalamperkembangan fetus perkembangan fetus mamalmamalia?ia?

AA AlantoisAlantois

BB Pundi yolkaPundi yolka

CC Membran korionMembran korion

DD Membran amnionMembran amnion

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1010 The following are events that The following are events that occur during seed germination.occur during seed germination.

I Activation of enzymeI Activation of enzyme

II Initial uptake of waterII Initial uptake of water

III Flow of sugar into embryoIII Flow of sugar into embryo

IV Activation of gibberellic acidsIV Activation of gibberellic acids

Which is the Which is the correct sequence of events during seed germination?correct sequence of events during seed germination?

AA IIII

BB IIII

CC IIII

DD IIII

II

II

IIIIII

IVIV

IIIIII

IVIV

II

II

IVIV

IIIIII

IVIV

IIIIII

1111 Which substance is produced by the Which substance is produced by the mammmammalian liver during alian liver during protein metabolism?protein metabolism?

AA BileBile

BB UreaUrea

CC GlycogenGlycogen

DD CholesterolCholesterol

1212 The simplified diagram of the humoral response is shown below.The simplified diagram of the humoral response is shown below.

AntigenAntigen

StimulateStimulate

W W

X X

What doWhat do W W ,, X X andand Y Y represent?represent?

W X Y W X Y

AA B cell Memory B cell AntibodyB cell Memory B cell Antibody

BB B cell Antibody Memory B cellB cell Antibody Memory B cell

CC T cell Memory T cell AntibodyT cell Memory T cell Antibody

DD T cell Memory T cell Cytotoxic T cellT cell Memory T cell Cytotoxic T cell

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Plasma cellPlasma cell

Y Y

1010 Peristiwa berikut berlaku semasa percambahan biji benih.Peristiwa berikut berlaku semasa percambahan biji benih.

I Pengaktifan enzimI Pengaktifan enzim

II Permulaan pengambilan airII Permulaan pengambilan air

III Pengaliran gula III Pengaliran gula kedalam embriokedalam embrio

IV Pengaktifan asid giberelik IV Pengaktifan asid giberelik

Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang betul semasa percambahan biji benih?Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang betul semasa percambahan biji benih?

AA IIII

BB IIII

CC IIII

DD IIII

II

II

IIIIII

IVIV

IIIIII

IVIV

II

II

IVIV

IIIIII

IVIV

IIIIII

1111 Bahan yang manakah yang dihasilkan oleh hati Bahan yang manakah yang dihasilkan oleh hati mamalia semasa metabolismmamalia semasa metabolisma protein?a protein?

AA HempeduHempedu

BB UreaUrea

CC GlikogenGlikogen

DD KolesterolKolesterol

1212 Gambar rajah yang diringkaskan tentang tindakan humor ditunjukkan di Gambar rajah yang diringkaskan tentang tindakan humor ditunjukkan di bawah.bawah.

AntigenAntigen

RangsanganRangsangan

W W

X X

Apakah wang diwakili olehApakah wang diwakili oleh W W ,, X X , dan, dan Y Y ??

W X Y W X Y

AA Sel B Sel B ingatan AntibodiSel B Sel B ingatan Antibodi

BB Sel B Antibodi Sel B ingatanSel B Antibodi Sel B ingatan

CC Sel T Sel T ingatan AntibodiSel T Sel T ingatan Antibodi

DD Sel T Sel T ingatan Sel T sitotoksik Sel T Sel T ingatan Sel T sitotoksik

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Sel plasmaSel plasma

Y Y

1313 The diagram below shows the The diagram below shows the immune response in the human body.immune response in the human body.

Which statement about the above diagram is Which statement about the above diagram is true?true?

AA CellCell X X secretes lymphokine, then divides to form cellssecretes lymphokine, then divides to form cells Y Y andand Z Z in the presence of substancein the presence of substance R R..

BB CellCell Z Z responds quickly towards the responds quickly towards the repeated infection of a particular disease.repeated infection of a particular disease.

CC SubstanceSubstance S S induces proliferation of lymphocytes involved in induces proliferation of lymphocytes involved in the immune disease.the immune disease.

DD CellCell Y Y prepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.prepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.

1414 The following are the stages of life cycle of The following are the stages of life cycle of PlasmodiumPlasmodium that causes human that causes human malaria.malaria.

I Formation of I Formation of gametocytesgametocytes

II Multiplication in liverII Multiplication in liver

III Injection of parasiteIII Injection of parasiteIV Completion of gametogonyIV Completion of gametogony

V Migration of sporozoites to mosquito salivary glandV Migration of sporozoites to mosquito salivary gland

VI Invasion and multiplication in red blood cellsVI Invasion and multiplication in red blood cells

Which is the correct sequence of theWhich is the correct sequence of the PlasmodiumPlasmodium life cycle?life cycle?

AA II

BB IIIIII

CC IIIIII

DD IIIIII

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IIII

IIII

IIII

IIIIII

II

IVIV

VIVI

IVIV

VV

VV

II

VV

IVIV

II

IVIV

VIVI

VIVI

VIVI

VV

5454

1313 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan gerak balas imun dalam badan Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan gerak balas imun dalam badan manusia.manusia.

Sel prekursor dariSel prekursor darisum-sum tulangsum-sum tulang

Bergerak Bergerak ke nodus limfake nodus limfa

BahanBahan R R

SelSel X X

SelSel Z Z

BahanBahan S S

SelSel Y Y

Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang gambar rajah di atas?Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang gambar rajah di atas?

AA SelSel X X meremmerembeskan limfokin, beskan limfokin, kemudian membahagi menghasilkan selkemudian membahagi menghasilkan sel Y Y dandan Z Z dalamdalam

kehadiran bahankehadiran bahan R R..

BB SelSel Z Z merespon dengan cepat terhadap jangkitan merespon dengan cepat terhadap jangkitan semula penyakit tertentu.semula penyakit tertentu.

CC Bahan S merangsang proliferasi limfosit yang terlibat dalam penyakit keimunan.Bahan S merangsang proliferasi limfosit yang terlibat dalam penyakit keimunan.

DD SelSel Y Y menyediakan limfosit lain untuk menghasilkan antibodi.menyediakan limfosit lain untuk menghasilkan antibodi.

1414 Yang berikut ialah peringkat kitar hidupYang berikut ialah peringkat kitar hidup PlasmodiumPlasmodium yang menyebabkan malaria kepadayang menyebabkan malaria kepadamanusia.manusia.

I Pembentukan gametositI Pembentukan gametosit

II Pengandaan di dalam hatiII Pengandaan di dalam hati

III Suntikan parasitIII Suntikan parasit

IV Pelengkapan gametogoniIV Pelengkapan gametogoni

V Penghijrahan sporozoites kepada kelenjar liur nyamuk V Penghijrahan sporozoites kepada kelenjar liur nyamuk

VI Serangan dan pengandaan dalam sel darah merahVI Serangan dan pengandaan dalam sel darah merah

Yang manakah urutan yang benar tentang kitar Yang manakah urutan yang benar tentang kitar hiduphidup PlasmodiumPlasmodium??

