Performance Performance Enhancing DrugsEnhancing Drugs

Kristin ZenkerKristin Zenker

CBE 555CBE 555

OverviewOverview

HistoryHistory TypesTypes How does each type work?How does each type work? RegulationRegulation AvailabilityAvailability Questions?Questions?

HistoryHistory Not a new phenomenonNot a new phenomenon Stories date back thousands of years to Stories date back thousands of years to

Ancient Olympic gamesAncient Olympic games Ground horse hooves and sheep testiclesGround horse hooves and sheep testicles

In Chinese traditional medicine, substances In Chinese traditional medicine, substances such as deer antler, tiger bone, bear gall such as deer antler, tiger bone, bear gall bladder, ginseng and other roots and much bladder, ginseng and other roots and much more were consumed and were thought to more were consumed and were thought to bolster the males body.bolster the males body.

Athletes in Late 19Athletes in Late 19thth/Early 20/Early 20thth century century Caffeine and strychnineCaffeine and strychnine

Dutch cyclist death in 1960 Olympic gamesDutch cyclist death in 1960 Olympic games International Olympic Committee came out with International Olympic Committee came out with

first list of prohibited drugs.first list of prohibited drugs.

TypesTypes

Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic and Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic and THG)THG)

Health SupplementsHealth Supplements AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione CreatineCreatine

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)Human Growth Hormone (hGH) StimulantsStimulants

AmphetaminesAmphetamines EphedraEphedra

SteroidsSteroids Lipid produced naturally Lipid produced naturally

by the human bodyby the human body TestosteroneTestosterone EstrogenEstrogen ProgesteroneProgesterone CholesterolCholesterol

Synthetic steroids are Synthetic steroids are called “Anabolic” or called “Anabolic” or “Anabolic-Androgenic”“Anabolic-Androgenic” ““anabolic” Greek for “to anabolic” Greek for “to

build up” and “androgenic” build up” and “androgenic” Greek for “masculization”Greek for “masculization”

Steroids - HistorySteroids - History First produced in late 1930’s to treat First produced in late 1930’s to treat

hypogandismhypogandism Commonly prescribed for medical Commonly prescribed for medical

reasonsreasons Preventing loss of bone density from Preventing loss of bone density from

osteoporosis osteoporosis Counter-acting body-wasting effects of AIDSCounter-acting body-wasting effects of AIDS

Late 1950’s, weightlifters discovered the Late 1950’s, weightlifters discovered the athletic benefitsathletic benefits

1991 – Congress made steroids a 1991 – Congress made steroids a controlled substance in the U.S.controlled substance in the U.S.

Steroids – How do they Steroids – How do they work?work?

Taken by injection or in pill formTaken by injection or in pill form Stimulates certain proteins involved Stimulates certain proteins involved

in the building of muscle tissuein the building of muscle tissue Results in fat free muscle massResults in fat free muscle mass

Blocks action of bodily chemicals Blocks action of bodily chemicals that signal muscle fatiguethat signal muscle fatigue

““Cycling” and “Stacking”Cycling” and “Stacking”

Steroids – Side EffectsSteroids – Side Effects

Liver tumors and cancerLiver tumors and cancer JaundiceJaundice Fluid retentionFluid retention High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure Increase in LDL, decrease in HDLIncrease in LDL, decrease in HDL Elevated risk of heart attack and Elevated risk of heart attack and

strokestroke Kidney tumorsKidney tumors Severe acneSevere acne

Steroids –Side Effects, Steroids –Side Effects, con’tcon’t

Some side effects differ in men and womenSome side effects differ in men and women Men – increased breast size, shrinkage of Men – increased breast size, shrinkage of

testicles, baldness, reduced sperm count, testicles, baldness, reduced sperm count, possible impotencepossible impotence

Women – development of masculine features Women – development of masculine features such as facial hair and deepening of the voice, such as facial hair and deepening of the voice, reproductive system abnormalitiesreproductive system abnormalities

Emotional – increase in aggressive Emotional – increase in aggressive behavior, “roid rage”behavior, “roid rage”

Athletes that stop after long term use Athletes that stop after long term use suffer depression and symptoms of suffer depression and symptoms of withdrawal.withdrawal.

