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Performance Measurement System ReportLivable Communities Planning ProjectThomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionNovember 2013

PO Box 1505, 401 East Water Street, Charlottesville, VA 22902 . (434) 979-7310 . www.1-community.org

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one Performance Measurement System

Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................2

What are the Principles of Livability...............................................................................................3

What is the Performance Measurement System? .........................................................................3

Who Can Use the System? ...........................................................................................................4

How Does it Work? ........................................................................................................................4

Where Does the Data Come From? ..............................................................................................4

How is the Report Organized? ......................................................................................................5

How Were Indicators Selected? ....................................................................................................6

What Data Was Chosen to Monitor? .............................................................................................6

Public Involvement.........................................................................................................................7

Project Overview ...........................................................................................................................8

Index of Performance Measures....................................................................................................9

1. Community and Neighborhoods ................................................................................................11

2. Economy....................................................................................................................................22

3. Housing and the Built Environment ...........................................................................................34

4. Natural Resources and Environment.........................................................................................44

5. Transportation ............................................................................................................................58

Table of Contentse

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The Performance Measurement System is a tool to evaluate existing conditions, monitor trends, and track progress towards achieving regional sustainability goals. This System is the first deliverable for the Sustainable Communities Planning Grant and focuses on seven broad aspects of the local community. These include: housing costs, environmental quality, transportation access, socioeconomic inequity, economic opportunity, fresh food access, and healthy communities. For consistency and clarity these topics were simplified into five topics: Community and Neighborhoods, Economy, Housing and the Built Environment, Natural Resources and Environment, and Transportation. These topics serve as the framework for organizing the many important indicators included in this Performance Measurement System.

Before setting baselines or goals, the project needed to identify an appropriate definition of “sustainability”. This project uses The Partnership for Sustainable Communities (Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of Transportation and the Environmental Protection Agency) six principals of livability as the working definition for sustainability. These principles were adopted by the Partnership for Sustainable Communities and act as the foundation for interagency coordination. The six principles are:

1. Provide more transportation choices2. Promote equitable, affordable housing3. Enhance economic competitiveness4. Support existing communities5. Coordinate policies and leverage investment6. Value communities and neighborhoods

The Performance Measurement System is intended to describe the baseline conditions of livability in the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County. When measurements are taken over time, the results will inform where we are heading as a region, providing a resource for local government decision makers to make informed choices about our community’s future. This report does not set out to set targets or goals. It is intended to highlight the existing baseline conditions that exist in the community. Setting of targets or goals for performance measures is left to the individual localities who in the future might use this document as a starting point for such a process.

The Livable Communities Planning Project formed a Research Panel tasked with studying existing performance measurement systems, proposing a system for our region, and collecting preliminary data. The Research Panel, comprised mainly of graduate students from UVA’s Urban and Environmental Planning program, who worked in collaboration with TJPDC staff from January to April 2011. Continued research and refinement of the system was performed by TJPDC staff and interns, based on input received in the public review process and feedback from City and county Staff.

Executive Summarye

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System Overviewe

What is the Performance Measurement System?The Livability Performance Measurement System is a framework developed by the partners of the Sustainable Communities Regional Planning Grant (Albemarle County, the City of Charlottesville, the University of Virginia and the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission). This framework was created to develop a baseline report that identifies and measures key community characteristics that are considered indicators of livability. The Performance Measurement System is designed to be easy to read, informative, and accessible to members of the public. It brings together existing community data into one concise easy to use document. The document is organized into five chapters, or systems, that cover a common set of indicators. The diagram below illustrates how Livability is achieved through a balanced approach where no one system is given a greater weight than any other. A highly “livable” community is one in which there is balance between all of its important systems.

PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Natural Resourcesand Environment

LIVABILITY

EconomyEconomy Community &NeighborhoodsCommunity &

Neighborhoods

Housing &Built Environment

Housing & Built Environment

TransportationTransportation

What Are the Principles of Livability?*

1. Provide more transportation choices. Develop safe, reliable and economical transportation choices to decrease household transportation costs, reduce our nation’s dependence on foreign oil, improve air quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote public health.

2. Promote equitable, affordable housing.Expand location- and energy-efficient housing choices for people of all ages, incomes, races and ethnicities to increase mobility and lower the combined cost of housing and transportation.

3. Enhance economic competitiveness.Improve economic competitiveness through reliable and timely access to employment centers, educational opportunities, services and other basic needs by workers as well as expanded business access to markets.

4. Support existing communities.Target federal funding toward existing communities- through such strategies as transit-oriented, mixed-use development and land recycling- to increase community revitalization, improve the efficiency of public works investments, and safeguard rural landscapes.

5. Coordinate policies and leverage investment.Align federal policies and funding to remove barriers to collaboration, leverage funding and increase the accountability and effectiveness of all levels of government to plan for future growth, including making smart energy choices such as locally generated renewable energy.

6. Value communities and neighborhoods.Enhance the unique characteristics of all communities by investing in healthy, safe and walkable neighborhoods rural, urban or suburban.

*Source: HUD Office of Sustainable Housing and Communities Partnership for Livable Communities.

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System Overviewe

How Does it work?In order to understand how well each of these community systems are functioning, baseline data was gathered on a variety of topics that affect quality, environment and general well-being. Once the data was collected, it was organized into the following five topics, which were used as chapters in this report:

��Community and Neighborhoods

��Economy

��Housing and the Built Environment

��Natural Resources and Environment

��Transportation

This organization of information allows the system to grow from a baseline report into a document that provides trends and benchmarks as new data for indicators becomes available. Future updates to the system will show trends and help the partners set goals for various indicators and systems. Where possible, data for indicators was obtained from sources that are updated at regular intervals.

Where Does the Data Come From?To the extent possible, data for indicators was obtained from publicly available sources and data sets that are updated at regular intervals. For a small number of indicators, data was only available from a particular study or report on a scale appropriate for this project. Where this occurred, it is noted in the indicator description. The majority of indicator data came from:

The U.S. Decennial CensusThe U.S. Census American Community SurveyThe Bureau of Labor StatisticsCenter for Neighborhood TechnologyVirginia Partnership for Economic DevelopmentState AgenciesRegional OrganizationsLocal government

Links and descriptions of each data source used in this report are included in Appendix 3.

Who Can Use the System?The Performance Measurement System can be used by anybody. The layout of the system allows each chapter and indicator to be used as a group or individually. This allows people interested in particular issues such as housing to quickly access the relevant section and data. More information on using the report is included in the User Guide section on page 5.

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Performance Measurement System Users Guidee

How is the Report Organized?The Performance Measurement System is divided into five chapters which cover a grouping of indicators called a “system”. These systems are:

��Community and Neighborhoods

��Economy

��Housing and the Built Environment

��Natural Resources and Environment

��Transportation

Each of the chapters contains a collection of related indicators that act as performance measures for assessing the overall sustainablilty of the community. To make the report easy to use each page in the chapters contains the following common elements: a description, a chart or table and linkages to each of the Albemarle and Charlottesville Comprehensive Plans. Note: Since the Comprehensive plans for Albemarle and Charlottesville have not been finalized, changed made after publication of this report will not be included. The diagram below illustrates the common elements found on all indicator pages. A few of the indicators in this report were included at the suggestion of the grantee agency (the Department of Housing and Urban Development). These indicators are marked with an asterisk in the index and are referred to as “Flagship” indicators. Flagship indicators allow for communities across the country to be compared to each other.

Economy

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Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Goal:“Explore opportunities to create “tourism zones” or other appropriate incentives.”

Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Goal:“Increase tourism to help expand the positive economic impacts visitors have on the City.”

Source: VA Tourism Corporation, 2011 Economic Impact of Domestic Travel Report

Comprehensive Plan Goal Linkage

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Economic Impact of TourismTourism is an important component of the regional economic base. Tourists are attracted to the area’s unique mix of creative, historic, scenic, and natural amenities. The University of Virginia also attracts large numbers of out-of-town guests for sporting events, educational programs and other

events, such as graduation. This measure looks at how tourism contributes to the region’s economy.Tourism is responsible for over 6.5% of all jobs in the region and travel related expenditures alone generate $16 million in local sales tax receipts.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tourism Related Payroll

Tourism Related Sales Tax Receipts

$ in Millions

Albemarle Charlo�esville

System

Indicator

Comprehensive PlanLinkages

IndicatorDescription

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Synthesis and Selection of Indicatorse

How Were Indicators Selected?The indicators in this report were selected by the Livable Communities Research Panel with input from City and County staff and feedback from the Livable Communities Partnership. The Project Panel began the process by first reviewing the City and County comprehensive plans and the MPO’s long-range transportation plans. After reviewing these plans, the project panel had a broad view of priorities and goals of the community as documented in existing plans. During this review process, the Panel Staff found that most of the goals fit into the categories that became the five core systems of the Livability Performance Measurement System Report.

The next step was to choose indicators for each system. Indicators are simply tangible measurable metrics that depict community characteristics. For each goal, one or more indicator were drafted which could evaluate performance in that area. For example, for the related goals to “Generate and sustain successful small businesses” in the Charlottesville comprehensive plan and “Increase local business development opportunities” as listed in the Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, an applicable measurement could be the number of new businesses created. Based on an extensive list of possible indicators, a final list was created, eliminating indicators that would be difficult to measure and selecting those that could pertain to multiple goals.

What Data Was Chosen to Monitor?Data used in reporting the “baseline conditions” were chosen based on being:

and,

These requirements narrowed the scope for indicators. The requirements also provided a method for eliminating indicators that might have come from a single report or study, or that required significant complex data analysis. The requirements also eliminated data that was only available for a portion of the study area. For example, natural gas usage rates were suggested as an indicator but this information was only available for homes and businesses served by Charlottesville Gas.

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Synthesis and Selection of Indicatorse

Public InvolvementPublic involvement was used in the selection of indicators. An Open House was held on June 23, 2011 to share the first draft of the Performance Measurement System and solicit feedback. Posters displayed information describing each indicator, why it was chosen, and providing current data. The public provided feedback by placing Post-It notes on posters and by filling out comment sheets. This input was collected and recorded by staff. Additionally, these posters were displayed at Cityspace, a public gallery on the Charlottesville downtown mall, for the month of July 2011. The public had the opportunity to leave comments at the public display.

In addition to the 2011 posters and open house event, the public was asked to participate in a survey that was used to gage the public’s priorities. A wide range of residents and community stakeholders participated in the survey. This included members of the Livability Partnership, representing over 50 local community groups. The system was also presented to both the Charlottesville and Albemarle Planning Commissions and the Planning and Coordination Council Technical Committee (PACC Tech) for feedback. PACC Tech is the Technical committee of the Planning and Coordination Council (PACC), which exists to promote cooperation in planning and community development between Albemarle County, the City of Charlottesville, and the University of Virginia. PACC is also the primary decision making body for this grant project.

Based on the feedback received from the public, the Planning Commissions, and PACC Tech, a number of indicators were removed, added, or modified. Additional explanation was included for a number of indicators to better describe the factors being measured and the reasons it was chosen. The text of all feedback received, as well as the initial set of indicators presented in June 2011, can be found on the 1-community.org website.

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Focus Areae

Project Area OverviewThe Performance Measurement System covers Albemarle County and the City of Charlottesville. In order to provide a more direct comparison between Charlottesville (shaded in green) and Albemarle, data for Albemarle County was calculated for the County’s Development Areas (shown in blue on the map) and the County designated Rural Area (shown in olive). This helps provide a more direct comparison of data between the City and the County’s Designated Development Areas covered by this project.

±0 4 82

MilesLegend

Albemarle County Development AreasAlbemarle County Rural Areas

City of Charlottesville

Livable Communities Project Area(The Planning area for the Charlottesville Albemarle MPO)

� PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM MAP

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Index of Performance Measurese

Community and Neighborhoods .....11Population DensityAge BreakdownMedian AgeResidential Proximity to Parks and SchoolsResidential Proximity to Grocery Stores and LibrariesLocal Government Expenditures on Public ServicesOverweight and ObesityAccess to Healthy Food Choices*Land Conversion*

Economy..........................................23IncomeUnemploymentEconomic Diversification by Number of EstablishmentsEconomic Diversification by Number of JobsWages in Major Business Cluster/Industry GroupsEmployment Concentration in Major Business Cluster/Industry GroupsEconomic Diversification Index*Economic Impact of TourismEconomic Impact of Arts and EntertainmentEconomic Impact of AgricultureEducational Attainment

Housing and the Built Environment ...........................34

Types of Housing UnitsRenter and Owner Occupied HousingIncome and HousingHousing AffordabilityHousing and Transportation*Number of Bedrooms in Housing UnitsNumber and Type of Units by Building Permits IssuedResidential DensityHome ValuesMedian Value of Housing Units

Natural Resources and Environment .............................44

Solid Waste and RecyclingResidential Proximity to Parks and Trails*Tree Canopy and Forested Stream BuffersLand CoverRegional Habitats FrameworkImpaired WaterwaysWaterway Impairment SourcesStormwater ManagementGreenhouse Gas Emissions Per CapitaAir Quality

Transportation ................................58Residential Proximity to Transportation FacilitiesMonthly Household Transportation CostsMeans of Transportation to Work*Travel Times to WorkTraffic CongestionMotor Vehicle Crashes

*These are Flagship Indicators. Flagship Indicators were recommended by the Department of Housing and Urban Development office of Sustainable Housing and Communities (The granting agency).

The index of indicators is found below. Measurements in the system represent baseline information for future comparison.

10


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The Community and Neighborhoods system serves the community by enabling all citizens to live engaged, active, healthy and economically fulfilling lives. The indicators help to provide an overall picture of health, age and proximity to important services.

9

INDICATORS PAGE

Population Density.........................................................................................................................12

Age Breakdown .............................................................................................................................14

Median Age ...................................................................................................................................15

Residential Proximity to Parks and Schools ..................................................................................16

Residential Proximity to Grocery Stores and Libraries ..................................................................17

Local Government Expenditures on Public Services.....................................................................18

Overweight and Obesity ...............................................................................................................19

Access to Healthy Food Choices* .................................................................................................20

Land Conversion* ..........................................................................................................................21

Community & Neighborhoods

*Flagship Sustainability indicator recommended by HUD

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Community & Neighborhoods9

Population Density Comparing residential density in urban and rural areas indicates where population is concentrated. The table below and the map on the next page illustrate the distribution of population densities in the region. Charlottesville, which is located at the region’s core, has the highest population density with 6.5 residents per acre. Densities for

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Promote the efficient use of County Resources through a combination of: A.) Protecting the elements that define the Rural Area: Agricultural resources, forestry resources, land preservation, land conservation water supply resources, natural resources, historical, archaeological and cultural resources and B.) Promoting the Development Areas as the place where a variety of land uses, facilities, and services exist and are planned to support the County’s future growth, with emphasis placed on density and high quality design in new and infill development.”

� Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Encourage housing development where increased density is desirable and strive to coordinate those areas with stronger access to employment opportunities,transit routes and commercial services.”

Source: 2010 U.S. Census population by block. Albemarle County GIS, City of Charlottesville GIS

Comprehensive Plan Linkage

TOTAL POPULATION, AREA AND POPULATION DENSITY

Total Population Area (acres)Population Density (residents per acre)

Charlottesville 43,475 6,656 6.5Albemarle Development Areas 54,643 23,412 2.3Albemarle Rural Area 44,327 441,212 0.1Total 142,445 471,280 0.3

Albemarle range from 2.3 residents per acre in the Development Areas to 0.1 residents per acre in the Rural Area. Densities presented in the map and table below were derived by taking the total populations of the various areas and dividing them by the total area resulting in an average population density.

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Legend2010 Population Density

< 0.1 People/Acre

0.2 - 0.5 People/Acre



> 5.5 People/Acre

Charlottesville-Albemarle MPO

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§̈¦64£�250

£�29

£�29

£�250

£�250

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� POPULATION DENSITY BY CENSUS TRACT

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30 20 10 0 10 20 30

Under 5 years 5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 to 89 years

90 years and over

Percent of Popula�on

FemaleMale

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, Table B01001 (Age By Sex)


AGE BY SEX

Charlottesville Albemarle County

30 20 10 0 10 20 30

Under 5 years 5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 to 89 years

90 years and over


FemaleMale

Age BreakdownThe two charts below show the age and gender breakdown for both Charlottesville and Albemarle. These charts show the percentage of persons in each age category and their sex. Over time the graphs have moved from a pyramid shape to more of a rectangle or skyscraper shape. A pyramid shaped graph indicates a typical population distribution with a greater number of younger people than older people. While the

rectangular or skyscraper shape indicates an aging population. The graphs can be used to see trends so the community can ensure that there are appropriate services available for all age groups in the community. For example, an aging community would need more geriatric and adult services than a younger community. The Charlottesville graph is skewed in the 20-24 year old category due to the large number of university students who reside in the City.

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Ensure that housing is equally available to all populations.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Grow the City’s housing stock for residents of all income levels.”

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau; 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, Table B01002 (Median Age By Sex)


MEDIAN AGE OF POPULATION BY GENDER

of services the community needs. For example, A younger median age might suggest the need for more schools, playgrounds and children’s services. Charlottesville has the lowest median age for both males and females.

Median AgeThis indicator measures the middle, or median, age for the various communities presented below. Looking at the median age for a geographic area is another useful tool for determining what kinds

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Charlo�esville

Albemarle

Charlo�esvilleAlbemarle Combined

Virginia

Median Age

Female Male

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Ensure that housing is equally available to all populations.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Grow the City’s housing stock for residents of all income levels.”

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide bicycle and pedestrian connections to City and County parks and schools in the Development Areas from neighborhoods, employment centers, shopping areas, public parks and public schools” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Create balance and accessibility for all types of parks and facilities across the City.”

Source: Albemarle, Charlottesville and TJPDC GIS data (2011).


PROXIMITY TO PARKS AND SCHOOLS

allows residents a safe way to exercise, engage nature, and participate in leisure and recreational activities. Schools provide access to education and can serve as centers of community engagement. The bars on the graph represent the percent of the population’s varying levels of access to the listed services. Unlike the Development Areas, walkability is not expected for Albemarle County’s Rural Area residents.

Residential Proximity to Parks and SchoolsThis indicator measures the population’s proximity to parks and schools. Proximity is measured at four distances: quarter-mile, half-mile, one mile and five miles. The quarter-mile and half-mile distances represent walkable or bikeable proximity. The one and five mile distances represent a short drive for residents. The areas measured include the City of Charlottesville and both the Rural and Development Areas of Albemarle County. Access to parks

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Public Schools

Parks

Public Schools

Parks

Public Schools

Parks

Public Schools

Parks

1/4

Mile

1/2

Mile

1 M

ile5

Mile

s

Percent of All Residents

Albemarle Rural Areas

Albemarle Development Areas

Charlo�esville

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide bicycle and pedestrian connections to City and County parks and schools in the Development Areas from neighborhoods, employment centers, shopping areas, public parks and public schools” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Create balance and accessibility for all types of parks and facilities across the City.”

Source: USDA Database of SNAP Retailers (February 2013). Albemarle, Charlottesville and TJPDC GIS data (2011).


PROXIMITY TO GROCERY STORES AND LIBRARIES

especially important in ensuring access to fresh food for populations who may not have reliable access to a vehicle. Libraries provide important gathering spaces and act as centers for community engagement. The bars on the graph represent the percent of the population’s levels of access to the grocery stores and libraries. Unlike the Development Areas, walkability is not expected for Albemarle County’s Rural Area residents.

Residential Proximity to Grocery Stores and LibrariesThis indicator measures the population’s proximity to grocery stores and libraries. Proximity is measured at four distances: quarter-mile, half-mile, one mile and five miles. The quarter-mile and half-mile distances represent walkable or bikeable distances. The one and five mile distances represents a short drive for residents. The areas measured include the City of Charlottesville, and both the Rural and Development Areas of Albemarle County. Proximity to a grocery store is

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Library

Grocery Store

Library

Grocery Store

Library

Grocery Store

Library

Grocery Store

1/4

Mile

1/2

Mile

1 M

ile5

Mile

s


Albemarle Rural Areas

Albemarle Development Areas

Charlo�esville

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue to provide public facilities and services in a fiscally-responsible and equitable manner.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Seek out opportunities for public-private partnerships in the provision of infrastructure that supports the tourism industry.”

Source: Charlottesville Budget FY 13: 2010-2011 actual adopted budget funds. Albemarle Budget FY 13: 2010-2011 adopted budget.


PUBLIC SERVICE EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA

to allocate their limited resources. The table below highlights city and county budget expenditures for public safety, education, social services, parks and recreation, and arts, culture and education.

Local Government Expenditures on Public ServicesPer capita expenditures on public services is a way to measure and compare community priorities, normalized by a community’s population. It also provides insight on how each community chooses

$745

$1,599

$64

$182

$37

$291

$1,730

$109 $23 $39

$0

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600

$1,800

Public Safety Educa�on Social Services Parks andRecrea�on

Arts Cultureand Educa�on

Dolla

rs P

er C

apita

FY2

011

Charlo�esville Albemarle

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Source: The Virginia Atlas of Community Health (http://www.atlasva.com/) accessed 2012, (data for CY 2010)


PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION CONSIDERED OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE

public health issue in Charlottesville and Albemarle. Childhood obesity is an especially important public health issue because it can be a precursor for many health problems later in life. According to the graph below, Charlottesville has the lowest percentage of overweight residents, with 52% of adults being classified as overweight. This is lower than the state average of 58%. Both localities have a childhood obesity rate of 18%, which is lower than the statewide average of 22%.

Overweight and ObesityThe proportion of an area’s population that is overweight or obese is a good measure of public health. An overweight adult is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 25 and an obese adult is defined as having a BMI over 30. For children, being overweight is defined as a BMI above the 85th percentile, while obese is define as being above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. The Virginia Department of Health’s Thomas Jefferson Health District identified the increasing rate of obesity as the number one

18%

52%

18%

58%

22%

58%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Children age 10-17Overweight or Obese %

Adults age 18+ andOverweight or Obese %

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Charlo�esville Albemarle Virginia

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue to use County school facilities as an integral part of providing recreational opportunities for County residents.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Ensure that the City’s housing portfolio offers a wide range of choices that are integrated and balanced across the City to meet multiple goals including: increased sustainability, walkability, bikeability, and use of public transit, augmented support for families with children, fewer pockets of poverty, sustained local commerce and decreased student vehicle use.”

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Consider allowing for urban agriculture practices to increase access to healthy, local, and affordable foods and encouraging the productive use of vacant land.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Leverage the growing demand for locally-sourced products by encouraging business creation and expansion downtown, and, more specifically, at the City Market.”

Source: USDA2011 Food Environment Atlas Data File http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-environment-atlas/data-access-and-documentation-downloads.aspx. Accessed January 3rd 2013


PERCENT OF POPULATION RESIDING IN LOW INCOME CENSUS TRACTS THAT RESIDE MORE THAN 1 MILE (URBAN) OR 10 MILES (RURAL) FROM A SUPERMARKET OR GROCERY STORE

access to healthy food, either because no retailers are located nearby or because those that are offer food at more expensive prices than the community can afford. The distances of one mile for urban areas and 10 miles for rural areas are thresholds used by the USDA Food Environment Atlas to determine adequate access in urban and rural areas across the country.

Access to Healthy Food Choices*This indicator measures the proportion of the low-income population that is not located in close proximity to a supermarket or a grocery store. This indicator can be used to identify populations that are currently under served by the existing distribution of grocery stores, or reside in what is referred to as a food desert. Food deserts are areas in which a population does not have adequate

Albemarle CharlottesvillePercent of Population Residing in Low Income Census Tracts That Reside More Than 1 Mile (Urban) From A Supermarket Or Grocery Store

11.6% 0.2%

Percent of Population Residing in Low Income Census Tracts That Reside More Than 10 Miles(Rural) From A Supermarket Or Grocery Store

0.1% n/a


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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Promote the efficient use of County Resources through a combination of: A.) Protecting the elements that define the Rural Area: Agricultural resources, forestry resources, land preservation, land conservation water supply resources, natural resources, historical, archaeological and cultural resources and B.) Promoting the Development Areas as the place where a variety of land uses, facilities, and services exist and are planned to support the County’s future growth, with emphasis placed on density and high quality design in new and infill development.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Respect natural resource and sensitive environmental areas, including designated floodplain areas, rivers and streams.”


higher values indicate that new growth is occurring primarily on undeveloped land. The table below presents the indicator for the region as a whole and does not separate out Charlottesville from Albemarle County.

Land Conversion*This indicator measures the extent to which new development consumes land that was previously set aside for agriculture and natural resources. Values closer to zero indicate that community growth is occurring through reinvestment in existing communities and infill development, whereas

*Note: Data collection methodologies and technological changes between the 1992 and the 2001 datasets confound any direct comparison between the two National Land Cover Databases. The data is presented for illustrative purposes only.

Source: Population, Weldon Cooper Center Virginia Population Estimates 2000-2010. USGS National Land Cover Database 2001-2006 From To Change Index, downloaded 1/6/13 National Land Cover Database 1992/2001 Retrofit Land Cover Change Product, downloaded 1/7/13

NET ACRES OF AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE LAND LOST ANNUALLY TO DEVELOPMENT PER NEW RESIDENT

Land Lost Per New Resident (acres)1992-2001* 0.332001-2006 0.07

*Flagship Sustainability indicators recommended by HUD

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The Economic System serves the community by providing a diverse and resilient economic base to meet the needs of a growing, dynamic community. The indicators help to provide an overall picture of the economic vitality and competitiveness of the region’s local economy.

