perceived restoration, attitudes, and behaviors--fuegen, breitenbecher, lee, vires, morgan, &...

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The Joint Effect of Exercise and Environment on Perceived Restora7on, Healthrelated A=tudes, and Healthrelated Behaviors: Con7nued Inves7ga7on Kathleen Fuegen, Kimberly Breitenbecher, Nicole Sofranko, Alexandra Morgan, Kayla Vires, Jessica Sharkey Northern Kentucky University Background Working intensely on a project can result in mental fa7gue. Spending 7me in nature can restore depleted resources. Exposure to nature significantly improves aSen7on and mood (Berman, Jonides, & Kaplan, 2008). The rich s7mula7on that nature provides allows one to rely on involuntary aSen7on, which is effortless, giving directed, effor[ul aSen7on the chance to restore itself (Kaplan, 1995). Walking for as liSle as 10 minutes can improve mood and increase energy (Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, & Petruzzello, 2000). A 15minute bout of brisk walking may suppress appe7te and reduce urges of sugar snacking (Taylor and Oliver, 2009). Research has not yet inves7gated the combined effects of exercise and nature on aSen7on, mood, perceived restora7on, and dietary behavior. Based on previous literature, expected that outcomes will be the most favorable when par7cipants exercise in nature. Method Par$cipants The sample included 107 (59.1%) women, 73 (40.3%) men, and 1 (.6%) unknown. Par7cipants iden7fied as Caucasian (79%), African American or Black (9.4%), mul7racial (3.3%), Asian/Pacific Islander (2.8%), and Middle Eastern (2.2%). The average age was 21.59 years (SD = 7.69). Measures Perceived Restora.veness for Ac.vi.es Scale (PRAS; Norling, Sibthorp, & Ruddell, 2008) is a measure of perceived restora7on following physical ac7vity. The PRAS has four subscales: Being away (e.g., Par7cipa7ng in this ac7vity helps me get away from it all) Fascina7on (e.g., For me, this ac7vity has many fascina7ng quali7es) Extent (e.g., Par7cipa7ng in this ac7vity will sustain my interest) Compa7bility (e.g., This ac7vity matches my fitness and training objec7ves) A4tudes toward the task: To assess a=tudes toward the ac7vity engaged in by par7cipants, we asked them to indicate 1) how likely they would be to signup for another study session and 2) how likely they would be to recommend that a friend par7cipate in the study. Snack and beverage choices: At the end of the study, par7cipants were offered one beverage and one snack. The snack items include both healthy (e.g., raisins, pretzels, baked potato chips) and unhealthy (candy, regular potato chips) op7ons. The beverages include both healthy (water, diet soda) and unhealthy (noncaffeinated soda) op7ons. Procedure The researcher greeted the par7cipants and obtained informed consent. Par7cipants unscrambled words for five minutes in an effort to deplete aSen7on. Par7cipants completed measures of aSen7on and mood (for details, see “The Joint Effects of Exercise and Environment on Emo7on and Cogni7on: Con7nued Inves7ga7on”) Par7cipants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental condi7ons: indoor exercise, outdoor exercise, indoor rest, or outdoor rest. Outside exercise par7cipants walked for 15 minutes around a lake on campus Inside exercise par7cipants walked for 15 minutes on a treadmill in a laboratory Outside rest par7cipants sat on a bench for 15 minutes adjacent to the lake Inside rest par7cipants sat for 15 minutes at a desk inside a laboratory Inside exercise par7cipants watched either a slide show or a video of a path around the campus lake Inside rest par7cipants watched either a slide show or a video of campus from a bench adjacent to the lake Following the assigned task, par7cipants again completed measures of aSen7on and mood. They also completed the PRAS and the a=tudes toward the task measure. Lastly, par7cipants were offered a snack and a beverage.. Results Perceived Restora$veness for Ac$vi$es Scale (PRAS) A 2 (Ac7vity: exercise or rest) X 2 (Loca7on: indoors or outdoors) ANOVA conducted on the PRAS revealed a main effect of Ac7vity, F(1, 170) = 11.74, p = .001, a main effect of Loca7on, F(1, 170) = 21.39, p = .000, and a significant interac7on, F(1, 170) = 10.54, p = .001. Par7cipants who rested indoors reported significantly less restora7on than par7cipants who rested outdoors, par7cipants who exercised indoors, and par7cipants who exercised outdoors, ps < .05. ANOVAs on each subscale also revealed significant interac7ons (see graphs below): A9tudes toward the task A 2x2 ANOVA was conducted on each of the a=tude items. The analysis of the first item was not significant. The analysis of the second a=tude item revealed a significant main effect of Loca7on, F(1,177) = 4.03, p = .046 (see graph). Snack and beverage choices We conducted Ac7vity X Loca7on ANOVAs on the number of calories associated with the snack and beverage par7cipants chose before leaving. If par7cipants chose no snack, then calories equaled zero. The analysis revealed no significant effects for snack, ps > .46 nor for beverage, ps > .13. Nevertheless, the paSern of means for beverage choice was intriguing: par7cipants who exercised outdoors consumed fewer calories on average (M = 23.90) than par7cipants who exercised indoors (M = 43.08), rested outdoors (M = 43.75) or rested indoors (M = 35.00). Discussion The results show that exercise promotes feelings of restora7on. Being outdoors promotes restora7on whether a person is exercising or simply res7ng. Res7ng indoors is detrimental to restora7on, even while viewing photos or a video of the outdoors. Being outdoors, whether res7ng or exercising, leads to more favorable a=tudes than being indoors. The effects of exercise and environment on dietary choice are inconclusive. Future research involves examining whether environmental condi7ons (e.g., weather) affect perceived restora7on, a=tudes, and behaviors. This project was par.ally funded by a Northern Kentucky University College of Arts and Sciences Collabora.ve FacultyStudent Project Award and a Northern Kentucky University Undergraduate Research Council Award. 0 1 2 3 4 indoor exercise indoor rest outdoor exercise outdoor rest Being Away 0 1 2 3 4 indoor exercise indoor rest outdoor exercise outdoor rest Extent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 indoors outdoors Willingness to Recommend to a Friend 0 1 2 3 4 indoor exercise indoor rest outdoor exercise outdoor rest Fascina=on 0 1 2 3 4 indoor exercise indoor rest outdoor exercise outdoor rest Compa=bility Indoor rest with video Indoor exercise with video Outdoor rest Outdoor exercise

