i

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OLSR PROTOCOL IN MANET

CONSIDERING DIFFERENT MOBILITY SPEED AND NETWORK

DENSITY

KOAY YONG CETT

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (COMPUTER NETWOR

SECURITY) WITH HONOURS FACULTY OF INFORMATICS AND

COMPUTING UNIVERSITY SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2020

i

DECLARATION

I declare that the project report entitled Quality Analysis of the OLSR Protocol in

MANET Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density is based on the

results of my own investigations using information from knowledgeable sources with

the exception of quotations and quotations properly acknowledged. I also claim that no

student of the University of Sultan Zainal Abidin has previously submitted it.

Signature: ………………………

Name: Koay Yong Cett

Date:

ii

APPROVAL

This project report, entitled Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in MANET

Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density, was prepared and

presented by Koay Yong Cett (Matric Number: BTBL17046228) and found acceptable

in terms of content, quality and partial compliance with the Bachelor's degree in

Computer Science (Network Security) requirement in University of Sultan Zainal

Abidin.

Signature: ………………………………

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin

Date:

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I am grateful to my beloved God for blessing me and encouraging

me to finish the OLSR Protocol Performance Analysis this final year in MANET

Considering Different Movement Speed and Network Density study. I would also like

to convey my gratitude and appreciation to my lecturer, Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin,

for giving me a chance to do work and lead me through study and project experience. I

was profoundly influenced by her passion, honesty, and inspiration. She showed me

how to carry out the research and explain the conclusions of the study as nicely as

possible. Under his leadership, it was a great privilege and joy to be supervised. I am

also extremely indebted to my parents for their determination, encouragement, care and

willingness to educate and prepare me for my coming years. I would also like to thank

my classmates for the encouragement, support and feedback that I have provided

throughout this process.

Lastly, I am very much thankful to the Faculty of Informatics and Computing for the

chance given to me to explore and discover new knowledge. I would really like to thank

all the lecturer for aiding me with assistance and guidance to complete the project for

the final year.

iv

ABSTRAK

Rangkaian Ad Hoc Mudah Alih (MANET) merupakan rangkaian yang dicipta secara

dinamik oleh banyak nodyang bebas atau autonomi yang disambungkan melalui

sambungan tanpa wayar. MANET adalah rangkaian ad hoc mudah alih dan tidak

bergantung kepada infrastruktur yang sedia ada seperti router di rangkaian berwayar

atau titik akses dalam rangkaian tanpa wayar. Nod mudah alih dalam rangkaian ini

bergerak secara rawak dan topologi sering berubah. Protokol routing MANET

memainkan peranan penting untuk memastikan komunikasi yang boleh dipercayai dan

stabil antara nod mudah alih. Dalam routing MANET, protokol menggambarkan

komunikasi antara nod mudah alih dan mendorong mereka untuk memilih laluan yang

terbaik antara sumber dan destinasi. Pada umumnya, terdapat 3 jenis protokol

penghalaan: proaktif, reaktif dan hibrid. Projek ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada

OLSR yang merupakan protokol penghalaan proaktif. OLSR ialah ‘optimized link- state

routing protocol’ di mana penyebaran paket dalam rangkaian dilakukan dengan teknik

relasi pelbagai titik (MPR). Kertas kerja ini menilai prestasi protokol pelayaran OLSR

pada kelajuan mobiliti dan ketumpatan rangkaian yang berbeza. Metrik prestasi yang

dipertimbangkan dalam kajian ini diukur berdasarkan keupayaan purata, nisbah

penghantaran paket dan kelewatan purata. Simulator Rangkaian (NS) versi 2.35 dan

patch luaran UM-OLSR digunakan untuk merangsang dan menilai prestasi protokol

OLSR.

v

ABSTRACT

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is generated by an autonomous mobile node

network linked via wireless links in a dynamic manner. MANET is a network of self-

organization and does not relied on pre-existing infrastructure including the wired

network routers or wireless network access points. The mobile nodes in this network

are shifting randomly, and topology is often evolving. MANET routing protocols play

a vital role in making connectivity between mobile nodes reliable and stable protocols

logically conclude interaction between mobile nodes in MANET routing and urge them

to pick the best pathway between origin and destination. There are 3 types of routing

protocols are generally available: constructive, reactive and hybrid. This project will

focus on OLSR which is a proactive routing protocol. OLSR defined as an optimized

version link state routing where the diffusion of packet in the network is performed with

multi point relay (MPR) technique. This paper examines OLSR routing protocol

performance on varying speed of mobility and network density. The performance

metrics considered in this study is measured based on average throughput, packet

delivery ratio and average delay. Network Simulator (NS) version 2.35 and external

patch UM-OLSR is utilised to stimulate and test the performance of OLSR protocols.

vi

CONTENTS

DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL ..............................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK.................................................................................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v

CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. vi

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ xii

CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) ......................................................................... 1

1.1.2 Classification of the Routing Protocols .......................................................... 3

1.1.3 Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol .......................................... 5

1.2 Problem Statements ................................................................................................. 9

1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 9

1.4 Scopes ...................................................................................................................... 10

1.5 Limitation of Works............................................................................................... 10

1.6 Summary ................................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 12

LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................... 12

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 12

2.2 Related Works .............................................................................................................. 13

2.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 20

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 20

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 20

3.2 Research of Methodology ............................................................................................ 20

3.3 Simulation ..................................................................................................................... 22

3.4 Project Framework ...................................................................................................... 24

3.5 Project Flowchart of the Route Selection Technique ................................................ 27

CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 29

vii

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS ............................................................................... 29

4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 29

4.2 Installation of Oracle Virtual Box .............................................................................. 30

4.3 Installation of Ubuntu 16.04 in Oracle Virtual Box .................................................. 32

4.4 Installation of NS2.35 in Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS ........................................................... 37

4.5 Setup of UM-OLSR in NS2.35 .................................................................................... 42

4.6 Simulation Environment ............................................................................................. 45

4.7 Configuration ............................................................................................................... 47

4.7.1 Configuration the OLSR Environment ............................................................... 48

4.7.2 Run configurations and produce results ............................................................. 50

4.8 Results ........................................................................................................................... 55

4.8.1 Average Delay ........................................................................................................ 57

4.8.2 Average throughput .............................................................................................. 58

4.8.3 Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)................................................................................ 59

4.9 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 60

CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................... 61

Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 61

5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 61

5.2 Finalization of Project ................................................................................................. 61

5.3 Constrains and Challenges .......................................................................................... 62

5.4 Future Works ............................................................................................................... 63

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 64

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 67

viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Comparison of Parameter Metrics 13

3.1 Comparison of Network Simulator 22

3.2 Table in the cache of the nodes 26

4.1 Simulation Parameter References 45

4.2 Simulation Parameter 46

4.3 Complex Version Simulation Result 55

4.4 Simplified Version Simulation Result 56

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Classification of Routing Protocol in MANET 3