INDICATORS PAGE

Income...........................................................................................................................................23

Unemployment ..............................................................................................................................24

Economic Diversification by Number of Establishments................................................................25

Economic Diversification By Number of Jobs................................................................................26

Wages in Major Business Clusters/Industry Groups .....................................................................27

Employment Concentration in Major Business Clusters/Industry Groups .....................................28

Economic Diversification Index* ....................................................................................................29

Economic Impact of Tourism..........................................................................................................30

Economic Impact of Arts and Entertainment.................................................................................31

Economic Impact of Agriculture.....................................................................................................32

Educational Attainment..................................................................................................................33

Economy


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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Increase workforce development opportunities to further career-ladder opportunity and higher wages.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Be an effective partner in creating a well-prepared and successful workforce.”

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, Table B19301


INCOMES

Economy

in the region regardless of the number of earners living in a household. The per capita income is the average income per individual, which is lower than median household income and median family income. The chart below illustrates these measures of income for Albemarle, Charlottesville and Virginia.

IncomeMedian and mean household incomes are indicators of household wealth. Per capita income is an indicator of individual wealth. Higher incomes suggest greater financial stability for individuals and households in a given geographic area. The median (middle) and the mean (average) household incomes are the earnings that households make

$43,356

$64,653

$54,005

$61,090

$58,824

$91,839

$75,332

$82,369

$24,146

$35,910

$30,028

$31,893

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

$80,000

$90,000

$100,000

Charlo�esville Albemarle Charlo�esville & Albemarle Virginia

Median Household IncomeMean Household IncomePer Capita Income

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide diversified economic opportunities that benefit County citizens and existing businesses by basing policy decisions on efforts which support and enhance the strengths of the County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Partner with local workforce service providers to offer retraining opportunities for City residents in order to increase their chances of gaining employment in new and emerging industries.”

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics; Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS), accessed 7/13/13


UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 2009-2012

UnemploymentThe unemployment rate measures the percentage of people out of work who are actively looking for employment. It does not include those people who have dropped out of the labor market or who are under-employed. The indicator demonstrates whether there is a match between job seekers and available job opportunities. Low unemployment

contributes to stability of the local economy.The chart below shows the unemployment trends between January 2009 and December 2012. The data illustrates that both Charlottesville and Albemarle have unemployment rates below the national average. Note: The unemployment rates shown below are not seasonally adjusted rates.

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

Jan-09 Mar-09 May-09 Jul-09 Sep-09 Nov-09 Jan-10 Mar-10 May-10 Jul-10 Sep-10 Nov-10 Jan-11 Mar-11 May-11 Jul-11 Sep-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12

Unem

ploy

men

t Ra

te

Date


Virginia Na�onal

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide diversified economic opportunities that benefit County citizens and existing businesses by basing policy decisions on efforts which support and enhance the strengths of the County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Create an entrepreneurial environment that fosters the creation and success of businesses.”

Source: Accessed via Virginia Workforce Connection. Data Source: Labor Market Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Program (Q3 2012)


DIVERSIFICATION BY NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS

Economic Diversification by Number of EstablishmentsA diverse economic base, characterized by the presence of a range of industries, can help an area withstand changes in the global and national economy and help provide economic stability. The region has a diverse mix of employment sectors which are illustrated on the graph below. Note: The graph shows the percentage of businesses

concentrated in each sector of the local economy. The region’s highest concentration of businesses are in the professional, scientific & technical services industry, which is followed by health care and other services. Data for the City and the County fall close to the State average, except for the accommodation and food services in Charlottesville, which is approximately double that of the State average.

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Perc

ent o

f All

Busi

ness

es

Virginia Albemarle Charlo�esville

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide diversified economic opportunities that benefit County citizens and existing businesses by basing policy decisions on efforts which support and enhance the strengths of the County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Create an entrepreneurial environment that fosters the creation and success of businesses.”

Source: Accessed via Virginia Workforce Connection. Data Source: Labor Market Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Program (Q3 2012)


DIVERSIFICATION BY NUMBER OF JOBS

Economic Diversification by Number of JobsEconomic Diversification by occupation ensures that opportunities exist for residents with varying skill and education levels. Providing diverse opportunities by occupation allows workers to advance in their career while remaining in the area. The figure below represents the percentage of the

employed civilian population over 16 years in age working in each industry. The data show where jobs are located rather than where the employee lives. The region’s highest concentration of employment is in the health care and education services sectors. Combined, these sectors account for almost to 40% of the region’s jobs.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Em

ploy

ed C

ivili

an P

opul

a�on

Ove

r 16

Year

s Old

Virginia Albemarle Charlo�esville

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Increase workforce development opportunities to further career-ladder opportunity and higher wages.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Develop educational programs/training that coincide with target industries (i.e., Biosciences and Medical Devices, Information Technology and Defense & Security, Business & Financial Services, and Health Services and Arts, Design, Sports & Media) to ensure that the local workforce has the qualifications needed to find employment within these industries.”

Source: Central Virginia Partnership for Economic Development (CVPED), Comprehensive Target Markets Report. (2011)


AVERAGE WAGES IN MAJOR BUSINESS CLUSTERS/INDUSTRY GROUPS

Wages in Major Business Clusters/Industry GroupsThis indicator looks at the average wages for workers in the region’s top four business clusters. This indicator can help the region better understand where there are prospects for growth in salaries and employment prospects. The indicator can

also be used to show how the economy changes over time, especially as the local economy reacts to larger trends. The graphs below highlight the average annual wages in the top four sectors for Albemarle and Charlottesville. Note that Charlottesville and Albemarle share three out of four top business clusters/industry groups.


$66,890

$58,785

$27,719

$74,117

$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000

Business & FinancialServices

Biomedical/Health Services

Arts, Entertainment, Recrea�on& Visitor Industries

Informa�on Technology &Telecommunica�ons

$62,298

$50,608

$24,145

$78,685

$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000

Educa�on &Knowledge Crea�on

Business & FinancialServices

Arts, Entertainment, Recrea�on &Visitor Industries

Informa�on Technology &Telecommunica�ons

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


Source: Central Virginia Partnership for Economic Development (CVPED), Comprehensive Target Markets Report. (2011)


EMPLOYMENT CONCENTRATION IN MAJOR BUSINESS CLUSTERS/INDUSTRY GROUPS

Wages in Major Business Clusters/Industry Groups This indicator looks at the average number of workers employed in the region’s major business clusters as identified by the Central Virginia Partnership for Economic Development’s Comprehensive Target Markets Report. It measures the average number of workers employed in the top business clusters/industry groups for Albemarle and

Charlottesville. Looking at this measure can help the community understand which economic sectors in the local economy have the highest levels of employment concentration. Note that Charlottesville and Albemarle share three out of four top business clusters/industry groups.

5,297

3,129

2,115

2,068

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Business &Financial Services

Biomedical/Health Services

Arts, Entertainment,Recrea�on & Visitor Industries

Informa�on Technology& Telecommunica�ons

Number of Workers

9,392

8,924

4,012

3,258

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Educa�on &Knowledge Crea�on

Business &Financial Services

Arts, Entertainment,Recrea�on & Visitor

Industries

Informa�on Technology& Telecommunica�ons

Number of Workers


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Increase workforce development opportunities to further career-ladder opportunity and higher wages.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Develop educational programs/training that coincide with target industries (i.e., Biosciences and Medical Devices, Information Technology and Defense & Security, Business & Financial Services, and Health Services and Arts, Design, Sports & Media) to ensure that the local workforce has the qualifications needed to find employment within these industries.”

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide diversified economic opportunities that benefit County citizens and existing businesses by basing policy decisions on efforts which sup-port and enhance the strengths of the County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Create an entrepreneurial environment that fosters the creation and success of businesses.”

Source: US Census; County Business Patterns (CBZ) for Nation and U.S., States and Counties (1998-2010)


ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION INDEX

Economic Diversification Index*This indicator is intended to measure how diverse and resilient the local economy is in comparison with the national economy. It compares employment concentration in local industry groups with national average concentrations. The chart shows the distribution of employment across major sectors, benchmarked against the national level of

employment distribution. Higher values for a sector indicate that the employment is more specialized and therefore less diverse in the local economy. An ideal local economy has high industry diversification across all major sectors, indicated by all local industry groups with index values close to zero.

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160Albemarle Charlo�esvilleHighly Specialized

Less Specialized

Prof

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Other

serv

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exce

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Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Explore opportunities to create “tourism zones” or other appropriate incentives.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Increase tourism to help expand the positive economic impacts visitors have on the City.”

Source: VA Tourism Corporation, 2011 Economic Impact of Domestic Travel Report


ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Economic Impact of TourismTourism is an important component of the regional economic base. Tourists are attracted to the area’s unique mix of culture, historic, scenic, and natural amenities. The University of Virginia also attracts large numbers of out-of-town guests for sporting events, educational programs, and other events,

such as graduation. This measure looks at tourism’s contribution to the region’s economy. Tourism is responsible for over 6.5% of all jobs in the region and travel related expenditures alone generate $16 million in annual local sales tax receipts.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tourism Related Payroll

Tourism Related Sales Tax Receipts

$ in Millions


Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: Albemarle has no specific goal relating to arts or entertainment in their Comprehensive Plan. � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Partner with arts organizations to identify ways to better assist businesses/proprietors in the arts and culture industry.”

Source: The Economic Impact of Non Profit Arts & Culture Organizations & Their Audiences in the Greater Charlottesville Area (FY 2010). Published by Americans for the Arts.


ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT

Economic Impact of Arts and EntertainmentThe arts and entertainment sector of the region’s economy is important for job creation and wealth generation. It is also adds significantly to the attractiveness and vibrancy of the region’s community. The local arts scene also is an important factor in the region’s strong tourism economy. Data on the value of arts and entertainment is often hard to quantify because it

is not tracked or reported to one common source. Quantitative data also cannot adequately represent the importance of arts and culture in the community. The data used in this measure is from one report published by Americans for the Arts. A follow-up study would need to be conducted in the future for comparison. Note: The data in the table is for the region as a whole.

ImpactEconomic Activity Generated by Nonprofit Arts and Culture Industry

$114.4 Million

Number of Fulltime Jobs in the Region’s Arts and Culture Industry

1,921

Local and State Tax Revenue Generated by the Arts and Entertainment Industry

$114.4 Million

Average Event-Related Spending per Person by Arts and Culture Audiences

$40.82

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Goal: “ Continue to promote farming and forestry activities in the County by retaining Rural Area zoning on Rural Area designated land.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Leverage the growing demand for locally-sourced products by encouraging business creation and expansion downtown, and more specifically, at the City Market.”

Source: 2007 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Census of Agriculture (Albemarle)


ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE

Economic Impact of AgricultureAgriculture is an important part of the region’s economy. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 2007 Census of Agriculture, the market value of all agricultural products sold in Albemarle County was $24,174,000, which is about $27,101 per farm. Along with traditional agriculture, the region is home to a growing number of agricultural-related enterprises, including award winning wineries, organic farms, cideries, and agri-tourism operations.

Data in the table below was obtained from the USDA Census of Agriculture, which is voluntary and has a history of underestimating the agricultural contributions of new, or smaller agricultural operations. The table highlights the value of agri-tourism, organic production and commodity crops harvested in Albemarle County.

2007 (Albemarle County Only)Agri-Tourism & Farm Based Recreation Receipts $ 1,211,000Organic Agriculture Sales $ 39,000Retail Sales of Crops for Human Consumption $ 651,000

Economy

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COMMUNITYmany plans


� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Increase workforce development opportunities to further career-ladder opportunity and higher wages.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Improve and maintain Charlottesville’s Public School facilities to continue providing an excellent education to City students.”

Source: Virginia Economic Development Partnership Community Profile Reports for Albemarle, Charlottesville and Virginia.(Educational Attainment is from the US Census American Community Survey 5-year, 2007-2011)


EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION RATE

Educational AttainmentThis indicator measures the education level of the region’s workforce. Education levels are an important indication of how well the education system is serving residents and the local economy. Having a well-trained workforce is important for a community’s future success because it provides businesses with skilled employees. The graph below illustrates the percentage of students from

the high school class of 2012 who graduated. It also measures the number of residents over the age of 25 who graduated high school and who have earned a bachelor’s degree or higher. According to the graph below, the region is well educated with Albemarle (52%) and Charlottesville (49%) having significantly higher rates of college educated residents than the state average (34%).

92%

90%

52%

85%

86%

49%

88%

87%

34%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

High school Gradua�onRate (Class of 2012)

Percentage of Popula�on age 25+who graduated high school

Percentage of popula�on age 25+who have earned a Bachelor's

Degree or higher


Albemarle

Charlo�esville

Virginia

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COMMUNITYmany plans


The Housing and the Built Environment System serves the community by providing an array of housing options that meet the needs of all citizens. The integration of housing within the community, the availability of safe, affordable housing types, densities and location are indicators of the health of Housing and the Built Environment.

INDICATORS PAGE

Types of Housing Units..................................................................................................................35

Renter and Owner-Occupied Housing...........................................................................................36

Income and Housing......................................................................................................................37

Housing Affordability* ....................................................................................................................38

Housing and Transportation Cost*.................................................................................................39

Numbers of Bedrooms in Housing Units .......................................................................................40

Number and Type of Units by Building Permits Issued..................................................................41

Home Values .................................................................................................................................42

Median Value of Housing Units......................................................................................................43

Housing and the Built Environment?


Housing and the Built Environment

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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Provide for a variety of housing types for all income levels and help provide for density in the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Ensure that the City’s housing portfolio offers a wide range of choices that are integrated and balanced across the City to meet multiple goals including: increased sustainability, walkability, bikeability, and use of public transit, augmented support for families with children, fewer pockets of poverty, sustained local commerce and decreased student vehicle use.”

Source: US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5-Year) American Community Survey DP04: Select Housing Characteristics


TYPES OF HOUSING UNITS

Types of Housing UnitsA variety of single family detached, single family attached and multi family homes provides options for a diverse range of housing needs in the community. The graph below breaks down the housing stock according to the number of units associated with each type of dwelling structure. Note: one unit attached units share at least one

common wall, but are located on separate lots, an example being a townhouse. These are different than duplexes which are two or more units on the same lot. The chart illustrates that the predominant housing type in both Charlottesville and Albemarle is single family detached homes. These account for over 50% of units in the region.

50%

8% 8%6% 7% 7%

12%

2%

63%

9%

1% 3%5%

8% 7%4%

62%

10%

2% 3%5% 6% 7% 6%

1-unit, detached 1-unit, a�ached 2 units 3 or 4 units 5 to 9 units 10 to 19 units 20 or more units Mobile home0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Charlo�esville

Albemarle

Virginia


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?



RENTER AND OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING

Renter and Owner-Occupied HousingA mix of properties available to renters and owners ensures choices for citizens of various incomes and lifestyles. Homeownership can bring stability to a neighborhood, as owners tend to reside in a home for longer periods of time than renters. Renting often better meets the needs of students and others who cannot afford to or do not wish

to purchase a home. Having rental housing can provide more affordable housing options. The chart below finds that the rate of owner occupancy in the Charlottesville-Albemarle area is 58% as compared to the state average of 69%. This is likely due to the area’s high percentage of students, who tend to be renters rather than homeowners.

44%65% 58% 69%

56%35% 42% 31%

Charlo�esville Albemarle C-A Combined Virginia

Owner-occupied Renter-occupied

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Provide for a variety of housing types for all income levels and help provide for density in the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Ensure that the City’s housing portfolio offers a wide range of choices that are integrated and balanced across the City to meet multiple goals including: increased sustainability, walkability, bikeability, and use of public transit, augmented support for families with children, fewer pockets of poverty, sustained local commerce and decreased student vehicle use.”


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COMMUNITYmany plans


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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide for a variety of housing types for all income levels and help provide for density in the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Grow the City’s housing stock for residents of all income levels.”

Source: US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5 -Year) American Community Survey DP04: Select Housing Characteristics


HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING GREATER THAN 30% OF THEIR INCOME ON HOUSING COSTS

Income and HousingIncome, coupled with the cost of housing, provides a measure of affordability that is important in determining livability. A commonly accepted guideline is that housing costs should not exceed 30% of a family’s income to be considered affordable. Housing costs typically include mortgage or rent payments, insurance, real estate taxes, utilities and mortgage insurance. The graph below compares these rates for Charlottesville,

Albemarle and Virginia. In the Charlottesville-Albemarle region, 52% of renters spend more than 30% of their income on housing. This is just slightly higher than the Virginia average of 47%. In contrast, in our region 36% of homeowners with a mortgage and 13% of homeowners without a mortgage spend more than 30% of household income on housing. This indicator shows that housing cost burden is both a local and statewide issue.

43%34% 36% 35%

18%10% 13% 12%

60%

45%52%

47%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Charlo�esville Albemarle C-A Combined Virginia

% o

f Hou

shol

ds

Owners with a mortgage Owners without a mortgage Renters


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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide affordable housing options for low-to-moderate income residents of Albemarle County and Albemarle County workers who wish to reside in Albemarle County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue to work toward the City’s goal of 15% supported affordable housing by 2025”

Source: Department of Housing and Urban Development Consolidated Plan mapping Interface http://egis.hud.gov/cpdmaps/ Accessed on January 3, 2013 and 2006-2010 HUD Consolidated Planning dataNote: Area Median Household Income is based on the HUD adjusted Area Median Household Income.


PERCENTAGE OF HOUSING UNITS AFFORDABLE TO HOUSEHOLDS EARNING 80% OF THE AREA MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME

Housing Affordability*This measure captures the percentage of housing within the region that is affordable to low-income households. Low income households, are households where occupants earn up to 80% of the area’s median income. These households make up 15.9% of Charlottesville and Albemarle households. This indicator, in association with

current housing cost burdens experienced by residents, demonstrate the challenges associated with affordability in this region. The chart below illustrates that in the region 52% of the rental units in the region are affordable to low income households. This is in contrast to the area’s owner-occupied units where only 6.1% of the units are considered affordable to low income households.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Albemarle Charlo�esville C-A Combined Virgnina

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

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Uni

ts

Affor

dabl

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Hou

seho

lds

Earn

ing 8

0% A

MI

Owner Occupied Renter Occupied



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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Complete transportation projects for sidewalks and provide for and support transit.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Incorporate affordable units throughout the City, recognizing that locating affordable units throughout the community benefits the whole City.”

Source: Center for Neighborhood Technology (www.CNT.org) accessed on January 3, 2013


HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION COSTS AS A PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Housing and Transportation Cost*Housing is the number one household expense and generally should not exceed 30% of a household’s expenses. Transportation is the second largest expense, but is rarely considered when people choose a place to live. This measure combines these two costs to produce a more complete measure of affordability. It is recommended that a household’s combined housing and transportation costs should be 45% or less of the household’s income. Estimated transportation costs are based

on economic characteristics of the average household in the region and neighborhood characteristics such as residential and job density, intersection density and transit connectivity. Data for Amherst County and Lynchburg City has been included to provide a comparison because state level averages do not currently exist for the Housing and Transportation Affordability Index produced by the Center for Neighborhood Technology.

54.844.250.254.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

AlbemarleCharlo�esvilleLynchburgAmherst

Perc

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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide for a variety of housing types for all income levels and help provide for density in the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Offer a range of housing options to meet the needs of Charlottesville’s residents, including those presently underserved, in order to create vibrant residential areas or reinvigorate existing ones.”

Source: US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5-year) American Community Survey DP04: Select Housing Characteristics


NUMBER OF BEDROOMS

Number of Bedrooms in Housing UnitsNumber of bedrooms is an indicator of the size of a housing unit and the number of occupants it can accommodate without leading to overcrowding. The distribution of housing units by bedroom number can be compared to the patterns of household size to determine whether the current housing stock meets the needs of the local population.

Having an array of units with a range in the number of bedrooms provides housing choices for residents with varying incomes, family sizes and lifestyles. Three bedroom units are the most common type of housing units in both Albemarle and Charlottesville, followed by two and four bedroom units.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

No Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Bedrooms 3 Bedrooms 4 Bedrooms 5+ Bedrooms

Charlo�esville Albemarle Virginia

% o

f Hou

sing

Uni

ts


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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Designate and zone land for residential development in the Development Area to accommodate future populations.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: ““Ensure that the City’s housing portfolio offers a wide range of choices that are integrated and balanced across the City to meet multiple goals including: increased sustainability, walkability, bikeability, and use of public transit, augmented support for families with children, fewer pockets of poverty, sustained local commerce and decreased student vehicle use.”

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, Table B19301


NUMBER AND TYPE OF NEW BUILDING PERMITS ISSUED IN 2011

Number and Type of Units by Building Permits IssuedThis indicator provides insight into the types of residential units being built in the region. On its own

an indicator of the number and type of new units that may be built in the future.

In 2011, a total of 800 new residential building permits were issued in the region with the majority in Albemarle County’s Development Areas (540) and Charlottesville (146). The remaining 114 permits were issued in Albemarle’s Rural Area. The data suggest that development is primarily occurring in the region’s urban areas.

49

6

91

243

8

288

105

0

0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Single Family

Duplex

Mul� Family

Number of Units

Albemarle Rural Areas Total Albemarle Development Areas Total Charlo�esville


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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Through rezonings and special use permits, continue to ensure a mixture of housing types are provided that also support all income levels of residents in Albemarle County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Evaluate the impact of housing decisions on other City Goals and City Vision with the understanding that any regulatory land use changes may affecthousing because of the City’s limited geographic size of only 10.4 square miles. All such changes must be considered within the context of City Council’s goal of achieving a minimum 15% supported affordable housing throughout the City by 2025.”



HOME VALUES

Home ValuesThe value of area housing units indicates how accessible homeownership is for households in a geographic area. Homeownership is a means of financial security and savings. For many households the home provides most of the household’s net worth. This data is based on a

homeowner’s own assessment of the amount they would expect their home to sell for rather than the assessed value used for taxation purposes. Greater than three quarters (77%) of households believe their home is worth over $200,000.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Less than$50,000

$50,000 to$99,999

$100,000 to$149,999

$150,000 to$199,999

$200,000 to$299,999

$300,000 to$499,999

$500,000 to$999,999

$1,000,000 ormore

Albemarle Charlo�esville Charlo�esville + Albemarle


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COMMUNITYmany plans


?

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide for a variety of housing types for all income levels and help provide for density in the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Evaluate the impact of housing decisions on other City Goals and City Vision with the understanding that any regulatory land use changes may affecthousing because of the City’s limited geographic size of only 10.4 square miles. All such changes must be considered within the context of City Council’s goal of achieving a minimum 15% supported affordable housing throughout the City by 2025.”

Source: US Census American Community Survey 2008-2010 (3-Year) DP04: Select Housing Characteristics


MEDIAN VALUE OF HOUSING UNITS

Median Value of Housing UnitsMedian housing unit value of all owner-occupied housing indicates how accessible homeownership is, particularly when compared to the local median income (see Economy Chapter). The median housing unit value of for both Charlottesville and Albemarle is higher than the Virginia Median,

which suggests that households need higher incomes than the state average to afford a home in the region. Note: these values are self-reported by property owners as part of the US Census American Community Survey.

Median Value ($)Charlottesville 284,400Albemarle 346,200Virginia 256,600

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The Natural Resources and Environmental Systems serve the community by providing access to natural resources, healthy air, and clean water. The indicators help to provide information on accessibility and quality of natural resources.

INDICATORS PAGE

Solid Waste and Recycling ............................................................................................................45

Residential Proximity to Parks and Trails* .....................................................................................46

Tree Canopy Coverage and Forested Stream Buffers...................................................................47

Land Cover ....................................................................................................................................48

Regional Habitats Framework .......................................................................................................49

Impaired Waterways ......................................................................................................................51

Waterway Impairment Sources......................................................................................................53

Stormwater Management ..............................................................................................................55

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita ........................................................................................56

Air Quality ......................................................................................................................................57

Natural Resources and EnvironmentÞ


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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide solid waste management services in an efficient and cost-effective manner.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Promote and implement strategies to reduce waste generation and increase recycling, composting, and waste diversion to decrease environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions.”

Source: Thomas Jefferson Solid Waste Planning Unit; 2011 Solid Waste Management Plan^Note: Rates shown are for the Rivanna Solid Waste Authority District which includes Albemarle and Charlottesville.


SOLID WASTE GENERATED AND RECYCLING RATES^

waste generation and recycling trends from 2009 to 2011. This data is for the Rivanna Solid Waste Authority (RSWA) service area, which includes both Charlottesville and Albemarle. The variation in rates year to year is the result of the volatile nature of the recycling markets.

Solid Waste and RecyclingThe recycling rate and tons of solid waste generated are indicators of consumption level and refuse materials generated by the community. Recycling diverts refuse from the waste stream and reduces the amount of material that must be landfilled. The table below illustrates the solid

Year Recycling Rate (%) Solid Waste Generated (Tons)2011 29.2 97,0032010 34.0 107,8822009 28.9 74,002

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Albemarle will have a system of high quality parks and recreational facilities throughout that is interconnected by greenways and paths and available to all residents.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Create balance and accessibility for all types of parks and facilities across the City.”


RESIDENTIAL PROXIMITY TO PARKS AND TRAILS

proximity to parks was sourced from the Albemarle and Charlottesville Geographic Information (GIS) datasets and includes all parkland owned by the City or the County. It excludes State, National Parks and privately owned parkland. Sidewalk and trail location data was sourced from various TJPDC’s Transportation datasets. The datasets include trail and sidewalk location information for facilities located on public and private lands.

Residential Proximity to Parks and Trails*This indicator measures residential proximity to recreation facilities. Proximity is measured at 4 distances: quarter-mile, half-mile, one-mile and five-mile. The quarter-mile and half-mile distances represent walkable or bikeable proximity. The one and five mile distances represent a short drive for residents. Data is provided for Charlottesville and Albemarle’s Development and Rural Area. Access to facilities in Albemarle’s Rural Area is expected to be by car. Information on residential

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Source: US Census 2010 Total Population by Census Block GIS. Albemarle, Charlottesville and TJPDC GIS data (2011).