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Page 1: Perceived Restoration, Attitudes, and Behaviors--Fuegen, Breitenbecher, Lee, Vires, Morgan, & Sofranko

The  Joint  Effect  of  Exercise  and  Environment  on    Perceived  Restora7on,    Health-­‐related  A=tudes,  and  Health-­‐related  Behaviors:  Con7nued  Inves7ga7on    Kathleen  Fuegen,  Kimberly  Breitenbecher,  Nicole  Sofranko,  Alexandra  Morgan,  Kayla  Vires,  Jessica  Sharkey  

Northern  Kentucky  University    

Background    

§  Working  intensely  on  a  project  can  result  in  mental  fa7gue.  Spending  7me  in  nature    can  restore  depleted  resources.  Exposure  to  nature  significantly  improves  aSen7on  and  mood  (Berman,  Jonides,  &  Kaplan,  2008).  The  rich  s7mula7on  that  nature  provides  allows  one  to  rely  on  involuntary  aSen7on,  which  is  effortless,  giving  directed,  effor[ul  aSen7on  the  chance  to  restore  itself  (Kaplan,  1995).      §  Walking  for  as  liSle  as  10  minutes  can  improve  mood  and  increase  energy  (Ekkekakis,  Hall,  VanLanduyt,  &  Petruzzello,  2000).  A  15-­‐minute  bout  of  brisk  walking  may  suppress  appe7te  and  reduce  urges  of  sugar  snacking  (Taylor  and  Oliver,  2009).      §  Research  has  not  yet  inves7gated  the  combined  effects  of  exercise  and  nature  on  aSen7on,  mood,  perceived  restora7on,  and  dietary  behavior.  Based  on  previous  literature,  expected  that  outcomes  will  be  the  most  favorable  when  par7cipants  exercise  in  nature.      