1.2 Hello Message Format 6

1.3 Format of an OLSR Packet 6

1.4 Classical Flooding and Flooding with MPR 8

3.1 Research Methodology 21

3.2 NS2.35 installed in Ubuntu 16.04 23

3.3 UM-OLSR is patched into NS2.35 23

3.4 Framework of OLSR Routing Protocol 24

3.5 Routing Selection Technique (MPR) 27

4.1 Oracle Virtual Box Download Site 30

4.2 Setup Page for Oracle Virtual Box 31

4.3 Main page of Oracle Virtual Box 31

4.4 Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS Download Site 32

4.5 Creation of Virtual Machine for Ubuntu Operating System 33

4.6 Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine is added 34

4.7 Desktop image for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is added 34

4.8 Installation page for Ubuntu as super user 35

4.9 Desktop page for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS 36

4.10 NS2.35 Download site 37

4.11 Extraction of NS2.35 38

4.12 Alteration of coding in ls.h file 39

x

4.13 Update and install the required packages 39

4.14 Installation for NS2.35 40

4.15 Installation of NS2.35 completed 41

4.16 Path added to the .barshrc file 41

4.17 The UM-OLSR Download site 42

4.18 Patch the UM-OLSR 43

4.19 The OLSR protocol is patched into ns2.35 43

4.20 TCL script with OLSR protocol is tested 44

4.21 Code for the number of nodes in TCL script 48

4.22 Code for the mobility speed in TCL script 49

4.23 Run TCL script 50

4.24 Node movement in NAM 50

4.25 Results of simulation 51

4.26 Formula for average throughput 52

4.27 Coding to calculate average throughput 52

4.28 Coding to print the results 52

4.29 Formula for Packet Delivery Ratio 53

4.30 Coding to calculate and print result of Packet Delivery Ratio 53

4.31 Formula for average delay 54

4.32 Coding for calculate average delay 54

4.33 Coding to calculate average delay and print result 54

4.34 Average Delay 56

4.35 Average Throughput 57

4.36 Packet Delivery Ratio 58

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MANET Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

OLSR Optimized Link State Routing

AODV Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector

TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm

ZRP Zone Routing Protocol

DSR Dynamic Source Routing

DSDV Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector

GRP Gathering based Routing Protocol

GPSR Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing

PDR Packet Delivery Ratio

xii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

1 Gantt Chart 1: Activities and milestones FYP1 66

2 Gantt Chart 2: Activities and milestones FYP2 67

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Mobile ad hoc network (MANET)

The term MANET originate from the name of an Internet engineering task force

(IETF) work group founded in 1998 with the purpose of standardizing the routing

protocols based on Internet protocol technology for ad hoc networks, mobile, etc.

MANET can be described as a wireless network that is self-organized and self-

configured. It is dynamically generated by an autonomous system of mobile nodes

linked by wireless connections that can be implemented without any external

infrastructure support or centralized administration like centralized base station (BS) or

access point (AP). It is a temporary network that is able to setup anytime and anywhere

as an alternative way for the situation where the infrastructure is poor and insufficient.

For instance, MANET is the primarily selected network to be used in disastrous areas

that could have destroyed existing and local infrastructure, causing a huge breakdown

in communication.

2

MANET essentially consists of multiple nodes or computers like tablets, cell

phones and video cameras. All of these machines are linked so that they can

communicate with each other via a wireless connection. In addition, All MANET

mobile nodes may connect or leave the network at any time without any limitations or

requirements. Then the nodes able to move randomly and organize themselves. Thus,

the network's topology may change vigorously and unforeseeable. Besides, each

network node can be used as a recipient, transmitter or intermediate node that functions

as a router that transmits data to other mobile nodes. The nodes are highly mobile in

real situations and rely on batteries to function depending on the MANET application

types [1].

Routing protocols are required in routing, a method of conveying information

across the network from a point of origin to the exact destination. The routing in

MANET is based on a easy approach that allow the re-emission of the data message by

each node for the ease of propagation within network. The key issues of routing protocol

lie in the choice of the best pathway. To find the correct route between two or mode

nodes in the network, the routing protocols are used. In a specific manner, these

protocols help nodes to make decision on finding the optimal path to route the packets

in network. It is also used to create and sustain an up-to-date routing table that allows

the node to choose the optimal route between the origin node and the target node for

communication. A few routing protocols were suggested to address the problems of

highly mobile nodes and frequent topology shifts in the MANET network [2].

3

1.1.2 Classification of the Routing Protocols

Figure 1.1: Classification of Routing Protocols In MANET

Classification of Routing Protocols is divided into 3 types:

I. Proactive Protocols

It is also defined as table-driven protocols which uses mapping tables to retain

any node's route and path in the network. This builds the network's routing protocols by

constantly sending out the topological information data packets to each node in the

4

network. Thus, with the newest routing information, the routing information of each

node is updated regularly. When new nodes are attached or removed from the network,

control messages are sent to neighbouring nodes and routing tables are modified. This

type of protocol typically utilizes link state algorithms that flood the network with

details about their neighbours [3].

II. Reactive Protocols

It is also called on-demand protocols and initiates a path exploration mechanism

only when the origin node has the information packets to be transmitted to the

destination to find the path between the communicating nodes. Once the path is

established, route maintenance will be done to maintain this route until it is no longer

necessary or the data packets arrive at the destination node. Series of action have been

taken to maintain the new route and avoid any looping such as a sequence number is

used [3].

III. Hybrid Protocols

It is a derivative of the approach of mixing proactive and reactive protocol. It

provides some benefits of both the above listed protocols by establishing an immediate

reactive vicinity up to a certain distance that is interconnected with the proactive

connections. A reactive scan is activated if an application needs to send packets to a

node outside this region. With this, the routes in the coverage zone of a node are

available immediately. Initially, the routing tables are used as proactive routing

protocols with the root nodes. If the node found that no data about the pathway to the

5

destination of origin node, pathway detection is initiated as reactive routing protocols

[4].

1.1.3 Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol

OLSR is the equivalent implementation of the routing protocol for the classical

link-state. In contrast to the distance vector routing protocol, this routing protocols are

not subjected to routing loops and have no issues in term of scalability [3]. The

transmission of topological information between nodes leads to the creation of a

significant amount of traffic due to the flooding mechanism of the classical connection

state routing protocols. It is undesirable attribute of the MANET due to inadequate

resources. New procedure is implemented by the OLSR in the network to reduce the

volume of traffic involved. All nodes of OLSR are allowed to receive the data packet

of the topological information and only minimum number of nodes known as Multipoint

Relays (MPRs) are able to transmit the messages across the network. MPRs of certain

node are minimum number of its neighbour that are necessary to communicate will all

its other neighbours within two hops [7]. Thus, it guarantees the data messages of

topological information of network will be received by every node in network.

Two principal mechanism is found in OLSR protocol which is neighbourhood

detection and one for topology management. For this mechanism, 4 types of control

messages used are HELLO, TC, MID, and HNA [1]. Neighbour sensing is performed

by using HELLO packets. It has 3 different function in OLSR protocol. The messages

are sent to its neighbours at one hop and two hops. In addition, it is also used in the

declaration of local node as MPRs. [5] The HELLO message format is shown in Figure

2. The HELLO message is also part of the body of OLSR message that are shown in

6

Figure3. The HELLO data packet is sent in data field of OLSR packet with Message

Type and TTL both set at 1.

Figure 1.2: HELLO message format [9].

Figure 1.3: Format of an OLSR packet [9].

7

The dissemination of topological packet is performed by the spreading of TC

packets using optimized diffusion or MPRs. The TC message packet contain a list of

links in the neighbourhood of node in the network [6]. The OLSR protocol also take

into the consideration of all interfaces that are linked to the node with MID messages.

Thus, the nodes are able to use all available routes independent of the type of each hop

in an efficient way. One of the interface addresses in the network will be chosen to be

the main address and uses as a reference in control messages. Furthermore, HNA

messages are used for the declaration of subnetworks and host outside of MANET. The

subnetworks and hosts are made reachable by a node acting as a gateway [1].