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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Review County Code requirements for preserving environmental features and, where needed, tighten restrictions so that these features can be preserved in the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Expand and protect the overall tree canopy of the City and increase the canopy of neighborhoods in an effort to achieve American Forest canopy recommendations (urban: 25%, suburban: 50% and center business zones:15%).”

Source: Rivanna River Basin Commission 2009 land cover analysis GIS dataset


TREE CANOPY COVERAGE FORESTED AREA WITHIN 100 FEET OF STREAMS

life. In rural areas, trees protect soil from erosion and provide vital habitat for many species. Forested stream buffers provide stream bank stability, filter pollution and control stormwater runoff. Albemarle and Charlottesville have policies in place that aim to protect buffers within 100 feet of streams. Charlottesville has developed tree canopy goals for urban areas (25%), suburban areas (50%) and city center business zones (15%).

Tree Canopy and Forested Stream BuffersThis measurement provides information on both the environmental and quality of life benefits of the presence of trees. The presence of trees in an urban area can provide benefits such as CO2absorption, improved air quality, and shading, which reduces energy costs for indoor cooling. Trees also provide aesthetic benefits, which can increase property values and contribute to overall quality of

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Regularly repeat the land use/land-cover data-gathering process carried (as begun in 2009) for the purpose of monitoring landscape changes.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Promote practices throughout the city that contribute to a robust urban forest.”

Source: Data Calculated from RRBC 2009 Land Cover GIS Dataset.Note: Data was processed from aerial imagery and may include some margin of error when compared with other individual datasets.


LAND COVER

surfaces such as buildings, roads and parking lots. Land cover data was acquired from satellite imagery using GIS and spatial analysis software. About two-thirds of the land cover in the region is made up of deciduous or evergreen forest types. Charlottesville’s dense urban form and small area means it has far more impervious surfaces than Albemarle County.

Land CoverLand cover is a good indicator of the unbuilt parts of a community. It differs from land use in that it represents the vegetation and ground cover rather than patterns of development. Rural communities tend to have greater amounts of natural land cover while urban areas have more man-made land cover. Types of land cover include forests, open land such as lawns, pastures, and cropland, and impervious

Deciduous Forest

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Pine Planta�on 4% Orchard/Vineyard 1%

Charlottesville Albemarle Development Area Albemarle Rural Area

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Protect biological diversity and ecological integrity in both the Rural Area and the Development Areas.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide additional habitat corridors and implement natural habitat improvements.”


identify regionally important habitat areas (darker green areas in the map). In addition to showing the spatial distribution of important habitats, the map provides a tool for tracking habitat loss and for evaluation of a construction project’s potential environmental impact. More information about the indicator can be found in the TJPDC Eco-logical: Integrating Green Infrastructure and Regional Transportation Planning Report (2011).

Regional Habitats FrameworkHabitat quality is an indicator of environmental health. Regional habitat information was analyzed spatially using GIS. This produced the The Regional Habitats Framework (RHF) map on page 50. The map represents the regional distribution of habitats and species information. The map combines various sources of ecological and habitat data into a single data layer. The map can also be used to

Average Pixel RankCharlottesville 3.61Albemarle 8.91City & County 8.84

REGIONAL HABITATS FRAMEWORK

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Source: TJPDC Eco-logical: Integrating Green Infrastructure and Regional Transportation Planning Report (2011)

� REGIONAL HABITATS FRAMEWORK

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue working with state agencies and local stakeholders to address impaired streams and protect healthy streams.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide technical assistance and educational outreach regarding water quality and land management practices for homeowners and businesses.”


the 305(b)/303(d) reports and are mandated by the U.S Clean Water act and the Virginia Water Quality Monitoring, Information and Restoration Act. According to the 2010 report, there are approximately 871 miles of streams in Albemarle and Charlottesville of which 359 miles have been assessed for water quality. Of these 359 assessed miles, 29% meet State standards for water quality and 71% are failing to meet state standards. Note: The 305(b)/303(d) reports include monitoring data from DEQ and other monitoring groups like Streamwatch.

Impaired WaterwaysThe health of waterways is another important indicator of overall environmental health. The Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is responsible for assessing water quality and determining if the applicable water quality standards are met. Water quality standards are

(1) fish consumption,( 2) recreation (swimming), (3) aquatic life (benthic), (4) wildlife (5), public water supply (6) and shellfishing. DEQ is responsible for issuing statewide water quality assessment reports every two years. These reports are referred to as

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Source: Virginia DEQ 2010 305(b)/303(d) Water Quality Assessment Integrated Report

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue working with state agencies and local stakeholders to address impaired streams and protect healthy streams.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Provide technical assistance and educational outreach regarding water quality and land management practices for homeowners and businesses.”


who come into contact with the water will get sick. Of the 871 miles, 144 miles (16%) of the assessed waterways were impaired for bacteria in the region. These streams are primarily located in watersheds with high levels of human settlement and agricultural activity. In addition to bacteria, excessive sedimentation has also been identified as a major contributor to degraded stream health.

Waterway Impairment SourcesThis measure provides information on the types of stream impairments and identifies the various reasons why waterways are failing to meet state water quality standards. The most common cause for impairment is high bacteria levels. These bacteria include E. coli and fecal coliforms, which are found in the intestines of humans and other mammals such as dogs and livestock. Higher bacteria counts increase the likelihood that people

Source of Waterway Impairment Stream milesHealthy or Not Assessed 618.7Benthic 85.7Bacteria 143.7pH 5.2Low Dissolved Oxygen 11.0PCBs in Fish Tissue 6.7Total Miles 871.0

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Source: Virginia DEQ 2010 305(b)/303(d) Water Quality Assessment Integrated Report

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Protect the quality of surface water and groundwater water resources in the County.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Improve public and private stormwater infrastructure while protecting and restoring stream ecosystems.”

Source: Albemarle County urban stormwater BMP point GIS data file (May 2012). Albemarle County local background information submit-ted for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL Watershed Implementation Plan Phase II (February 2012)

Charlottesville urban stormwater BMP point GIS data file (December 11). Charlottesville local background information submitted for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL Watershed Implementation Plan Phase II (February 2012)


STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

highlights the current number of BMP’s and the amount of impervious area treated in both the Albemarle and Charlottesville. Stormwater control requirements were a direct result of the passing of the 1972 Clean Water Act. As a result, older neighborhoods built before stormwater regulations lack the same controls that are found in newer developments.

Stormwater ManagementThis indicator measures the amount of stormwater protection in the region. It examines the extent of urban stormwater best management practices (BMPs) that have been implemented in both Albemarle County and the City of Charlottesville. These include practices such as stormwater ponds, rain gardens, bioretention and various Low Impact Development techniques (LID). The table below

Jurisdiction

Number of StormwaterBMP’s

Impervious Area (Acres)

Impervious Area (%)

Impervious Area With Stormwater Treatment (Acres)

Percentage of Impervious Area Treated

Albemarle 765 11,367 2% 2,354 21%Charlottesville 128 2,273 34% 557 25%

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “ Help protect air quality by reducing the County’s carbon footprint and by promoting alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as pedestrian sidewalks, bicycle use, ride-sharing, and public transit services.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Track greenhouse gas emissions in City operations and the community and strategically explore and implement initiatives to achieve emissions reductions.”


GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

carbon dioxide emissions in tons per capita for the Charlottesville and Albemarle. The greenhouse gas emissions data is only a snapshot and therefore it is hard to draw any conclusions from this data. However, the data does provide a good baseline for future comparisons.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per CapitaGreenhouse gas emissions are an important environmental indicator because the presence of increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere has been linked to climate change, which has the potential to disrupt local weather patterns. Figures presented in the table below show equivalent

Source: County of Albemarle, VA Emissions Baseline Report. February 2009. 2012 Charlottesville Emissions Report Update Note: The unit of measure for GHG emissions is eCO2 which is the tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. This combines the emissions from carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide into one comparable measurement.

^Study Years not included in reports

LocalityTons of eCO2Per Capita

Tons of eCO2Per Capita




Year 2000 2006 2008 2009 2011Charlottesville 16.8 17.6 n/a^ 17.8 16.6Albemarle 17.9 19.7 17.3 n/a^ n/a^

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “ Help Protect air quality by reducing the County’s carbon footprint and by promoting alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as pedestrian sidewalks, bicycle use, ride-sharing, and public transit services.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: Reduce vehicle-related emissions through increase fuel efficiency, reduced vehicle miles traveled, fleet downsizing, anti-idling efforts and use of alternative fuels (e.g., compressed natural gas, biodiesel, or electric vehicle technology).”

Source: DEQ Air Quality Index Data For Station #33-A Located at Albemarle HS (2008-2012)


CHARLOTTESVILLE ALBEMARLE DAILY AIR QUALITY INDEX 4/2008-12/2012

located at Albemarle County High School. The AQI measures fine particles, which are referred to as PM 2.5 (particles of 2.5 micrometers or smaller) and Ozone (O3). The chart highlights the daily AQI. Since monitoring began there have been 7 days in which the region’s air quality violated national standards, all of which were for ozone. In addition, there have been 359 days where the AQI was in the moderate range (between 51-100).

Air QualityAir quality is an important measure of a community’s environmental health. Poor air quality is associated with increased rates of adult and childhood asthma and other lung and breathing disorders. Poor air quality also affects the health of already vulnerable population groups such as those suffering from heart or lung diseases. The chart below illustrates the region’s Air Quality Index (AQI) measured at the DEQ’s monitoring station

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The Transportation System serves the community by enabling all citizens to access jobs, resources, and amenities in an efficient manner and at reasonable cost, and supports the area’s quality of life and economy. Indicators in this system highlight the range, cost, and accessibility of transportation within the community.

INDICATORS PAGE

Residential Proximity to Transportation Facilities...........................................................................59

Monthly Household Transportation Cost........................................................................................60

Means of Transportation to Work* .................................................................................................61

Travel Times to Work .....................................................................................................................62

Traffic Congestion..........................................................................................................................63

Motor Vehicle Crashes...................................................................................................................65

Transportation

* Indicator is a Flagship Sustainability indicator recommended by HUD

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Transportation

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Promote and provide regional multimodal and accessible transportation options.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Increase safe, convenient and pleasant accommodations for pedestrians, bicyclists and people with disabilities that improve quality of life within the community and within individual neighborhoods.”

Source: Albemarle, Charlottesville and TJPDC GIS data (2011).


RESIDENTIAL PROXIMITY TO SIDEWALKS/TRAILS AND BUS STOPS

Charlottesville and both the Development Area and the Rural Areas of Albemarle County. Access to sidewalks/trails and bus stops provides resident with transportation choices and reduces vehicular congestion. It also provides increased mobility for those residents who don’t have reliable access to a car.

Residential Proximity to Transportation FacilitiesThis indicator measures proximity of housing to sidewalks/trails and bus stops. Proximity is measured at four distances: quarter-mile, half-mile, one mile, and five miles. Quarter-mile, half-mile, one mile represent a walkable or bikable distance. The areas measured include City of

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Transportation

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Albemarle’s transportation network will be multimodal, environmentally sound, well maintained, safe and reliable.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Maintain an efficient transportation system that provides the mobility and access that supports the economic development goals of the City.”

Source: Center For Neighborhood Technology Note: Transportation costs are based on a fuel cost of $3.65/gal


MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD TRANSPORTATION COST

household expenditures after the cost of housing. The graph below illustrates average transportation costs for residents of Albemarle, Charlottesville and Virginia. The chart shows that Charlottesville and Albemarle residents have transportation costs which are lower than the state average.

Monthly Household Transportation CostMonthly household transportation cost is an estimate of monthly expenses on transportation. The measure includes estimates of the cost of vehicle ownership, maintenance, and operating costs (fuel). It also factors in the cost of riding public transit, where available. Transportation costs are typically the second largest category of monthly

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Transportation

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Work with area employers through the MPO to encourage developing ridesharing and vanpooling programs and transportation demand reduction programs. Encourage development of ridesharing and transportation demand reduction programs in evaluating rezoning and parking lot requests for major industrial, office, and commercial projects.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue to encourage local employers to use Travel Demand Management (TDM) techniques, such as flexible work hours and financial incentives for using alternative modes of commuting, to preserve the traffic-moving capacity of the arterial roadway network.”

Source: US Census Bureau, 2009-2011 (3-Year) American Community Survey, Commuting Characteristics (table S0801).


MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION TO WORK

transportation projects. This data is gathered as part of the American Community Survey and only identifies the workers’ transportation choices on the day they filled out the Census survey. The chart below illustrates resident’s transportation choices. While walking, biking, carpooling and transit make up 21% of the region’s trips to work, driving alone makes up the vast majority of work trips.

Means of Transportation to Work*The percentage of workers using various modes of travel to work can indicate balance of modes for a region’s transportation system. Frequent comparisons of this data over time could illustrate emerging transportation trends and can help public officials appropriately plan and implement

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Drive Alone Carpool Puplic Transit Walk Bike Other Work at Home

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Albemarle Charlo�esville Virginia


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Transportation

Source: US Census Bureau, 2009-2011 (3-Year) American Community Survey Travel Time To Work (table B08012).

AVERAGE COMMUTE TIMES TO WORK

cause increased energy usage and air pollution. According to the Charlottesville MPO, in 2010 traffic congestion cost the region’s economy $80,997 a day in lost productivity. The chart below compares Charlottesville and Albemarle commute times with statewide averages on four minute intervals. On average, 72% of the region’s workers have commute times under 20 minutes.

Travel Times to WorkInformation on average worker travel times shows how long it takes employees who live in Albemarle and Charlottesville to commute to their places of work. Measuring commute times is an important indicator of livability because long commute times result in lost worker productivity and increased stress. Long commute times also

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� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Work with area employers through the MPO to encourage developing ridesharing and vanpooling programs and transportation demand reduction programs. Encourage development of ridesharing and transportation demand reduction programs in evaluating rezoning and parking lot requests for major industrial, office, and commercial projects.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Linkage: “Continue to encourage local employers to use Travel Demand Management (TDM) techniques, such as flexible work hours and financial incentives for using alternative modes of commuting, to preserve the traffic-moving capacity of the arterial roadway network.”


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Transportation

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Albemarle’s transportation network will be multimodal, environmentally sound, well maintained, safe and reliable.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Minimize the effects of congestion on commuters and the movement of goods through such strategies as: signal coordination, parking management techniques that reduce the need to circle for a parking spot, encouragement of off peak deliveries and promotion of sustainable modes of transportation.”


have a failing level of service. Level of Service is a ranking which illustrates how many vehicles are on a segment of roadway (volume) over how many vehicles that roadway was built to support (capacity). The rankings range from A to F, with level of service A meaning a roadway with light traffic and unhindered free-flow of movement, and level of service F meaning a roadway with heavy traffic that is unable to move freely or at speed.

Traffic CongestionThis indicator measures congestion on area roadways. The indicator uses data from the Charlottesville Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization’s (MPO) Travel Demand Model to identify road segments where available capacity does not meet demand. The map on the following page shows the distribution of these failing segments within the boundaries of the MPO. A total of 84 miles (10.3%) of roadway in the MPO

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Transportation

Charlottesville Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization Regional Travel Demand Model 2010 existing conditions (7/25/2013)

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Transportation

� Albemarle Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Albemarle’s transportation network will be multimodal, environmentally sound, well maintained, safe and reliable.” � Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan Goal: “Improve mobility and safety of the arterial roadway network.”

Source: Virginia Depertment of Transportation Statewide crash data database (7/5/13).


ANNUAL NUMBER OF VEHICLE CRASHES

region. Tracking crash data is a good indicator for measuring the effectiveness of road improvements and safety enhancements. Crash data can be analyzed with traffic counts and data on vehicle miles traveled to generate a crash rate. According to the Charlottesville Albemarle MPO, the crash rate in 2010 was 0.00054 crashes per million miles traveled.

Motor Vehicle CrashesThis indicator looks at the number of motor vehicle crashes that occurred in Albemarle and Charlottesville between 2007 and 2012. The data is sourced from police incident reports that are filled out by officers at the scene. The indicator includes data on crashes involving vehicles, property, and pedestrians. The graph below illustrates the most recent six year trend in crashes for the

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Performance Measurement System Appendix

Livable Communities Planning ProjectThomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionNovember 2013


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one Performance Measurement SystemPerformance Measurement System

Appendix 1: Review of Existing Performance Measurement Systems ..........................................A-1

Appendix 1: Performance Measurement System Examples ..........................................................A-3

Santa Monica .........................................................................................................................A-3

Cascadia Scorecard ...............................................................................................................A-4

Virginia Performs ....................................................................................................................A-5

Appendix 2: Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................A-6

Appendix 3: Data Sources .............................................................................................................A-9

Appendix 4: Indicators and Goals Index ........................................................................................A-11

Appendix 5: List of Suggested Indicators ......................................................................................A-16

Table of Contents&

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Appendix 1

Review Of Existing Performance Measurement SystemsAt the beginning of the process to develop the Performance Measurement system, the Livable Communities Planning project formed a preliminary Research Panel comprised of graduate students from UVA’s Urban and Environmental Planning program. This group worked in collaboration with TJPDC staff during the spring 2011 academic term. The research panel studied existing performance measurement systems, collected preliminary data and developed a framework for the Livable Communities Planning Project Performance Measurement System.

Appendix One contains information about other performance measurement systems reviewed as part of the development process for the Performance Measurement System. Systems reviewed by the Research Panel included city, regional and statewide assessments. The Research panel developed a list of six key characteristics that they thought made a performance measurement system easy to read and informative.

1. CategoriesMost systems divided the indicators into thematic categories such as Environment, Economy, Health, Housing, etc. While there was some variation on titles and the number of categories all of the reviewed systems had a system for grouping similar indicators together. Having categories helps organization of the report and provides a means for grouping similar indicators with one another.

2. Time intervalsMost performance measurement systems are assessed on an annual basis. Most are able to compare previous years’ data to discern trends, though the period of time for which data is available often varies by source. For example The American Community Survey data is avail-able for 3-year or 5-year intervals depending on the size of the community.

3. TargetsAlong with defining specific indicators, some performance measurement systems have specific targets they would like to achieve, sometimes with a specific deadline in mind. For example, Minneapolis includes teen birthrate as an indicator and set a goal of reducing the pregnancy rate among 15-17 year olds to 46 pregnancies per 1,000 by 2010. Targets can be an important part of performance measures, especially if the goals are reflective of a community’s desires. Also if a community sets targets, they need to be linked to policy actions that would help achieve goals.

4. Action plansSome performance measurement systems have developed actions plans to identify what steps a locality intends to take in order to achieve the goals they have set. For example, PlaNYC has developed detailed action plans related to brownfield cleanup, stormwater management, and energy efficient buildings in order to achieve the sustainability goals it has set for 2030.

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5. Evaluating ProgressMany plans rate each indicator based on trends towards achieving a set goal. The city of Santa Monica assigns letter grades while the state of Virginia rates indicators according to three levels of progress, indicated by up, down, or straight arrows.

6. PresentationPlans were often presented in a web-based format. Different presentation styles allowed for various levels of user interaction. For example, the Virginia Performs website allows the viewer to examine data based on indicator category, or by comparing performance across Virginia regions.

Many of these elements have been employed in the development of this Performance Measurement System Report. It is expected that when the data in the report are updated there will be an opportunity to look at trends and possibly begin to have discussions with the community about setting targets and goals.

Appendix 1&

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Appendix 1

SUSTAINABLE CITY REPORT CARD

Example: Santa Monica Sustainable City Report CardThe City of Santa Monica, located in Southern California publishes an annual Sustainable City Progress Report. This report tracks the locality’s progress in areas such as Environmental & Public Health, Housing, Economic Development and Transportation. Each of these categories consists of a number of data-based indicators, such as the water quality in the Santa Monica bay, income disparities, affordable housing and bus ridership. For many of these indicators, a target has been set, and annual reports include a

letter grade for each category based on how well the city has progressed in meeting this target, as shown in the example below. The Santa Monica example shows how performance measures can be used to create a framework for analyzing data and grading the trends over a period time. Grades were not included in the Charlottesville Albemarle Performance Measurement System because the current report illustrates baseline conditions. Future versions of the report might look at incorporating a grading system to highlight positive or negative trends in the data.

Website Link: http://www.smgov.net

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Appendix 1

CASCADIA SCORECARD

Example: Cascadia ScorecardThe Cascadia Scorecard is an assessment system established by the Sightline Institute, a non-profit think tank, to measure particular indicators across the Pacific Northwest, including parts of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. These regional-based assessment was unique among those examined for it’s geographic range. The system measures seven areas: Health, Population, Economy, Sprawl, Wildlife, Energy and Pollution, using only one data point as an indicator for each category. A goal has

been set for each indicator and the data is examined as a trend over time, typically since 1980. Graphs demonstrate the amount of time, according to current trends, it will take to reach this goal, as shown in the graph below. In the Cascadia example the performances measurements track trend data and establish targets that relate to specific goals. The Charlottesville Albemarle Performance Measurement System could include trend data in future versions, but the setting of goals will be left up to the individual localities.

Website Link: http://www.sightline.org

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Appendix 1

VIRGINIA PERFORMS

Example: Virginia PerformsVirginia conducts a statewide assessment known as Virginia Performs, which covers the areas of Economy, Education, Health and Family, Public Safety, Transportation, Natural Resources and Government and Citizens. Progress is measured for a number of indicators in each category such as employment growth, educational attainment, crime rates, life expectancy and voter participation. Data for each indicator is compared with that of peer states such as

Maryland and North Carolina and can also be compared across Virginia’s eight regions. Each indicator is assessed with a performance trend rating of improving, maintaining or worsening compared to previous years data (represented by up, down, or sideways arrows). This scorecard is most likely what future versions of the Charlottesville Albemarle Performance Measurement System will look like. Future Reports could be organized in a similar manner that highlights how trends are evolving over time.

Website Link: http://vaperforms.virginia.gov/

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Appendix 2

Name DescriptionAreas of Ecological Significance

Areas of lands that support naturally occurring populations of regionally significance species of plants or animals.

Attached Single Family Single family residence that share at least one common wall but are on separate lots. A common example would be townhouses.

Benthic The aquatic organisms living in or on the bottom of a body of water. Benthic organisms include crayfish, aquatic snails, clams, leeches, aquatic worms, certain insect larvae and nymphs (e.g., mayflies, dragonflies), and adult aquatic insects (e.g., riffle beetles). Changes in water quality generally result in changes in the types, numbers, or diversity of the benthic communities.

Body Mass Index (BMI) A measure of human body shape based on an individual’s mass and height. It is defined as an individual’s body mass divided by the square of their height.

Deciduous Forest Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 15 feet tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. More than 75% of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change.

Duplex A unit of housing that contains two or more dwelling units on one lot that are in the same structure.

eCO2 (equivalent Carbon Dioxide)

The unit of measure for greenhouse gas emissions. The measure is the tons of carbon dioxide equivalent for the following greenhouse gasses: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.

Evergreen Forest Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 15 feet tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover where more than 75% of the tree species maintain their leaves all year. Canopy is always has green foliage.

Forest Harvest Areas where timber cutting has occurred for profit.Forested Buffers The area within a given distance of a stream bank that is forested or

should be forested. In many jurisdictions this is defined as 100 feet from the top of the stream bank.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.

Habitat An ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by particular species of animal, plant or other type of organism. It is the Natural Habitat in which the organism lives.

Glossary of Terms

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Name DescriptionHousing Costs The amount of money a household spends on housing, including the

cost of rent, mortgage payments, utilities insurance and minor upkeep.Impervious Surfaces Land surfaces which are impenetrable to water. These surfaces are

often man made structures like roofs, driveways, roads, sidewalks, and parking lots.

Income The sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interest payments rents and other forms of earnings received in a fixed period of time.

Infill Development The use of land within a built-up area for further construction or for community redevelopment.

Mean Household Income Mean income (average) is the amount obtained by dividing the total aggregate income of a group by the number of units in that group. The means and medians for households and families are based on all households and families. Means and medians for people are based on people 15 years old and over with income.

Median The numerical value that falls in the middle of a set of numerical values when values are arranged from highest to lowest. In cases when there are an even number of values the median is defined as the mean average of the two middle values.

Median Household Income The middle point at which 50% of households in a given geography are either earning more or less income. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the following definition: “Median income is the amount which divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having income above that amount, and half having income below that amount.”

Obese In adults, being obese is defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. In children, being obese is defined as having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

Open Land Land that is in cultivation, grasses, or other grassy and herbaceous vegetate types. It excludes forested land cover or impervious surfaces.

Overweight In adults, being overweight is defined as having a body mass index between 25 and 29.0. In children, being overweight is defined as a body mass index above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

Per Capita A statistical term that means “per person or per head”.Per Capita Income (income per person)

The mean income of the people in an economic unit such as a country or a city. It is calculated by taking a measure of all sources of income in aggregate and dividing it by the total population.

Appendix 2&

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Name DescriptionPine Plantation Areas of evergreen forest where trees have been planted with the

intent of harvesting them for commercial purposes.Population The summation of all organisms of the same group or species, which

are living in a defined geographical area.Population Density The measurement of a population per unit area of land. In the context

of this report it is the number of persons residing in a given jurisdiction measured in persons per acres.

Proximity A numerical description of how far apart objects are from one another. Or the location of things to one another.

Recycling Rate The Recycling Rate is calculated by taking the total amount of solid waste generated in a defined area and dividing it by the amount of material recycled.

Tree Canopy The area of the earth’s surface covered by tree leaves and branches. The term normally refers to tree leaf coverage when deciduous trees are in a leaf on state.

Unemployment Rate The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. In other words it is the ratio of persons unemployed compared to people who are employed. Being unemployed means that a person jobless looking for a job, and is available to work.

