perception of urban sound · iso/ts 15666 (2003). acoustics. assessment of noise annoyance by means...

Perception of urban sound

André Fiebig | Visiting professor | Technical University Berlin | April 03, 2019

[email protected]

Structure

Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019

Introduction Role of context

Multidimensional emotions

Overall impression

Introduction


Perception of urban sound


individual environment

Environmental perception

Individuals have personal goals, expectations and values

Individuals look for function and meaning

Individuals selectively process environmental information

Individuals find strategies to cope with the environment


The sound(scape) of the city


… soundscape exists through human perception of the acoustic environment.

Key components


people

contextAcoustic environment

Role of context


Acoustic environment ≠ Soundscape?


“Sound perception is quintessentially contextual.”

Acoustic environment ≠ Soundscape

cf. Bergman, P., Västfjäll, D., Fransson, N., Sköld, A. (2008). Emotion and meaning in interpretation of sound sources, Acoustics 08, Proceedings, Paris, France

Same sound is differently perceived by contemplating a picture putting the environmental sound in different contexts

(effect of priming)

Ad hoc experiment

The pink hat experiment …


Korte, C., Grant, R. (1980). Traffic noise, environmental awareness and pedestrian

behavior, Environment and Behavior, 12(3), 408-420

Role of contextContext Context influences the way we perceive our environment Context provides the frame of reference for experiencing the environment

Attention Sound is (consciously or subconsciously) processed changing the way we interpret

the information extracted from the environment


It is not one-dimensional …

not at all annoying extremely annoying pleasant annoying… …

Environmental noise assessment Soundscape concept




Two-dimensional representation of the affective quality attributed to environmentsRussell, J.A., Ward, L.M., Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environments: a factor analytic study. Environment and Behavior,

13, 259–288

arousing

distressing exciting

unpleasant pleasant

sleepy

gloomyrelaxing

Semantic urban sound dimensions

Axelsson, Ö., Nilsson, M.E., Berglund, B. (2010). A principal components

model of soundscape perception, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 128 (5), 2836-2846


Urban sound perception is multi-dimensionalSeveral dimensions A broad range of appraisal criteria beyond pleasantness exist, which modulate our

sound perception

Meaning Sounds are processed on the basis of semantic features rather than abstracted

perceptual (sensory) properties


Overall impression


How do we form overall impressions? We form our perception of our surrounding world unfolding over time through a

stream of transient states

If we are requested to provide an overall assessment, we have to retrospectively assign a magnitude of affective appraisal to the experienced period


ISO/TS 15666 (2003). Acoustics. Assessment of noise annoyance by means of social and socio-acoustic surveys, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Humans neglect (more or less) duration Momentary affect is not aggregated over time and longer experiences do not increase

the level of overall assessments


20t/s 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

15N/soneGF

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Loudness vs. Time

N5:12.6soneGF,

Ave(arithm):12.3soneGF, Sum:123.1soneGF s

20t/s 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

15N/soneGF

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Loudness vs. Time

N5:12.6soneGF,

Ave(arithm):12.3soneGF, Sum:246.4soneGF s

Schreiber, C.A., Kahneman, D. (2000). Determinants of the remembered utility of aversive sounds, Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 129 (1), 27-42

Nrms

How does the cognitive averaging work?


75t/s0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Airplane. Loudness vs. Time

55N/soneGF

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

left

right

9t/s0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Loudness vs. Time

55N/soneGF

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

?

N5

Nave

N10

N50

How does the cognitive averaging work?

Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Seite 22

Normative Principle

No parts of an extended experience are ignored and do not contribute to the cognitive computation of average

EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUS SOUND LEVEL LAeq

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 10 lg1𝑇𝑇

�0

𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝2 𝑡𝑡

𝑝𝑝02𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡

Heuristic Principle

Overall impression depends on the peak moment of instantaneous affect and the affect at its end

PEAK AND END MODEL

𝐆𝐆 𝐱𝐱 = 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑏𝑏 � 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

In most cases, humans use a mixture of normative and heuristic principles

The human mind deviates from the expected “norm”


Annoyance score (discrete point conversion) by season measured by the 5-point and 11-point scales (± 95% confidence interval)

Asking for the last 12 month should eliminate any seasonal effect

Brink, M., Schreckenberg, D., Vienneau, D., Cajochen, C., Wunderli, J.M., Probst-Hensch, N., Röösli, M. (2016).

Effects of Scale, Question Location, Order of Response Alternatives, and Season on Self-Reported Noise

Annoyance Using ICBEN Scales: A Field Experiment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1163

The “end” of the last 12 months got a larger weighting changing the self-reported overall noise assessment

The human mind deviates from the expected “norm”


“We are in agreement that when people evaluate experiences retrospectively, they do not play back the equivalent of a movie but instead

tend to recall specific salient features of the experience […].”*

*Ariely, D., Kahneman, D., Loewenstein, G. (2000). Joint comment on „When does duration matter in judgment and decision making? (Ariely & Loewenstein, 2000), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 129, No.4, 524-529

Perception of urban sound Although real-time reports of sound perception and overall assessments are related,

a simple universal relationship does not exist

Biases occur which are beyond physics referring to the way of extracting meaning

But biases are systematic and stable


Summary


Summary A fixed relation between the physical stimulus and the perception of it does not exist,

because perception is quintessentially contextual

Attention processes and search of meaning are central

Perception of urban sound is multidimensional

Forming an overall impression is based on heuristics principles


Outlook

„Crowding has been shown to be detrimental to humans in certain situations, but not in others. With animals, the negative effects of high density are much more uniform.“


Fisher, J.D., Bell, P.A., Baum, A. (1984). Environmental psychology, New York,CBS College Publishing, USA

Thank you for your attention!

André Fiebig | Technische Universität Berlin | April 03, 2019

[email protected]

perception of urban sound · iso/ts 15666 (2003). acoustics. assessment of noise annoyance by means...

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