The main goal of MPRs is to lower down the number of redundant or unneeded

transmission during the normal diffusion of the message. MPRs is specifically useful in

the transmission of control messages over the network. The classical diffusion

mechanism applied in link state protocol is optimized by the MPRs. A group of MPRs

is selected by a given node based on the knowledge of the neighbourhood at two hops.

In MANET network with topology that changes in a random manner, the MPRs needed

to be recalculated every time the two-hop neighbour set experience changes. For this

reason, the status of MPRs is set for a limited period in the neighbourhood [8]. The

improvement in diffusion methods of the packets with MPR technique is shown in the

Figure 4. In the first part of the diagram, central node diffuses the control packets to

eight other nodes using the classical the classical flooding technique. On the next

illustration, the relay technique is used and four nodes is selected to relay the message.

Thus, With the choice of MPRs, the number of unnecessary transmissions is minimized.

8

Figure 1.4: Classical flooding and Flooding with MPR technique [1].

9

1.2 Problem Statements

The nodes relocate in an arbitrary and unpredictive way due to the multi-hop

behaviour of ad hoc networks. This non-specific and volatile node motion causes the

connection to split and reform continuously. The performance of the mobile ad hoc

network is depending on the interconnection between any two nodes transferring the

message that contain the topological information. The mobility speed and network

density of the nodes may affect the duration required to forward the messages from its

source to destination. Thus, it is important to utilise the routing protocol so that the

nodes in the network can maintain the information packet needed for transferring

packets from source to destination.

1.3 Objectives

The main goal of this thesis is to solve the problem statement proposed by

analyse the effect of different mobility speed and network density. Thus, this project is

mainly focus on the following objectives:

o To study the OLSR in MANET.

o To apply the OLSR routing protocol in MANET by using NS2 stimulation tools.

o To analyse and evaluate the performance of OLSR by using different node

mobility speed and network density.

10

1.4 Scopes

The scope in this thesis is to evaluate the performance of OLSR routing protocol

in MANET environment. In addition, the other scope is to study the simulation tools

needed for this routing protocols.

1.5 Limitation of Works

The MANET could not be implemented in real-life experiment because:

1. Costly

The coverage area for the application of MANET such as in a disastrous

environment is large. Then, the amount of labour and mobile devices needed for the

network is very high. Thus, the expenditures for setting up the real-world environment

for MANET will be enormous.

2. Time for configuration is long

The configuration of MANET in real world is time consuming due to the

coverage area required is wide. For instance, disaster area like tsunami is huge and it

will take a few days to set up and build this environment for real-life simulation.

11

1.6 Summary

This chapter covered the context, MANET presentation, problem statement,

project goal, scale and limitation. Because of the existence of MANET, it is promising

in terms of education to establish this research project as a commitment to MANET's

field.

12

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, few research papers related to the project are selected as a

literature review. Data and information are collected to give a better view of how the

process works and how it benefits from the project.

As described in chapter 1, it is understandably stated about the definition of

routing protocol in MANET. In the multi hop nature of MANET, the nodes

communicate with each other node using the wireless link. Every node can be viewed

as a host as well as a router that transmits topological information data packets to other

nodes in the network. The foremost difficulty in the application of multi hop mobile ad

hoc networks is the evolution of the routing protocol that can perform best in finding

pathway between the origin and targeted destination in MANET. Since MANET is less

a network system and the nodes are constantly breaking and rebuilding, its existence

makes it difficult to control the network. The implementation of the routing protocol is

therefore used to boost the MANET's performance.

13

2.2 Related Works

Figure 2.1: Comparison of Metrics Parameter.

Ad hoc routing protocol is considered as the convention and typical term to

describe the protocol that help to make the decision on which paths to route the packets

between the source and destination of computing devices in MANET. In ad hoc

networks, nodes do not possess the knowledge about the topology of their networks.

Due to the nature of limited resources and random movement of nodes, routing can be

a problem in MANET. Thus, routing protocol is proposed to solve the situation and find

the optimal pathway from the origin to target node.

In a research paper “Performance Analysis of AODV, OLSR and GPSR

MANET Routing Protocols with Respect to Network Size and Density” [10] from

Muthana Najim Abdulleh and Salman Yussof. In this paper, they perform a routing

protocol evaluation comparison with the specific number of nodes and the grid size of

the stimulated area. Routing protocol assessment was conducted by network simulation

14

and efficiency is defined in terms of throughput, average end-to-end delay, packet

delivery fraction and normalized routing load. The stimulation is executed for 2

scenarios and the differences between these 2 scenarios was in term of stimulation

parameter examined. They set the number of nodes for the simulation in the first

example at 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150 nodes. In the second scenario, they focus on

the network density and set the map size into 500×500, 750×750, 1000×1000,

1250×1250, 1500×1500 and 1750×1750 in term of metre. The result from the

simulation shows that GPSR outperform OLSR and AODV in the most of the tests.

Furthermore, the simulation findings also demonstrate that the increase in the number

of nodes influences the normalized routing load, while the change in the map scale of

the stimulated region has a significant effect on throughput, end-to-end delay and packet

delivery fraction.

In a research paper from K.Natarajan and G.Mahadevan titled “Mobility based

Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols” [11] make a performance

analysis on how the speed in mobility can influence the routing performance of

protocols. The routing protocols that chosen for the performance analysis is Ad hoc on

demand distance vector routing (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector

(DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Location-Aided Routing (LAR), Optimised

Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), Fisheye State Routing (FSR) and Zone Routing

Protocol (ZRP). The network stimulation is split into 3 different scenario which is low

mobility where node speed is 10m/s to 15m/s, medium mobility with node speed is set

to 15m/s to 20m/s and high mobility where node speed is 20m/s to 30m/s. The pause

time is kept constant at 10s. The simulation outcome reveals that LAR and AODV work

better than other protocols, where both transmit approximately 50 to 60 percent data

15

packets, regardless of speed, successfully. Besides, the DSR shows that 53% and 95%

higher delay than AODV and DSDV protocols.

In addition to that, Lakshman Naik L, R. U. Khan and R. B. Mishra in “Analysis

of Node Velocity Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using Network Simulator

(NS3)” [7] analysed the performance of various ad hoc routing protocols with different

node speed. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of mobility speed of the

nodes on different routing protocol. The routing protocol that are chosen for the

performance analysis is AODV, DSDR and OLSR. They run the network simulation

with 3 different node speed which is 10m/s, 20m/s and 30m/s. The simulation has been

carried out by keeping 10 number of source/sink connections fixed. As for the result,

the throughput of the OLSR protocol is high as compared to AODV and DSDV during

node speed variation. Although OLSR has a slight degradation as node speed increases

but it is still better comparing to AODV and DSDV. In addition, packet delivery ratio

of OLSR is higher when comparing to AODV and DSDV. However, OLSR slightly

degrades as node speed increases. In End to end delay, the performance of OLSR is

superior when comparing to the AODV and DSDV. However, OLSR also experience a

slightly degradation as node speed increases. Moreover, the packet loss results reveal

that the performance of OLSR is better than AODV and DSDV, but it slightly degrades

as node speed increases. Lastly, they infer that performance of OLSR is better when it

is compared to AODV and DSDV in all the metrics they analysed.

