perfectionism traits and perfectionistic self-presentation
TRANSCRIPT
Anorexia vs Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa: “nervous loss of appetite”
Anorexia: “loss of appetite”
Anorexia Nervosa
Characterized by:• Intense fear of becoming fat or obese• Distorted body image• Refusal to maintain minimal body weight
• Cessation of menstruation
Pattern of self-starvation
More common among affluent well-educated adolescent girls from affluent countries
AN Cont’d
Highest onset between ages 14-18
Females 8-11 times more likely than Males
Has been stated to be on the increase (usual caveats here)
Can be lethal and certainly causes physical problems
Central Features
• Drive
• Preoccupation
• Cognitive/Perceptual
• Psychological & Mood
• Medical Problems
Physical Problems
Hypothermia (low internal heat)
Low Blood Pressure
Reduced Bone Density
Amennorhea
Electrolyte Imbalances
Cardiac Problems
Death (estimates range between 6 and 50%)
PDM Eating Disorders
1. Affective: depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, emotional concerns (e.g., feelings of being starved for care and affection)
2. Cognitive Patterns: a preoccupation with being inadequate, incompetent, unloved; a focus on being young, “little”, un-grownup, and innocent; desire to remain a child
3. Somatic States: a sense of “numbness”; confusion about bodily sensations; physical emptiness in the stomach associated with the sense of an empty self.
4. Relationship Patterns: issues of control and perfectionism; keep their problem secret, relate to others superficially; handle fears of feelings unloved by compliance
Bulimia Nervosa: Characteristics
Also known as Binge Purge Syndrome
Binges and Compensatory Behaviours
Weight usually stays in normal range (might fluctuate)
Some become significantly underweight
Bulimia Nervosa
Two Subtypes (Based on the
compensatory behaviours):• Purging (use of laxatives, diuretics, vomiting
• Nonpurging (fasting and exercise)
Bulimia Nervosa cont’d
Again, well educated, from affluent families, terrified of becoming fat
More prevalent (1 or 2/100) than AN and especially common among specific groups• College women
• Private women’s colleges (10 – 25%)
Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge Syndrome)
Binge: Uncontrollable eating (binges)• Occurs over discrete period of time
• Consumes considerably more food than most would eat (> 3000 calories in some cases) during the time:Gobbles, with minimal chewing, sweet taste, high caloric content, soft texture
Food hardly tasted or thought about
Binges
Aware that binges are not normal • Have fears that unable to stop binges
• Shame, guilt, self-blame and depressed after episodes
• The frequency of binges can range (reports of 2 – 40 / week, although 10/week is average)
Compensatory Behaviour
Compensatory Behaviour: Done to get rid of calories from the binges
- Purging: Vomiting, laxatives,
diuretics, enemas,
- Other: Fasting, excessive exercise
- smoking, chewing gum
Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa
Loss of Control in BN opposite to AN
BN more concerned about pleasing others and more sexually experienced than those with AN
AN & BN: dieting is major risk factor and often disorder starts with episode of dieting
AN & BN: Usually chronic and intermittent
Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa
Lack of insight in AN (i.e., don’t see behaviour or body as necessarily abnormal)
Insight in BN (i.e., know binges and compensatory behavior not normal, hence the secretiveness)
Distinction between AN and BN
Not so clear as once thought
Can have both at different times
Anorexia Nervosa:• Restricting Type
• Binge/Eating Purging Type
Jessica AN & BN
Anorexia Deaths
What do we know about Anorexia Nervosa?
1. Life Threatening
2. Predominantly in Women
Anorexia Deaths
What do we know about Anorexia Nervosa?
1. Life Threatening
2. Predominantly in Women
3. Predominantly in Young Women
Method
Data from National Center for Health Statistics (US Database)
“Multiple Cause of Death Records”
For all death certificates registered between 1986 and 1990
N = 10,600,000 (that’s right 10 million 6 hundred thousand subjects)
Death Record
Consisted of:• Demographic information
• Cause of death (i.e., underlying cause of death)
• Up to 20 death related conditions (disorders or diseases) present just prior to or at the time of death
• Primary Cause and Contributing Cause
Results
724 individuals with AN listed as primary or contributing cause (149/year)
Predominantly female (79%)