AA II

BB IIIIII

CC IIIIII

DD IIIIII

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IIII

IIII

IIII

IIII

IIIIII

II

IVIV

VIVI

IVIV

VV

VV

II

VV

IVIV

II

IVIV

VIVI

VIVI

VIVI

VV

5555

1515 A person suffering from abrupt onset A person suffering from abrupt onset of fever, headache, facial flushing, conjuctival suffusion andof fever, headache, facial flushing, conjuctival suffusion andsevere backache is most likely to contractsevere backache is most likely to contract

AA denguedengue

BB choleracholera

CC malariamalaria

DD tuberculosistuberculosis

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1515 Seorang yang menderita serangan mendadak demam, sakit Seorang yang menderita serangan mendadak demam, sakit kepala, kemerahan pada wajah,kepala, kemerahan pada wajah,konjugtivitis dan sakit konjugtivitis dan sakit pinggang kemungkinan besar menghidappinggang kemungkinan besar menghidap

AA denggidenggi

BB kolerakolera

CC malariamalaria

DD tuberkulosistuberkulosis

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1616 The diagram below shows the simplified chemical reaction that occurs during the transport of The diagram below shows the simplified chemical reaction that occurs during the transport of carbon dioxide by the red blood cell in carbon dioxide by the red blood cell in a mammal.a mammal.

R R + O+ O 22

Cell/tissueCell/tissue

COCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO

IIII

T T

IICOCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO

HCOHCO 33 HH ++ + Hb O+ Hb O 22

S S

Erythrocyte membraneErythrocyte membraneHbOHbO 22

HH 22 COCO 33

((aa) Name the substances labelled) Name the substances labelled R, S R, S andand T T . . [3[3 marksmarks]]

R R: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

S S : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

T T : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) Explain what happens at stages) Explain what happens at stages I I andand II II . . [4[4 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian ini.soalan dalam bahagian ini.

1616 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas kimia Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas kimia yang diringkaskan yang berlaku semasayang diringkaskan yang berlaku semasapengangkutan karbon dioksida oleh sel pengangkutan karbon dioksida oleh sel darah merah dalam mamalia.darah merah dalam mamalia.

R R + O+ O 22

Sel/tisuSel/tisu

COCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO

IIII

T T

IICOCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO

HCOHCO 33 HH ++ + Hb O+ Hb O 22

S S

Membran eritrositMembran eritrositHbOHbO 22

HH 22 COCO 33

((aa) Namakan bahan yang berlabel) Namakan bahan yang berlabel R, S R, S , dan, dan T T . . [3[3 markahmarkah]]

R R: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

S S : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

T T : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) Jelaskan apa yang ) Jelaskan apa yang berlaku pada peringkatberlaku pada peringkat I I dandan II II . . [4[4 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1717 The diagram below shows simplified events in The diagram below shows simplified events in menstrual cycle of humans.menstrual cycle of humans.

PP

Thickness of Thickness of endometriumendometrium

Menstrual ProliferativeMenstrual Proliferativephasephase

phasephase

((aa) Name the structure labelled) Name the structure labelled PP andand QQ..

QQ

SecretorySecretoryOvulationOvulation

phasephase

[2[2 marksmarks]]

PP: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

QQ: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) State) State twotwo types of hormones which influence the above menstrual cycle, and state the role of types of hormones which influence the above menstrual cycle, and state the role of

each each hormone. hormone. [4[4 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) What happens to structure) What happens to structure QQ if if

(i) (i) fertilisation fertilisation occurs? occurs? [1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) (ii) fertilisation fertilisation does does not not occur? occur? [1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1717 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan ringkasan peristiwa dalam kitar haid Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan ringkasan peristiwa dalam kitar haid manusia.manusia.

QQPP

KetebalanKetebalanendometriumendometrium

FasaFasaOvulasiOvulasi

proliferatif haidproliferatif haid

((aa) Namakan struktur berlabel) Namakan struktur berlabel PP dandan QQ..

rembesanrembesan

[2[2 markahmarkah]]

PP: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

QQ: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) Nyatakan) Nyatakan duadua jenis hormon y jenis hormon yang mempengarang mempengaruhi kitar haid di atas, dan nyuhi kitar haid di atas, dan nyatakan perananatakan peranansetiap setiap hormon. hormon. [4[4 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Apakah yang berlaku kepada struktur) Apakah yang berlaku kepada struktur QQ jika jika(i) (i) persenyawaan persenyawaan berlaku? berlaku? [1[1 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) (ii) persenyawaan persenyawaan tidak tidak berlaku? berlaku? [1[1 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1818 ((aa) Give the definition, causes and methods of prevention of each of the ) Give the definition, causes and methods of prevention of each of the following cardiovascularfollowing cardiovasculardisorders.disorders.

(i) Arteriosclerosis(i) Arteriosclerosis

(ii) Hypertension(ii) Hypertension[10[10 marksmarks]]

((bb) With the aid of ) With the aid of Munch Model, describe the mechanism of maMunch Model, describe the mechanism of mass translocation in phloem.ss translocation in phloem.

[5[5 marksmarks]]

1919 ((aa) With the aid of a ) With the aid of a diagram, describe the process of double fertilisation in an angiosperm.diagram, describe the process of double fertilisation in an angiosperm.[5[5 marksmarks]]

((bb) Describe the main s) Describe the main structural features that favour cross-pollination in an tructural features that favour cross-pollination in an angiosperm.angiosperm.

[4[4 marksmarks]]

((cc) Describe the characteristics of the ) Describe the characteristics of the following types of asexual following types of asexual reproduction.reproduction.

(i) Polyembryony(i) Polyembryony

(ii) Parthenogenesis(ii) Parthenogenesis

(iii) Vegetative reproduction(iii) Vegetative reproduction[6[6 marksmarks]]

2020 ((aa) ) Name Name the the organs organs of of the the lymphatic lymphatic system, system, and and describe describe their their functions. functions. [8[8 marksmarks]]

((bb) A malfunctioned kidney may be replaced by a healthy one which is ) A malfunctioned kidney may be replaced by a healthy one which is transplanted from atransplanted from a

donor.donor.

(i) Explain why the healthy kidney may later be rejected by the (i) Explain why the healthy kidney may later be rejected by the recipient’s body. [4recipient’s body. [4 marksmarks]]

(ii) What are the steps taken to (ii) What are the steps taken to overcome the problem of rejection by the recipient’s body?overcome the problem of rejection by the recipient’s body?

[3[3 marksmarks]]

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Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..

1818 ((aa) Berikan takrif, punca, dan kaedah ) Berikan takrif, punca, dan kaedah pencegahan setiap penyakit kardiovaskular yang berikut.pencegahan setiap penyakit kardiovaskular yang berikut.

(i) Arteriosklerosis(i) Arteriosklerosis

(ii) Hipertensi(ii) Hipertensi

[10[10 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Dengan bantuan Model Munch, perihalkan mekanisme translokasi jisim dalam floem.) Dengan bantuan Model Munch, perihalkan mekanisme translokasi jisim dalam floem.

[5[5 markahmarkah]]

1919 ((aa) Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, perihalkan proses persenyawaan ganda dua dalam suatu) Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, perihalkan proses persenyawaan ganda dua dalam suatuangiosperma. [5angiosperma. [5 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Perihalkan sifat struktur utama ) Perihalkan sifat struktur utama yang menggalakkan pendebungaan silang dalam suatuyang menggalakkan pendebungaan silang dalam suatuangiosperma.angiosperma.