16

On other hand, Gouri M. Patil, Ajay Kumar and A. D. Shaligram in

“Performance Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols (OLSR, AODV, DSR, GRP

and TORA) Considering Different Network Area Size” [12] make a comparative

performance analysis of various ad hoc routing protocol by considering different

network area size. The routing protocols that have been evaluated are OLSR, AODV,

DSR, GRP (Gathering based Routing Protocol) and TORA (Temporally Ordered

Routing Algorithm). The simulation of the various routing protocol is performed for

network area size of 500 X 500 square meters, 1000 X 1000 square meters and 2000 X

2000 square meters with 50 number of nodes is kept consistent. The results show that

the TORA is the best choice when network load is an important factor. The DSR is the

second-best choice continued with AODV, OLSR and GRP for extensible network area

size up to 2000x2000 square meters. Besides, if end-to-end is important factor in the

application scenario, the GRP provides better performance if network area size is up to

1000 x1000 square meters. While, OLSR is the first choice for 2000x2000 squares

meters. In addition, AODV have the maximum throughput in 3 scenarios with different

network area size.

This recent paper by D. Kumar and S.C. Gupta had conducted “Transmission

Range, Density & Speed based Performance Analysis of Ad Hoc Networks” [13]. The

purpose of this paper is to study the effect of various transmission range, node density

and speed on three routing protocols which is OLSR (proactive), DSR (reactive) and

ZRP (hybrid). These 3 routing protocols represent the three groups in the mobile ad hoc

network which is proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols respectively. The

network simulation is executed based on 3 scenarios in term of node density,

transmission range and node speed where the simulation area is kept constant at 1000 x

17

1000 square meter. The first scenario is modelled by using specific the number of nodes

in the fixed area which is 25, 50, 75 and 100 nodes. The second scenario is modelled

by considering different the range of transmission. The transmission range used in this

scenario is 50, 150, 250, 350 and 450 m. As for the third scenario, the speed is set to

0m/s, 4m/s, 8m/s, 12 m/s, 16m/s and 20 m/s in a fixed simulation area. The simulation

result shows DSR performs better than OLSR and ZRP in the performance metrics end

to end delay. In packet delivery ratio, DSR outperforms OLSR and ZRP in all the case.

Lastly, they concluded that DSR is much more better performing protocol followed by

OLSR and ZRP based on the performance metrics used in the simulation.

Moreover, Ashutosh Sharma and Rajiv Kumar conducted a paper “Performance

Comparison and Detailed Study of AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA and OLSR Routing

Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks” [14] that generates a performance analysis of various

number of ad hoc routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. Comparison between

different routing protocols have been done by using different performance metrics like

the average throughput, average packet data ratio and average delay. The results show

that AODV is outperform the other routing protocols in the average throughput. In

addition, OLSR perform best in the scenario of average packet delivery ratio due to the

OLSR perform route selection in acyclic path. Besides, TORA is effective in

performing in dense network by broadcasting the message to all nodes. Lastly, DSR

produces the least delay in the network. They concluded the reactive protocols perform

well in term of average delay and throughput.

18

Lastly, Ako Muhammad Abdullah, Emre Ozen and Husnu Bayramoglu (2019)

conducted “Investigating the Impact of Mobility Models on MANET Routing Protocols”

[15]. In this paper, the authors investigate few mobility models such as Fast Car Model

(FCM), Slow Car Model (SCM), Race Walking Model (RWM) and Human Walking

Model (HWM). These mobility models are designed by the authors with different speed

applied to analyse the performance of AODV, OLSR and GRP protocols with ten pause

time values. Different performance metrics are used to compare the performance

between mobility models with different routing protocol used. For instance, data drop

rate, media access delay, network load, retransmission attempts and throughput. In this

simulation, they show that the performances of these protocols are different from one

model to another. Thus, the results from one model cannot serve as a basis for another

mobility models. From the result of simulation, they deduced that the OLSR protocols

provides better performance than two other routing protocols. In addition, The OLSR

protocol is the most suitable and efficient network routing protocol allowing low delay

and retransmission attempts and higher performance in terms of data transfer from the

source node to the destination node. They also found that the AODV protocol performed

much better compared to OLSR and GRP in respect of data drop rate and network load

in all the configuration of models. AODV network load was a bit high in HWM model

when compared to GRP protocol. In addition, the GRP protocol also yields a much more

lower media access delay and higher throughput than AODV in all scenarios. According

to the results of simulation, they also concluded that they type of application plays a

vital role in determining which protocol should be utilised in the network. For example,

the OLSR protocol is ideal for offering real-time support.

19

2.3 Summary

This chapter manifest and conclude the methods and parameters that were

implemented in the research paper that are related to the evaluation and routing selection

scheme in MANET. This study is crucial to obtain the concept and theory needed to

conduct a successful project.

20

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This Chapter discuss the methods and alternatives ways that have been utilised

from the beginning till the end of the following project. The simulation of the project

will also be discussed. The network simulation tools used is NS2 Simulator. In addition,

this chapter will also review the research of methodology and flowchart of the project.

It can provide a better understanding in term of visualization in the implementation of

the project.

3.2 Research of Methodology

In the research of methodology, the planning and scheduling of the project is

crucial for the development of the project. Based on the figure below, there are few

phases of the methodology mentioned. The first phase is related to identifying the

problems regarding the field of research. For this project, the problems of MANET are

identified in this phase. The problem statement is identified based on the related

research paper for a better understanding about MANET and the problems occurred on

MANET. The second phase is designing and developing. The main purpose of the

following phase is to find the suitable method to be implemented in the project. For this

21

project, different mobility speed and network density are used on the OLSR routing

protocol. Next phase in the methodology is the simulation of project. In the following

phase, the simulation that will be used in this project is discussed. The stimulation tool

used for this project will be used for this project is Network Simulator 2 (NS2). In

addition, the last phase is evaluating the performance. The performance metrics of this

project need to be evaluated and analysed. The performance metrics that will be

evaluated are packet delivery ratio, average delay and average throughput.

Figure 3.1: Research Methodology [16].

22

3.3 Simulation

Table 3.1: Comparison of Network Simulator [17]

The simulation of the project is performed with NS2 due to the constraints in

real-life experiment which consume a lot of time and cost. NS2 is used to stimulate the

OLSR routing protocol in current project. NS2 is one of the simulation types utilised in

the network stimulation such as MANET and VANET. This offers emulation for both

wired and wireless networks for routing and multicast protocols. Network Simulator is

authorized under GNU (General Public License) version 2 and is widely referred to as

NS2. Therefore, NS2 is an even-driven, object-oriented and discrete simulator. It is

written in combination of C++ and Octl/tcl programming language. In NS2, C++ is

utilised for thorough protocol implementation and Octl is utilised for the configuration.

The compiled C++ objects are made available to Otcl interpreter in the NS2. This

provides the C++ objects to be managed from the simulator Otcl level. The NS2 is used

for this project because it has the advantages of large number of available models [18].

In addition, UM-OLSR is an OLSR implementation for ns2 network simulator. Thus,

23

UM-OLSR will be used for the simulation of OLSR routing protocol of MANET in this

project.

Figure 3.2: NS2.35 installed in ubuntu 16.04.

Figure 3.3: UM-OLSR is patched into NS2.35.

24

3.4 Project Framework

Figure 3.4: Framework of OLSR Routing Protocol.

