Present  Perfect  Jamal    

  The  use  of  time  expressions  like  (this  morning/week/month  and  today)  for  present  perfect  and  past  simple  at  the  same  time  depending  on  the  situation.  

  For  completed  time  period  (  past  simple)  

  For    time  period  including  the  present  moment  (present  perfect)  

  Past  simple  used  with  since  as  the  transition  word  in  time  clause  

  If  two  situations  described  in  the  main  clause  or  extend  until  present  we  use  present  perfect,  e.g.  

Have  you  seen  him  since  you  have  stayed  there?    

*  With  time  clauses  like  (after,  when,  until,  as  soon  as,  once,  by  the  time)  and  time  expressions  like  (the  minute/second/moment)  the  simple  past  refer  to  past,  completed  event  and  the  present  perfect  refer  to  future  events.    

 

 Present  simple  can  replace  present  perfect  in  time  clause  and  past  perfect  replaces  past  simple.  

  For  news  report  to  hear  latest  events  we  use  present  perfect  but  we  use  past  simple  and  other  past  tenses  to  give  the  details.  

 After  patterns  like  (It  is/will  be  the  first  time,  this  is/will  be  the  first  time,  thatis/will  be  the  first  time),  we  use  present  perfect  in  the  next  clause,  but  when  we  have  (was)  we  use  past  perfect.    

How  Long    It  can  be  used  with  present  perfect  (till  now)    &  present  perfect  continuous,  e.g.    

•  How  long  have  you  been  married?  (till  now)  

•  How  long  have  you  been  studying  English?  

u Using  since  and  for    u Used  to  focus  on  a  duration        

Stative  verbs  used  in  simple  aspect  rather  than  the  continuous  aspect.  

  With  extensive  verbs  we  use  both  perfect  and  perfect  continuous.    

 

When    It  can  be  used  with  present  simple  and  past  simple  ,  but  can’t  be  used  with  perfect  tenses.    

  With  when  we  use  specific  point  of  time  rather  than  duration.    

  There  is  an  exception  which  is  the  phrase  (it’s  or  it  is  can  be  used  instead  of  it’s  been  or  it  has  been)  with  since      

Past  perfect    It  is  also  known  as  far  past  because  it  usually  happens  before  past  simple.  

  It  usually  occurs  with  past  simple.  

  When  we  talk  about  events    before  another  past  event  sometimes  we  can  use  past  simple  instead  of  past  perfect.    

  If  the  order  was  clear  we  can  use  past  simple  in  this  case.    

 

  It  is  widely  used  in  reporting  past  event  especially  in  reported  speech.    

  We  use  past,  past  perfect  or  past  perfect  continuous  for  things  we  intended  to  do  but  we  didn’t    or  for  future  but  we  won’t.    

  Note:  examples  from  the  book.    

Present  perfect  &  Present  perfect  continuous  

  We  use  present  perfect  continuous  to  focus  on  the  activity  rather  than  the  completion  of  the  action  as  the  case  in  present  perfect.    

  We  use  present  perfect  continuous  when  we  still  do  the  action  or  the  action  may  continue  for  future.