((cc) Perihalkan ciri bagi jenis pembiakan aseks yang berikut.) Perihalkan ciri bagi jenis pembiakan aseks yang berikut.

(i) Poliembrioni(i) Poliembrioni

(ii) Partenogenesis(ii) Partenogenesis

(iii) Pembiakan vegitatif (iii) Pembiakan vegitatif

[4[4 markahmarkah]]

[6[6 markahmarkah]]

2020 ((aa) Namakan organ dan struktur dalam system limfa, d) Namakan organ dan struktur dalam system limfa, dan perihalkan fungsi masing-masing.an perihalkan fungsi masing-masing.[8[8 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Ginjal yang tidak berfungsi boleh digantikan dengan ginjal yang sihat ) Ginjal yang tidak berfungsi boleh digantikan dengan ginjal yang sihat yang dipindahkanyang dipindahkan

daripada seorang penderma.daripada seorang penderma.

(i) Jelaskan mengapa ginjal yang (i) Jelaskan mengapa ginjal yang sihat mungkin kemudiannya akan ditolak oleh sihat mungkin kemudiannya akan ditolak oleh badanbadan

penerima. [4penerima. [4 markahmarkah]]

(ii) Apakah langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mengatasi masalah penolakan oleh (ii) Apakah langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mengatasi masalah penolakan oleh badanbadan

penerima itu?penerima itu?

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[3[3 markahmarkah]]

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DEMIKIAN.DEMIKIAN.

Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.bagi jawapan yang salah.

Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawjawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatanapan yang betul dan buat bulatan










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11

22

33

44

Which genera belongs to the Which genera belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta?phylum Coniferophyta?

AA Zea Zea

BB CycasCycas

CC Dryopteris Dryopteris

DD Marchantia Marchantia

Housefly is classified into the OrderHousefly is classified into the Order

AA DipteraDiptera

BB HemipteraHemiptera

CC OrthopteraOrthoptera

DD HymenopteraHymenoptera

Which statement is true of Which statement is true of an ecosystem?an ecosystem?

AA It encompasses living and non It encompasses living and non living components.living components.

BB It encompasses edaphic, climatic and topographic factors.It encompasses edaphic, climatic and topographic factors.

CC It comprises of various species living together in a habitat.It comprises of various species living together in a habitat.

DD It comprises of organisms with the It comprises of organisms with the same morphological characteristisame morphological characteristics.cs.

Which energy flows in an Which energy flows in an ecosystem involves the transfer of ecosystem involves the transfer of the greatest amount of energy?the greatest amount of energy?

AA Plant HerbivorePlant Herbivore

BB Herbivore CarnivoreHerbivore Carnivore

CC Carnivore DecomposerCarnivore Decomposer

DD Herbivore DecomposerHerbivore Decomposer

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6666

6666


Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini

11

22

33

Genus yang manakah kepunyaan filum Genus yang manakah kepunyaan filum Coniferophyta?Coniferophyta?

AA Zea Zea

BB CycasCycas

CC Dryopteris Dryopteris

DD Marchantia Marchantia

Lalat dikelaskan kedalam OrderLalat dikelaskan kedalam Order

AA DipteraDiptera

BB HemipteraHemiptera

CC OrthopteraOrthoptera

DD HymenopteraHymenoptera

Penyataan yang manakah yang benar Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang ekosistem?tentang ekosistem?

AA Meliputi komponen hidup dan bukan hidupMeliputi komponen hidup dan bukan hidup

BB Meliputi faktor edafik, faktor iklim, dan Meliputi faktor edafik, faktor iklim, dan faktor topografik faktor topografik

CC Meliputi pelbagai spesies yang hidup Meliputi pelbagai spesies yang hidup bersama dalam suatu habitatbersama dalam suatu habitat

DD Meliputi organisma yang mempunyai ciri morfologi yang samaMeliputi organisma yang mempunyai ciri morfologi yang sama

44 Pengaliran tenaga dalam ekosistem yang Pengaliran tenaga dalam ekosistem yang manakah yang melibatkan pemindahan amaun tenagamanakah yang melibatkan pemindahan amaun tenaga

yang paling banyak?yang paling banyak?

AA TumbuhanTumbuhan

BB HerbivorHerbivor

CC KarnivorKarnivor

DD HerbivorHerbivor

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HerbivorHerbivor

KarnivorKarnivor

PenguraiPengurai

PenguraiPengurai

6767

55

66

77

The graph below shows the survivorship curves for three species of animals.The graph below shows the survivorship curves for three species of animals.

Number of Number of survivorssurvivors

(log scale)(log scale)

Percentage of maximum life spanPercentage of maximum life span

Which characteristic of the animal is Which characteristic of the animal is correctly matched to its survivorship curve?correctly matched to its survivorship curve?

Characteristic CurveCharacteristic Curve

AA Natality rate is high (Natality rate is high (cc))

BB Care for offspring is Care for offspring is minimal (minimal (aa))

CC Mortality rate remains constant with age (Mortality rate remains constant with age (aa))

DD Mortality is concentrated at the end of the maximum life span (Mortality is concentrated at the end of the maximum life span (bb))

Which statement isWhich statement is notnot true of an true of an artificial classification system?artificial classification system?

AA The system is based on The system is based on phylogenetic relationship.phylogenetic relationship.

BB The system can be used to construct dichotomous keys.The system can be used to construct dichotomous keys.

CC Organisms are placed into groups Organisms are placed into groups for specific purposes.for specific purposes.

DD Organisms are placed into groups Organisms are placed into groups according to their different characteristics which areaccording to their different characteristics which are

arbitrarily chosen.arbitrarily chosen.

The processes below contribute to The processes below contribute to speciationspeciation exceptexcept

AA isolationisolation

BB successionsuccessionCC natural selectionnatural selection

DD formation of different gene poolformation of different gene pool

88 AllelesAlleles A A andand B B are codominant. How many types of are codominant. How many types of phenotype would be produced from thephenotype would be produced from the

crosscross AB AB AB AB??

AA 11

BB 22

CC 33

DD 44

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66

77

Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kemandirian bagi tiga Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kemandirian bagi tiga spesies haiwan.spesies haiwan.

BilanganBilanganyang hidupyang hidup

(skala log)(skala log)

Peratusan jangka masa maksimum hidupPeratusan jangka masa maksimum hidup

Ciri haiwan yang manakah yang sepadan dengan betul Ciri haiwan yang manakah yang sepadan dengan betul dengan lengkung kemandiriannya?dengan lengkung kemandiriannya?

Ciri LengkungCiri Lengkung

AA Kadar kenatalan yang tinggi (Kadar kenatalan yang tinggi (cc))

BB Penjagaan anak minima (Penjagaan anak minima (aa))

CC Kadar kemortalan kekal malar dengan umur (Kadar kemortalan kekal malar dengan umur (aa))

DD Kemortalan tertumKemortalan tertumpu pada akhir pu pada akhir tempoh hidup maksimum (tempoh hidup maksimum (bb))

Penyataan yang manakah yangPenyataan yang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang sistem pengelasan buatan?benar tentang sistem pengelasan buatan?

AA Sistem yang berdasarkan hubungan filogenetik.Sistem yang berdasarkan hubungan filogenetik.