25

The OLSR protocol consists of two principal mechanisms which is

neighbourhood detection and neighbourhood sensing for topology management. For

both of this mechanism, OLSR protocol uses 4 types of control messages which are

HELLO, TC, MID, and HNA. In addition, neighbourhood sensing is carried out by the

OLSR protocol using the HELLO packets [1]. The distribution of topological

information is performed by the dispersal of TC packet using optimised diffusion or

MPRs. The TC messages contain a list of links in the neighbourhood of the mobile

nodes for the packet management of the OLSR protocol [19]. Besides, the OLSR

protocol takes into account all interfaces kinked to mobile unit by using the MID

messages. Therefore, the noes of the network can utilise all of the available routes

independent of the type of interfaces used at each hop. The OLSR node select one of its

interface address as main address, which it then can be used as a reference in control

messages. Moreover, HNA messages in the OLSR protocol are used to declare

subnetworks and hosts which is outside of the MANET that is reachable by a node

acting as gateway [1].

In neighbourhood sensing, OLSR protocol as a derivative of the classical link-

state protocols maintains a variety of information tables. The tables are updated every

time control messages are received and every time it is sent out. The nodes store a

variety of different tables in the cache:

26

Information tables Explanation

MPR selector set It contains all the local nodes that are selected as MPRs in the

network.

Neighbour Set All the neighbour at one hop distance are saved in the

following table. It is updated dynamically through link set

data. The information involved the symmetric and

asymmetric link neighbours is also stored at this table.

Two-hop neighbour

set

It contains information which is accessible via one hop paths

and this also include the node that inquiry about the

information itself.

In addition, this table may contain similar information of the

same nodes that are appeared in the neighbour set table.

Table 3.2: Table in the cache of the nodes [1].

Furthermore, the HELLO messages have three different roles in OLSR protocol.

The messages are sent to the neighbour at one hop distance for link sensing and

neighbour sensing and to neighbour at two hops away for the two-hop sensing. Lastly,

it functions as an MPR selector sensing which declare the MPRs in the network [1].

27

3.5 Project Flowchart of the Route Selection Technique

Figure 3.5: Routing Selection Technique (MPR) [19]

28

OLSR is also known as proactive and table-driven routing protocol. The link

state routing protocols are not subjected to routing loops. In addition, Link state routing

protocol possess no problem in term of scalability. However, link state routing protocol

generates a large amount of traffic during the exchange of topological data in mobile

nodes. Large amount of traffic is an undesirable attribute in MANET due to limited

resources available in MANET [19]. The OLSR protocol implemented a new procedure

or technique to greatly reduce the volume of traffic involved in the process of

exchanging topological data between nodes. In the OLSR protocol, all of the nodes are

authorized and allowed to receive the topological data message. Nevertheless, only a

small number of nodes known as multipoint relays (MPRs) are able to transmit all these

messages across the network. In explanation, The MPRs of the given node are the

minimum number of its immediate neighbours which have the necessities to contact all

its neighbour in two hops. Thus, the MPRs guarantees that the data message of the

network topology will be received by every node in the network.

3.6 Summary

The following chapter clarifies and shows the concept of the research

methodology, framework, and flowchart of the project. It provides a better

understanding for the implementation of the simulator that we selected in this project.

29

CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will be focusing on the application of OLSR in the Network

Simulator (NS2.35) in the Ubuntu 16.04. Specification of OLSR simulation and

application of different mobility speed and network density to achieve this project's

objective. This chapter also illustrates the project's OLSR network efficiency

evaluations and tests.

30

4.2 Installation of Oracle Virtual Box

Oracle VM Virtual Box is a virtualization software which operates across

platforms. It enhances the entire computer's capability such that it can execute several

OSes concurrently within several virtual machines. It's used on my window machine to

operate the Ubuntu 16.04 operating system. Installation steps is discussed in detail.

Step 1: Download the Virtual Box from the official website.

Oracle Virtual Box can be downloaded from the following link:

https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads. In the official website, it provide several

platform packages to be downloaded depends on the operating system of the current

machine. In this project, the Oracle Virtual Box for Windows host will be downloaded

as it is compatible with current machine that operate on Windows 10.

Figure 4.1: Oracle Virtual Box Download Site.

31

Step 2: Start the Installation

The installation of Oracle Virtual Box will be started and the default option

will be chosen for the ease of installation.

Figure 4.2: Setup Page for Oracle Virtual Box

Step 3: Installation is successful

The installation is completed and the main page of Oracle Virtual Box is

shown in the Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3: Main page of Oracle Virtual Box

32

4.3 Installation of Ubuntu 16.04 in Oracle Virtual Box

Ubuntu version 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial Xerus) will be used as the base operating

system to run NS 2.35 for the simulation of the OLSR routing protocol in MANET. The

steps for the installation of Ubuntu 16.04 in the Oracle Virtual Box will be shown in the

following steps.

Step 1: Download Desktop image for the Ubuntu 16.04

Desktop image for Ubuntu version 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial Xerus) can be

downloaded from the official website link https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/. The

following website provide the 32 bit PC desktop image and 64 bit PC desktop image to

be downloaded. In this project, the 64 bit PC desktop image is used because it is

compatible with this machine.

Figure 4.4: Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS Download Site

Step 2: Add and create a virtual machine in Oracle Virtual Box

33

Ubuntu operating system is added into the Oracle Virtual Box by clicking on

the “NEW” button in the main menu. The default and recommended option is selected

for the ease of installation.

Figure 4.5: Creation of Virtual Machine for Ubuntu Operating System

34

Step 4: Select the Desktop image for Ubuntu 16.04.6

The virtual machine is added and appeared in the main menu of Oracle Virtual

Box that are shown in the Figure 4.6. The desktop image of Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is

added into the controller: IDE in the storage tab setting of the Ubuntu 16.04 machine

which is shown in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.6: Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine is added

Figure 4.7: Desktop image for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is added

35

Step 5: Start the Virtual Machine for installation

Click start for the Ubuntu 16.04 and proceed to the installation for the Ubuntu

operating system. The default and recommended options are followed through for ease

of installation.

Figure 4.8: Installation page for Ubuntu as super user

36

Step 6: Success installation of Ubuntu

Main page for the Ubuntu Operating System is shown in the Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9: Desktop page for Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS

37

4.4 Installation of NS2.35 in Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS

Network simulator 2 version 2.35 is used to simulate this project in the Ubuntu

16.04.6 LTS operating system. Steps taken for installing the NS2 in the Ubuntu 16.04.6

LTS are shown. All of these procedures must be done to ensure a successful installation.

Step 1: Download Network Simulator 2 (version 2.35)

NS2 can be downloaded from the following website link

https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam/files/latest/download. Various version of NS2

can be found in the website.

Figure 4.10: NS2.35 Download site

38

Step 2: Extract the download package into the home directory.

The download file is referred as ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz and it is extracted to

the home directory.

Figure 4.11: Extraction of NS2.35

Step 3: Edit the ls.h file in ns-2.35 directory

Change directory into the ns-2.35 directory from home directory with command:

cd ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35. Then, edit the ls.h file with command: nano ls.h. After

opening the file, navigate to the line 137 to add the word “this ->” which is before the

erase (basemap::begin(), baseMap::end()) code.

39

Figure 4.12: Alteration of coding in ls.h file

Step 4: Update and install required packages

Insert and hit enter for the command “sudo apt-get update” in order to update

the repositories for the required packages. Next, insert the command “sudo apt-get

install build-essential autoconf automake libxmu-dev” to fetch and install the required

packages needed to run NS2.