Steroids - THGSteroids - THG TetrahydrogestrinoneTetrahydrogestrinone Oct 16, 2003 – US Anti-Doping Agency Oct 16, 2003 – US Anti-Doping Agency

first told world about thisfirst told world about this Not approved by the FDA so illegalNot approved by the FDA so illegal Use of THG is an alternative to other Use of THG is an alternative to other

steroidssteroids Closely resembles steroids gestrinone Closely resembles steroids gestrinone

and trenboloneand trenbolone Known as a “designer” steroidKnown as a “designer” steroid

Manipulated by chemists so it would be Manipulated by chemists so it would be undetectable during doping testsundetectable during doping tests

Health SupplementsHealth Supplements

OTC health supplements another OTC health supplements another way athletes use to improve their way athletes use to improve their body and performance.body and performance.

Not regulated by the FDANot regulated by the FDA ExamplesExamples

AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione Creatine Creatine

AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione Popular athletic supplementPopular athletic supplement Also known as “Andro”Also known as “Andro” Initially categorized as a testosterone Initially categorized as a testosterone

precursorprecursor One of the chemicals from which the body One of the chemicals from which the body

synthesizes testosteronesynthesizes testosterone NFL banned in 1997NFL banned in 1997 Mark McGwire admitted to using in 1998 Mark McGwire admitted to using in 1998

when he set the HR record for most in one-when he set the HR record for most in one-seasonseason

FDA reclassified as a steroid in 2004FDA reclassified as a steroid in 2004

Androstenedione – Side Androstenedione – Side EffectsEffects

Differ for men and womenDiffer for men and women Men – decrease in production of Men – decrease in production of

testosterone, increase in production of testosterone, increase in production of estrogen, acnes, decreased sperm countestrogen, acnes, decreased sperm count

Women – acne and masculinityWomen – acne and masculinity

CreatineCreatine Occurs naturally in the body in skeletal muscleOccurs naturally in the body in skeletal muscle Helps to supply energy to muscle cellsHelps to supply energy to muscle cells Made in the liver from 3 amino acids – glycine, arginine, and Made in the liver from 3 amino acids – glycine, arginine, and

methioninemethionine When taken as a nutritional supplement, increases the body’s When taken as a nutritional supplement, increases the body’s

supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Creatine – HistoryCreatine – History Usage documented back to the early 20Usage documented back to the early 20thth

centurycentury Only recently came into public view after Only recently came into public view after

1992 Olympics1992 Olympics Linford Christie (gold metal 100 m dash), Sally Linford Christie (gold metal 100 m dash), Sally

Gunnel (gold metal 400 m hurdles), Britain’s Gunnel (gold metal 400 m hurdles), Britain’s rowing teamrowing team

At time, low potency dosage supplements At time, low potency dosage supplements available in UKavailable in UK

1993 – Company Experimental 1993 – Company Experimental Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced compound to sports nutrition compound to sports nutrition market under Phosphagen labelmarket under Phosphagen label

Creatine – What does it Creatine – What does it do?do?

Can be taken in as a powder mixed into Can be taken in as a powder mixed into a drink or as a pilla drink or as a pill

In the body, creatine is changed into a In the body, creatine is changed into a molecule called “phosphocreatine” – molecule called “phosphocreatine” – reservoir for energyreservoir for energy

During intense exercise, broken down During intense exercise, broken down into creatine and phosphateinto creatine and phosphate Energy released is used to regenerate ATPEnergy released is used to regenerate ATP

Bigger storage of phosphocreatine in Bigger storage of phosphocreatine in muscles reduces fatiguemuscles reduces fatigue