BB Sistem itu boleh digunakan Sistem itu boleh digunakan untuk membina kunci dikotomi.untuk membina kunci dikotomi.

CC Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan untuk kegunaan spesifik.Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan untuk kegunaan spesifik.

DD Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan mengikut perbezaan ciri yang dipilih Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan mengikut perbezaan ciri yang dipilih secarasecara

sembarangan.sembarangan.

Proses di Proses di bawah menyumbang kepada penspesiesanbawah menyumbang kepada penspesiesan kecualikecuali

AA pemencilanpemencilan

BB penggantianpenggantianCC pemilihan semulajadipemilihan semulajadi

DD pembentukan kolam gen yang pembentukan kolam gen yang berbezaberbeza

88 AlelAlel A A dandan B B adalah kodominan. Berapakah jenis fenotip yang akan terhasil daripada kacukanadalah kodominan. Berapakah jenis fenotip yang akan terhasil daripada kacukan

AB AB AB AB??

AA 11

BB 22

CC 33

DD 44

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99 The frequency of the alleleThe frequency of the allele B B in a population at genetic equilibrium is 0.70. in a population at genetic equilibrium is 0.70. What is the frequencyWhat is the frequencyof theof the Bb Bb genotype?genotype?

AA 0.210.21

BB 0.420.42

CC 0.490.49

DD 0.700.70

1010 The graphs below show the ultraviolet absorption in the The graphs below show the ultraviolet absorption in the experiment to prove the mode of DNAexperiment to prove the mode of DNAreplication.replication.

PercentagePercentageof ultravioletof ultraviolet

absorptionabsorption

Generation 0Generation 0Nitrogen contentNitrogen content

Generation 1Generation 1

Nitrogen contentNitrogen content




NN 1414

1414

NN

NN 1414

1515

NN

NN 1515

1515

NN


Which conclusion can be made from the Which conclusion can be made from the above graphs?above graphs?

AA The dispersive mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 1.The dispersive mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 1.

BB The conservative mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 2.The conservative mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 2.

CC The semi-conservatThe semi-conservative mode of DNA ive mode of DNA replication can be proven in replication can be proven in the generation 1.the generation 1.

DD The semi-conservatThe semi-conservative mode of DNA ive mode of DNA replication can be proven in replication can be proven in the generation 2.the generation 2.

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99 Frekuensi alelFrekuensi alel B B dalam populasi dalam keseimbangan genetik ialah 0.70. dalam populasi dalam keseimbangan genetik ialah 0.70. Berapakah frekuensiBerapakah frekuensigenotipgenotip Bb Bb??

AA 0.210.21

BB 0.420.42

CC 0.490.49

DD 0.700.70

1010 Graf di bawah menunjukkan penyerapan ultra lembayung dalam uji kaji Graf di bawah menunjukkan penyerapan ultra lembayung dalam uji kaji untuk membuktikan carauntuk membuktikan carapereplikaan DNA.pereplikaan DNA.

PeratusanPeratusanserapan ultraserapan ultra

lembayunglembayung

Generasi 0Generasi 0Kandungan nitrogenKandungan nitrogen

Generasi 1Generasi 1

Kandungan nitrogenKandungan nitrogen




NN 1414

1414

NN

NN 1414

1515

NN

NN 1515

NN 1515


Kesimpulan yang manakah yang boleh dibuat daripada graf di Kesimpulan yang manakah yang boleh dibuat daripada graf di atas?atas?

AA Mode dispersif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 1.Mode dispersif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 1.

BB Mode konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 2.Mode konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 2.

CC Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.

DD Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.

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1111 Gene expression is defined asGene expression is defined as

AA the transcription of genes from DNAthe transcription of genes from DNA

BB the use of information in DNA to produce a the use of information in DNA to produce a proteinprotein

CC the transfer of one gene from one organism to anotherthe transfer of one gene from one organism to another

DD the translation of one gene by ribosomes to produce proteinthe translation of one gene by ribosomes to produce protein

1212 The pedigree below shows the The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a disease.inheritance of a disease.

The inheritance of the disease is controlled byThe inheritance of the disease is controlled by

AA X X -linked recessive gene-linked recessive gene

BB X X -linked dominant gene-linked dominant gene

CC autosomal recessive geneautosomal recessive gene

DD autosomal dominant geneautosomal dominant gene

1313 Which statement isWhich statement is notnot true of mutation?true of mutation?

AA The deletion of two The deletion of two bases causes frame-shift mutation.bases causes frame-shift mutation.

BB Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 5.deletion in chromosome 5.

CC Allopolyploidy involved chromosome doubling Allopolyploidy involved chromosome doubling from different genomes.from different genomes.

DD A chromosomal mutation involves the deletion of a base pair from a gene.A chromosomal mutation involves the deletion of a base pair from a gene.

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1111 Pengekspresan gen boleh ditakrifkan sebagaiPengekspresan gen boleh ditakrifkan sebagai

AA transkripsi gen daripada DNAtranskripsi gen daripada DNA

BB penggunaan maklumat dalam DNA untuk penggunaan maklumat dalam DNA untuk menghasilkan proteinmenghasilkan protein

CC pemindahan satu gen dari satu pemindahan satu gen dari satu organisma kepada satu organisma yang lainorganisma kepada satu organisma yang lain

DD translasi satu gen oleh translasi satu gen oleh ribosom untuk menghasilkan proteinribosom untuk menghasilkan protein

1212 Salasiah di bawah Salasiah di bawah menunjukkan penyakit pewarisan.menunjukkan penyakit pewarisan.

Petanda:Petanda:

LelakiLelaki

normalnormal

PerempuanPerempuannormalnormal

Penyakit pewarisan dikawal olehPenyakit pewarisan dikawal oleh

AA gen resesif gen resesif X X -terangkai-terangkai

BB gen dominangen dominan X X -terangkai-terangkai

CC gen resesif autosomgen resesif autosom

DD gen dominan autosomgen dominan autosom

1313 Penyataan yang manakah yangPenyataan yang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang mutasi?benar tentang mutasi?

AA Pelenyapan dua bes Pelenyapan dua bes menyebabkan mutasi anjakan rangka.menyebabkan mutasi anjakan rangka.

BB Sindrom Cri-du-chat disebabkan oleh pelenyapan kromosom 5.Sindrom Cri-du-chat disebabkan oleh pelenyapan kromosom 5.

CC Alopoliploidi melibatkan pengandaan kromosom daripada genom yang Alopoliploidi melibatkan pengandaan kromosom daripada genom yang berbeza.berbeza.

DD Mutasi kromosom melibatkan pelenyapan pasangan bes daripada satu gen.Mutasi kromosom melibatkan pelenyapan pasangan bes daripada satu gen.

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1414 The diagram below shows steps in DNA cloning using bacterial plasmid.The diagram below shows steps in DNA cloning using bacterial plasmid.

Source DNASource DNA

PlasmidPlasmid

Cloned DNACloned DNA

What processes are represented byWhat processes are represented by PP,, QQ andand R R??