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Dataset Name Source Web LinkUpdate

Frequency

Decennial Census US Census Bureau factfinder2.census.gov/‎ Every 10 Years

Housing Plus Transportation (H+T) Affordability Index

Center for Neighborhood Technology

http://www.cnt.org/ Yearly

American Community Survey US Census Bureau factfinder2.census.gov/‎ Every 2 Years

Labor Force Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/data/ Monthly

Virginia Partnership for Economic Development Community Profiles

Virginia Partnership for Economic Development

http://www.yesvirginia.org/ Monthly

County Budget Albemarle County Office of Management and Budget

http://www.albemarle.org/ Yearly

City Budget City of Charlottesville Office of Budget and Performance Management

http://www.charlottesville.org/ Yearly

Albemarle County Financial Report

Albemarle County Department of Finance

http://www.albemarle.org/ Yearly

Charlottesville Financial Report City of Charlottesville Department of Finance

http://www.charlottesville.org/ Yearly

Virginia Atlas of Community Health

Virginia Atlas of Community Health http://atlasva.org/ Yearly

Food Environment Atlas USDA Economic Research Service http://www.ers.usda.gov/ Yearly

Population Estimates Weldon Cooper Center http://www.coopercenter.org/ Yearly

National Land Cover Dataset USGS Land Cover Institute http://landcover.usgs.gov/ Every 10 years

Appendix 3& Data Sources

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Dataset Name Source Web LinkUpdate

Frequency

Labor Market Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

Virginia Workforce Connection https://www.vawc.virginia.gov Monthly

Comprehensive Target Markets Report

Central Virginia Partnership for Economic Development

http://www.centralvirginia.org/ Contracted Study

County Business Patterns US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/ Yearly

Economic Impact of Domestic Travel

Virginia Tourism Corporation http://www.vatc.org Contracted Study

The Economic Impact of Non Profit Arts & Cultural Organizations & Their Audiences in the Greater Charlottesville Region

Americans for the Arts http://www.artsusa.org/ Contracted Study

Census of Agriculture USDA Census of Agriculture http://www.agcensus.usda.gov Every 5 Years

HUD Consolidated Planning Data

US Department of Housing and Urban Development

http://egis.hud.gov/cpdmaps/ Yearly

Solid Waste Generation and Recycling Rates

Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission

http://www.tjpdc.org/environment/solidWaste.asp

Every 5 Years

Albemarle GIS Data Office of Geographic Data Services http://www.albemarle.org/ Continuously

Charlottesville GIS Data Mapping and Spatial Data Resources

http://www.charlottesville.org Continuously

2009 Local Land Cover Rivanna River Basin Commission http://www.rivannariverbasin.org Contracted Study

Regional Habitat Framework TJPDC Ecological Report http://www.tjpdc.org/ Unknown

Virginia 305(b)/303(d) Water Quality Report

Department of Environmental Quality

http://www.deq.state.va.us Every 2 Years

Air Quality Index Department of Environmental Quality

http://vadeq.tx.sutron.com/ Daily

Albemarle Emissions Baseline Report

Department of General Services http://www.albemarle.org Every 5 Years

Charlottesville Baseline Report Environment and Sustainability http://www.charlottesville.org Every 5 Years

& Appendix 3 Data Sources

Appendix 4

Indicator Tables

Page #

Indicator SystemAlbemarle


Charlottesville Comprehensive

Plan LinkageType Source

12 Population and Density Community and Neighborhoods

Chapter 3 Growth Manage-ment Policy Housing 8.3 Proportion 2010 US Census, Population Blocks.

Albemarle County GIS, City of Charlottesville GIS (2011).

14 Age Breakdown Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 9 Objective 2 Housing 3.0 Average U.S. Census Bureau: 2008-2010 American Community Survey

3-Year Estimates, Table B01001 (Age By Sex).

15 Median Age Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 9 Objective 2 Housing 3.0 Median U.S. Census Bureau; 2008-2010 American Community Survey

3-Year Estimates, Table B01002 (Median Age By Sex).

16 Residential Proximity to Parks and Schools

Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 11 Objective 5 Community Facilities 7.0 Percentage 2010 US Census, Population Blocks.


17Residential Proximity to Services (Libraries & Grocery Stores)

Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 11 Objective 5 Community Facilities 7.0 Percentage 2010 US Census, Population Blocks.


18 Local Government Expendi-tures of Public Services

Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 12 Objective 1 Economic Sustainability 5.3 Ratio Charlottesville Budget FY 13: 2010-2011 adopted budget.

Albemarle Budget FY 13: 2010-2011 adopted budget.

19 Overweight and Obese Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 11 Strategy 4f Housing 8 Percentage The Virginia Atlas of Community Health (http://www.atlasva.

com/) accessed 2012, (data for CY 2010).

20 Access to Healthy Food Choices

Community and Neighborhoods Chapter 8 Objective 9 Economic Sustainability 6.5 Percentage

USDA2011 Food Environment Atlas Data File http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-environment-atlas/data-access-and-documentation-downloads.aspx. Accessed January 3rd 2013.

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Indicator Tables

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21 Land Conversion Community and Neighborhoods

Chapter 3 Growth Manage-ment Policy Land Use 3.1 Ratio

Population, Welden Cooper Center Virginia Population Estimates 2000-2010. USGS National Land Cover Database 2001-2006 From To Change Index, downloaded 1/6/13 National Land Cover Database 1992/2001 Retrofit Land Cover Change Product.

23 Income Economy Chapter 6 Objective 6 Economic Sustainability 1.0Me-dian, Mean & Average

U.S. Census Bureau; 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, Table B19301.

24 Unemployment Economy Chapter 6 Objective 2 Economic Sustainability 1.5 Percentage Bureau of Labor Statistics; Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS), accessed 7/13/13.

25 Economic Diversification (Number of Establishments) Economy Chapter 6 Objective 2 Economic Sustainability 2.0 Percentage

Accessed via Virginia Workforce Connection. Data Source: Labor Market Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Program (Q3 2012).

26 Economic Diversification (By Jobs) Economy Chapter 6 Objective 2 Economic Sustainability 2.0 Percentage

Accessed via Virginia Workforce Connection. Data Source: Labor Market Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Program (Q3 2012).

27 Wages in Major Business Clusters/ Industry Groups Economy Chapter 6 Objective 6 Economic Sustainability 1.3 Average Central Virginia Partnership for Economic Development

(CVPED), Comprehensive Target Markets Report. (2011).

28Employment Concentration in Major Business Clusters/Industry Groups

Economy Chapter 6 Objective 6 Economic Sustainability 1.3 Average Central Virginia Partnership for Economic Development (CVPED), Comprehensive Target Markets Report. (2011).

29 Economic Diversification Index Economy Chapter 6 Objective 6 Economic Sustainability 2.0 Index US Census; County Business Patterns (CBZ) for Nation and

U.S., States and Counties (1998-2010).

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Appendix 4 Indicator Tables

Page #





30 Economic Impact of Tourism Economy Chapter 6 Strategy 5f Economic Sustainability 5.0 Total $ Virginia Tourism Corporation, 2011 Economic Impact of Domes-tic Travel Report.

31 Economic Impact of Arts and Entertainment Economy Economic Sustainability 3.5 Total $

The Economic Impact of Non Profit Arts & Culture Organizations & Their Audiences in the Greater Charlottesville Area (FY2010). Published by Americans for the Arts.

32 Economic Impact of Agriculture Economy Chapter 7 Strategy 2a Economic Sustainability 6.5 Total $ 2007 USDA Census of Agriculture (Albemarle).

33 Educational Attainment and High School Graduation Rate Economy Chapter 6 Objective 6 Educational Institutions 1.0 Percentage

Virginia Economic Development Partnership Community Profile Reports for Albemarle, Charlottesville and Virginia. (Educational Attainment is from the US Census American Com-munity Survey 5 year, 2007-2011).

35 Types of Housing Units Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 4 Housing 8.0 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5Year) American Community

Survey DP04: Select Housing Characteristics.

36 Renter and Owner-Occupied Housing

Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 4 Housing 8.0 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5Year) American Community


37 Income and Housing Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 4 Housing 3.0 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5Year) American Community


38 Housing Affordability Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 6 Housing 3.1 Percentage

Department of Housing and Urban Development Consolidated Plan mapping Interface: http://egis.hud.gov/cpdmaps/ Accessed on January 3 2013 and 2006-2010 HUD Consolidated Planning data.

39 Housing and Transportation Cost

Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Strategy 5a Housing 3.2 Percentage Center for Neighborhood Technology (www.CNT.org) accessed

on January 3, 2013.

40 Number of Bedrooms in Hous-ing Units

Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 4 Housing 7.0 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5 Year) American Community


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41 Number of Building Permits Issued 2011

Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 3 Housing 8.0 Number Albemarle County Community Development (CY 2011). City of

Charlottesville Neighborhood Development Services (CY2011).

42 Home Values Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Strategy 4a Housing 1.0 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5 Year) American Community


43 Median Value of Housing Units

Housing and the Built Environment Chapter 9 Objective 3 Housing 1.0 Median US Census Bureau, 2005-2009 (5 Year) American Community


45 Solid Waste and Recycling Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 9 Strategy 4a Environment 8.0 Number and

PercentThomas Jefferson Solid Waste Planning Unit; 2011 Solid Waste Management Plan.

46 Residential Proximity to (Parks and Trails)

Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 11 Goal 1 Community Facilities 7.0 Percentage US Census 2010 Total Population by Census Block GIS. Albe-

marle, Charlottesville and TJPDC GIS data (2011).

47 Tree Canopy and Forest Buffers

Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 8 Strategy 6b Environment 2.2 Percentage Rivanna River Basin Commission 2009 land cover analysis GIS

dataset.

48 Land Cover Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 4 Strategy 4c Environment 2.0 Percentage Rivanna River Basin Commission 2009 land cover analysis GIS

dataset.

49 Regional Habitats Framework Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 4 Objective 4 Environment 3.3 Score TJPDC Eco Logical: Integrating Green Infrastructure and Re-

gional Transportation Planning Report (2011).

51 Impaired Waterways Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 4 Strategy 1a Environment 4.8 Miles Virginia DEQ 2010 305(b)/303(d) Water quality Assessment

Integrated Report.

53 Waterway Impairment Sources Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 4 Strategy 1a Environment 4.8 Miles Virginia DEQ 2010 305(b)/303(d) Water quality Assessment

Integrated Report.

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55 Stormwater Management Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 12 Strategy 9g Environment 4.0 Various

Albemarle County urban stormwater BMP point GIS data file (May 2012). Albemarle County local background information submitted for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL Watershed Implemen-tation Plan Phase II (February 2012) Charlottesville urban storm-water BMP point GIS data file (December 11). Charlottesville local background information submitted for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL Watershed Implementation Plan Phase II (February 2012).

56 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita

Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 4 Strategy 2a Environment 6.4 Tons of eCO2

County of Albemarle, VA Emissions Baseline Report. February 2009. 2012 Charlottesville Emissions Report Update .

57 Air Quality Natural Resource and Environment Chapter 4 Strategy 2a Environment 6.3 Index

MeasureDEQ Air Quality Index Data For Station #33-A Located at Albe-marle HS (2008-2012).

59 Residential Proximity to Trans-portation Facilities Transportation Chapter 10 Objective 3 Transportation 1.0 Percentage US Census 2010 Total Population by Census Block GIS. Albe-

marle, Charlottesville and TJPDC GIS data (2011).

60 Monthly Household Transpor-tation Cost Transportation Chapter 10 Goal 1 Transportation 4.0 Cost per

Household Center For Neighborhood Technology www.CNT.org.

61 Means of Transportation to Work Transportation Chapter 10 Strategy 9c Transportation 3.1 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2009-2011 (3-Year) American Community

Survey, Commuting Characteristics (table S0801).

61 Average Commute Times to Work Transportation Chapter 10 Objective 9 Transportation 3.2 Percentage US Census Bureau, 2009-2011 (3-Year) American Community

Survey Travel Time To Work (table B08012).

63 Traffic Congestion Transportation Chapter 10 Goal 1 Transportation 4.2 Percentage Charlottesville Albemarle MPO Transportation Demand Model. 2010 baseline data, outputted 7/24/13.

65 Motor Vehicle Crashes Transportation Chapter 10 Goal 1 Transportation 3.0 Number of Crashes

Virginia Department of Transportation 2007-2012 Crash Data. Charlottesville Albemarle MPO Transportation Demand Model. 2010 baseline data, outputted 7/24/13.

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Appendix 5&

Chapter Indicator Included in Report

Notes

CNE Number of Structures or Districts Des-ignated as Historic or Protected by His-toric Easement

Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE # Historic markers Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE # Local historic designations Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE # Application for Historic Register Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Number of police officers per capita Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Deaths per 1000 Population Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Infant Mortality Indicator lacked any clear linkage to Comprehensive Plan Goals or Objectives.

CNE % age 65 and over living in poverty No available data source identified.

CNE Availability of home/personal assis-tance for seniors (to age in place)

No available data source identified.

CNE Community gardens Economic impact of agriculture was used as an indicator of the local food economy.

CNE Employees insured (have insurance by poverty level)

No data available for this indicator.

CNE Childhood obesity x

CNE Juvenile alcohol/drug arrests per 1000 youth

Crime data was not included as a measure of livability

CNE Median Age x

CNE Physicians per 1000 residents Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Population change x

CNE Recreation expenditures per participant x

CNE Total index crime rate Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Uninsured by age and by poverty level Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Number of police officers and fire/res-cue professionals per capita (historic data would be helpful)


CNE % Registered Voters Participating in Local Elections


CNE Neighborhood Organizations (The to-tal number of active neighborhood associations)


CNE Total number of registered voters Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Average residential proximity to jobs Data was not available

List of Suggested Indicators

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Appendix 5&


Notes

CNE Residential proximity to parks (add the Development Areas as a separate category.)

x

CNE Residential proximity to grocery store or farmer's market (add the Development Areas as a separate category.)

x

CNE Residential proximity to libraries (add the Development Areas as a separate category.)

x

CNE Residential proximity to public schools (add the Development Areas as a sepa-rate category.)

x

CNE Percent of population within 0.5 miles of Sidewalk/Trails (add the Develop-ment Areas as a separate category.)

x

CNE Percent of population within 1 mile of Bike Lane (add the Development Areas as a separate category.)

x

CNE Percent of population within 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 miles of bus stop (add the Develop-ment Areas as a separate category.)

x

CNE Population using public library Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Public library circulation per capita Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

CNE Share of non-English speakers (Lan-guage spoken at home)


CNE Use of recreation centers Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Employment Diversification by Industry x

E Employment Diversification by Occupation

x

E Median Household Income x

E Per capita personal income x

E Unemployment Rate x

E Commuting Trends x

E Average annual wage in top 4 sectors x

E Average Annual Salaries in Selected Clusters

x

E Employment concentration in top 4 sectors

x


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Appendix 5&


Notes

E Employment of disabled population ca-pable of working

No data available for this indicator

E Employment migration Accurate data difficult to obtain

E High-Tech Sector Employment Concen-tration Compared to the US Average

Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability

E High tech sector output growth relative to national average


E High Tech sector diversity Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability

E Overall average annual wage Reported in income measures category

E Percent employment growth Same as unemployment trend data

E Percentages of workers from surround-ing areas

No reliable data source available for making this determination.

E Where commuters live No reliable data source available for making this determination.

E Homeless and housing insecure students

No reliable data source available for making this determination.

E Number of homeless persons Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability

E Educational Attainment x

E Standard of Learning (SOL) Pass rate Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.

E Graduation Rate x

E Number training participants supported by business development partnership


E 3rd graders reading at grade level 4th grade Reading


E 10th graders reading at grade level 8th grade reading


E Adult higher ed enrollment rate Enroll-ment at higher education facilities


E CATEC - # of certifications for HS and adult; # programs


E Community College CTE Student Performance


E Dropout rates Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.

E Full Time Students per Full time Teacher

Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.

E GEDs granted Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.

E K-12 teachers with advanced degree Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.

E Per Pupil Expenditures Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.

E Public High school on-time graduation rate

Graduation rate was decided to be a better measure of educational achievement.


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Appendix 5&


Notes

E Workforce center usage Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Free/Reduced Lunch Program Eligibility Rate


E % Population eligible for Medicaid (number enrolled in Medicare has been attained)


E Major Public Assistance Program Enrollment


E Population receiving TANF Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Unemployment benefits claims Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E USDA supplemental nutrition program Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Real Estate tax base Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Annual taxable retail sales Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Property receiving exempt or reduced tax rate


E Economic Impact of Tourism x

E Annual New Businesses Creation Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

E Total Nonprofit Arts and Culture Indus-try Organizations and Their Audiences Expenditures

x

E Full time jobs Jobs supported by spending by arts and culture organiza-tions and their audiences (direct and indirect impacts combined)

x

E Household Income Paid to Residents from spending by arts and culture or-ganizations and their audiences (direct and indirect impacts combined)

x

E Revenue Generated to Local Govern-ment from spending by arts and culture organizations and their audiences (di-rect and indirect impacts combined)

x

E Total Attendance to Arts and Culture Events (broken down by resident and non resident)

x


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Appendix 5&


Notes

E Average Event-related spending per person by Arts and Culture Audiences

x

E Hotel room demand and occupancy rates

Data not readily available for both Albemarle and Charlottesville

E Tourism related employment x

E Tourism related tax receipts x

E Visitor Spending x

E Number of participating in Buy Fresh Buy Local

Economic impact of agriculture was used as an indicator of the local food economy.

E Number of local food outlets/markets Economic impact of agriculture was used as an indicator of the local food economy.

HBE Renter and Owner Occupied Housing x

HBE Average Household Size Indicator was left out of the final report because other indicators were deemed better measures of housing.

HBE Number of Bedrooms x

HBE Types of Housing Units x

HBE Vacancy Rate Indicator was not included in final report. Including vacancy rate did not relate well to any comprehensive plan goal.

HBE Average Number of Occupants Per Room

Indicator was not included in final report. Staff suggested that the ACS data on occupants often does not capture housing units with overcrowding problems be-cause segments of the population dealing with overcrowding often don't fill out the Census.

HBE Number of mixed use developments Indicator was not included because there is a lack of a common definition of mixed use.

HBE Number of persons residing in a unit This indicator was not included for the same reason that number of occupants per room was not included.

HBE New Residential Building Permits in Ru-ral and Urban Areas separated by type

x

HBE Housing Permits by type x

HBE Residential Density in urban and rural areas

x

HBE Build out numbers Indicator was not included because the data was not available for both City and County

HBE Number of development with green in-frastructure practices

Indicator was not included because there is no reliable dataset that tracks green infrastructure projects.

HBE Type of Heating Fuel used by Households

Indicator was removed from final report because the data was not really relevant to measuring community wide livability.

HBE Green buildings (USGBC, Earth Craft, etc)

Data available but number was very small.

HBE Year Structure Built Although it is a good idea to understand the age of structures knowing the year they were built has little to do with livability.

HBE Housing Lacking Plumbing Facilities Not included because staff suggested that its not a relevant measure in 2013


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Appendix 5&


Notes

HBE Housing Lacking Kitchen Facilities Not included because staff suggested that its not a relevant measure in 2013

HBE % Household spending > 30% on housing broken out by age/accessibility

Data was reported for whole population and not broken out by age or accessibility.

HBE Age restricted and housing/homes for individuals with disabilities

Not included because there is no source for such data.

HBE Low interest loans for green upgrades – UVA Green sense and Powersaver loans - Number and Value of loans; find out what all is available

Not Included because data would be limited to one program and one source of funds.

HBE Rehabbed housing Not Included because data would be limited to one program and little data is available

HBE Percentage HH spending >30% income on housing

x

HBE Value of Housing Units x

HBE Median Housing Unit Value x

HBE Income needed to afford a home com-pared to typical salaries (of different professions)

Complexity calculating such a measure of this measure is beyond the scope of the Performance Measurement System.

HBE Rent needed to afford a one-bedroom unit

Other indicators of housing affordability were determined to be more appropriate indicators of affordability

HBE Available housing by type and price that is on the market for sale as of January 31, 2012

Data captured in the home values indicator.

HBE Assessed value of homes Data captured in the median home values indicator.

NRE Average Household Water Consumption Rates


NRE Average Household Natural Gas Con-sumption Rates


NRE Average Household Electricity Con-sumption Rates

Dominion unwilling to provide data.

NRE Tons of Solid Waste Generated/Recycled x

NRE Households served by broadband inter-net provider

not included because of the expectation of levels of service between the urbanized and rural areas

NRE User Rates for Water Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

NRE User Rates for Natural Gas Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

NRE Safe Yield of Water System and Actual Average Usage


NRE Water Treatment Capacity Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

NRE Wastewater Treatment Capacity Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.


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Notes

NRE Tap water contaminants/drinking water exceedances


NRE Residential proximity to parks x

NRE Residential proximity to trails x

NRE Portion of Land Protected Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County

NRE Land Protection Measures by Area Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County

NRE Number of Agricultural Best Manage-ment Practices

Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County

NRE % Area treated by SWM facilities x

NRE % Energy from renewable sources No data source

NRE % Streams with functional buffer x Replaced with forested buffer percent.

NRE % Trails permanently dedicated Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

NRE Number of acres in PDR - ACE Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County.

NRE Number of Green Roofs No central tracking of green roofs (current number is also very low)

NRE Distance of Piped streams Currently no complete datasets exist that identify these conditions.

NRE Number of Stormwater Facilities x

NRE Acres of parkland/capita or % of county/city

Proximity to parkland uses instead of per capita.

NRE Acres daylight/acres stream light per-haps info from UVA, if can get easily

Data incomplete

NRE Alternative energy production sites (Piedmont biofuels)

No Data available

NRE Alternative energy providers No Data available

NRE % ACE Conserved Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County.

NRE Compare acres protected to ACE metrics/values - % prime land in conservation

Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County.

NRE Number of on-site stormwater treatment facilities

x Information captured in the number of stormwater facilities.

NRE Percent of Land Covered by Impervi-ous Surfaces (City, County Develop-ment Area, and County Rural Areas separately)

x

NRE Impervious areas lacking stormwater treatment

x

Appendix 5& List of Suggested Indicators

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Appendix 5&


Notes

NRE Amount of land in land use Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County.

NRE Acres of land in agricultural use Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County.

NRE # Acres in Ag/forestal districts Data not included because it is not available at the same scale for the City and the County.

NRE # and acres rezoning of conservation/ag land to residential

Indicator reported as land conversion.

NRE Agriculture Sales x

NRE Identify agricultural lands x

NRE Greenhouse Gas Emissions x

NRE Air quality- Ozone Levels x

NRE Impaired Waters x

NRE Air Quality Index x

NRE Annual maximum ozone level x

NRE Dissolved Oxygen Water Quality Index Included in 303d data.

NRE Invertebrate counts Included in 303d data.

NRE Max and average PM2.5 Levels x

NRE Number of carbon monoxide exceedances

Not currently monitored by DEQ in our region

NRE Impaired Waters x

NRE TMDLs x Included in impaired streams Performance Measure.

NRE Water quality x

NRE Tree Canopy Coverage x

NRE Habitat Fragmentation Data set designed for a statewide resolution. Regional Habitats Framework takes this into account

NRE Land Cover x

NRE Lowest annual river flow Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

NRE Water supply protection areas Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Residential proximity to bus stops x

T Residential proximity to bike lane x

T Residential proximity to a sidewalk x

T % Bus stops with benches/shelters for seniors/disabled

Not included because it pertains to only part of the region.

T Disability non accommodations for transit


T Monthly Household Transportation Costs

x


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Appendix 5&


Notes

T Cost of public transit/rider Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Cost to ride public transit Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Means of transportation to work x

T Bus ridership Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T JAUNT ADA ridership Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T % bus headways within 30 min during peak


T % bus headways within 60 min during nonpeak


T % Population using transit in the Devel-opment Area


T # Airport passengers Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T # Crossings on 29/250 Indicator not included because it was to specific.

T # Flights Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T # Routes to outlying commuter areas Not included as an indicator because any road could be called a route to outlying areas

T # Smart lights Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Destinations served by airport Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Public transit to parks/trail heads Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Tons cargo at airport Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T # Network gaps – bike, pedestrian – connectivity index

Proximity to Sidewalks and trails used instead.

T Contiguous sidewalks/bikeway length (connectivity)

Proximity to Sidewalks and trails used instead.

T Miles of paved bike trails per capita Sidewalks and trails included as a proximity indicator instead of per capita.

T Average traffic delay Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Average commute time Indicator was not included because it was to specific and does not provide a overall measure of livability.

T Number of Accidents x

T Daily vehicle miles traveled per Household



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Appendix 5&


Notes

T Motor vehicle accidents per 1000 people

Total number of crashes was deemed to be a better indicator of road safety.

T Survey of public parking availability and cost


T Serious bike/pedestrian accidents per 100,000

Existing state level data is poor and local data does not currently exist.

T Traffic fatalities Fatalities included in the number of accidents


Chapter Code Chapter/System Name

CNE Community Nand Neighborhood System

E Economy

HBE Housing and the Built Environment

NRE Natural Resources and Environment

T Transportation

1


one Code and Ordinance Toolkit

Code and Ordinance Toolkit

Livable Communities Planning ProjectThomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionOctober 2013

401 East Water Street, Charlottesville, VA 22902 . (434) 979-7310 . www.1-community.org

Code and Ordinance Toolkit October 2013

I

Introduction: Code and OrdinanceToolkit

Introduction The Code and Ordinance Toolkit is a three-part reference document developed for the use of local officials at the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County. This resource is intended to provide references on potential ways to bridge the gap between local comprehensive plans and land use regulations. While each of the following parts can function as stand-alone document, these pieces are intended to work together as a series. In Part I, the reader will find identified challenges, obstacles and opportunities with the existing codes and ordinances. In those lists of issues, there are references to the subsequent document, Part II, which consists of a list of strategies that are related to those issues. In Part II, there are further references to individual reports, found in the final segment of the series. Those reports provide sample ordinances from communities across the Commonwealth of Virginia and beyond, along with general guidance on those ordinance topics. Document Organization:

Some of the purposes for the Code and Ordinance Toolkit include:

� Creating an inventory of the City’s and County’s existing codes and ordinances; � Identifying the existing gaps between local codes and the updated comprehensive plans; � Providing local officials with a reference document, or catalog, of options that can help close

those gaps; � Creating a list of sample ordinances to provide detail on options listed in the catalog.