CreatineCreatineSome studies suggest that… Some studies suggest that… creatine provides a boost for short creatine provides a boost for short

bursts of maximal effortbursts of maximal effort Helps with anaerobic exercise, no significant Helps with anaerobic exercise, no significant

effect for aerobic exerciseeffect for aerobic exercise Ingesting creatine can increase the level Ingesting creatine can increase the level

of phosphocreatine in the muscle by of phosphocreatine in the muscle by 20%20%

Increases in both total and fat free body Increases in both total and fat free body massmass

Buffer the lactic acid produced during Buffer the lactic acid produced during anaerobic work outsanaerobic work outs

Human Growth Hormone Human Growth Hormone (hGH)(hGH)

Naturally produced in the body – Naturally produced in the body – synthesized in the pituitary glandsynthesized in the pituitary gland

Synthetic version of hGH originally Synthetic version of hGH originally marketed in the 1980’s to treat kids with marketed in the 1980’s to treat kids with stunted growthstunted growth

Recent years promoted as anti-aging from Recent years promoted as anti-aging from drug companiesdrug companies

Currently banned by the governing Currently banned by the governing bodies of major sports, including the bodies of major sports, including the OlympicsOlympics

hGH – How does it work?hGH – How does it work? Influences a variety of metabolic process Influences a variety of metabolic process

involving carbohydrates, proteins, and involving carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty tissuesfatty tissues

Stimulates the body’s synthesis of the Stimulates the body’s synthesis of the proteins that form bone and muscle proteins that form bone and muscle tissuetissue

Stimulates collagen – necessary for Stimulates collagen – necessary for strengthening cartilage, bones, tendons, strengthening cartilage, bones, tendons, and ligamentsand ligaments

Increases testosterone levelsIncreases testosterone levels Stimulates the liver to produce growth Stimulates the liver to produce growth

factorsfactors

hGH – Side EffectshGH – Side Effects

Abnormal growth of facial hair and Abnormal growth of facial hair and skeletal features, liver problems, skeletal features, liver problems, irregularities in the processing of irregularities in the processing of insulin, and heart diseaseinsulin, and heart disease

If taken before or during puberty – If taken before or during puberty – leads to gigantismleads to gigantism

Taken excessively as an adult – leads Taken excessively as an adult – leads to diabetesto diabetes

Stimulants – In GeneralStimulants – In General Athletes use to provide a boost in energy Athletes use to provide a boost in energy

and alertnessand alertness Caffeine and Cocaine are 2 well known Caffeine and Cocaine are 2 well known

stimulantsstimulants Affect the nervous system – causes Affect the nervous system – causes

temporary increase in the heart rate and temporary increase in the heart rate and blood pressureblood pressure

Negative effects – heart attack, stroke, Negative effects – heart attack, stroke, hypertension, agitation, physical hypertension, agitation, physical addiction, sudden cardiac deathaddiction, sudden cardiac death

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has a list of banned substances – includes more list of banned substances – includes more than 40 stimulantsthan 40 stimulants

Stimulants Commonly Used Stimulants Commonly Used by Athletesby Athletes

Amphetamines “speed” “crank”Amphetamines “speed” “crank” Used by baseball players for decadesUsed by baseball players for decades Stimulant used to diminish the appetite, Stimulant used to diminish the appetite,

control weight, and treat disorders control weight, and treat disorders including narcolepsy and ADDincluding narcolepsy and ADD

Releases stores of norepinephrine and Releases stores of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endingsdopamine from nerve endings

Prevents the transporters of norepinephrine Prevents the transporters of norepinephrine and dopamine from recycling themand dopamine from recycling them

Increases the concentration of the Increases the concentration of the respective neurotransmitters – promotes respective neurotransmitters – promotes nerve impulse transmission nerve impulse transmission

Stimulants, con’tStimulants, con’t

Side Effects of AmphetaminesSide Effects of Amphetamines Physiological Physiological