PP

AA AmplificationAmplification

BB AmplificationAmplification

CC TransformationTransformation

DD TransformationTransformation

QQ

ScreeningScreening

TransformationTransformation

ScreeningScreening

AmplificationAmplification

R R

TransformationTransformation

ScreeningScreening

AmplificationAmplification

ScreeningScreening

1515 Transgenic bacteria is used in the following industrial processesTransgenic bacteria is used in the following industrial processes exceptexcept

AA decomposition of oil spilldecomposition of oil spill

BB degradation of organic wastedegradation of organic waste

CC production of production of -1-antitrypsin-1-antitrypsin

DD introduction of herbicide-resistant gene into plantintroduction of herbicide-resistant gene into plant

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1414 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan langkah pengklonan DNA mengunakan plasmid bakteria.Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan langkah pengklonan DNA mengunakan plasmid bakteria.

DNA sumberDNA sumber

PlasmidPlasmid

DNA terklonDNA terklon

Apakah yang diwakili olehApakah yang diwakili oleh PP,, QQ, dan, dan R R??

PP

AA AmplifikasiAmplifikasi

BB AmplifikasiAmplifikasi

CC TransformasiTransformasi

DD TransformasiTransformasi

QQ

PenyaringanPenyaringan

TransformasiTransformasi


AmplifikasiAmplifikasi

R R

TransformasiTransformasi


AmplifikasiAmplifikasi


1515 Bakteria transgenik digunakan dalam proses industri berikutBakteria transgenik digunakan dalam proses industri berikut kecualikecuali

AA penguraian tumpahan minyak penguraian tumpahan minyak

BB degradasi bahan buangan organik degradasi bahan buangan organik

CC penghasilanpenghasilan -1-antitrypsin-1-antitrypsin

DD pengenalan gen rintangan herbisid ke dalam tumbuhanpengenalan gen rintangan herbisid ke dalam tumbuhan

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1616 The graphs below show the normal distribution of early population of an The graphs below show the normal distribution of early population of an organism living in threeorganism living in threedifferent environments,different environments, I I ,, II II andand III III . The arrows . The arrows represent the selection pressure on the phenotypes.represent the selection pressure on the phenotypes.

Number of Number of I I individualsindividuals

PhenotypePhenotype

Number of Number of III III

individualsindividuals

Number of Number of II II individualsindividuals

PhenotypePhenotype

PhenotypePhenotype

((aa) Sketch the curve to show the ) Sketch the curve to show the effect of natural selection in each case.effect of natural selection in each case.

((bb) State the types of selection represented by the curves you have sketched in ) State the types of selection represented by the curves you have sketched in ((aa).).

[3[3 marksmarks]]

[3[3 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Give) Give oneone example of the phenomenon resulting from each example of the phenomenon resulting from each of the selectionsof the selections II II andand III III ..[2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1616 Graf di bawah menunjukkan taburan normal awal populasi organism yang hidup di tigaGraf di bawah menunjukkan taburan normal awal populasi organism yang hidup di tigapersekitaran yang berbeza I, II, dan III. persekitaran yang berbeza I, II, dan III. Anak panah mewakili tekanan pemilihan keatas fenotip.Anak panah mewakili tekanan pemilihan keatas fenotip.

BilanganBilangan I I individuindividu

FenotipFenotip

BilanganBilangan III III

individuindividu

BilanganBilangan II II individuindividu

FenotipFenotip

FenotipFenotip

((aa) Lakar lengkung yang menunjukkan kesan pemilihan semula jadi ) Lakar lengkung yang menunjukkan kesan pemilihan semula jadi dalam setiap kes.dalam setiap kes.[3[3 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Nyatakan jenis pemilihan yang mewakili lengkung ) Nyatakan jenis pemilihan yang mewakili lengkung yang anda lakar dalam (yang anda lakar dalam (aa).).[3[3 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Berikan) Berikan satusatu contoh fenomena yang dihasilkan daripada pemilihancontoh fenomena yang dihasilkan daripada pemilihan II II dandan III III . . [2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1717 ((aa) The diagram below shows the stages of meiosis during the formation of gametes which) The diagram below shows the stages of meiosis during the formation of gametes whichinvolve a pair of involve a pair of chromosomechromosome PP and a pair and a pair of chromosomeof chromosome QQ. Draw the complete diagram to show. Draw the complete diagram to show

the arrangement of the chromosomes if non-disjunction occurs the arrangement of the chromosomes if non-disjunction occurs involving the pair of involving the pair of chromosomchromosomee PP

during meiosis I.during meiosis I.

Meiosis IMeiosis I

Meiosis IIMeiosis II

Gamete Gamete Gamete GameteGamete Gamete Gamete Gamete

((bb) State the type of the ) State the type of the above chromosomabove chromosomal mutation.al mutation.

[6[6 marksmarks]]

[1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1717 ((aa) Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat meiosis semasa pembentukan gamet yang) Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat meiosis semasa pembentukan gamet yangmelibatkan sepasang kromosommelibatkan sepasang kromosom PP dan sepasang kromosomdan sepasang kromosom QQ. Lukis gambar rajah lengkap untuk . Lukis gambar rajah lengkap untuk

menunjukkan susunan kromosom jika tak disjungsi menunjukkan susunan kromosom jika tak disjungsi berlaku yang melibatkan pasangan kromosomberlaku yang melibatkan pasangan kromosom PP

semasa meiosis I.semasa meiosis I.

Meiosis IMeiosis I

Meiosis IIMeiosis II

Gamet Gamet Gamet GametGamet Gamet Gamet Gamet

((bb) Nyatakan jenis mutasi kromosom di atas.) Nyatakan jenis mutasi kromosom di atas.

[6[6 markahmarkah]]

[1[1 markahmarkah]]

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1818 ((aa) ) Describe Describe the the charactercharacteristic istic features features of of the the phylum phylum Bryophyta Bryophyta and and Filicinophyta. Filicinophyta. [8[8 marksmarks]]

((bb) Water pollution is a major threat to ) Water pollution is a major threat to aquatic biodiversity in Malaysia. Discuss this statement.aquatic biodiversity in Malaysia. Discuss this statement.

[7[7 marksmarks]]

1919 ((aa) Explain the energy flow in the carbon cycle.) Explain the energy flow in the carbon cycle.

((bb) Compare the adaptive characteristics of ) Compare the adaptive characteristics of K K andand r r strategies.strategies.

[7[7 marksmarks]]

[8[8 marksmarks]]

2020 In a small population, 40 individuals are tasters of phenIn a small population, 40 individuals are tasters of phenylthiocarbamylthiocarbamide and 60 are non-tasters.ide and 60 are non-tasters.

The dominant alleleThe dominant allele T T controls the ability to controls the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide.taste phenylthiocarbamide.

((aa) ) (i) (i) Determine Determine the the frequencies frequencies of of alleleallele t t and alleleand allele T T . . [6[6 marksmarks]]

(ii) Determine the number of individuals who are heterozygous in the population. [4(ii) Determine the number of individuals who are heterozygous in the population. [4 marksmarks]]

((bb) If 20 non-tasters immigrate into the population, determine the new frequencies of allele) If 20 non-tasters immigrate into the population, determine the new frequencies of allele t t andand

alleleallele T T ..

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[5[5 marksmarks]]

8080


Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..

1818 ((aa) ) Perihalkan Perihalkan cici-ciri cici-ciri filum filum Bryophyta Bryophyta dan dan Filicinophyta. Filicinophyta. [8[8 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Pencemaran air adalah ancaman utama kepada kepelbagian biologi di Malaysia. Bincangkan) Pencemaran air adalah ancaman utama kepada kepelbagian biologi di Malaysia. Bincangkan

pernyataan ini.pernyataan ini.