Note: This document is not intended to serve as an academic reference on planning concepts or zoning principles. It is not a set of recommended changes to City and County regulations. Instead, it provides information which the localities may wish to review for background information on how other localities have implemented similar goals, objectives, and strategies in their respective plans.


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As a reference document, the reader will likely refer to specific sections, rather than read through the entire text at a single time. Consequently, there are repetitive themes and duplicate language in the text. Also, since local officials are the main audience, the text assumes that the reader has basic knowledge of zoning and subdivision codes.

Part I: Obstacles, Challenges and Opportunities Part I of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit serves as a consolidated list of identified obstacles, challenges and opportunities associated with local land use regulations. City and County officials can refer to Part I to find a list of existing issues.

Part II: Code and Ordinance Strategies Part II of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit serves as a consolidated list of strategies that are associated with local land use regulations. City and County officials can refer to Part II to find a list of possible actions that will bring local codes into conformance with the proposed Comprehensive Plans.

Part III: Sample Ordinances Part III of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit serves as a packet of sixteen reports on various ordinance topics. These reports include codes and ordinances from localities in Virginia and other states that can provide guidance to the City and County on ways to update their codes to implement their respective comprehensive plans. Reports also include references to the State Code, for enabling legislation. This series of reports serves as a reference resource, rather than a policy document. It is intended to be an easy-to-use guide for local staff and officials, providing a starting point for additional code and ordinance research.


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LIVABLE COMMUNITIES In February 2011, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded funding to the Charlottesville Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) to develop a Livability Implementation Plan for the region. The process to develop this plan, referred to as the Livable Communities Planning Project, built upon the region’s 1998 Sustainability Accords and other local planning documents to integrate crosscutting strategies for land use, transportation, housing, economic vitality, air and water quality, and energy use. The Livable Communities Planning Project provides an avenue for inter-locality coordination, education and community participation in updates to the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County Comprehensive Plans and the Charlottesville-Albemarle Long Range Transportation Plan. The process sought to identify common ground between City and County planning goals and to give community members the opportunity to provide feedback. Each locality used community input received through this process to inform updates to their respective planning documents. Project staff consisted of those from the City, County, University of Virginia and the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. This project team assisted in coordinating public input into the three plan updates. The team also collaborated with other project partners to complete the five deliverables that comprise the Livability Implementation Plan. These five deliverables included:

1. A Performance Measurement System to analyze where the region stands with respect to transportation, the environment, housing, economic development, and energy use.

2. A single map, referred to as “One Map,” reflecting future land use designations and transportation projects for both the City of Charlottesville and the County of Albemarle.

3. A list of recommended Livability policies, goals, and objectives to inform the Charlottesville and Albemarle Comprehensive Plans, and the MPO Long Range Transportation Plan.

4. A Code and Ordinance Review that includes guidance to help implement recommended Livability policies.

5. Recommendations for voluntary individual and community-wide actions that will support Livability within the community.

CODE AND ORDINANCE REVIEW Task four of the Livable Communities Project consisted of a detailed review of local codes and ordinances. This report serves as the main deliverable of those efforts. It identifies sections of the existing regulations that are inconsistent with the Livability Goals, and offers a catalog of strategies that may help local officials create greater consistency between their plans and ordinances.


IV


PROCESS The review of codes and ordinances involved a thorough process including staff from the City of Charlottesville, Albemarle County, Thomas Jefferson Planning District and other stakeholders. This effort spanned from April to October 2013. During this time, the project scope included:

1) A review of comprehensive plans and goals; 2) A review of local ordinances; 3) Research of best practices; and 4) Development of the results and toolkit in this report.

The updates of the City and County comprehensive plans were closely tied to this task. Early in the update process, the local planning commissions from both localities held joint meetings and agreed upon a set of joint goals and objectives, which helped set the foundation for their plan updates. The task four efforts focused on identifying areas of the local codes and ordinances that were inconsistent with those plans and goals.

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN UPDATES The greatest benefit of the Livable Communities Project was the timing related to the local plan updates. The City, County and MPO updated their major plans at the same time. Consequently, it was possible for all entities to work together on the development of goals, objectives and strategies. The following sections provide a brief summary of the updates to the City and County comprehensive plans. Since those documents serve as the legal guide for land use regulations, this overview also serves as the basis for the code and ordinance review.

Joint Goals One of the most important activities in the Livable Communities Project was the Joint Planning Commission process. In a series of meetings, the Charlottesville and Albemarle Planning Commissions met together for joint sessions. These sessions allowed the Planning Commissioners to discuss issues of overlapping concern. It also allowed officials to share existing approaches and identify key issues that needed to be addressed by both localities. Through the course of this process, the two Planning Commissions identified eight areas of joint interest for discussion and recommendations; Economic Development, Entrance Corridors, Environment, Housing, Land Use, Transportation, Parks and Recreation, and Historic Preservation. (These categories later served as an organizational framework for the code and ordinance review). The Planning Commissions ultimately agreed on an overall direction in these areas. The two planning commissions approved the final version of the Vision and Goal Statements at their meeting on January 15, 2013. The City incorporated many of these visions and goals into the updated comprehensive plans. The County’s recommended comprehensive plan update also included the Livability Project visions and goals. While both localities already addressed many of these topics in their previous plans, there were opportunities to expand on these discussions, as is seen in the updates.

City of Charlottesville While the City of Charlottesville did not make any major policy changes in their comprehensive plan update, there were extensive refinements. The public feedback centered on retaining the previous qualities of the plan, rather than conducting a complete overhaul of the community’s vision. The land use and housing sections received the most attention. From a formatting standpoint, the City reduced


V


the content to make the plan more user-friendly. The City focused on creating a forward looking, expressive vision for the community, as opposed to an almanac of various planning topics. The plan consists of several chapters, which cover seven main topics: land use, community facilities, economic sustainability, environment, housing, and transportation, along with urban design and historic preservation. The final chapter focuses on implementation of the goals and objectives that the City listed in the plan.

Albemarle County Over time, the County’s Comprehensive Plan has consistently established one overriding policy – growth management. The plan’s emphasis is on channeling growth into the County’s designated Development Areas, whereby protecting designated Rural Areas. Periodic reviews and amendments have not changed this emphasis. The Planning Commission, early in its latest review of the plan, reaffirmed this approach and focused on expanding strategies that implement these policies. When the 2013 update began, the Comprehensive Plan consisted of five different sections: Natural and Cultural Resources, the Land Use Plan for the Development Areas, the Rural Area Plan, Economic Development Policies, and the Affordable Housing Policy. There were multiple appendices within each of the first three sections, which made the document excessively bulky with over 700 pages in total. The 2013 update brought these different chapters together under one volume, “The 20-Year Plan.” The new format provided greater consistency within and among chapters. This update also allowed the County to streamline the plan, removing redundancies and focusing on essential topics. As a result, the 2013 draft is a more concise, user friendly plan that consists of three main volumes:

� Summary of the Plan � 20-Year Plan � Reference Documents

EXISTING ORDINANCES AND POLICIES The City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County have a history of innovations in planning and land use policies. Both localities have existing ordinances that address issues related to housing, transportation, sustainability, neighborhood design, economic development and many other topics. The following sections document those ordinances. The purpose of this summary is two-fold. First, it acknowledges those previous efforts by the localities. Second, this background provides context to the code and ordinance considerations listed in the toolkit sections.

City of Charlottesville While the City of Charlottesville has a long history with zoning and subdivision regulations, there was a complete rewrite of the zoning code in 2003. The current ordinance is the product of the City’s 2001 Comprehensive Plan. During the 2001 process, citizens and officials debated what type of community it wished to be in the coming years. After extensive public meetings, there was consensus that the City’s priority was to foster a pedestrian-oriented, walkable, and transit-friendly community. Growing out of that process was a realization that the existing zoning ordinance would not allow the City to achieve that vision. That realization served as the foundation for the 2003 zoning overhaul and later updates to the subdivision ordinance.


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Zoning Ordinance

The City adopted a set of guiding principles during the 2001 Comprehensive Plan update that acted as the cornerstone for the new zoning ordinance. The principles focused on several keys topics, including strong neighborhoods with identifiable centers, accessibility to safe alternative modes of transportation, an emphasis on parks and natural resources, quality and affordable housing, a diversified economy and citizenry, and sustainable practices. In response to the comprehensive plan and guiding principles, the 2003 zoning ordinance included these main features:

1. Zoning districts/standards that support neo-traditional design. 2. Zoning and codes that accurately reflect the future land use plan. 3. Student precincts adjacent to the University that allow for lower on-site parking requirements

and higher residential densities. 4. A zoning classification that acknowledge parks. 5. Higher Densities clustered along Transit Corridors. 6. Districts that focus on major corridors throughout the City. 7. Provisions dedicated to the preservation of historic resources. 8. Provisions that address bike racks/lockers at businesses and apartments. 9. New regulations allowing accessory units in single-family zones by provisional use to enhance

the character of some neighborhoods. 10. Parking standards which require fewer spaces, particularly along transit corridors.

Since 2003, the City made additional updates to the zoning ordinance, particularly related to affordable housing. The City received special permission from the State General Assembly to adopt provisions that integrate affordable housing units into market rate developments. Aside from targeted updates, the 2003 zoning ordinance is largely intact. The code sections are organized into ten articles. There are ten residential zoning districts, plus the Planned Unit Development district. The City also has four commercial districts, four overlay, two industrial and fourteen mixed-use corridor districts.

Note: Refer to the Appendix for a list and description of the various zoning districts.

Subdivision Ordinance

The City rewrote their subdivision ordinance in 2008, which completely replaced the previous subdivision ordinance. The purpose of the new ordinance was two-fold. First, it reflects and incorporates current Virginia state law on subdivisions. Second, it is intended to codify procedures and practices in the administration of subdivisions within the City. The City also developed a Standards and Design Manual which contains engineering specifications. While the Commission and staff, in applying City ordinances, dictate what must be built pursuant to a development application, the Standards and Design Manual specify how it shall be built.

Albemarle County Albemarle County has used its zoning and subdivision ordinance to help implement its Comprehensive Plan for decades. In 1980, the County revised its zoning ordinance to reduce development potential in the Rural Areas and promote growth in the Development Areas. In 1990, the County adopted the Entrance Corridor Overlay District to help protect scenic and historic resources and appointed its first


VII


Architectural Review Board. In 1991, the County adopted a Water Protection Ordinance which underwent a major update in 1998. By the 2000s, Albemarle County made several significant and innovative changes to its codes and ordinances to better shape new development, especially in the Development Areas.

The Neighborhood Model

In 2001, Albemarle County adopted a neighborhood design concept that focused on compact, mixed-use developments with an urban scale for the designated Development Areas. This concept, referred to as the Neighborhood Model, was intended to encourage a neo-traditional design. The new policy consisted of twelve principles:

� Pedestrian orientation, � Neighborhood friendly streets and paths, � Interconnected streets and transportation networks, � Parks and open space as amenities, � Neighborhood centers, � Buildings and spaces of human scale, � Relegated parking, � Mixture of uses and use types, � Mixture of housing types and affordability, � Redevelopment, � Site planning that respects terrain, and � Clear boundaries with the rural areas. In 2003, the County adopted the Neighborhood Model District (NMD). The County designed this district to implement the model and its twelve principles. The NMD ordinance functions as a planned development district that offers flexibility to applicants. While there is flexibility, County still retains discretion to negotiate on proffers and development plans.

Downtown Crozet District

In 2008, the County adopted a new district that functions like a form-based code and targets the same principles as the NMD. The Downtown Crozet District (DCD) helps implement traditional downtown development in the Crozet community, per the vision outlined in the Crozet Master Plan. The DCD provides for flexibility and variety, by allowing for a mixture of uses. As an example, a development could consist of retail, service, and civic uses with light industrial and residential property as secondary uses. This district is intended to promote a development form and character that is different from typical suburban development allowed by conventional zoning. The stated goals are to:

� Promote the economic and social vitality and diversity of downtown Crozet; � Implement the Crozet master plan for the downtown area of Crozet so that it may serve as the

commercial hub of Crozet and its environs; � Provide a greater mix of uses in downtown Crozet, including increased employment; � Facilitate infill and redevelopment; � Increase the utility of the land; � Retain the uniquely diverse character of Crozet; and � Promote a pedestrian-friendly environment.

Neighborhood Design

The County made additional ordinance amendments to shape the form of suburban developments. In 2002, the Board of Supervisors adopted an ordinance change that would allow for alleys in the


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designated Development Areas. In the following year, there was an amendment to the zoning ordinance to reduce parking requirements and encourage travel demand management (TDMs) in the Development Areas. In 2005, the County started to require sidewalks and interconnections in Development Areas and permitted zero lot line development in 2008. All of these changes promote a more urban design than conventional zoning districts.

Environmental Ordinances

During the 2000s, Albemarle County adopted several ordinance changes related to water protection. In 2004, there was an amendment to the water protection ordinance intended to protect groundwater. This ordinance tracks well locations and yields by location in the designated Rural Area as a way to measure change in groundwater quantity and quality. There was another amendment in 2007 to strength the Water Protection ordinance with regards to water quality.

Rural Zoning

Albemarle County’s rural areas and natural resources are considered to be the County’s most valued assets. The Rural Area zoning has strong limits on residential development. After the last update of the Rural Area portion of the comprehensive plan, the County determined that there needed to be greater opportunity for agricultural uses. In 2006, there were amendments to the zoning ordinance to allow for seasonal farm worker housing in the Rural Areas. Two years later, there was an amendment to the zoning ordinance to broaden opportunities at country stores that could serve the rural residents. In the next two years, the County adopted a pair of new amendments. The first amendment increased opportunities for local food sales through farm stands and farmers markets. The second amendment to the Rural Areas zoning district opened more opportunities for farm wineries and their ability to hold special events.

Note: Refer to the Appendix for a list and description of the various zoning districts.

Subdivision Ordinance

The County’s subdivision regulations changed in 2005 to require that street connections be built to the property line of adjoining properties. This continues to be important in new developments to avoid creating an isolated environment that requires motorists to travel long, roundabout routes. Although street connections are generally resisted by existing neighborhoods, connections provide alternate traffic routes for old and new neighborhoods, which can also improve emergency response time.


Page 1

Part I. Obstacle, Challenges and Opportunities

Part I. Obstacles, Challenges and Opportunities Part I of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit serves as a consolidated list of identified obstacles, challenges and opportunities associated with local land use regulations. City and County officials can refer to the following sections of this report to find a list of existing issues. This document is intended to be a tool, rather than a policy document. It only includes topics that are currently listed in the City and County Comprehensive Plans and is intended to be a quick reference that is specifically related to codes and ordinances. By listing the City and County issues together, the document also gives local officials easy access to the topics discussed in their neighbor locality. The hope is to encourage a more regional and collaborative approach to code and ordinance development. While this document can function as a stand-alone report, it is intended to serve as the first part of a three-part series. In this document, the reader can find identified challenges, obstacles and opportunities to improving local codes and ordinances. There are references to the subsequent document, Part II, which consists of a list of strategies that are related to the following issues. In Part II, there are further references to individual reports, found in the final segment of the series. Those reports provide sample ordinances from communities across the Commonwealth of Virginia and beyond, along with general guidance on those ordinance topics. Document Organization:


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NAVIGATING PART I The layout of Part I is intended to allow easy reference for the reader to find a list of existing obstacles, challenges and opportunities with codes and ordinances. The document divides these issues by categories, taken from an adopted list of Livability Goals, as part of the Livability: Many Plans One Community project. Since a single issue can overlap multiple topics, there are multiple references across categories. With each topic on the following pages there is a table of information that creates a general profile. The table contains:

� Description: The description line provides details of identified issues from local plans or other official documents.

� Source: This line includes a specific reference to the local comprehensive plan. It allows the reader to identify the comprehensive plan chapter and section associated with each issue.

� Locality: The tables identify which locality (City or County) is affected by the stated obstacle, challenge or opportunity.

� Assessment Category: This line indicates the type of ordinance change needed to address the identified issue. The assessment category indicated either: code sections which the locality should consider replacing/amending, because they conflict with the livability strategies; or, code sections which do not exist and would need to be created.

� Strategies: The final line in the table includes references to Part II, a consolidated list of local strategies taken directly from the City and County comprehensive plans. These references make a link between identified issues and proposed actions.

PART I SECTIONS BY TOPIC: �� LAND USE ........................................................................................................................................3 � HOUSING .........................................................................................................................................6 � ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................................................8 � HISTORIC PRESERVATION .....................................................................................................................9 � ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................ 11 � ENTRANCE CORRIDORS ...................................................................................................................... 13 � TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................................................................ 15


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�� LAND USE The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for land use is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County will support neighborhoods and places that allow residents to live, work, and play near their homes and where attention to the character of new development and redevelopment enhances quality of life.”

Under this goal, there were four objectives that are related to codes and ordinances:

� Encourage development and redevelopment in areas of the City identified for increased density and greater intensity of use, and in County Development Areas where appropriate in order to preserve open space, rural areas, and agricultural areas.

� Promote land use patterns that encourage multi-modal transportation opportunities. � Coordinate City and County Development Areas, land use and infrastructure policies. � Maintain the distinct character of the Rural Areas.

Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: RURAL PRESERVATION: Rural landowners increasingly come under financial pressure to subdivide their land.

Description: “While new homebuilding is not desired in the County’s Rural Areas, rural landowners increasingly come under financial pressure to subdivide their land. In recent years, the County has realized it must take a proactive role in helping property owners find ways to keep properties intact rather than subdividing. In the last three years, the County has made changes to the Zoning Ordinance to make it easier to establish farm sales, farm stands, farm wineries, and other uses that are supportive of the Rural Area. Other changes are still needed.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 7: Rural Areas, Page 3

Locality: Albemarle County

Assessment Category: Code sections which do not exist and would need to be created

Strategies: Land Use A-12, A-14, A-15, A-16

RURAL COMMUNITIES: There are opportunities to increase the number of places for community interaction in the Rural Area.

Description: “Community gathering places for residents of the Rural Areas are somewhat limited… The Zoning Ordinance permits churches, community centers, and clubs in the Rural Area zoning district by special use permit. Most requests are approved because requests are in keeping with the Comprehensive Plan goals. Outside of those facilities, locations for community interaction are limited to informal locations such as businesses, post offices, schools, and existing country stores. Community centers and areas of religious assembly are considered to be supportive of local rural residents. ”




Strategies: Land Use A-13


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MAINTAINING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: Limitations on allowable uses may limit the ability of some landowners to maintain their historic properties.

Description: “While valued by residents and tourists alike, historic buildings and sites can sometimes pose challenges for owners. Large farmhouses and historic mansions can be expensive to maintain and, at times, additional income is needed to ensure that historic buildings do not fall into disrepair. Historic buildings and sites can be maintained for their original use, such as a home, or converted to income producing properties, such as restaurants, museums, and lodging.”




Strategies: Land Use A-12, A-14, A-15, A-16

RURAL DESIGN: There are opportunities to introduce design standards for rural area uses.

Description: “Standards in the Zoning Ordinance were developed as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ scenario and have increasingly become more urban to support the Development Areas. Rural standards are needed to help uses better blend into the rural landscape and function more as a rural use… Performance standards are needed that ensure that size, scale, and location of new uses do not overwhelm the area in function or visibility.”




Strategies: Land Use A-17, A-18

STREET DESIGN: There are opportunities to create blocks in conjunction with the County’s challenging topography.

Description: “Short block length is also an important part of creating an incentive for walking. Blocks provide a frame of reference for walkers as pedestrians often measure distance from one place to another by counting the number of blocks. The shorter the blocks, the more comfortable the walk, especially if one has to walk a long distance. As a rule, blocks should not exceed 600 feet in length. Albemarle County’s topography represents challenges to creating a true grid-system.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 8: Development Areas, Page 13



Strategies: Land Use A-19

PLANNED DISTRICTS: There are opportunities to improve the Planned Unit Development (PUD) District, to ensure that those developments include the neighborhood designs outlined in the comprehensive plan.

Description: “The PUD districts are intended to serve as neighborhoods or mini-neighborhoods within designated communities and the urban area. Additionally, PUD districts may be appropriate where the establishment of a "new village" or the nucleus of a future community exists and where the PUD development would not preclude achievement of the county's objectives for the urban area, communities and villages. In order to encourage the community function, appropriate commercial and industrial uses are provided in addition to a variety of residential uses. It is intended that commercial and industrial development be limited to a scale appropriate to the support of the residential uses within the PUD; provided that additional commercial and industrial activity may be permitted upon a finding that the area in which the PUD is to be located is not adequately served by such use.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter: Action 5.1; Urban Design and Historic Preservation Chapter: Action 7.5

Locality: City of Charlottesville

Assessment Category: Code sections which the locality should consider replacing/amending

Strategies: Land Use C-1


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INFILL & REDEVELOPMENT: There are opportunities to improve the Infill Special Use Permit. Description: “Infill development is a concept by which the city desires to encourage and permit variation in certain areas within the city's R-1, R-1S, R-2 and R-3 zoning districts, by allowing deviation from the following types of regulations pursuant to a special use permit: minimum lot size and street frontage requirements, dimensional requirements, types of dwellings, density, yard requirements. In an effort to promote a walkable community, to reduce traffic congestion, to improve air quality, and to enhance the viability of downtown businesses, the city seeks to encourage increased density of residential development in central Charlottesville and the Main Street corridor, where access to a variety of transportation options allows for increased density with less impact on traffic and promotes a healthy lifestyle for city residents.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter, Action 5.2



Strategies: Land Use C-2, C-6

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: The existing industrial zoning could better align with the City’s economic development goals.

Description: “The M-I district is established to allow areas for light industrial uses that have a minimum of environmental pollution in the form of traffic, noise, odors, smoke and fumes, fire and explosion hazard, glare and heat and vibration.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter: Action 5.6



Strategies: Land Use C-5


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�� HOUSING The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for housing is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County will each have a range of housing types that support various incomes, ages, and levels of mobility. These housing types should be connected to community amenities, parks, trails and services in the City and in the County’s Development Areas.”

Under this goal, there were four objectives that are related to codes and ordinances:

� Encourage mixed income communities. � Develop policies to encourage housing opportunities suitable for healthy aging and for people

with disabilities located in close proximity to community services and amenities, recreational resources, and connected to multi-modal transportation corridors.

� Promote housing located near employment centers in the City and County Development Areas and optimal multi-modal transportation links between those areas and major employment centers.

� Increase the range of housing type choices, focusing especially on the creation of additional workforce (60%-120% AMI), affordable housing (25%-60% AMI), and deeply affordable (0%-25% AMI) units in the City and the County.

Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: ACCESSORY UNITS: There are opportunities to allow for detached accessory units in new residential developments.

Description: “Accessory units, both attached and detached, are an integral part of a diverse housing supply. Sometimes called “granny flats” or “in-law apartments,” they provide an opportunity for individuals in need of assistance to live on-site with care-giving relatives, or provide a way for owners to supplement an income and help pay for the mortgage. Recommendations to increase opportunities to construct accessory units were made with the Neighborhood Model, in 2001. Some creative ways of providing accessory units have been achieved in Neighborhood Model developments; however, limitations remain. Zoning Ordinance amendments are needed to allow for detached accessory units to be constructed.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 9: Housing, Page 6



Strategies: Housing A-1

AFFORDABLE HOUSING: Zoning district requirements may present obstacles to affordable housing.

Description: “Residential districts in the Development Areas limit density and require a minimum lot size. These two features should be reviewed to see if [changes]… could allow for additional opportunities for affordable housing.”




Strategies: Housing A-3


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GREEN BUILDING: There are opportunities to better address green building in home construction. Description: “To use renewable energy sources, resource-efficient principles of design and construction, and sustainably produced materials in all new construction, and sustainably produced materials in all new structures; and to encourage conversion from less efficient, non-renewable energy uses in existing structures. City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environmental Chapter: Action 5 Housing Chapter: Action 8.7



Strategies: Housing C-4, C-7

MAINTAINING AFFORDABILITY: There are opportunities to better maintain the stock of affordable housing.

Description: “Localities play a vital role in affordable housing through the adoption and implementation of strategies and policies. Localities use Land Use and Zoning tools, such as the Comprehensive Plan and Zoning Ordinance, lay out a framework to guide how and where housing is built and maintained within an area.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter, Action 4.3



Strategies: Housing C-2

QUALITY AFFORDABLE HOMES: There are challenges that limit the City’s ability to ensure that affordable homes are visually indistinguishable from market-rate lots.

Description: “Location and appearance are important when providing affordable housing. Affordable units should not be segregated from other types of housing or built in enclaves. Instead, units should be scattered throughout the Development Area Neighborhoods. To help achieve a more cohesive looking neighborhood and retain property values, affordable units should not be distinguishable on the outside from market rate units.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter, Action 7.1



Strategies: Housing C-5


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�� ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for economic development is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County recognize the necessity of vibrant regional economic relationships and will work together toward a strong, diversified economy creating stability and opportunities for advancement in our communities.”

Under this goal, there were three objectives that are related to codes and ordinances:

� Improve opportunities for employment centers that are connected to community amenities, housing, and services in the City and in the County’s Development Areas.

� Support a range of businesses in identified target industry areas (bioscience and medical, business and financial, information technology & defense, and agribusiness).

� Encourage land use practices and policies that promote vibrancy in the local economy through cultural industries including heritage tourism, entertainment, agritourism, local food, and art, and entertainment.

Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: REUSE: Limitations on allowable uses may be an obstacle for some landowners to maintain their historic properties.