Method  Par$cipants  §  The  sample  included  107  (59.1%)  women,  73  (40.3%)  men,  and  1  (.6%)  unknown.  Par7cipants  iden7fied  as  Caucasian  (79%),  African  American  or  Black  (9.4%),  mul7racial  (3.3%),  Asian/Pacific  Islander  (2.8%),  and  Middle  Eastern  (2.2%).  The  average  age  was  21.59  years  (SD  =  7.69).      

Measures  §  Perceived  Restora.veness  for  Ac.vi.es  Scale  (PRAS;  Norling,  Sibthorp,  &  Ruddell,  2008)  is  a  measure  of  perceived  restora7on  following  physical  ac7vity.  The  PRAS  has  four  subscales:    §  Being  away  (e.g.,  Par7cipa7ng  in  this  ac7vity  helps  me  get  away  from  it  all)  §  Fascina7on  (e.g.,  For  me,  this  ac7vity  has  many  fascina7ng  quali7es)  §  Extent    (e.g.,  Par7cipa7ng  in  this  ac7vity  will  sustain  my  interest)  §  Compa7bility  (e.g.,  This  ac7vity  matches  my  fitness  and  training  objec7ves)  

 §  A4tudes  toward  the  task:  To  assess  a=tudes  toward  the  ac7vity  engaged  in  by  par7cipants,  we  asked  them  to  indicate  1)  how  likely  they  would  be  to  sign-­‐up  for  another  study  session  and  2)  how  likely  they  would  be  to  recommend  that  a  friend  par7cipate  in  the  study.    

 §  Snack  and  beverage  choices:  At  the  end  of  the  study,  par7cipants  were  offered  one  beverage  and  one  snack.  The  snack  items  include  both  healthy  (e.g.,  raisins,  pretzels,  baked  potato  chips)  and  unhealthy  (candy,  regular  potato  chips)  op7ons.  The  beverages  include  both  healthy  (water,  diet  soda)  and  unhealthy  (non-­‐caffeinated  soda)  op7ons.    

Procedure  §   The  researcher  greeted  the  par7cipants  and  obtained  informed  consent.      §   Par7cipants  unscrambled  words  for  five  minutes  in  an  effort  to  deplete  aSen7on.  §  Par7cipants  completed  measures  of  aSen7on  and  mood  (for  details,  see  “The  Joint  Effects  

of  Exercise  and  Environment  on  Emo7on  and  Cogni7on:  Con7nued  Inves7ga7on”)  §   Par7cipants  were  randomly  assigned  to  one  of  four  experimental  condi7ons:  indoor  

exercise,  outdoor  exercise,  indoor  rest,  or  outdoor  rest.    §  Outside  exercise  par7cipants  walked  for  15  minutes  around  a  lake  on  campus    §  Inside  exercise  par7cipants  walked  for  15  minutes  on  a  treadmill  in  a  laboratory  §  Outside  rest  par7cipants  sat  on  a  bench  for  15  minutes  adjacent  to  the  lake  §  Inside  rest  par7cipants  sat  for  15  minutes  at  a  desk  inside  a  laboratory  §  Inside  exercise  par7cipants  watched  either  a  slide  show  or  a  video  of  a  path  around  the  campus  lake  §  Inside  rest  par7cipants  watched  either  a  slide  show  or  a  video  of  campus  from  a  bench  adjacent  to  the  lake  

§  Following  the  assigned  task,  par7cipants  again  completed  measures  of  aSen7on  and  mood.  They  also  completed  the  PRAS  and  the  a=tudes  toward  the  task  measure.  Lastly,  par7cipants  were  offered  a  snack  and  a  beverage..  