1919 ((aa) Jelaskan pengaliran tenaga di dalam kitar ) Jelaskan pengaliran tenaga di dalam kitar karbon.karbon.

((bb) Bandingkan ciri penyesuaian strategi) Bandingkan ciri penyesuaian strategi K K dan strategidan strategi r.r.

[7[7 markahmarkah]]

[7[7 markahmarkah]]

[8[8 markahmarkah]]

2020 Dalam satu populasi kecil, 40 individu ialah perasa feniltiokarbamida dan 60 individu bukanDalam satu populasi kecil, 40 individu ialah perasa feniltiokarbamida dan 60 individu bukan

perasa feniltiokarbamida. Alel dominanperasa feniltiokarbamida. Alel dominan T T mengawal keupayaan untuk mengawal keupayaan untuk merasa feniltiokarbamida.merasa feniltiokarbamida.

((aa) ) (i) (i) Tentukan Tentukan kekerapan kekerapan alelalel t t dan aleldan alel T T ..

(ii) Tentukan bilangan individu yang heterozigot dalam populasi itu.(ii) Tentukan bilangan individu yang heterozigot dalam populasi itu.

[6[6 markahmarkah]]

[4[4 markahmarkah]]

((bb) Jika 20 individu bukan ) Jika 20 individu bukan perasa berhijrah masuk ke dalam populasi itu, tentukan kekerapanperasa berhijrah masuk ke dalam populasi itu, tentukan kekerapan

baharu alelbaharu alel t t dan aleldan alel T T ..

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[5[5 markahmarkah]]

8282

SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT

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STPM BIOLOGYSTPM BIOLOGY

Experiment 1Experiment 1

Title:Title: Determination of the osmotic potential of plant cellsDetermination of the osmotic potential of plant cells

STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___ STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___

Objectives:Objectives: To determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.To determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.

Learning Outcome:Learning Outcome: At the end of the At the end of the experimeexperiment, the candidates should be able nt, the candidates should be able toto

(i) prepare solutions of various molarities from a stock solution.(i) prepare solutions of various molarities from a stock solution.

(ii) tabulate the results and plot graphs.(ii) tabulate the results and plot graphs.

(iii) analyse and interpret experimental results.(iii) analyse and interpret experimental results.

Introduction:Introduction:

Osmotic potential of a cell refers to the amount of Osmotic potential of a cell refers to the amount of solute dissolved in the cell sap, solute dissolved in the cell sap, containing mostlycontaining mostlywater and be water and be the main cause to its the main cause to its osmotic concentration. The difference in osmotic concentrationosmotic concentration. The difference in osmotic concentration

inside the cell and its inside the cell and its surrounding is called a concentration gradient. Movement of water moleculsurrounding is called a concentration gradient. Movement of water moleculeses

via semi permeable membrane occurs from a region of via semi permeable membrane occurs from a region of higher water concentration (low osmotichigher water concentration (low osmotic

potential) to a region of lower water concentration (high osmotic potential).potential) to a region of lower water concentration (high osmotic potential).

Materials and apparatus:Materials and apparatus:

(i) 1.0 M sucrose solution(i) 1.0 M sucrose solution

(ii) Distilled water(ii) Distilled water(iii) Potato(iii) Potato

(iv) Large test tubes(iv) Large test tubes

(v) Beakers(v) Beakers

(vi) Ruler(vi) Ruler

(vii) Filter paper(vii) Filter paper

(viii) Petri dish with cover(viii) Petri dish with cover

(ix) Marker pen(ix) Marker pen

(x) Cork-borer(x) Cork-borer

(xi) Single-edge blade(xi) Single-edge blade

(xii) White tile(xii) White tile(xiii) Graph paper(xiii) Graph paper

(xiv) Dissecting needle/Mounted needle(xiv) Dissecting needle/Mounted needle

(xv) 25 ml measuring cylinder(xv) 25 ml measuring cylinder

(xvi) Fine forceps(xvi) Fine forceps

(xvii) 10 ml pipette(xvii) 10 ml pipette

(xviii) Analytical balance(xviii) Analytical balance

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Molarity Molarity (M) (M) 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.550.55

Osmotic potentialOsmotic potential

(in atmosphere)(in atmosphere)1.3 1.3 2.6 2.6 4.0 4.0 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 8.1 8.1 9.6 9.6 11.1 11.1 12.6 12.6 14.3 14.3 16.016.0


Procedure:Procedure:


1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

5.5.

6.6.

7.7.

8.8.

9.9.

10.10.

11.11.

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Prepare 20 ml of 0.1 M, 0.2 M, Prepare 20 ml of 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions from 1.0 M stock M sucrose solutions from 1.0 M stock solution in labelled test tubes. Use solution in labelled test tubes. Use the following formula to assist you in preparing yourthe following formula to assist you in preparing your

dilution.dilution.

where Mwhere M 11 = initial molarity= initial molarity

MM 11 VV 11 = M= M 22 VV 22

VV 11 = initial volume= initial volume

MM 22 = final molarity= final molarity

VV 22 = final volume= final volume

Record the volume of the stock solution and distilled water used Record the volume of the stock solution and distilled water used in each dilution in Table 1.in each dilution in Table 1.

Prepare 15 cylindrical strips of potato tissues using a Prepare 15 cylindrical strips of potato tissues using a cork-borecork-borer. Cut the strips r. Cut the strips to a uniformto a uniformlength.length.

Take 3 potato strips, record their average initial length and weight and Take 3 potato strips, record their average initial length and weight and place them into the testplace them into the testtube containing 0.1 M sucrose solution. Note down the tube containing 0.1 M sucrose solution. Note down the texture of the potato strips.texture of the potato strips.

Repeat step 4 using 0.2 M, 0.3 Repeat step 4 using 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions and wait for 30 minutes.sucrose solutions and wait for 30 minutes.

Plot a standard curve of the osmotic potential against the molarities of the Plot a standard curve of the osmotic potential against the molarities of the sucrose solutionssucrose solutions

using the data given below.using the data given below.

After 30 minutes, remove the strips with the dissecting needle/mounted needle provided. DryAfter 30 minutes, remove the strips with the dissecting needle/mounted needle provided. Drythe strips gently with filter paper and the strips gently with filter paper and record their average final length and weight.record their average final length and weight.

Note down any changes to the texture of the Note down any changes to the texture of the potato strips.potato strips.

Create your own table to record the results. (Table 2)Create your own table to record the results. (Table 2)

Plot another graph of the average change in the length of the Plot another graph of the average change in the length of the potato strips against the molaritiespotato strips against the molaritiesof the sucrose solution used.of the sucrose solution used.

Use both the graphs to determine the osmotic potential of the Use both the graphs to determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.potato cell sap.