Figure 4.13: Update and install the required packages

40

Step 5: Start the installation for NS2

The installation process for NS2 will be initiated with command: “./install” and

the time completion of the installation is vary according to the machine that is used in

this project.

Figure 4.14: Installation for NS2.35

Step 6: The installation is complete and alteration of .bashrc file is needed

The installation of NS2 is complete and it is shown in the Figure 4.15. After the

installation is finished, open the .bashrc file with command: “nano .bashrc” in home

directory. Then, add the PATH stated in Figure 4.16 which is obtained from the

completion message of installation for the NS2.35 into the .bashrc file.

41

Figure 4.15: Installation of NS2.35 completed

Figure 4.16: Path added to the .barshrc file

42

4.5 Setup of UM-OLSR in NS2.35

OLSR routing protocol is not available in the NS2.35 for default. The OLSR’s

file and function needed to be patched into the NS2.35. Steps needed to be taken in

order to run the simulation of OLSR routing protocol will be discussed in detail.

Step 1: Download UM-OLSR from the website

The patch for the OLSR protocol is referred as UM-OLSR and can be download

from the website link https://sourceforge.net/projects/um-olsr/.

Figure 4.17: The UM-OLSR Download site

43

Step 2: Extract the UM-OLSR and Patch the UM-OLSR

The downloaded file of UM-OLSR is extracted and various version of NS2 is

found in the file. Then, move the downloaded file from home directory into the ns-2.35

directory with command: “mv ~/um-olsr ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/olsr”. Next, patch

the UM-OLSR associated with the correct version of NS2.35 into the ns-2.35 directory

with command: “patch -p1 < olsr/um-olsr_ns-2.35_v1.0.patch”.

Figure 4.18: Patch the UM-OLSR

Step 3: Check the OLSR file in the ns-2.35 directory

All the file in UM-OLSR is patched into the ns-2.35 and shown in the figure

4.19. Then, navigate back into the ns-allinone-2.35 with command: “cd..” and run the

installation process for NS2.35 again with the command: “./install” that are mentioned

before.

Figure 4.19: The OLSR protocol is patched into ns2.35

44

Step 4: Run an OLSR example TCL script

The NS2 is successfully installed and tested with simple TCL script which is

shown in the Figure 4.20. Now, the NS2 in the Ubuntu 16.04 can run the MANET

simulation with OLSR protocol.

Figure 4.20: TCL script with OLSR protocol is tested

45

4.6 Simulation Environment

The simulation environment which include the result parameters are discussed

in the research paper and concluded in the Table 4.1. The simulation parameters used

in this following project are referred on previous research paper that are shown in Table

2.1.

Table 4.1: Simulation Parameter References

Based on the Table 4.1, the simulation parameters for the project is proposed.

The simulation area selected is 1000x1000 (m) because that most of the simulation area

used in the research paper is 1000x1000 (m). In addition, this project requires a set of

various number of nodes. The nodes selected in the following project is 20, 40, 60, 80

and 100 nodes. The number of nodes above 100 are not selected as the simulation

requires too much time to compute in current machine used. The mobility speeds are

varied into 5 situations which are the very slow mobility (VSM), slow mobility (SM),

46

moderate fast mobility (MFM), fast mobility (FM) and very fast mobility (VFM). The

VSM is stated as 10m/s, SM is stated as 15m/s, MFM is stated as 20m/s and FM is

stated as 20 m/s. The simulation time limit is set to 900s which is the maximum

simulation time in the research papers. The parameter is summarized in the Table 4.2

below.

Parameter Specification

Simulation Area 1000x1000

Mobility Model Random Waypoint

Routing Protocol OLSR

Number of Nodes 20, 40, 60 , 80 , 100

Speed(m/s) 10 ,15 ,20 ,25 ,30

Simulation Time Limit 900

Mac Type 802.11

Traffic CBR

Packet Size 512 bytes

Table 4.2: Simulation Parameter

47

4.7 Configuration

In this following section, the configuration of OLSR will be applied according

to the proposed simulation parameter in Table 4.2. In NS2, TCL scripts, nam file and

trace file are important component to the network simulation. The TCL script contains

all the coding that are required to initialise a network simulation. Besides, the nam file

that are produced from the network simulation is used to visualise the movement of

nodes. Then, the trace file will be utilised to calculate the performance of network

simulation.

48

4.7.1 Configuration the OLSR Environment

The TCL script file is used to run the network simulation. Different number of

nodes can be applied to execute the simulation and it is shown in Figure 4.21. The

number of nodes can be changed in the function of set opt (nn) in order to run the

simulation based on the simulation parameter shown in Table 4.2.

Figure 4.21: Code for the number of nodes in TCL script

The mobility speed can be also applied in the TCL script and it is changed

according to the simulation parameter stated in Table 4.2. The network simulation is

performed with the various mobility speed that can be changed and it is shown in the

Figure 4.22. The process of the simulation is repeated until all the results for different

scenario is produced.

49

Figure 4.22: Code for the mobility speed in TCL script.

Mobility speed

50

4.7.2 Run configurations and produce results

This projects have 5 different situations thus the coding in the TCL script will

be changed to run each scenarios accordingly. The simulation of OLSR protocol is

executed in the terminal of Ubuntu 16.04 and shown in the Figure 4.23.

Figure 4.23: Run TCL script

The visual movement of the nodes can be observed from the nam file produced

from the execution of TCL script that is shown in the Figure 4.24.

Figure 4.24: Node movement in NAM

51

The result of the simulation is recorded in the trace file and measured with AWK

script created to calculate the results based on the trace file. The AWK script combined

with the trace file can be used to calculate out the results which is shown in the Figure

4.25. The gawk is a GNU implementation of the AWK programming language. Use

gawk to analyse the trace file with the specific AWK script prepared.

Figure 4.25: Results of simulation

52

The AWK script that is used to calculate the average throughput is prepared with

formula shown in the Figure 4.26 and the results is printed out in the terminal.

Figure 4.26: Formula for average throughput

Figure 4.27: Coding to calculate average throughput

Figure 4.28: Coding to print the results

53

The AWK script that is used to calculate the packet delivery ratio is prepared

with formula shown in the Figure 4.29 and the results is printed out in the terminal.

Figure 4.29: Formula for Packet Delivery Ratio

Figure 4.30: Coding to calculate and print result of Packet Delivery Ratio

54

The AWK script that is used to calculate the average delay is prepared with

formula shown in the Figure 4.31 and the results is printed out in the terminal.

Figure 4.31: Formula for average delay

Figure 4.32: Coding for calculate average delay

Figure 4.33: Coding to calculate average delay and print result

55

4.8 Results

The proposed performance metrics of this project are average delay, average

throughput and packet delivery ratio to evaluate the network performance. Table 4.3

will display the results obtained for the performance metrics with various mobility

speed and network density (no of nodes).