 

                       

Results    Perceived  Restora$veness  for  Ac$vi$es  Scale  (PRAS)  §  A  2  (Ac7vity:  exercise  or  rest)  X  2  (Loca7on:  indoors  or  outdoors)  ANOVA  conducted  on  the  

PRAS  revealed  a  main  effect  of  Ac7vity,  F(1,  170)  =  11.74,  p  =  .001,  a  main  effect  of  Loca7on,  F(1,  170)  =  21.39,  p  =  .000,  and  a  significant  interac7on,  F(1,  170)  =  10.54,  p  =  .001.  Par7cipants  who  rested  indoors  reported  significantly  less  restora7on  than  par7cipants  who  rested  outdoors,  par7cipants  who  exercised  indoors,  and  par7cipants  who  exercised  outdoors,  ps  <  .05.  ANOVAs  on  each  subscale  also  revealed  significant  interac7ons  (see  graphs  below):    

                                                       

 

 

 A9tudes  toward  the  task  §  A  2x2  ANOVA  was  conducted  on  each  of  the  a=tude  items.  The  analysis  of  the  

first  item  was  not  significant.  The  analysis  of  the  second  a=tude  item  revealed  a  significant  main  effect  of  Loca7on,  F(1,177)  =  4.03,  p  =  .046  (see  graph).    

                     Snack  and  beverage  choices    §  We  conducted  Ac7vity  X  Loca7on  ANOVAs  on  the  number  of  calories  associated  with  the  snack  and  beverage  par7cipants  chose  before  leaving.  If  par7cipants  chose  no  snack,  then  calories  equaled  zero.  The  analysis  revealed  no  significant  effects  for  snack,  ps  >  .46  nor  for  beverage,  ps  >  .13.  Nevertheless,  the  paSern  of  means  for  beverage  choice  was  intriguing:  par7cipants  who  exercised  outdoors  consumed  fewer  calories  on  average  (M  =  23.90)  than  par7cipants  who  exercised  indoors  (M  =  43.08),  rested  outdoors  (M  =  43.75)  or  rested  indoors  (M  =  35.00).    

 Discussion    

§  The  results  show  that  exercise  promotes  feelings  of  restora7on.    §  Being  outdoors  promotes  restora7on  whether  a  person  is  exercising  or  simply  res7ng.  §  Res7ng  indoors  is  detrimental  to  restora7on,  even  while  viewing  photos  or  a  video  of  the  outdoors.    §  Being  outdoors,  whether  res7ng  or  exercising,  leads  to  more  favorable  a=tudes  than  being  indoors.    §  The  effects  of  exercise  and  environment  on  dietary  choice  are  inconclusive.    §  Future  research  involves  examining  whether  environmental  condi7ons  (e.g.,  weather)  affect  perceived  restora7on,  a=tudes,  and  behaviors.      

         

This  project  was  par.ally  funded  by  a  Northern  Kentucky  University  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  Collabora.ve  Faculty-­‐Student  Project  Award  and  a  Northern  Kentucky  University  Undergraduate  Research  Council  Award.  

 

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indoor  exercise   indoor  rest   outdoor  exercise  outdoor  rest  

Being  Away  

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indoor  exercise   indoor  rest   outdoor  exercise  

outdoor  rest  

Extent  

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indoors   outdoors  

Willingness  to  Recommend  to  a  Friend  

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indoor  exercise   indoor  rest   outdoor  exercise  

outdoor  rest  

Fascina=on  

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indoor  exercise   indoor  rest   outdoor  exercise   outdoor  rest  

Compa=bility  

Indoor  rest  with  video    

Indoor  exercise    with  video                                        

Outdoor  rest   Outdoor  exercise