8585

8585

Molarity Molarity 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.2 M 0.2 M 0.3 M 0.3 M 0.4 M 0.4 M 0.5 M 0.5 M

Volume of 1.0 M sucrose solution used (ml)Volume of 1.0 M sucrose solution used (ml)

Volume of distilled water used Volume of distilled water used (ml)(ml)


Result:Result:

Table 1Table 1

Table 2Table 2

Discussion:Discussion:


1 (1 (aa) From the first graph, determine the solute concentration of the cell sap of ) From the first graph, determine the solute concentration of the cell sap of the potato tissues (inthe potato tissues (inmolarity) molarity) of of sucrose sucrose solution. solution. Explain Explain your your answer. answer. [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) From the standard curve, ) From the standard curve, determine the equivalent osmotic potential (in atmosphere) of determine the equivalent osmotic potential (in atmosphere) of thethecell cell sap. sap. [1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 2 What is What is the relatthe relationship betweionship between the en the changes changes in weight in weight of the of the potato strips potato strips and their and their texture?texture?[2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3 3 Plant Plant fertilizer fertilizer contains contains many many solutes. solutes. Why Why an an overdose overdose of of fertilizer fertilizer may may kill kill a a plant? plant? [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ConclusionConclusion [1[1 mark mark ]]

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For examiner’sFor examiner’s

useuse

11

22

33

TotalTotal



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STPMSTPM







DO NOT OPEN THIS DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU AREQUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE

TOLD TO DO SO.TOLD TO DO SO.

Answer Answer allall questions.questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Answers may be w Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaritten in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.ysia.


JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDAJANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA

DIBENARKAN BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.DIBENARKAN BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.

Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan.soalan.

Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.

Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa I Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.nggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.

This question paper consists of printed pages andThis question paper consists of printed pages and



STPMSTPM 964/5964/5

blank page.blank page.


8787

TimeTime (hour) (hour) 0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 6060

Height of fluid Height of fluid (mm) (mm) 100 100 82 82 73 73 68 68 66 66 66 66 6666

Height of gas Height of gas (mm)(mm)

11 A group of students carried out an experiment on respiration using yeast.A group of students carried out an experiment on respiration using yeast.

A fermentation tube was filled with 5% glucose solution and A fermentation tube was filled with 5% glucose solution and 5 drops of 10% yeast suspension. It5 drops of 10% yeast suspension. It

was then put inside a was then put inside a test tube as shown below.test tube as shown below.

Test tubeTest tube

Fermentation tubeFermentation tube

Height of fluidHeight of fluid

The apparatus set-up was placed in an incubator at 37The apparatus set-up was placed in an incubator at 37 C for 60 hours. The heights of C for 60 hours. The heights of the fluidthe fluid

and the gas in the and the gas in the fermentafermentation tube were recorded every 10 hours.tion tube were recorded every 10 hours.

((aa) ) Is Is oxygen oxygen involved involved in in the the process? process? [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) ) Name Name the the end end products products of of the the fermentation. fermentation. [3[3 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Complete the table below.) Complete the table below.

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Masa Masa (jam) (jam) 0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 6060

Tinggi bendalir Tinggi bendalir (mm) (mm) 100 100 82 82 73 73 68 68 66 66 66 66 6666

Tinggi gasTinggi gas (mm)(mm)

11 Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu uji kaji Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu uji kaji tentang respirasi dengan menggunakan yis.tentang respirasi dengan menggunakan yis.

Satu tabung penapaian diisi dengan larutan glukosa 5% dan 5 titis Satu tabung penapaian diisi dengan larutan glukosa 5% dan 5 titis ampaian yis 10%. Tabungampaian yis 10%. Tabung

penapaian itu kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam satu tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.penapaian itu kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam satu tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

Tabung ujiTabung uji

Tabung penapaianTabung penapaian

Tinggi cecairTinggi cecair

Susunan alat radas diletakkan ke Susunan alat radas diletakkan ke dalam pengeram pada 37dalam pengeram pada 37 C selama 60 jam. Tinggi bendalir danC selama 60 jam. Tinggi bendalir dan

gas di dalam tabung gas di dalam tabung penapaian direkodkan setiap 10 jam.penapaian direkodkan setiap 10 jam.

((aa) ) Adakah Adakah oksigen oksigen terlibat terlibat dalam dalam proses proses itu? itu? [2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) ) Namakan Namakan hasil hasil akhir akhir penapaian penapaian itu. itu. [3[3 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

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[3[3 markahmarkah]]

8989

((d d ) Plot a graph of the ) Plot a graph of the height of the gas against time.height of the gas against time.

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[3[3 marksmarks]]

9090

((d d ) Plot graf tinggi gas lawan masa.) Plot graf tinggi gas lawan masa.

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[3[3 markahmarkah]]

((ee) Based on the graph that ) Based on the graph that you have plotted, describe briefly the fermentation process.you have plotted, describe briefly the fermentation process.[2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(( f f ) State) State twotwo industrial industrial applications applications of of the the yeast yeast fermentation. fermentation. [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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((ee) Berdasarkan graf yang anda plot ) Berdasarkan graf yang anda plot itu, perihalkan secara ringkas proses penapaian itu.itu, perihalkan secara ringkas proses penapaian itu.[2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(( f f ) Nyatakan) Nyatakan duadua penggunaan penggunaan industri industri penapaian penapaian yis. yis. [2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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22 ((aa) A cross-section of an organ that has ) A cross-section of an organ that has been diverted out of a rat is been diverted out of a rat is shown in the diagram below.shown in the diagram below.

C BC B

D D

A A

E E

F F

GG J J

I I H H

(i) Name the organ, and the structures labelled(i) Name the organ, and the structures labelled A A andand I I . [5. [5 marksmarks]]

OrganOrgan: : ...………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A A: : ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. F F : : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….

B B: : ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. GG: : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….

C C : : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. H H : : ………………………………………………………………………………….………………….

D D: : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. I I : : ….………………………………….………………………………………………..………………..

E E : : ……………………………………………………………………………………….……….

(ii) State(ii) State twotwo function function of of the the organ. organ. [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) State the similarity and the difference in function between the structures(iii) State the similarity and the difference in function between the structures B B andand C C ..

[2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) State the common function of structures(iv) State the common function of structures F F ,, GG andand J J . . [1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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22 ((aa) Keratan rentas satu organ yang telah dialih keluar daripada seekor tikus ditunjukkan dalam) Keratan rentas satu organ yang telah dialih keluar daripada seekor tikus ditunjukkan dalamgambar rajah di bawah.gambar rajah di bawah.

C C B B

D D

A A

E E

F F

GG J J

I I

(i) Namakan organ itu, (i) Namakan organ itu, dan struktur berlabeldan struktur berlabel A A hinggahingga I I ..

H H

[5[5 markahmarkah]]

OrganOrgan: : ...………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A A:: ………………………………………………..……………………………………………….. F F : : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….

B B: : ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. GG: : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….

C C : : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. H H : : ………………………………………………………………………………….………………….

D D: : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. I I : : ….………………………………….………………………………………………..………………..

E E : : ……………………………………………………………………………………….……….

(ii) Nyatakan(ii) Nyatakan duadua fungsi fungsi organ organ itu. itu. [2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan fungsi antara struktur(iii) Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan fungsi antara struktur B B dengan strukturdengan struktur C C ..[2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Nyatakan fungsi sepunya struktur(iv) Nyatakan fungsi sepunya struktur F F ,, GG, dan, dan J J . . [1[1 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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((bb) The structures shown in the ) The structures shown in the diagram below are related to the organ in (diagram below are related to the organ in (aa).).