Speed

(m/s)

Number of

Nodes

Average Delay (Ms) Average Average Throughput (kbps) Average Packet Delivery Ratio (%) Average

10 20 5.8272 14.3285 9.46952 9.8750 22.7337 11.1224 32.0462 21.9674 61.0714 69.8721 43.4562 58.1332

40 26.8134 30.2992 21.0788 26.0638 10.4034 16.3216 13.3287 20.0269 52.3221 69.1352 55.2517 58.903

60 34.8213 32.472 20.2967 29.1967 19.9813 10.4661 19.0822 16.5099 69.3712 60.0340 72.6115 67.3389

80 33.9781 45.5885 34.4732 38.0132 20.2517 19.1405 22.5058 20.6326 68.4000 72.6115 61.6216 67.5444

100 43.7550 52.2428 32.7376 42.9118 16.7002 24.7328 17.6446 19.6925 82.8087 66.1576 78.4404 75.8022

15 20 19.5881 5.8202 6.3037 10.5707 16.5779 31.8411 25.0311 24.4834 83.4146 43.7340 55.5195 60.8893

40 21.0972 18.4432 15.1367 18.2257 16.3749 16.2917 18.3019 16.9829 84.4444 84.8635 75.6637 81.6572

60 32.8643 8.5136 17.6438 19.6739 18.4216 27.8613 14.5687 20.2839 75.1468 49.9270 94.7368 73.2702

80 37.8731 25.8595 24.4551 29.3959 16.7426 15.3074 16.7407 16.0836 82.6087 90.2378 82.6087 85.1517

100 37.7502 27.5511 30.4390 31.9134 15.5099 20.7644 18.1747 18.1497 89.0625 86.7969 88.1693 88.0096

20 20 22.6934 5.8453 16.4489 14.9959 18.3014 28.5592 24.0466 23.6357 75.6637 48.7179 57.7703 60.7173

40 11.5474 18.3668 18.9718 16.2953 22.9800 18.9584 21.5428 21.1604 60.4240 73.0769 64.4068 65.9692

60 17.9784 15.3941 22.5883 18.6536 27.6567 19.1646 20.2710 22.3641 50.2941 72.3044 68.4000 63.6662

80 22.7744 48.7496 20.4538 30.6592 19.2519 20.4777 20.4867 20.0721 70.5752 67.6587 67.2691 68.5010

100 63.6219 58.7877 28.7528 50.3875 19.7347 19.7810 17.4666 18.9941 64.1975 64.1278 75.6410 67.9888

25 20 6.5572 16.7321 13.4241 12.2378 34.7123 14.9382 19.0825 22.9260 40.1408 92.4324 72.6115 68.3949

40 12.9557 12.5625 16.5572 14.0251 29.6670 19.9440 34.7123 28.1078 46.9136 69.5122 49.1408 55.1889

60 15.3617 26.6022 44.114 28.6926 21.9543 19.9441 17.8087 19.9024 63.2613 69.5122 77.7273 70.1669

80 39.6903 56.8078 47.7400 48.0793 21.2749 21.3787 15.0182 19.2239 52.7624 49.7059 74.3083 58.9253

100 83.9889 48.7713 10.8979 67.8659 15.7476 16.2659 16.7456 16.2530 71.7949 70.2797 65.5914 69.2220

30 20 6.7041 6.2094 14.0215 8.9783 25.4823 22.6927 22.6928 23.6226 54.5455 61.1807 61.1807 58.9690

40 9.6356 31.9864 16.3081 19.3100 27.9849 29.1747 22.8144 26.6580 49.7093 47.6987 60.8541 52.7540

60 13.0103 10.3785 29.2284 17.5391 24.9080 20.7235 15.5531 20.3979 55.7912 66.9276 88.8312 70.5167

80 30.6276 43.8233 40.4853 38.3120 17.2854 13.8524 18.8491 16.6623 64.6259 80.4255 65.1226 70.0580

100 45.9773 55.7586 68.9054 56.8804 15.3111 21.4879 14.6946 17.1645 65.0650 63.0508 61.8812 63.3323

Table 4.3: Complex Version Simulation Result

56

Speed (m/s) Number of Nodes Average Delay (Ms) Average Throughput

(kbps)

Packet Delivery

Ratio (%)

10 20 9.8750 21.9674 58.1332

40 26.0638 20.0269 58.903

60 29.1967 16.5099 67.3389

80 38.0132 20.6326 67.5444

100 42.9118 19.6925 75.8022

15 20 10.5707 24.4834 60.8893

40 18.2257 16.9829 81.6572

60 19.6739 20.2839 73.2702

80 29.3959 16.0836 85.1517

100 31.9134 18.1497 88.0096

20 20 14.9959 23.6357 60.7173

40 16.2953 21.1604 65.9692

60 18.6536 22.3641 63.6662

80 30.6592 20.0721 68.5010

100 50.3875 18.9941 67.9888

25 20 12.2378 22.9260 68.3949

40 14.0251 28.1078 55.1889

60 28.6926 19.9024 70.1669

80 48.0793 19.2239 58.9253

100 67.8659 16.2530 69.2220

30 20 8.9783 23.6226 58.9690

40 19.3100 26.6580 52.7540

60 17.5391 20.3979 70.5167

80 38.3120 16.6623 70.0580

100 56.8804 17.1645 63.3323

Table 4.4: Simplified Version Simulation Result

57

4.8.1 Average Delay

As shown in the figure, the delay is increasing as the number of nodes increase.

The FM illustrated the average delay is increase in a gradual speed as the number of

nodes increase. In addition, the FM has the highest average delay when it reached 100

nodes in the simulation. In contrast, the VFM has the lowest average delay when the

number of nodes is set at 20. Besides, the average delay for the 100 nodes in the

simulation is the highest in all various mobility speed. Therefore, the average delay is

the lowest when the number of nodes is less.

Figure 4.34: Average Delay

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

20 40 60 80 100

Ave

rage

del

ay (

ms)

Number of Nodes

Average Delay

VSM SM MFM FM VFM

58

4.8.2 Average throughput

Figure 4.35 illustrated the results of throughput obtained in the network

simulation. From the results, we notice that FM that associated with 40 nodes in the

simulation has the highest average throughput among all others. In addition, the VFM

has the second highest average throughput when compared to other simulation. Whereas,

the SM associated with 80 nodes has the lowest average throughput. Therefore, the

simulation for various mobility speed with same number of nodes do not possess any

large differences of average throughput between them. Except for the FM and VFM that

are associated with 40 nodes have a big difference of average throughput when

compared to the VSM, SM and MFM.

Figure 4.35: Average Throughput

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20 40 60 80 100

Ave

rage

th

rou

ghp

ut

(kb

ps)

Number of Nodes

Average Throughput

VSM SM MFM FM VFM

59

4.8.3 Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)

Based on the Figure 4.36, SM has the higher percentage of PDR in all different

number of nodes except for the number of nodes that are set to 20. This can be concluded

that OLSR has a better packet delivery ratio when the mobility speed is set to SM when

the number of nodes is set above 20. In addition, the SM with nodes being set to 100

has the highest packet delivery ratio. Whereas, the VFM with nodes being set to 40 has

the lowest packet delivery ratio. The packet delivery ratio for various mobility speed

has slight differences when the number of nodes is set as 20.

Figure 4.36: Packet Delivery Ratio

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

20 40 60 80 100

Pac

ket

Del

iver

y R

ato

(%

)

Number of Nodes

Packet Delivery Ratio

VSM SM MFM FM VFM

60

4.9 Summary

This chapter explains the application and result of OLSR performance by

altering the speed of mobility and the network density. The network simulation for the

OLSR protocol is executed and all the results obtained are recorded. From the result,

the average delay graph illustrates an increasing trend as the number of node increases.

While, both the packet delivery ratio graph and the average throughput graph shows not

much of changes when the number of node increases. The mobility speed for different

node does not show a huge differences with same number of node given in simulation.