Strategies: Economic A-8, A-9, A-10, A-11

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: The existing industrial zoning could better align with the City’s economic development goals.


Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter: Action 5.6



Strategies: Economic C-1


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�� HISTORIC PRESERVATION The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for historic preservation is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County will enhance the historic character of the region by fostering community awareness of our historic and cultural resources and promoting the preservation of designated structures and areas.”

Under this goal, there was an objective related to codes and ordinances:

� Encourage local historic designations where appropriate in cooperation with neighborhoods. Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: LOCAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION: Local historic resources may be vulnerable, due to a lack of historic districts.

Description: “Over the years, historic resource surveys have identified buildings and sites in Albemarle that are eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. However, there is no consolidated or updated list of these properties. In addition, many property owners are not aware of the historic significance of their properties, and many historic resources are demolished, leaving no record behind… Albemarle County has no local historic preservation regulations and, as a result, has no mechanism to either prevent demolition of historic resources or to require that owners document their historic resources prior to demolition.” “Although examples of successful preservation efforts in the County exist, the number of resources destroyed in recent years suggests that continued reliance solely on voluntary preservation measures would not be adequate to protect all significant resources.”

Sources: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 5: Historic, Cultural and Scenic Resources, Page 4



Strategies: Historic A-1

REUSE OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES: Limitations on allowable uses may be an obstacle for some landowners to maintain their historic properties.





Strategies: Historic A-3, A-4

POLICY CONSISTENCY: There are opportunities to ensure that standards and requirements are consistent with historic preservation goals.

Description: “To date, while the importance of urban design and historic preservation have been recognized by many, their potential to strengthen and improve the vitality of the City has not yet been fully realized. In order to maximize the benefits associated with urban design and historic preservation, they should be integrated more fully into all aspects of life in the City, and the actions of both the public and private sectors should be coordinated to achieve the goals of urban design and preservation articulated in this document.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix

Sources: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter: Action 5.4 Urban Design and Historic Preservation: Action 7.4, 7.5



Strategies: Historic C-1, C-4, C-5


Page 10


DESIGNATIONS: Some historic resources are vulnerable or endangered and not protected by a locally designated historic district

Description: “There are eight areas of the City where historic preservation and architectural design control (ADC) districts have been designated, one neighborhood designated as a historic conservation district, and 76 individually protected properties that have been designated outside districts. The ADC districts are: Downtown, North Downtown, Ridge Street, West Main Street, Wertland Street, The Corner, Oakhurst-Gildersleeve Neighborhood, and Rugby Road-University Circle-Venable Neighborhood. Martha Jefferson Neighborhood is designated as a Historic Conservation District.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix

Sources: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Urban Design and Historic Preservation Chapter: Action 6.1


Assessment Category: Code sections which do not exist and would need to be created, as well as zoning map amendments

Strategies: Historic C-1, C-2

OTHER RESOURCES: The existing ordinance does not address archaeological resources.

Description: “Charlottesville’s archaeological resources are an integral part of the City’s cultural history. Examples of archaeological resources include human remains, and objects such as tools, bone, bottles, dishes, and nails, which are representative of prehistoric and historic periods. Areas that contain these objects are also archaeological resources and include graves, wells, privies, trash pits, quarries, back yards, basements, and foundations. Examples of archaeological sites within Charlottesville that might contain archaeological resources are prehistoric camps, historic residences, schools, farms, cemeteries, roads, railways and Civil War camps and hospitals.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix




Strategies: Historic C-3

POLICY CONSISTENCY: The zoning ordinance allows for higher densities on specific historic properties, potentially encouraging demolition of those historic buildings.

Description: “To date, while the importance of urban design and historic preservation has been recognized by many, their potential to strengthen and improve the vitality of the City has not yet been fully realized. In order to maximize the benefits associated with urban design and historic preservation, they should be integrated more fully into all aspects of life in the City, and the actions of both the public and private sectors should be coordinated to achieve the goals of urban design and preservation articulated in this document.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix



Assessment Category: Code sections which do not exist and would need to be created, as well as zoning map amendments

Strategies: Historic C-4


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�� ENVIRONMENT The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for the environment is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County will continue to promote a community of green neighborhoods, healthy waterways, clean air, and sustainable natural resources.”

Under this goal, there were eight objectives that are related to codes and ordinances:

� Encourage multi-modal transportation and focus development and redevelopment in urban areas that are supported by multi-modal transportation facilities that will help to reduce emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases.

� Protect drinking water supplies and associated watershed protection areas. � Improve water quality of all of our waterways. � Coordinate actions intended to address and meet all appropriate water quality standards. � Encourage low-impact development techniques and practices through land development

regulations, education, and incentives. � Improve the viability of local agriculture through concentrating development in the City areas

identified for greater intensity of use and higher densities and County Development Areas while strengthening measures that protect agriculture in the Rural Areas.

� Recognize the benefits of biological diversity and encourage the retention and use of native plants.

� Encourage establishment, maintenance, and replenishment of urban tree canopy in the developed areas as a means of promoting urban green space, as well as supporting stormwater runoff reduction efforts.

Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: WATER QUALITY: There are opportunities to improve on protection of critical slopes and water resources.

Description: “Soil retention is important for protecting water quality as well as for slope stability. The isolated locations of development sites in mountain areas necessitate longer driveways and access roads over more highly erodible soils. Driveways and access roads may disturb many times more area than a dwelling itself. Improper attention to soils may result in accelerated soil erosion and sedimentation, ground or surface water pollution, landslides, flooding, drainage problems, failed septic systems, construction problems, and unproductive agricultural and forestal lands. Forest cover is the most effective land cover for minimizing soil erosion and protecting water quality. Forested land cover also slows runoff and retains water, allowing it to more slowly flow to streams and groundwater supplies… The County should strengthen protection of these resources through its zoning regulations.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 4: Natural Resources, Page 18



Strategies: Environment A-3


Page 12


RURAL PRESERVATION: Rural landowners increasingly come under financial pressure to subdivide their land.

Description: “While new homebuilding is not desired in the County’s Rural Areas, rural landowners increasingly come under financial pressure to subdivide their land. In recent years, the County has realized it must take a proactive role in helping property owners find ways to keep properties intact rather than subdividing. In the last three years, the County has made changes to the Zoning Ordinance to make it easier to establish farm sales, farm stands, farm wineries, and other uses that are supportive of the Rural Area. Other changes are still needed.”




Strategies: Transportation A-7

FOOD SYSTEMS: There are opportunities to allow for urban agricultural uses, giving residents the ability to grow and raise their own food.

Description: “Local food production, with emphasis on food and products that are grown organically, locally, and sustainably is important to Albemarle County. It is addressed primarily in the Rural Area section of the Comprehensive Plan. Urban agriculture encompasses a wide variety of activities such as community gardens, henhouses for laying hens in a backyard, and beekeeping. It is currently not allowed in most places in the Development Areas.”




Strategies: Environment A-11, A-12

NATIVE PLANTS AND LANDSCAPING: There are limited requirements to ensure that new developments integrate native plant species into landscaping plans.

Description: “To preserve the habitat required to maintain viable plant and animal populations representative of the Region’s overall biological diversity.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environmental Chapter: Action 3.8



Strategies: Environment C-2

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENT: There are opportunities to more effectively encourage low-impact development.

Description: The City Comprehensive Plan states that Charlottesville would like to encourage high performance, green building standards and practices. This includes the use of the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) LEED certification program, Earthcraft, Energy Star or other similar systems.




Strategies: Environment C-4, C-7, C-9

GREEN BUILDING: There are opportunities to better address green building in home construction.

Description: “To use renewable energy sources, resource-efficient principles of design and construction, and sustainably produced materials in all new construction, and sustainably produced materials in all new structures; and to encourage conversion from less efficient, non-renewable energy uses in existing structures. City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environmental Chapter: Action 5 Housing Chapter: Action 8.7



Strategies: Environment C-7, C-9


Page 13


TREE PROTECTION: There are challenges with tree protection, due to limited flexibility with local standards and regulations.

Description: “The City has an appointed Tree Commission to help advice staff and council on urban forest management efforts and policies. One such policy is the proposed Charlottesville Tree Conservation Ordinance being considered by City council in October 2013” Charlottesville’s Urban Forest and Tree Program Website




Strategies: Environment C-2, C-6

�� ENTRANCE CORRIDORS The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for entrance corridors is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County will work together to more consistently enhance the visual quality and multi-modal experiences along the corridors.”

Under this goal, there are four objectives that are related to codes and ordinances:

� Create distinctive destinations and places through multiple means, such as landscaping and urban area walkability.

� Establish a consistent approach to signage. � Coordinate continuity of corridor guidelines between the City and County. � Enhance and improve the scenic and historic character of each corridor, while connecting

historic resources, such as Monticello, Ash Lawn-Highland, the University of Virginia, and Court Square, within the community.

Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: UNIQUE CHARACTER: There are opportunities to develop corridor specific guidelines.

Description: “There has been concern whether the EC regulations protect the scenic quality of designated roads, specifically Route 250 West, as effectively as the previous Scenic Highway regulations. In 2005, a citizens’ group recommended developing specific EC guidelines to maximize protection of the unique characteristics of individual roads.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 5:Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources, Page 12



Strategies: Corridors A-4

VISUAL INTEGRITY: New development, particularly single-family residential developments, can present challenges to the visual integrity of the Entrance Corridors (EC).

Description: “A particular concern is the impact that new developments, including single family residential developments, have on traditional frontage treatments along the corridors. In many cases, hedgerows and other traditional streetscapes are lost to turn lanes and entrances, and the scenic views established by the traditional edge treatments are replaced by sustained views of sprawling residential developments with their backs turned toward the road.”




Strategies: Corridors A-1, A-2, A-4


Page 14


POLICY CONSISTENCY: There are opportunities to better coordinate the Entrance Corridor Guidelines with the County’s approved plans.

Description: “Updates are needed in several areas to coordinate the Entrance Corridor Guidelines with plans that have been adopted since the Guidelines were first established, to address the vastly different characters of some of the corridors, and to consider new corridors as the County develops.”




Strategies: Corridors A-3, A-4

POLICY CONSISTENCY: More clarity is needed regarding the application of the Neighborhood Model to infill along Entrance Corridors (EC).

Description: “The Neighborhood Model was adopted in 2001. Since that time, zoning and subdivision regulations have been modified and continue to be modified to allow for, and in some cases require, design elements which better support density. EC Design Guidelines support many aspects of the Neighborhood Model; however, more clarity is needed regarding the application of neighborhood Model guidelines to infill along entrance corridors, relegated parking, building setbacks, landscaping, and street trees.”




Strategies: Corridors A-3

COMPLETE STREETS: There are opportunities to improve on regulations and standards, to encourage complete street concepts.

Description: “The City is poised to make significant progress in installing various bicycle and pedestrian improvements while pursuing the goal of decreasing the share of single occupancy vehicle travel… This requires an integrated approach – providing mixed use, higher density development… which [is] supported by transportation infrastructure that encourages people to use other modes besides the automobile. By creating safe, convenient and pleasurable walking and biking options, the City provides opportunities for active transportation and recreation, helps conserve the environment, promotes economic development, and creates more interaction among people.”

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Chapter: Action 1.7, 2.5, 2.6



Strategies: Corridors C-1, C-2, C-3

UNIQUE TREATMENT: The City could consider specific design standards for different categories of streets.

Description: “Charlottesville’s land use patterns will create, preserve, and enhance neighborhood character, improve environmental quality, integrate a diversity of uses, encourage various modes of transportation, promote infill development, and increase commercial vitality and density in appropriate areas. These interdependent parts will converge to enhance the social, cultural, recreational and economic needs of our City.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter




Strategies: Corridors C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7


Page 15


�� TRANSPORTATION The City and County Planning Commissions recommended goals and associated objectives as part of their joint work for the Livability Project. The recommended Livability goal for transportation is:

“Charlottesville and Albemarle County will promote regional multi-modal and accessible transportation options.”

Under this goal, there is an objective related to codes and ordinances:

� Coordinate to provide and enhance multi-modal connections between employment centers and areas of high residential density.

Of these items, the local comprehensive plans give attention to the following areas: MULTI-MODALISM: There are opportunities to include multi-modal elements to new developments.

Description: “Sidewalks are required in new developments in the Development Areas, but multi-modalism does not stop with sidewalks. Bike lanes, bikeways, transit, and transit stops should also be considered with new developments.”





STREET DESIGN: There are opportunities to create blocks in conjunction with the County’s challenging topography.

Description: “Short block length is also an important part of creating an incentive for walking. Blocks provide a frame of reference for walkers as pedestrians often measure distance from one place to another by counting the number of blocks. The shorter the blocks, the more comfortable the walk, especially if one has to walk a long distance. As a rule, blocks should not exceed 600 feet in length. Albemarle County’s topography represents challenges to creating a true grid-system.”





COMPLETE STREETS: There are opportunities to improve on regulations and standards, to encourage complete street concepts.





Strategies: Transportation C-1, C-3, C-5


Page 16


UNIQUE TREATMENT: The City could consider specific design standards for different categories of streets.





Strategies: Transportation C-1, C-3, C-5

CONNECTIVITY: There is limited authority to require and implement connections between developments.

Description: “All streets within and contiguous to a subdivision shall be coordinated with other existing or planned streets, and such streets shall also be coordinated with existing or planned streets in existing or future adjacent or contiguous to adjacent subdivisions, as to location, widths, grades and drainage.” City of Charlottesville Subdivision Ordinance

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter: Action 8.5 Transportation Chapter: Action 2.1, 2.2



Strategies: Transportation C-4

TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT: There are opportunities to better encourage Travel Demand Management (TDM) techniques.

Description: “The purpose of these regulations is to set forth off-street parking and loading requirements for permitted uses, in accordance with the intensity of such uses; and to provide adequate parking for the traveling public, in order to reduce traffic hazards and conflicts between motor vehicles and alternate methods of transportation; to allow flexibility in addressing vehicle parking, loading, and access issues; to present a variety of strategies to solve parking issues; to encourage walking and alternate modes of transportation; and to maintain and enhance a transportation system that is consistent with environmental goals and clean air.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter: Action 8.5 Transportation Chapter: Action 2.7, 2.9



Strategies: Transportation C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7

ASSESS MANAGEMENT: There are opportunities to better manage ingress and egress from developments, along with the impacts of those associated turning movements.

Description: “Access management focuses on the location, spacing, and design of entrances, street intersections, median openings, and traffic signals. Each of these creates conflict points where vehicles have to stop or slow down, disrupting the flow of traffic. As the number of conflict points increase, so does traffic congestion and crashes. Better management of access to the highway can reduce the number of conflict points and their adverse impact on highway operation and public safety. Roads are a critical public resource and constitute a major investment of the public’s money. Access management can maximize this investment.” Virginia Department of Transportation

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Chapter: Action 3.3





Page 17


FINANCING: Currently, the City does not have a mechanism to compensate for the transportation costs associated with development.

Description: Impact fees are charges on new development, intended to recover costs for new transportation infrastructure needed to private development. The fees apply to all development within a defined impact fee service area. A locality can assess the fee to residential, commercial or industrial development.

Source: City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Chapter: Action 9.4





Page 1

Part II. Code and Ordinance Strategies

Part II. Code and Ordinance Strategies Part II of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit serves as a consolidated list of strategies that are associated with local land use regulations. City and County officials can refer to the following to find a list of possible actions that will bring local codes into conformance with the proposed Comprehensive Plans. This document is intended to be a tool, rather than a policy document. It only includes recommendations that are currently listed in the City and County Comprehensive Plans. It is intended to be a quick reference for proposed actions that are specifically related to codes and ordinances. By listing the City and County strategies together, the document also intends to give local officials easy access to the strategies and policies of their neighbor locality. The hope is to encourage a more regional and open approach to codes and ordinances. While this document can function as a stand-alone report, it is intended to serve as the second part of a three-part series. In Part I, the reader can find identified challenges, obstacles and opportunities to improving local codes and ordinances. In that preceding report, there are references to this document, identifying which official strategies are related to those existing issues. In Part II, there are references to individual reports, found in the final segment of the series. These reports provide sample ordinances from communities across the Commonwealth of Virginia and beyond, along with general guidance on those ordinance topics. Document Organization:


Page 2


NAVIGATING PART II The layout of Part II is intended to allow easy reference for the reader, who can easily find a strategy based on category and locality. Categories are taken from an adopted list of Livability Goals, as part of the Livability: Many Plans One Community project. Since a single strategy can overlap multiple topics, there are multiple listings of many strategies by category. Under each strategy is a table of information that creates a general profile. The table contains:

� Description: Since many of the strategies are concise statements, the description line provides additional detail on the intention of each recommendation. To avoid unintended commentaries, the description line consists of direct quotes from local plans or other official documents.

� Source: This line includes a specific reference to the local comprehensive plan. This allows the reader to identify the comprehensive plan chapter and section associated with each strategy.

� Livability Goal: For easy use, the strategies are organized by category. Since a strategy may span multiple categories, there is a listing of other goals that apply to each recommendation.

� Effected Code Sections: Since these strategies are related to codes and ordinances, this line provides a code reference to any applicable ordinance sections. These references may include sections that should be added, amended or deleted.

� Resource Reference: The final line in the table includes a reference to sample ordinances in Part III of this three-part series. It will list the report number associated with this strategy, allowing the reader to find sample ordinances to aid with potential amendments to the local codes. In some instances, there may be a reference to general considerations, listed below the strategy table. If the strategy is too general in scope, or calls for continuation of a specific ordinance, then the resource reference will indicate “None listed,” because there is no specific guidance available. Finally, this line may refer to other existing documents, outside of the three-part series. The table may reference City or County documents, along with any other existing resources.

In the final section of Part II, the document includes an index of every strategy listed in the following pages. The index includes an identification number, to allow for easy look-up, along with the strategy language and indications of whether the strategy is listed under multiple categories. If the strategy is present in both City and County Comprehensive Plans, then there will be a note that reads: “Common: City/County.” While there are no strategies that are verbatim duplicates in both plans, there are common topics. PART II SECTIONS BY TOPIC: �� LAND USE ........................................................................................................................................3 � HOUSING ....................................................................................................................................... 15 � ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................. 19 � HISTORIC PRESERVATION ................................................................................................................... 24 � ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................ 28 � ENTRANCE CORRIDORS ...................................................................................................................... 35 � TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................................................................ 39 � STRATEGIES INDEX ............................................................................................................................ 43


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�� LAND USE Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to land use issues and are implemented by local ordinances. There are twenty-three strategies listed for Albemarle County and eleven listed for the City of Charlottesville. The County list of strategies is larger due to the wide range of urban and rural issues addressed by the Comprehensive Plan.

County Strategies Albemarle County includes land use discussions in multiple chapters of its Comprehensive Plan update. Chapter 7: Rural Areas and Chapter 8: Development Areas are the most notable areas related to land use. The introductions of those chapters state the following:

The Rural Areas provide places for agriculture, forestry, and tourism. They are home to residents who find a sense of community in its crossroad villages. Retaining these important parts of Albemarle’s rural heritage is essential to the County which relies on its scenic beauty and natural resources for quality of life. Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Rural Areas Chapter The Development Areas are the counterpart to Albemarle County’s Rural Area. Honoring a rural heritage means new development occurs where infrastructure can support it, in the Development Areas. Good urban design and a strong economy make the Development Areas attractive and vibrant. Infrastructure, such as schools, libraries, sidewalks, and streets promote economic activity and create the places for old and new residents to live in close proximity to work. Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Development Areas Chapter

LAND USE A-1: Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district.

Description: “In Albemarle County, aesthetic protection takes place through several zoning regulations. Some roads and streams are protected with the Entrance Corridor Overlay regulations and the Scenic Streams Overlay District. To a lesser extent, protections are provided through the critical slopes regulations and the site plan landscaping and screening requirements. Aesthetic protection is one of the stated objectives of the Rural Areas zoning district and, although the Water Protection Ordinance is a regulation intended to protect a natural resource, it also indirectly protects scenic resources. The required stream buffers, which preserve indigenous vegetation to protect the water quality, also protect the scenic quality of the streams. When a special use permit or rezoning is requested, decision makers consult the Comprehensive Plan for guidance on mitigating impacts. Because of the importance of scenic protection and tourism enhancement, Albemarle County supports enabling legislation for the County to provide for scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district. As the County pursues options to protect the visual quality of land as an aesthetic and economic resource, this legislation would provide a method to ensure full consideration of visual resources and scenic areas when the County or State make land use decisions in designated areas.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 5: Historic, Cultural and Scenic Resources, Page 9

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 30

Livability Goal: Land Use, Economic Development, Historic Preservation, Environmental

Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 12


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LAND USE A-2: Taking into consideration the former Scenic Highway regulations, review the EC guidelines for effectiveness in protecting the integrity of exceptionally scenic EC road corridors, such as Route 250 West.

Description: “There has been concern whether the EC regulations protect the scenic quality of designated roads, specifically Route 250 West, as effectively as the previous Scenic Highway regulations. In 2005, a citizens’ group recommended developing specific EC guidelines to maximize protection of the unique characteristics of individual roads. A particular concern is the impact that new developments, including single family residential developments, have on traditional frontage treatments along the corridors. In many cases, hedgerows and other traditional streetscapes are lost to turn lanes and entrances, and the scenic views established by the traditional edge treatments are replaced by sustained views of sprawling residential developments with their backs turned toward the road. A comparison of the former Scenic Highway regulations with the EC regulations should be undertaken to determine if significant protective measures were inadvertently eliminated. Recommendations for stricter zoning regulations in the ECs could result.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 30, §30.6

Livability Goal: Land Use, Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 13

LAND USE A-3: Continue to use the Entrance Corridor design guidelines to help maintain the integrity of Entrance Corridors in Albemarle County.

Description: “Based on the success of the EC regulations in ensuring the compatibility of new development with existing resources, their use should continue. However, updates are needed in several areas to coordinate the Entrance Corridor Guidelines with plans that have been adopted since the Guidelines were first established, to address the vastly different characters of some of the corridors, and to consider new corridors as the County develops.”




LAND USE A-4: Update EC Design Guidelines to better reflect expectations of the Neighborhood Model for the Development Areas, including but not limited to Strategies on ways to provide for relegated parking without buildings turning their backs to the Entrance Corridor, and on coordinating landscaping requirements with utility corridors.

Description: “The Neighborhood Model was adopted in 2001. Since that time, zoning and subdivision regulations have been modified and continue to be modified to allow for, and in some cases require, design elements which better support density. EC Design Guidelines support many aspects of the Neighborhood Model; however, more clarity is needed regarding the application of Neighborhood Model guidelines to infill along entrance corridors, relegated parking, building setbacks, landscaping, and street trees. The Neighborhood Model Design Guidance, which is appended to the Comprehensive Plan, provides guidance and expectations for relegated parking and orientation of buildings that can be applied to the Entrance Corridors.”




LAND USE A-5: Develop corridor-specific guidelines for all Entrance Corridors to reflect the unique character of each corridor.

Description: “The existing character of designated Entrance Corridors varies widely, from urbanized Route 29 North to relatively undeveloped Route 250 West. At the same time, many corridors share similar characteristics. The development of corridor-specific EC guidelines, considered for several years, is one means of maximizing protection of the unique characteristics of individual roads.”





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LAND USE A-6: Consider modifying the zoning regulations for residential lots without reducing development potential.

Description: “As indicated earlier, to date the County has been reluctant to take regulatory measures to diminish the potential for future development. However, there are ways to help reduce the impacts of suburbanization of the Rural Area without reducing development rights. Such activities would help to reduce the amount of fragmentation currently taking place. They could also result in greater preservation of environmental resources on rural properties.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 10, §30.3.3

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: See considerations below

“Three possibilities to consider are: 1. Set a maximum size for the development lots in RPDs to allow for larger preservation tracts and better limit the area impacted by residential development; 2. Make RPDs the required form of development and conventional lots the exception; and 3. Allow for RPDs with more than 20 lots by-right. New design standards that address concerns over large RPDs (largely to do with water and septic capacity, as well as the potential for moving development potential from unbuildable by-right lots to buildable clustered lots) should be developed so that the County can once again permit these larger RPDs. RPDs, like any other development in the Rural Area, should not become a justification for extending public services to the Rural Area. It should be noted that changes to the Zoning Ordinance related to RPDs should be addressed carefully. The State Code may mandate additional requirements that would affect the attractiveness of this option. If such is the case, the County may alternatively wish to approach the General Assembly about an exception for Albemarle County.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Rural Areas Chapter

LAND USE A-7: Assess how a program for the transfer of development rights might be designed to redirect development potential from sections of the Rural Area with high-value natural and cultural resources.

Description: “A tool for that has been discussed for many years and is now enabled in the Commonwealth is a transfer of development rights (TDR) program. In such a program, development potential from one area (“sending zones”) can be sold and transferred in order to be used in another area (“receiving zones”). To be a successful part of the County’s growth management strategy, receiving zones for density need to be identified. The sending zones should have high value environmental resources which would be permanently protected. Sufficient time is needed to develop such a program; however, assessing how a program might be designed is an important first step.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18) Section 10

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 5


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LAND USE A-8: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow working farms to have the same opportunities for events as farm wineries.

Description: “Farm wineries, which are discussed later in this chapter, are allowed by State Code to have regular events which augment the agricultural use and help to enhance viability. Farms could take advantage of these same opportunities to attract visitors to events that could supplement the income of working farms. Typical events at farms and orchards are “dinners on the farm,” harvest festivals, corn mazes, and farm tours. County regulations should be updated to describe agriculture related events and activities on working farms that are considered an accessory to the use. Additional consideration should be given as to whether farms should be allowed to have regular events that could potentially be as large as those allowed at farm wineries. At present, up to 200 persons are allowed at farm wineries.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 7: Rural Areas, Page 15.