L LK K

(i) Name the structures(i) Name the structures K K andand L L. . [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give(ii) Give twotwo characteristcharacteristics ics of of each each of of the the structures. structures. [2[2 marksmarks]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Why are the wall structures of (iii) Why are the wall structures of K K andand L L are are different? different? [1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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((bb) Struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah berkaitan dengan organ pada () Struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah berkaitan dengan organ pada (aa).).

L LK K

(i) Namakan struktur(i) Namakan struktur K K dandan L L. . [2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Berikan(ii) Berikan duadua ciri ciri bagi bagi setiap setiap struktur struktur itu. itu. [2[2 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Mengapakah struktur dinding bagi(iii) Mengapakah struktur dinding bagi K K dandan L L berbeza? [1berbeza? [1 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Phenotype Phenotype Observed Observed number number Expected Expected number number

Wrinkled 59Wrinkled 59

Smooth 191Smooth 191

33 A researcher carried out a cross on pea plants to determine the inheritance of seed forms. HeA researcher carried out a cross on pea plants to determine the inheritance of seed forms. He

crossed pure line wrinkled seed with pure line smooth seed to crossed pure line wrinkled seed with pure line smooth seed to produce Fproduce F 11 generation and subsequentlygeneration and subsequently

FF 22 generation. A total of 250 plants were produced in generation. A total of 250 plants were produced in FF 22 generation, 59 with wrinkled seeds and 191generation, 59 with wrinkled seeds and 191with smooth seeds. The diagram below illustrates the crosses.with smooth seeds. The diagram below illustrates the crosses.

X X

ProgenyProgeny QQ

((aa) What is the phenotype of progeny) What is the phenotype of progeny QQ? ? [1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) What is the expected ratio of ) What is the expected ratio of wrinkled-seed plants to smooth-seed plants of Fwrinkled-seed plants to smooth-seed plants of F 22 generation?generation?[1[1 mark mark ]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Using the expected ratio in () Using the expected ratio in (bb), determine the expected number of phenotypes of ), determine the expected number of phenotypes of FF 22

generation.generation.

[2[2 marksmarks]]

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Fenotip Fenotip Bilangan Bilangan cerapan cerapan Bilangan Bilangan jangkaanjangkaan

Berkedut 59Berkedut 59

Licin 191Licin 191

33 Seorang penyelidik telah membuat kacukan terhadap pokok kacang pea untuk Seorang penyelidik telah membuat kacukan terhadap pokok kacang pea untuk menentukanmenentukanperwarisan bentuk biji. Beliau mengkacukkan baka tulen biji yang berkedut dengan baka tulen bijiperwarisan bentuk biji. Beliau mengkacukkan baka tulen biji yang berkedut dengan baka tulen biji

licin untuk menghasilkan generasi Flicin untuk menghasilkan generasi F 11 dan seterusnya generasi Fdan seterusnya generasi F 2.2. Sebanyak 250 tumbuhan telahSebanyak 250 tumbuhan telah

dihasilkan dalam generasi Fdihasilkan dalam generasi F 22 , 59 dengan biji berkedut, dan , 59 dengan biji berkedut, dan 191 dengan biji licin. Gambar rajah191 dengan biji licin. Gambar rajah

di bawah menunjukkan kacukan tersebut.di bawah menunjukkan kacukan tersebut.

Biji berkedutBiji berkedut

Biji licinBiji licin

Induk betinaInduk betina

X X

ProgeniProgeni QQ

((aa) Apakah fenotip bagi progeni) Apakah fenotip bagi progeni QQ??

Induk jantanInduk jantan

[1[1 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((bb) Apakah nisbah jangkaan pokok dengan biji berkedut kepada pokok dengan biji licin bagi) Apakah nisbah jangkaan pokok dengan biji berkedut kepada pokok dengan biji licin bagi

generasi Fgenerasi F 22 ? ? [1[1 markahmarkah]]

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((cc) Dengan menggunakan nisbah jangkaan pada () Dengan menggunakan nisbah jangkaan pada (bb), tentukan bilangan jangkaan fenotip generasi), tentukan bilangan jangkaan fenotip generasi

FF 22 ..

[2[2 marksmarks]]

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Degree of freedom Degree of freedom 5% level5% level

11

22

33

44

55

6677

88

99

1010

3.8413.841

5.9915.991

7.8157.815

9.4889.488

11.07011.070

12.59212.59214.06714.067

15.50715.507

16.91916.919

18.30718.307

((d d ) Using the ) Using the chi-square formula, determine the chi-square value for Fchi-square formula, determine the chi-square value for F 22 generation.generation.

((ee) Chi-square () Chi-square (22 ) values at 5% level is ) values at 5% level is given below.given below.

[3[3 marksmarks]]

[4[4 marksmarks]]

Using the data from above table, explain whether the result obtained is in Using the data from above table, explain whether the result obtained is in accordance withaccordance withMendel’s first law.Mendel’s first law.

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(( f f ) ) Determine Determine the the dominant dominant seed seed forms forms of of pea pea plants. plants. [1[1 mark mark ]]

Wrinkled Wrinkled : : ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

SmoothSmooth: : ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((gg) With the symbol) With the symbol R R as dominant allele and symbolas dominant allele and symbol r r as recessive allele, determine theas recessive allele, determine thegenotypes of both parents and progenygenotypes of both parents and progeny QQ. . [3[3 marksmarks]]

Female parent Female parent :...................................................................................................................................:...................................................................................................................................

Male parent Male parent : : ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Progeny QProgeny Q: : ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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100100

Darjah kebebasan Darjah kebebasan Aras 5%Aras 5%

11

22

33

44

55

6677

88

99

1010

3.8413.841

5.9915.991

7.8157.815

9.4889.488

11.07011.070

12.59212.59214.06714.067

15.50715.507

16.91916.919

18.30718.307

((d d ) Dengan menggunakan rumus khi kuasa dua, tentukan nilai khi kuasa dua bagi generasi F) Dengan menggunakan rumus khi kuasa dua, tentukan nilai khi kuasa dua bagi generasi F 22 ..[3[3 markahmarkah]]

((ee) Jadual nilai khi kuasa dua () Jadual nilai khi kuasa dua (22 ) ) pada pada aras aras 5% 5% diberikan diberikan di di bawah. bawah. [4[4 markahmarkah]]

Dengan menggunakan data daripada jadual di atas, Dengan menggunakan data daripada jadual di atas, jelaskan sama ada keputusan yang diperolehjelaskan sama ada keputusan yang diperolehmematuhi hukum Mendel pertama.mematuhi hukum Mendel pertama.

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........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(( f f ) ) Tentukan Tentukan kedominanan kedominanan bentuk bentuk biji biji kacang kacang pea. pea. [1[1 markahmarkah]]

Berkedut Berkedut :...................................................:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Licin Licin: : ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

((gg) Dengan simbol) Dengan simbol R R sebagai alel dominan dan simbolsebagai alel dominan dan simbol r r sebagai alel resesif, tentukan genotipsebagai alel resesif, tentukan genotipkedua-dua induk dan progenikedua-dua induk dan progeni QQ. . [3[3 markahmarkah]]

Induk betina Induk betina:.....................................................:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Induk jantan Induk jantan:.............................................:...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Progeni QProgeni Q:................................................:....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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