The performance analysis and evaluation is done based on the result obtained. This is a

crucial aspects of the project development.

61

CHAPTER 5

Conclusion

5.1 Introduction

This chapter addresses the project completion. Other than that, the constraints

and challenges experienced during the implementation of current project will be

explained in the following chapter regarding the limitations and difficulties encountered

during the project's completion process. In addition, this chapter addresses potential

research or development for this project. It will be discussed on the recommendation

for this current project.

5.2 Finalization of Project

The intention of MANET's simulation is to better explain how MANET

functions how its routing protocols are implemented. The node mobility must be

reviewed since in daily life, people move and it’s not in stationary movement. This

project is being applied to evaluate MANET's performance, particularly in OLSR, so

that it could be applied effectively in the actual world. This will aid the researcher to

look for an optimum level in setting OLSR speed and network capacity. This can be

seen through the findings of simulation presented in the preceding chapter. OLSR

performance is assessed based on average throughput, average delay and packet

delivery ratio once the proposed simulation parameters are applied in OLSR

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5.3 Constrains and Challenges

MANET is definitely a topics where there are not many sources discussed and

reviewed in term of the routing protocol executed in this network. In other terms, the

basis of understanding how MANET functions and all its routing protocol is not covered

in the network subject's syllabus. Therefore, it is quite challenging to obtain the

information related to MANET and its routing protocols during the earlier time. There

are a lot of items that need to be researched and studied first before starting this project,

and it consumed almost all of the time to understand and get a clearer knowledge about

specific routing protocol and which parameters is suit to be applied on the OLSR

protocol. A number of recent research papers on the current project need to review and

grasp the configuration and the procedure of data transfer from node to node. The

neighbour detection and neighbourhood sensing need to be understand in detail and

what control packet related.

In addition, there are a lot of challenges when comes to the simulation of OLSR

protocol in the NS2. There are a lot of pre-configuration and pre-installation needed to

be performed correct in order to have the NS2 installed in the operating system. The

code for the execution of OLSR is required a lot of effort in understanding and learning

from internet sources. There are also many files needed to be understand and added into

the NS2 to run the OLSR protocol because it need to be patch into NS2 from external

sources. A huge effort is invested in writing the code to ensure that the simulation of

OLSR protocol is able to produce the results for evaluation of performance.

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5.4 Future Works

There are some recommendation for further work on OLSR routing protocol to

obtain better outcomes on OLSR. The simulation can be executed with other mobility

models namely the Gauss-Markov mobility model, rather than utilizing Random

Waypoint as an element of the mobility model. Moreover, the transmission range, pause

time and network area can be considered in the simulation of the routing protocol. This

is done to analyse and evaluate the performance in a different aspects. For the future

works, the evaluation of the OLSR protocol can be studied with different routing

protocols in term of the classification such as proactive, reactive and hybrid routing

protocols.

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REFERENCES

1. Frikha, M. (2011). Ad hoc networks: routing, QoS and optimization. London:

ISTE.

2. Sarkar, S. K., Basavaraju, T. G., & Puttamadappa, C. (2016). Ad Hoc Mobile

Wireless Networks Principles, Protocols, and Applications, Second Edition.

Baton Rouge: CRC Press.

3. Ismail, R., Zulkifli, C. Z., & Samsudin, K. (2016). Routing Protocols for Mobile

Ad-Hoc Network: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(8).

doi: 10.11113/jt.v78.6025

4. Bai, Y., Mai, Y., & Wang, N. (2017). Performance comparison and evaluation

of the proactive and reactive routing protocols for MANETs. 2017 Wireless

Telecommunications Symposium (WTS). doi: 10.1109/wts.2017.7943538

5. Arora, D., Millman, E., & Neville, S. W. (2012). Assessing the Expected

Performance of the OLSR Routing Protocol for Denser Urban Core Ad Hoc

Network Deployments. 2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced

Information Networking and Applications. doi: 10.1109/aina.2012.93

6. E., Z., & Atef, M. (2017). Performance Evaluation of AODV, DSR and OLSR

in MANET using Opnet Simulator. International Journal of Computer

Applications, 163(11), 23–30. doi: 10.5120/ijca2017913775

7. Lakshman Naik L, R. U. Khan and R. B. Mishra (2016). Analysis of Node

Velocity Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using Network Simulator (NS3).

International Journal of Computer Applications, 144(4), 1–5. doi:

10.5120/ijca2016910225

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8. Abdullah, A. M., Ozen, E., & Bayramoglu, H. (2019). Investigating the Impact

of Mobility Models on MANET Routing Protocols. International Journal of

Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(2). doi:

10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0100204

9. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3626#section-19.

10. Abdulleh, M. N., & Yussof, S. (2015). Performance Analysis of AODV, OLSR

and GPSR MANET Routing Protocols with Respect to Network Size and

Density. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and

Technology, 11(4), 400–406. doi: 10.19026/rjaset.11.1794

11. Natarajan, K., & Mahadevan, G. (2017). Mobility based performance analysis

of MANET routing protocols. International Journal of Computer

Applications, 163(10), 37–43. doi: 10.5120/ijca2017913759

12. Performance Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols (OLSR, AODV, DSR,

GRP and TORA) Considering Different Network Area Size. (n.d.). International

Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 6(3), 475–484.

13. D. Kumar and S.C. Gupta (2015). Transmission Range, Density & Speed based

Performance Analysis of Ad Hoc Networks. (n.d.). African Journal of

Computing & ICT, 8(1), 173–178.

14. Sharma, A., & Kumar, R. (2016). Performance comparison and detailed study

of AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA and OLSR routing protocols in ad hoc

networks. 2016 Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and

Grid Computing (PDGC). doi: 10.1109/pdgc.2016.7913218

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15. Abdullah, A. M., Ozen, E., & Bayramoglu, H. (2019). Investigating the Impact

of Mobility Models on MANET Routing Protocols. International Journal of

Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(2). doi:

10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0100204

16. Asri, U. S. (2018). An Enhancement of Gateway Selection Scheme in Mobile

Ad-Hoc Network (MANET).

17. Mobile Ad-hoc Network Simulators, a Survey and Comparisons.

(n.d.). International Journal of P2P Network Trends and Technology

(IJPTT), 4(3), 22–26.

18. (n.d.). Retrieved December 21, 2019, from https://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.

19. Moad, D., Djahel, S., & Nait-Abdesselam, F. (2012). Improving the quality of

service routing in OLSR protocol. 2012 International Conference on

Communications and Information Technology (ICCIT). doi:

10.1109/iccitechnol.2012.6285815

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APPENDIX

GANTT CHART FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1

Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Topic

Discussion

Project Title

Proposal

Introduction

Literature

Review

Presentation

Methodology

Draft Report

Submit Draft

Report

Final

Preparation

and

Presentation

Final Report

FYP 1

Gantt Chart 1: Activities and milestones of FYP 1

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GANTT CHART FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2

Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Project

Meeting with

supervisor

Project

Development

Progress

Presentation

and Evaluation

Project

Development

(cont)

Project Testing

FYP Format

Writing

Workshop

Project Testing

(cont)

Submit Draft

Report and

Documentation

Submit Poster

and

Preparation for

Final

Presentation

Seminar/Final

Presentation

and Panel

Evaluation

Final Thesis

Submission

and Supervisor

Evaluation

Gantt Chart 2: Activities and milestones of FYP 2