Short term – decreased appetite, Short term – decreased appetite, increased stamina and energy, nausea, increased stamina and energy, nausea, irregular heart beat, jitterinessirregular heart beat, jitteriness

Long term – tremors, restlessness, Long term – tremors, restlessness, anxiety, weakened immune systemanxiety, weakened immune system

PsychologicalPsychological Short term – alertness, euphoria, Short term – alertness, euphoria,

increased concentration, rapid talkingincreased concentration, rapid talking Long term – Insomnia, schizophrenia, Long term – Insomnia, schizophrenia,

aggressiveness, addiction, paranoiaaggressiveness, addiction, paranoia

Stimulants, con’tStimulants, con’t

Methylphendate “ritalin” and ModafinilMethylphendate “ritalin” and Modafinil Very similar to amphetaminesVery similar to amphetamines

EphedraEphedra Derived from a plant that contains the chemical Derived from a plant that contains the chemical

ephedrine – stimulant similar to amphetaminesephedrine – stimulant similar to amphetamines Increases the metabolic burning of fatty tissuesIncreases the metabolic burning of fatty tissues

Popular weight loss drug in late 1990’s early 2000’sPopular weight loss drug in late 1990’s early 2000’s Stimulant effects the nervous system to enhance Stimulant effects the nervous system to enhance

performance and help with activities of longer performance and help with activities of longer durationduration

Stimulants, con’tStimulants, con’t

Ephedra, con’tEphedra, con’t Late 2003, FDA announced ban of Late 2003, FDA announced ban of

ephedra from the marketplace because ephedra from the marketplace because of health concernsof health concerns Generated thousands of complaints and Generated thousands of complaints and

linked to more than 150 deaths in the USlinked to more than 150 deaths in the US Pulled off the marketPulled off the market

Side EffectsSide Effects Strokes, seizures, heart attacks, death, Strokes, seizures, heart attacks, death,

raise in blood sugar, irregular heart rhythmraise in blood sugar, irregular heart rhythm

RegulationRegulation Sports rules and regulations vary by Sports rules and regulations vary by

level and leaguelevel and league 3 most popular professional leagues – 3 most popular professional leagues –

NFL, NBA, MLB all have different drug NFL, NBA, MLB all have different drug policiespolicies

Most prominent effort to make uniform Most prominent effort to make uniform drug policies – 1999 IOC created WADAdrug policies – 1999 IOC created WADA Coordinated and administered extensive Coordinated and administered extensive

drug testing of athletes in the different drug testing of athletes in the different Olympic sportsOlympic sports

WADA published a list of hundreds of WADA published a list of hundreds of banned drugsbanned drugs Violators faced heavy penaltiesViolators faced heavy penalties

Availability of PEDAvailability of PED

SteroidsSteroids 1990’s most US producers stopped making 1990’s most US producers stopped making

and marketing anabolic steroids within the and marketing anabolic steroids within the USUS

Eastern Europe are still producing steroids in Eastern Europe are still producing steroids in quantityquantity

European anabolic steroids are the source of European anabolic steroids are the source of most medical grade steroids sold in the USmost medical grade steroids sold in the US

Creatine, Ephedra, hGHCreatine, Ephedra, hGH Found websites that it is possible to purchaseFound websites that it is possible to purchase

AvailabilityAvailability

ReferencesReferences http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biohttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/bio

bk/BioBookATP.htmlbk/BioBookATP.html http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.htmlhttp://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.html http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/

Steroids/anabolicsteroids2.html#anchorSteroids/anabolicsteroids2.html#anchor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/performance-http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/performance-

enhancing-drugs/SM00045enhancing-drugs/SM00045 http://encarta.msn.com/http://encarta.msn.com/

encyclopedia_701765667/Performance-encyclopedia_701765667/Performance-Enhancing_Drugs.htmlEnhancing_Drugs.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid http://www.4-men.org/steroids/thg.htmlhttp://www.4-men.org/steroids/thg.html

Performance Enhancing Performance Enhancing DrugsDrugs

Questions????Questions????