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, §5.1.25; Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2

Livability Goal: Land Use, Economic Development Resource Reference: See considerations below

“Caution should be exercised in this endeavor, however, as events such as weddings, corporate retreats, concerts, and the like can have physical and nuisance impacts on surrounding rural land. The size of the farm should be a major consideration. Events should not be allowed on residential lots which are typically considered "farmettes" or lots in residential subdivisions.”

LAND USE A-9: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small scale beer and spirits production in the Rural Area. Ordinance amendments should clearly define the limits of production, including the amount of grain, fruit, or grapes that should be grown on site.

Description: “The recent success of farm wineries in Albemarle County and microbreweries in adjoining Nelson County has prompted several requests to pursue beer production as well as production of spirits… Interest in placing distilleries in the Rural Areas has also been expressed by some property owners. Distilleries can have a direct relationship to locally produced fruits and grains and unlike breweries, have small water requirements.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, §5.1.25 or §5.1.35, Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2


“Full-scale breweries use complex manufacturing processes and large quantities of water and belong more appropriately in the Development Areas. Microbreweries, on the other hand, can operate at a much lower level. The main difference between breweries and wineries is the crop used for processing. Grapes traditionally grow in Albemarle County, but grains and hops are not typically grown in the County. In addition, the quantity of grains and hops needed for a brewery is much larger than the amount of grapes needed by a winery. Microbreweries often also rely on restaurants for their business, which are not recommended in the Rural Areas. If a microbrewery were to be developed at a small scale where tasting resembled that of a winery, it might be an appropriate use. If it needs a restaurant use in order to be viable, it would need to be located in the Development Areas… If fruit or other crops are grown locally, a distillery might be appropriate in the Rural Area. The scale of the distillation operation would need to be small enough that it didn’t generate a major trucking or water demand. The State Alcoholic Beverage Commission should be consulted as it regulates this use differently than breweries and wineries.”


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LAND USE A-10: Change zoning regulations to permit appropriately-scaled collection and distribution facilities for local agricultural products in the Rural Area. Consider allowing these uses by-right.

Description: “Local food and agricultural-product marketing relies on the availability of distribution operations. Local distribution facilities can make it more efficient for producers to connect with local customers… The County should amend the Zoning Ordinance to help support the marketing of local food and agricultural products with small distribution centers. These centers can help connect farms to consumers and provide more opportunities for agricultural uses to thrive in the Rural Area.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2


“These facilities would need to be located on roads that are centrally located and can support the additional truck traffic. Facilities located on Entrance Corridors would also need to meet Entrance Corridor Guidelines.”

LAND USE A-11: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow storage of landscape materials and landscape services in the Rural Area.

Description: “Nursery production that does not have a retail component is considered a Rural Area use. Trees and shrubs require room to grow. Storage of these landscape features is also necessary. In recent years discussion has taken place on whether storage yards for landscape materials is appropriate due to the outdoor storage component. As part of the zoning text amendments being considered for the Rural Area, this issue should also be discussed. Outdoor storage of landscape materials may be appropriate for the Rural Area as many features are similar to other Rural Area uses.”



Livability Goal: Land Use, Economic Development Resource Reference: None listed

LAND USE A-12: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small-scaled and supportive uses such as country stores, offices, day care, doctor/dentist offices, and public institutional uses such as post offices in designated crossroads communities. Consider allowing restaurants in crossroads communities in historic buildings or new structures with appropriate size limits and performance standards.

Description: “Crossroads communities should provide only essential goods and services for their immediate area. Therefore, they should be limited in size, and their permissible uses should be carefully delineated. Reusing existing buildings, especially historic buildings, is preferred to building new structures. Such existing buildings would need to be renovated and reused at a scale that is appropriate for the area and that does not require additional infrastructure. Expansions of infrastructure such as road, water, or sewer should not be provided to these crossroads centers.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18); Section 5, §5.1.45, Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2

Livability Goal: Land Use, Economic Development, Historic Preservation

Resource Reference: See considerations below

“Consideration should be given to allowing some of these uses by-right, provided that they meet performance standards to be established in the Zoning Ordinance. Residents of crossroads communities need to be involved in determining appropriate uses for those communities. It should be noted that this goal places emphasis on providing greater support for existing Rural Area residents rather than encouraging new residential development or support for new residential development in the Rural Area.”


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LAND USE A-13: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow community centers and religious institutions at an appropriate scale without legislative review. Some standards to be considered are location, size of facility, and scale of use or building.

Description: “Community gathering places for residents of the Rural Areas are somewhat limited. More of them can be found in urban and suburban areas. Size of the facility plays a very important role. The Zoning Ordinance permits churches, community centers, and clubs in the Rural Area zoning district by special use permit. Most requests are approved because requests are in keeping with the Comprehensive Plan goals. Outside of those facilities, locations for community interaction are limited to informal locations such as businesses, post offices, schools, and existing country stores. Community centers and areas of religious assembly are considered to be supportive of local rural residents.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18); Section 5; Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2

Livability Goal: Land Use Resource Reference: See considerations below

“The County should consider allowing some of these facilities without a special use permit at a size and scale judged to be appropriate to rural settings during the development of the necessary Zoning Ordinance changes. Performance standards would need to be established. These uses should be viable with well and septic systems. It should be noted that this goal places emphasis on providing greater support for existing Rural Area residents rather than encouraging new residential development or support for new residential development in the Rural Area.”

LAND USE A-14: Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow for uses such as restaurants and lodging in historic buildings (as defined in the Historic Resources section of the Plan) in crossroads communities and consider allowing such uses by-right.

Description: “While valued by residents and tourists alike, historic buildings and sites pose can sometimes pose challenges for owners. Large farmhouses and historic mansions can be expensive to maintain and, at times, additional income is needed to ensure that historic buildings do not fall into disrepair. Historic buildings and sites can be maintained for their original use, such as a home, or converted to income producing properties, such as restaurants, museums, and lodging.”





“Care is needed when a building converts from one use to another to ensure that the historic integrity of a site is retained. The Zoning Ordinance should be changed so that more opportunities to provide income from a historic building or site can be provided, helping an owner retain the resource. All such conversions must be viable long-term without public water or sewer services. As mentioned in Objective 3, conversion of historic buildings to restaurants is not advisable throughout the whole of the Rural Area. Such use is only intended for crossroads communities. “


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LAND USE A-15: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for regular commercial events at individual residences in the Rural Area with performance standards.

Description: “In recent years, some owners of small rural properties, farms, and historic estates have expressed a desire to gain secondary income for their properties by hosting events such as weddings. Current regulations permit such events by special use permit for up to 150 guests.”



Livability Goal: Land Use, Economic Resource Reference: See considerations below

“The County should consider whether these uses could be appropriate without legislative approval. Consideration should be given to the size of the parcel, location, ability to accommodate parking, maximum number of visitors, limitations on amplified sound, and frequency of events. Small parcels within residential subdivisions or developments are not appropriate for this type of use.”

LAND USE A-16: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for lodging facilities in the Rural Area. Consider how performance standards might be used to allow this use without legislative review, but with parameters that ensure that the scale of the lodging use is appropriate to its setting.

Description: “The number of historic buildings, multiple houses on large properties, and large estates in the Rural Area create many opportunities for rural tourist lodging. Such uses can help owners retain their land and avoid pressure to subdivide. Allowing for lodging facilities could also open the door to motel franchises and large scale resorts that would have traffic impacts, large water needs and large amounts of wastewater disposal. The latter type of lodging is not appropriate in the Rural Areas.”




“Because of tourism opportunities and the presence of many large historic homes in the Rural Area, consideration is needed for changing the zoning regulations to allow for lodging as a use at a larger scale than the current bed and breakfast allowances (5 guest rooms per dwelling, no more than 2 facilities per parcel). Consideration is needed for establishing an upper limit for rooms at lodging facilities. Evaluation will be needed for road quality, use of well water and septic systems, as well as impacts on agricultural uses and nearby property owners. Changes to the Zoning Ordinance should include a consideration for lodging in existing structures to be allowed by-right, within certain parameters, in the Rural Area Zoning district. The County will also need to consider whether construction of new lodging facilities in the Rural Area is appropriate. Allowing a new lodging facility on a property of several hundred acres in the Rural Area could prevent that property from being subdivided. Extreme care should be exercised so that well water and the existing road network can support the use without having an adverse impact on other properties in the area. Wastewater disposal also will need special consideration. Parameters for physical size and scale will be needed so that a new facility will not visually or physically overwhelm its surroundings. The County wishes to pursue this option cautiously to ensure that the features that draw tourists to the Rural Area are not damaged by having multiple large facilities.”


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LAND USE A-17: Develop rural design standards to be used in conjunction with site plans in the Rural Area, especially for parking lots, signage, entrance requirements, and landscaping.

Description: “[The Comprehensive Plan] identifies uses which are supportive to rural area residents, such as community centers and places of worship. It also recommends new uses which can support the agricultural and forestry economy. Some of these uses require conformance to current zoning standards for things such as parking lots, landscaping, pedestrian access, signage, and the like. Standards in the Zoning Ordinance were developed as a “one-size-fits-all” scenario and have increasingly become more urban to support the Development Areas. Rural standards are needed to help uses better blend into the rural landscape and function more as a rural use. These should be developed and adopted as part of the Zoning Ordinance.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, Section 10

Livability Goal: Land Use Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 4, 15

LAND USE A-18: Develop performance standards that ensure that size, scale, and location of new uses are appropriate.

Description: “[The Comprehensive Plan] recommends that the County consider new uses in the Rural Area. Of prime importance is that the appearance and function of those new uses blend into the area and not have such an impact in appearance or function that they detract from the Rural Area. For example, a large department store distribution center would not be appropriate in the Rural Area because of its large footprint and amount of trucking activity. A small warehouse and distribution facility for local agricultural products may well be appropriate if it is scaled appropriately for the landscape. Performance standards are needed that ensure that size, scale, and location of new uses do not overwhelm and area in function or visibility.”



Livability Goal: Land Use Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 4

LAND USE A-19: Promote block development rather than long cul-de-sacs and provide guidance to developers on ways to create blocks and streetscape with Albemarle County’s topography.

Description: “Short block length is also an important part of creating an incentive for walking. Blocks provide a frame of reference for walkers as pedestrians often measure distance from one place to another by counting the number of blocks. The shorter the blocks, the more comfortable the walk, especially if one has to walk a long distance. As a rule, blocks should not exceed 600 feet in length. Albemarle County’s topography represents challenges to creating a true grid-system. The County should provide design guidance on how to create street layout that mimics a block pattern.”


Effected Code Sections: Division of Land (Chapter 14): Article IV, Division 2

Livability Goal: Land Use, Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 16

LAND USE A-20: Study ways to allow chickens, goats, bees, and other forms of agriculture in the Development Areas without harming the safety, welfare, and enjoyment of adjoining property owners. This study should include considering how to deal with animal waste, setbacks, permits, enforcement, and education.

Description: “In recent years, some residents of the Development Areas have requested permission for community gardens and to raise chickens, pigs, or goats on their property. The City of Charlottesville allows chickens and goats to be raised by-right with restrictions. However, there are also opponents of keeping farm animals in the Development Areas. The County should consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to support many forms of urban agriculture. It will be important to designate appropriate locations for urban agriculture. For example, keeping of farm animals within an apartment complex may not be suitable, but it might be acceptable on a single-family lot.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, Section 13, §13.2.1, §13.2.2; Section 14, §14.2.1, §14,2,1; Section 15, §15.2.1, §15.2.2; Section 16, §16.2.1, §16.2.2; Section 17, §17.2.1, §17.2.2; Section 18, §18.2.1, §18.2.2; Section 19, §19.3.1, §19.3.2; Section 20, §20.4.1, §20.4.2; Section 20A, §20A.6

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: Refer to considerations below


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“Consideration will be needed on whether the County should align its regulations with the City’s. If not, then minimum standards will be needed for poultry, livestock, and bees, along with enforcement of those standards. At present, urban agriculture opportunities should not be extended to the keeping of pigs and cattle as these animals pose concerns for the safety, welfare, and protection of neighborhoods and residents.”

LAND USE A-21: Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow gardening as a standalone use in zoning districts in the Development Areas.

Description: “By and large, community gardens pose no concerns for the Development Areas; however, at present, the Zoning Ordinance does not permit gardening as a primary use of a property in non-Rural Area or Village Residential zoning districts. The Zoning Ordinance does allow gardening as an accessory if a residential use exists on a property. To provide greater opportunities for community gardening in the Development Areas, the Zoning Ordinance should be changed.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 13, §13.2.1, §13.2.2; Section 14, §14.2.1, §14,2,1; Section 15, §15.2.1, §15.2.2; Section 16, §16.2.1, §16.2.2; Section 17, §17.2.1, §17.2.2; Section 18, §18.2.1, §18.2.2; Section 19, §19.3.1, §19.3.2; Section 20, §20.4.1, §20.4.2; Section 20A, §20A.6

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: None listed


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City Strategies The City of Charlottesville adopted land use goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of that goals section states the following:

“The use of land in Charlottesville supports human activities and reflects community values. Our land use plan aims to promote harmonious development and support neighborhoods and places that allow residents to live, work, shop and play in proximity. Charlottesville’s land use patterns will create, preserve, and enhance neighborhood character, improve environmental quality, integrate a diversity of uses, encourage various modes of transportation, promote infill development, and increase commercial vitality and density in appropriate areas. These interdependent parts will converge to enhance the social, cultural, recreational and economic needs of our City.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter

LAND USE C-1: Evaluate whether the Planned Unit Development ordinance is successful in providing projects in line with the City’s vision for future development.

Description: “The PUD districts are intended to serve as neighborhoods or mini-neighborhoods within designated communities and the urban area. Additionally, PUD districts may be appropriate where the establishment of a "new village" or the nucleus of a future community exists and where the PUD development would not preclude achievement of the county's objectives for the urban area, communities and villages. In order to encourage the community function, appropriate commercial and industrial uses are provided in addition to a variety of residential uses. It is intended that commercial and industrial development be limited to a scale appropriate to the support of the residential uses within the PUD; provided that additional commercial and industrial activity may be permitted upon a finding that the area in which the PUD is to be located is not adequately served by such use.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance

Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Land Use Chapter, Objective 5.1

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article V


LAND USE C-2: Explore the expansion of areas of the City where the Infill Special Use Permit (SUP) can be utilized.

Description: “Infill development is a concept by which the city desires to encourage and permit variation in certain areas within the city's R-1, R-1S, R-2 and R-3 zoning districts, by allowing deviation from the following types of regulations pursuant to a special use permit: minimum lot size and street frontage requirements, dimensional requirements, types of dwellings, density, yard requirements. In an effort to promote a walkable community, to reduce traffic congestion, to improve air quality, and to enhance the viability of downtown businesses, the city seeks to encourage increased density of residential development in central Charlottesville and the Main Street corridor, where access to a variety of transportation options allows for increased density with less impact on traffic and promotes a healthy lifestyle for city residents.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article I, Division 8, Sec. 34-165


LAND USE C-3: Update the Standards and Design Manual and Subdivision ordinance so that these documents promote pedestrian-oriented, environmentally sensitive design where appropriate.

Description: “The City is poised to make significant progress in installing various bicycle and pedestrian improvements while pursuing the goal of decreasing the share of single occupancy vehicle travel from 61% to 50% by 2030. This requires an integrated approach – providing mixed use, higher density development that create a range of housing opportunities/choices for persons at all income levels in close proximity to employment destinations, which are supported by transportation infrastructure that encourages people to use other modes besides the automobile. By creating safe, convenient and pleasurable walking and biking options, the City provides opportunities for active transportation and recreation, helps conserve the environment, promotes economic development, and creates more interaction among people.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Appendix


Effected Code Sections: Subdivision Ordinance (Chapter 29): Article IV, Division 3, Sec. 29-184

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental, Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 16


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LAND USE C-4: Update the zoning ordinance as needed so that it complements the City’s design guidelines and is sensitive to the history of the community. Provide for the protection of valuable historic resources.

Description: “Urban design is given new emphasis as the City develops and gains density… Attractive and distinct neighborhoods are encouraged to showcase Charlottesville’s diverse heritage… Although Charlottesville residents revere the traditional architectural designs and materials that represent its rich history, contemporary designs can combine with buildings from the recent past, and with the City’s legacy of traditional designs to demonstrate that the City not only respects the past, but values creativity in the present. The relationship of new buildings to old should be complementary and should add to the architectural vitality of our city through design expressions that represent our own time.” Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): various sections

Livability Goal: Land Use, Historic Preservation Resource Reference: None Listed

LAND USE C-5: Review and revise the light industrial zoning regulations to reflect contemporary uses. New regulations should increase buffering adjacent to low-density residential neighborhoods, while permitting uses that are compatible with surrounding land use.



Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article IV, Division 2, Sec. 34-457 & Sec. 34-480


LAND USE C-6: Promote redevelopment and infill development that supports bicycle and pedestrian-oriented infrastructure and robust public transportation to better connect residents to jobs and commercial activity.


Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter, Objective 8.5



LAND USE C-7: Revise the zoning ordinance so that zoning classifications are based on intensity of use (as defined by density, height and maximum size of allowable use) as well as the type of use.

Description: “To define and incorporate the concept of appropriate scale in all development and land use decisions” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, The Sustainability Accords


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article III; Article IV; Article VI

Livability Goal: Land Use Resource Reference: None Listed


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LAND USE C-8: Work to ensure that newly aligned City ordinances and regulations balance the need to promote development opportunities and competing interests.

Description: There are competing interests and priorities associated with local codes and ordinances. There are commonly conflicts between these various interests.

Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Economic Sustainability Chapter, Objective 4.7

Effected Code Sections: Subdivision Ordinance (Chapter 29); Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34)

Livability Goal: Land Use Resource Reference: None listed

LAND USE C-9: Promote urban design techniques, such as placing parking behind buildings, reducing setbacks and increasing network connectivity, to create a more pedestrian friendly streetscape and to reduce speeds on high volume roadways.

Description: Encourage an environment where pedestrians should feel comfortable when standing next to or walking along a street lined with buildings. In mixed-use areas, store fronts also help the pedestrian to assess their relationship to the nearby building and the street.

Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Chapter, Objective 2.6

Effected Code Sections: Subdivision Ordinance (Chapter 29): Article IV, Division 3, Sec. 29-181 Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article IX, Division 2

Livability Goal: Land Use, Entrance Corridors, Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 13, 14, 15

LAND USE C-10: Evaluate zoning map districts and amendments to the zoning map, including PUD’s, for their consistency with preservation goals, and impacts on the historic character of City neighborhoods.


Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Urban Design and Historic Preservation Chapter, Objective 7.4

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Articles III, IV, V, VI

Livability Goal: Land Use, Historic Preservation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 2

LAND USE C-11: Encourage site designs that consider building arrangements, uses, natural features, and landscaping that contribute to a sense of place and character that is unique to Charlottesville.




Livability Goal: Land Use, Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 1, 2, 3


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�� HOUSING Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to Housing and are implemented by local ordinances. There are six strategies listed for Albemarle County and seven listed for the City of Charlottesville.

County Strategies Albemarle County included housing goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of the Housing Chapter states the following:

“The availability of safe, sanitary, and diverse housing that is affordable to a variety of different market sectors is one of Albemarle County’s priorities. A stable housing stock not only helps to ensure the County’s continued economic vitality; it furthers the attractiveness and vibrancy of County communities. Having the majority of residential development in the Development Area allows County residents to live in close proximity to employment centers, community services, and transportation networks. Such proximity helps to reduce automobile dependency for mobility, as well as reducing costs related to long daily commutes. In addition, providing adequate housing choices in the Development Areas assists in the preservation of the County’s rural heritage, scenic beauty and natural and historic resources.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter

HOUSING A-1: Amend the Zoning Ordinance to provide for greater opportunities to construct accessory units to diversify the housing supply as well as meet some affordable housing needs.

Description: “Accessory units, both attached and detached, are an integral part of a diverse housing supply. Sometimes called ‘granny flats’ or ‘in-law apartments,’ they provide an opportunity for individuals in need of assistance to live on-site with care-giving relatives, or provide a way for owners to supplement an income and help pay for the mortgage. Recommendations to increase opportunities to construct accessory units were made with the Neighborhood Model, in 2001. Some creative ways of providing accessory units have been achieved in Neighborhood Model developments; however, limitations remain. Zoning Ordinance amendments are needed to allow for detached accessory units to be constructed.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 3, Section 5, §5.1.34, Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2; Section 12, §12.2.1, §12.2.2; Section 13, §13.2.1, §13.2.2; Section 14, §14.2.1, §14,2,1; Section 15, §15.2.1, §15.2.2; Section 16, §16.2.1, §16.2.2; Section 17, §17.2.1, §17.2.2; Section 18, §18.2.1, §18.2.2

Livability Goal: Housing Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 9

HOUSING A-2: Ensure that at a minimum, 15% of all units developed under rezoning and special use permits be affordable, as defined by the County’s Office of Housing, or a comparable contribution be made to achieve the affordable housing goals of the County.

Description: “As part of the Affordable Housing Policy adopted in 2005, the County has a goal to ensure new housing developments in the Development Areas have at least 15% of new housing provided in units that are affordable to low-to-moderate income residents.”




1 If Albemarle County officials wish to research provisions for an affordable housing ordinance, please not that such ordinances would require special enabling legislation from the Virginia General Assembly.


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HOUSING A-3: Review and, where necessary, amend the Zoning Ordinance to provide greater flexibility in the provision of affordable housing.

Description: “Residential districts in the Development Areas limit density and require a minimum lot size. These two features should be reviewed to see if removing the minimum lot size requirement could allow for additional opportunities for affordable housing. In addition, the district regulations should be studied to see if different housing types are appropriate for low density districts.”



Livability Goal: Housing Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 7, 9

HOUSING A-4: Have affordable units mixed throughout a neighborhood and similar in exterior appearance to market-rate units.

Description: “Location and appearance are important when providing affordable housing. Affordable units should not be segregated from other types of housing or built in enclaves. Instead, units should be scattered throughout the Development Area Neighborhoods. To help achieve a more cohesive looking neighborhood and retain property values, affordable units should not be distinguishable on the outside from market rate units.”




HOUSING A-5: Develop housing policies focused on the housing needs of senior and those with disabilities.

Description: “Develop policies to encourage housing opportunities suitable for healthy aging and for people with disabilities located in close proximity to community services and amenities, recreational resources, and connected to multi-modal transportation corridors.”



Livability Goal: Housing Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 7, 8, 9, 10, 11


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City Strategies The City of Charlottesville adopted housing goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of that goals section states the following:

“The quality and diversity of the City of Charlottesville’s housing stock creates the basis for viable neighborhoods and a thriving community. In order to be a truly world class city, Charlottesville must provide sufficient housing options to ensure safe, appealing, environmentally sustainable and affordable housing for all population segments and income levels, including middle income. Consequently, City neighborhoods will feature a variety of housing types, housing sizes, and incomes all within convenient walking, biking or transit distances of enhanced community amenities that include mixed use, barrier free, higher density, pedestrian and transit-oriented housing at employment and cultural centers connected to facilities, parks, trails and services.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter

HOUSING C-1: Achieve a mixture of incomes and uses in as many areas of the City as possible.

Description: “Encourage mixed-use development by revamping zoning ordinances to allow mixed-use and by creating incentives. Affordable housing is a vital component of every mixed-use community. Allowing people to live in the same communities where they work and shop improves the quality of life, increases residents’ sense of belonging, reduces traffic congestion and benefits the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Having employment, shops, and schools nearby significantly reduces commuting and transportation costs. Mixed-use communities promote inclusion and diversity by incorporating housing for people of all income levels along with supportive housing for the elderly and people with special needs. Ultimately, mixed-use communities foster a sense of connection that bolsters the health and vitality of a community and its residents.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article I, Division 1, Sec. 34-12; Article V

Livability Goal: Housing Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 1, 2, 9

HOUSING C-2: Promote long-term affordability of units by utilizing industry strategies and mechanisms, including deed restrictions and covenants for their initial sale and later resale and the use of community land trusts.

Description: “Localities play a vital role in affordable housing through the adoption and implementation of strategies and policies. Localities use Land Use and Zoning tools, such as the Comprehensive Plan and Zoning Ordinance, lay out a framework to guide how and where housing is built and maintained within an area.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report




HOUSING C-3: Evaluate effects of all land use regulations on affordable and mixed-use housing to ensure that they will not unduly restrict mixed-income and mixed-use redevelopment. Provide ongoing evaluation of all policies and ordinances relative to housing.

Description: “Encourage mixed-use development by revamping zoning ordinances to allow mixed-use and by creating incentives. Affordable housing is a vital component of every mixed-use community. Allowing people to live in the same communities where they work and shop improves the quality of life, increases residents’ sense of belonging, reduces traffic congestion and benefits the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Having employment, shops, and schools nearby significantly reduces commuting and transportation costs. Mixed-use communities promote inclusion and diversity by incorporating housing for people of all income levels along with supportive housing for the elderly and people with special needs. Ultimately, mixed-use communities foster a sense of connection that bolsters the health and vitality of a community and its residents.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report



Livability Goal: Housing Resource Reference: None Listed


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HOUSING C-4: Review the zoning ordinance to reduce restrictions on creating appropriate creative, green, mixed-income and mixed-use housing options, including accessory dwellings, live/work units and shared housing.

Description: “Encourage mixed-use development by revamping zoning ordinances to allow mixed-use and by creating incentives. Affordable housing is a vital component of every mixed-use community. Allowing people to live in the same communities where they work and shop improves the quality of life, increases residents’ sense of belonging, reduces traffic congestion and benefits the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels... Encourage sustainable design for housing, so that housing units operate efficiently and can be adapted as needs change. Use environmentally-friendly “green” materials and techniques; Install energy-efficient appliances and equipment; Incorporate Universal Design features for visitability and to enable people to age in place.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report



Livability Goal: Housing, Environmental Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 1, 7

HOUSING C-5: To the greatest extent feasible, ensure affordable housing is aesthetically similar to market rate.

Description: “Location and appearance are important when providing affordable housing. Affordable units should not be segregated from other types of housing or built in enclaves. Instead, units should be scattered throughout the Development Area Neighborhoods. To help achieve a more cohesive looking neighborhood and retain property values, affordable units should not be distinguishable on the outside from market rate units.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Housing Chapter


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article I, Division I, Sec. 34-12


HOUSING C-6: Encourage mixed-use and mixed-income housing development.

Description: “Encourage mixed-use development by revamping zoning ordinances to allow mixed-use and by creating incentives. Affordable housing is a vital component of every mixed-use community. Allowing people to live in the same communities where they work and shop improves the quality of life, increases residents’ sense of belonging, reduces traffic congestion and benefits the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article I, Division I, Sec. 34-12 & Article III, V, VI

Livability Goal: Housing Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 1, 2, 9

HOUSING C-7: Encourage the incorporation of green sustainable principles (e.g. LEED, EarthCraft Virginia, Energy Star, etc.) in all housing development to the maximum extent feasible both as a way to be sustainable and to lower housing costs.

Description: “Encourage sustainable design for housing, so that housing units operate efficiently and can be adapted as needs change. Use environmentally-friendly “green” materials and techniques; Install energy-efficient appliances and equipment; Incorporate Universal Design features for visitability and to enable people to age in place.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report


Effected Code Sections: Taxation (Chapter 30): Article V, Division 4 Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article I, Division 1, Sec. 34-14

Livability Goal: Housing, Environmental Resource Reference: None Listed


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�� ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to economic development and are implemented by local ordinances. There are twelve strategies listed for Albemarle County and three listed for the City of Charlottesville.

County Strategies Albemarle County included economic development goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of the Economic Development Chapter states the following:

“Albemarle County is a great place to live and do business. Its diverse economy helps fund an excellent educational system. Its rural heritage, scenic beauty, and natural and historic resources make it an attractive place for agriculture, forestry, and agri-toursim. Along with new residents, the place for new business and industry is the Development Area, where investment had been made in infrastructure and areas designated for development. The County continues to grow its economy while retaining its distinctive rural character and vibrant Development Areas.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Economic Development Chapter

ECONOMIC A-1: Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district.

Description: “In Albemarle County, aesthetic protection takes place through several zoning regulations. Some roads and streams are protected with the Entrance Corridor Overlay regulations and the Scenic Streams Overlay District. To a lesser extent, protections are provided through the critical slopes regulations and the site plan landscaping and screening requirements. Aesthetic protection is one of the stated objectives of the Rural Areas zoning district and, although the Water Protection Ordinance is a regulation intended to protect a natural resource, it also indirectly protects scenic resources. The required stream buffers, which preserve indigenous vegetation to protect the water quality, also protect the scenic quality of the streams. When a special use permit or rezoning is requested, decision makers consult the Comprehensive Plan for guidance on mitigating impacts.” “Because of the importance of scenic protection and tourism enhancement, Albemarle County supports enabling legislation for the County to provide for scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district. As the County pursues options to protect the visual quality of land as an aesthetic and economic resource, this legislation would provide a method to ensure full consideration of visual resources and scenic areas when the County or State make land use decisions in designated areas.”




Resource Reference: None Listed

ECONOMIC A-2: Consider rezoning land in the Development Areas which is designated for industrial use through amendments initiated by the County.

Description: “In recent years, the County has been working to expand opportunities for industrial development. Initially the County focused on zoning text amendments to broaden opportunities for industrial uses in industrial and commercial zoning districts. Currently, the County is considering proactively rezoning property. Having properly zoned land that aligns with Comprehensive Plan land use designations allows for an easier location process for new businesses and industries, creating a more desirable climate for business recruitment.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 6: Economic Development, Page 7

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Map Amendment

Livability Goal: Economic Development Resource Reference: None Listed


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ECONOMIC A-3: Explore opportunities to create “tourism zones” or other appropriate incentives. Description: “The State of Virginia allows for localities to create a tourism zone which would be eligible for economic and regulatory incentives, such as reductions in fees and pledges of gross receipt taxes, for up to 20 years. A tourism zone can be established solely to provide access to the Virginia Tourism Development Financing Program. This program is intended to prove a gap financing mechanism for projects in partnership with developers, localities, financial institutions, and the State, not to exceed 20% of a qualified project’s total cost. Tourism zones may provide a beneficial incentive for tourist efforts in the County and should be explored. Other incentive programs may be important in assisting with target industries or University-based commercialization of research.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 6: Economic Development, Page 10


Livability Goal: Economic Development Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 12

ECONOMIC A-4: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow working farms to have the same opportunities for events as farm wineries.

Description: “Farm wineries, which are discussed later in this chapter, are allowed by State Code to have regular events which augment the agricultural use and help to enhance viability. Farms could take advantage of these same opportunities to attract visitors to events that could supplement the income of working farms. Typical events at farms and orchards are “dinners on the farm,” harvest festivals, corn mazes, and farm tours. County regulations should be updated to describe agriculture related events and activities on working farms that are considered an accessory to the use. Additional consideration should be given as to whether farms should be allowed to have regular events that could potentially be as large as those allowed at farm wineries. At present, up to 200 persons are allowed at farm wineries.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, §5.1.25; Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2


“Caution should be exercised in this endeavor, however, as events such as weddings, corporate retreats, concerts, and the like can have physical and nuisance impacts on surrounding rural land. The size of the farm should be a major consideration. Events should not be allowed on residential lots which are typically considered "farmettes" or lots in residential subdivisions.”

ECONOMIC A-5: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small scale beer and spirits production in the Rural Area. Ordinance amendments should clearly define the limits of production, including the amount of grain, fruit, or grapes that should be grown on site.

Description: “The recent success of farm wineries in Albemarle County and microbreweries in adjoining Nelson County has prompted several requests to pursue beer production as well as production of spirits… Interest in placing distilleries in the Rural Areas has also been expressed by some property owners. Distilleries can have a direct relationship to locally produced fruits and grains and unlike breweries, have small water requirements.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, §5.1.25 or §5.1.35, Section 10, §10.2.1, §10.2.2


“Full-scale breweries use complex manufacturing processes and large quantities of water and belong more appropriately in the Development Areas. Microbreweries, on the other hand, can operate at a much lower level. The main difference between breweries and wineries is the crop used for processing. Grapes traditionally grow in Albemarle County, but grains and hops are not typically grown in the County. In addition, the quantity of grains and hops needed for a brewery is much larger than the amount of grapes needed by a winery. Microbreweries often also rely on restaurants for their business, which are not recommended in the Rural Areas. If a microbrewery were to be developed at a small scale where tasting resembled that of a winery, it might be an appropriate use. If it needs a restaurant use in order to be viable, it would need to be located in the Development Areas… If fruit or other crops are grown locally, a distillery might be appropriate in the Rural Area. The scale of the distillation operation would need to be small enough that it didn’t generate a major trucking or water demand. The State Alcoholic Beverage Commission should be consulted as it regulates this use differently than breweries and wineries.”


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ECONOMIC A-6: Change zoning regulations to permit appropriately-scaled collection and distribution facilities for local agricultural products in the Rural Area. Consider allowing these uses by-right.

Description: “Local food and agricultural-product marketing relies on the availability of distribution operations. Local distribution facilities can make it more efficient for producers to connect with local customers… The County should amend the Zoning Ordinance to help support the marketing of local food and agricultural products with small distribution centers. These centers can help connect farms to consumers and provide more opportunities for agricultural uses to thrive in the Rural Area.”




“These facilities would need to be located on roads that are centrally located and can support the additional truck traffic. Facilities located on Entrance Corridors would also need to meet Entrance Corridor Guidelines.”

ECONOMIC A-7: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow storage of landscape materials and landscape services in the Rural Area.

Description: “Nursery production that does not have a retail component is considered a Rural Area use. Trees and shrubs require room to grow. Storage of these landscape features is also necessary. In recent years discussion has taken place on whether storage yards for landscape materials is appropriate due to the outdoor storage component. As part of the zoning text amendments being considered for the Rural Area, this issue should also be discussed. Outdoor storage of landscape materials may be appropriate for the Rural Area as many features are similar to other Rural Area uses.”




ECONOMIC A-8: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small-scaled and supportive uses such as country stores, offices, day care, doctor/dentist offices, and public institutional uses such as post offices in designated crossroads communities. Consider allowing restaurants in crossroads communities in historic buildings or new structures with appropriate size limits and performance standards.








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ECONOMIC A-9: Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow for uses such as restaurants and lodging in historic buildings (as defined in the Historic Resources section of the Plan) in crossroads communities and consider allowing such uses by-right.






“Care is needed when a building converts from one use to another to ensure that the historic integrity of a site is retained. The Zoning Ordinance should be changed so that more opportunities to provide income from a historic building or site can be provided, helping an owner retain the resource. All such conversions must be viable long-term without public water or sewer services. As mentioned in Objective 3, conversion of historic buildings to restaurants is not advisable throughout the whole of the Rural Area. Such use is only intended for crossroads communities. Recommendations for lodging are discussed in the next section.”

ECONOMIC A-10: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for regular commercial events at individual residences in the Rural Area with performance standards.

Description: “In recent years, some owners of small rural properties, farms, and historic estates have expressed a desire to gain secondary income for their properties by hosting events such as weddings. Current regulations permit such events by special use permit for up to 150 guests.”



Livability Goal: Land Use, Economic Resource Reference: See considerations below

“The County should consider whether these uses could be appropriate without legislative approval. Consideration should be given to the size of the parcel, location, ability to accommodate parking, maximum number of visitors, limitations on amplified sound, and frequency of events. Small parcels within residential subdivisions or developments are not appropriate for this type of use.”

ECONOMIC A-11: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for lodging facilities in the Rural Area. Consider how performance standards might be used to allow this use without legislative review, but with parameters that ensure that the scale of the lodging use is appropriate to its setting.

Description: “The number of historic buildings, multiple houses on large properties, and large estates in the Rural Area create many opportunities for rural tourist lodging. Such uses can help owners retain their land and avoid pressure to subdivide. Allowing for lodging facilities could also open the door to motel franchises and large scale resorts that would have traffic impacts, large water needs and large amounts of wastewater disposal. The latter type of lodging is not appropriate in the Rural Areas.”




“Because of tourism opportunities and the presence of many large historic homes in the Rural Area, consideration is needed for changing the zoning regulations to allow for lodging as a use at a larger scale than the current bed and breakfast allowances (5 guest rooms per dwelling, no more than 2 facilities per parcel). Consideration is needed for establishing an upper limit for rooms at lodging facilities. Evaluation will be needed for road quality, use of well water and septic systems, as well as impacts on agricultural uses and nearby property owners. Changes to the Zoning Ordinance should include a consideration for lodging in existing structures to be allowed by-right, within certain parameters, in the Rural Area Zoning district.


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The County will also need to consider whether construction of new lodging facilities in the Rural Area is appropriate. Allowing a new lodging facility on a property of several hundred acres in the Rural Area could prevent that property from being subdivided. Extreme care should be exercised so that well water and the existing road network can support the use without having an adverse impact on other properties in the area. Wastewater disposal also will need special consideration. Parameters for physical size and scale will be needed so that a new facility will not visually or physically overwhelm its surroundings. The County wishes to pursue this option cautiously to ensure that the features that draw tourists to the Rural Area are not damaged by having multiple large facilities.”

City Strategies The City of Charlottesville adopted economic sustainability goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of that goals section states the following:

“A strong economy is essential to the social, cultural and financial vitality of our city. Public and private initiatives help create employment opportunities and a vibrant and sustainable economy. The City of Charlottesville is committed to creating a strong, diversified economy and an environment that provides career ladder employment opportunities for residents. At its best, Charlottesville is a community with an effective workforce development system and a business-friendly environment that supports entrepreneurship; innovation; heritage tourism; commercial, mixed use, and infill development; and access to a growing array of diverse employment and career ladder opportunities for all City residents. The Downtown Mall, as the economic hub of the region, features a vibrant historic district with arts and entertainment, shopping, dining, cultural events and a dynamic City Market.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Economic Sustainability Chapter

ECONOMIC C-1: Review and revise the light industrial zoning regulations to reflect contemporary uses. New regulations should increase buffering adjacent to low-density residential neighborhoods, while permitting uses that are compatible with surrounding land use.



Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article IV, Division 2, Sec. 34-457 & Sec. 34-480


ECONOMIC C-2: Work strategically to continue to develop and implement land use policies and regulations that ensure the availability of sites for businesses to locate and expand.

Description: “To encourage strong, flexible, and durable local markets for locally produced goods and services… To establish and maintain a diverse mix of small and large-scale business and industries that operates sustainably.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords



Livability Goal: Economic Development Resource Reference: None listed


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ECONOMIC C-3: Align zoning ordinances to facilitate economic activity in new areas of commercial opportunity identified in the updated future land use map.

Description: “To encourage strong, flexible, and durable local markets for locally produced goods and services… To establish and maintain a diverse mix of small and large-scale business and industries that operates sustainably.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords



Livability Goal: Economic Development Resource Reference: None listed

�� HISTORIC PRESERVATION Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to historic preservation and are implemented by local ordinances. There are four strategies listed for Albemarle County and five listed for the City of Charlottesville.

County Strategies Albemarle County included historic preservation goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of the Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources Chapter states the following:

“Historic, cultural, and scenic resources create the jewel that is Albemarle County. They are key features for tourism and help provide the quality of life enjoyed by residents and business owners. School children learn of the importance of preserving these critical features. Without preserved vistas and historic sites, Albemarle County could look like large-lot rural suburbia - the polar opposite of what Albemarle wishes to be. For that reason, economic development opportunities need to be expanded with care to ensure that new activities are compatible with and not destructive of these important resources.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources Chapter

HISTORIC A-1: Consider adopting regulatory measures for preservation and conservation such as those outlined in the adopted 2000 Historic Preservation Plan and its updates.

Description: “The surest method of protecting the County’s outstanding collection of historic and cultural resources is through the adoption of a historic overlay district Zoning Ordinance, as recommended in the 2000 Historic Preservation Plan. Although listing in the State and National registers can promote preservation, such listing provides little or no protection for the historic resources so honored. Furthermore, many important resources are not yet recognized by listing in the registers. Local historic district zoning is the primary means by which government can provide legal and effective protection for historic resources and their settings.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 5: Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources, Page 5


Livability Goal: Historic Preservation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 11


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HISTORIC A-2: Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district.






HISTORIC A-3: Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small-scaled and supportive uses such as country stores, offices, day care, doctor/dentist offices, and public institutional uses such as post offices in designated crossroads communities. Consider allowing restaurants in crossroads communities in historic buildings or new structures with appropriate size limits and performance standards.








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HISTORIC A-4: Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow for uses such as restaurants and lodging in historic buildings (as defined in the Historic Resources section of the Plan) in crossroads communities and consider allowing such uses by-right.






“Care is needed when a building converts from one use to another to ensure that the historic integrity of a site is retained. The Zoning Ordinance should be changed so that more opportunities to provide income from a historic building or site can be provided, helping an owner retain the resource. All such conversions must be viable long-term without public water or sewer services. As mentioned in Objective 3, conversion of historic buildings to restaurants is not advisable throughout the whole of the Rural Area. Such use is only intended for crossroads communities. Recommendations for lodging are discussed in the next section.”

City Strategies The City of Charlottesville adopted historic preservation goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of that goals section states the following:

“Urban design and historic preservation contribute to the character and quality of neighborhoods, and to the aesthetic value of the entire community. As a result, the City of Charlottesville will be a well-designed community with neighborhoods, buildings, and public spaces, including the Downtown Mall, that are human scaled, sustainable, healthy, equitable and beautiful. Charlottesville will also seek to preserve its historic resources through education and collaboration to maintain the character of our neighborhoods’ core historic fabric, our major routes of tourism and our public spaces.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Urban Design and Historic Preservation Chapter

HISTORIC C-1: Update the zoning ordinance as needed so that it complements the City’s design guidelines and is sensitive to the history of the community. Provide for the protection of valuable historic resources.

Description: “Urban design is given new emphasis as the City develops and gains density… Attractive and distinct neighborhoods are encouraged to showcase Charlottesville’s diverse heritage… Although Charlottesville residents revere the traditional architectural designs and materials that represent its rich history, contemporary designs can combine with buildings from the recent past, and with the City’s legacy of traditional designs to demonstrate that the City not only respects the past, but values creativity in the present. The relationship of new buildings to old should be complementary and should add to the architectural vitality of our city through design expressions that represent our own time.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix



Livability Goal: Land Use, Historic Preservation Resource Reference: None Listed


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HISTORIC C-2: As requested by specific neighborhoods or when otherwise appropriate, consider additional neighborhoods or areas for designation as local historic districts (either Architectural Design Control Districts or Historic Conservation Districts) based on architectural and historic survey results.

Description: “There are eight areas of the City where historic preservation and architectural design control (ADC) districts have been designated, one neighborhood designated as a historic conservation district, and 76 individually protected properties that have been designated outside districts. The ADC districts are: Downtown, North Downtown, Ridge Street, West Main Street, Wertland Street, The Corner, Oakhurst-Gildersleeve Neighborhood, and Rugby Road-University Circle-Venable Neighborhood. Martha Jefferson Neighborhood is designated as a Historic Conservation District.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article II, Division 5, Sec. 34-337

Livability Goal: Historic Preservation Resource Reference: None listed

HISTORIC C-3: Consider amending the existing ordinance to address protection of archaeological resources.

Description: “Charlottesville’s archaeological resources are an integral part of the City’s cultural history. Examples of archaeological resources include human remains, and objects such as tools, bone, bottles, dishes, and nails, which are representative of prehistoric and historic periods. Areas that contain these objects are also archaeological resources and include graves, wells, privies, trash pits, quarries, back yards, basements, and foundations. Examples of archaeological sites within Charlottesville that might contain archaeological resources are prehistoric camps, historic residences, schools, farms, cemeteries, roads, railways and Civil War camps and hospitals.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Historic Preservation Appendix



Livability Goal: Historic Preservation Resource Reference: None Listed

HISTORIC C-4: Evaluate zoning map districts and amendments to the zoning map, including PUD’s, for their consistency with preservation goals, and impacts on the historic character of City neighborhoods.



Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Articles III, IV, V, VI

Livability Goal: Land Use, Historic Preservation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 2

HISTORIC C-5: Review the historic preservation plan, historic district ordinance, entrance corridor ordinance, and design guidelines every five years to ensure that goals for preservation and compatible new construction are being addressed.



Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article II, Division 3

Livability Goal: Historic Preservation, Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 13


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�� ENVIRONMENT Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to environmental issues and are implemented by local ordinances. There are twelve strategies listed for Albemarle County and nine listed for the City of Charlottesville.

County Strategies Albemarle County included environmental goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of the Natural Resources Chapter states the following:

“Albemarle County’s natural resources are essential parts of its rural heritage and scenic beauty. These finite features help to support the County’s tourist economy and are enjoyed by residents and visitors alike. Preservation of these features is the highest priority for residents. Creating high quality development and building and maintaining infrastructure in the Development Areas can help attract new residents to the Development Areas instead of to the Rural Areas. Preserving the Rural Areas from residential development, in turn, preserves natural resources.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Natural Resources Chapter

ENVIRONMENT A-1: Assure alignment between the Water Protection Ordinance and the County’s goals and objectives for water resources.

Description: “The Watershed Protection Ordinance (WPO) is the primary legal mechanism through which the County implements water resource protection programs… Water resource protection, despite having a long history in Albemarle and beyond, is still an emerging effort. It is especially challenging because so many ordinary land uses and day-to-day activities contribute to the problem and local governments have only limited authority and influence. It is anticipated that additional funding and personnel will be required to bring about meaningful improvement in the condition of water resources.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 4: Natural Resources, Page 9

Effected Code Sections: Water Protection (Chapter 17)

Livability Goal: Environmental Resource Reference: None listed

ENVIRONMENT A-2: Encourage the use of native plants in landscaping.

Description: “The use of native plants in landscaping and land-management projects helps to protect native biodiversity against invasive species, saves water compared to plantings not adapted to the local climate, provides additional habitat for native species, and helps connect residents to the local ecosystem.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 4:Natural Resources, Page 17

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 32, §32.7.9.2

Livability Goal: Environmental Resource Reference: None Listed

ENVIRONMENT A-3: Protect slopes of 25% or greater in the Development Areas that are continuous as part of stream systems.

Description: “Steep slopes also are important in the Development Areas. The most important slopes are part of continuous bands that are part of stream systems. They are identified on Development Area Master Plans as part of Parks and Green Systems and designated for protection, and should continue to be identified as such in future Master Planning efforts. The County should strengthen protection of these resources through its zoning ordinances.””

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 4:Natural Resources, Page 19




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ENVIRONMENT A-4: Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district.






ENVIRONMENT A-5: Review the effectiveness of County Scenic Streams regulations. Coordinate regulations with the Water Protection Ordinance.

Description: “The County Scenic Streams overlay district provides local protection by restricting construction, grading, and cutting of trees within 15 feet of the stream, and restricting construction and excessive cutting within 65 feet of the stream. The County Scenic Streams program should be evaluated for effectiveness, and revised if necessary.”




ENVIRONMENT A-6: Study ways to protect scenic views of and from the Blue Ridge Mountains (Appalachian Trail and Skyline Drive), US Route 250, and Shenandoah National Park.

Description: “In the past, construction of highly visible structures occasioned public concern about the continued scenic quality of the mountain landscape. Public expression of concern suggested that the scenic quality of the mountains is important to County residents. A Mountain Protection Plan was adopted into the Comprehensive Plan in the 1990s and an ordinance was considered for adoption in the2000s. Although regulations to limit development on mountaintops were not adopted, visual impact on the horizon is still important to Albemarle residents. The County and the Shenandoah National Park have a mutual interest in protecting scenic views of and from the Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah National Park. A study of this area was completed in 1993, which indicated that views from Skyline Drive, the Appalachian Trail, and US Route 250 are important to the County and the National Park Service. Ways in which these important views can be preserved should continue to be explored.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Chapter 5: Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources, Page 14

Effected Code Sections: Appendix A.1: ACE Program; Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18)



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ENVIRONMENT A-7: Consider modifying the zoning regulations for residential lots without reducing development potential.

Description: “As indicated earlier, to date the County has been reluctant to take regulatory measures to diminish the potential for future development. However, there are ways to help reduce the impacts of suburbanization of the Rural Area without reducing development rights. Such activities would help to reduce the amount of fragmentation currently taking place. They could also result in greater preservation of environmental resources on rural properties.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 10, §30.3.3

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: See considerations below

“Three possibilities to consider are: 1. Set a maximum size for the development lots in RPDs to allow for larger preservation tracts and better limit the area impacted by residential development; 2. Make RPDs the required form of development and conventional lots the exception; and 3. Allow for RPDs with more than 20 lots by-right. New design standards that address concerns over large RPDs (largely to do with water and septic capacity, as well as the potential for moving development potential from unbuildable by-right lots to buildable clustered lots) should be developed so that the County can once again permit these larger RPDs. RPDs, like any other development in the Rural Area, should not become a justification for extending public services to the Rural Area. It should be noted that changes to the Zoning Ordinance related to RPDs should be addressed carefully. The State Code may mandate additional requirements that would affect the attractiveness of this option. If such is the case, the County may alternatively wish to approach the General Assembly about an exception for Albemarle County.”

ENVIRONMENT A-8: Assess how a program for the transfer of development rights might be designed to redirect development potential from sections of the Rural Area with high-value natural and cultural resources.

Description: “A tool for that has been discussed for many years and is now enabled in the Commonwealth is a transfer of development rights (TDR) program. In such a program, development potential from one area (“sending zones”) can be sold and transferred in order to be used in another area (“receiving zones”). To be a successful part of the County’s growth management strategy, receiving zones for density need to be identified. The sending zones should have high value environmental resources which would be permanently protected. Sufficient time is needed to develop such a program; however, assessing how a program might be designed is an important first step.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18)

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 5

ENVIRONMENT A-9: Require that re-graded slopes result in smooth rather than abrupt or steep grades that are difficult to vegetate and maintain.

Description: “Within the Development Areas, grading is often necessary and, when grading does occur, it is important that finished grades be smooth rather than abrupt. Where grading is necessary, site grading should result in slopes that are attractive, functional, easy to maintain, and promote interconnectivity of parcels. In all instances, developers and builders should work to preserve areas of environmental sensitivity shown on the Master Plans.”





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ENVIRONMENT A-10: Review County Code requirements for preserving environmental features and, where needed, tighten restrictions so that these features can be preserved in the Development Areas.

Description: “Changes to critical slopes regulations are underway to help preserve the most important slopes in excess of 25% grade. The most important slopes are shown for preservation on the Master Plans. However, not all critical slopes need to be preserved in the Development Areas. Small areas of slopes not located adjacent to a stream, or in a stream valley may be appropriate for development to help achieve higher densities in the Development Areas. Preservation of stream buffers is important to ensure their viability and help with water quality. When stream buffers are on individual residential lots, it becomes more difficult to keep stream buffers intact. Many property owners do not know that vegetation near perennial streams should be retained and enhanced, not mown and seeded for grass. The best protection for stream buffers in the Development Areas is to have that land in common open space. A review of Code requirements will show places where environmental protection can be strengthened. Ordinance amendments may follow to better achieve goals for environmental preservation.”




ENVIRONMENT A-11: Study ways to allow chickens, goats, bees, and other forms of agriculture in the Development Areas without harming the safety, welfare, and enjoyment of adjoining property owners. This study should include considering how to deal with animal waste, setbacks, permits, enforcement, and education.

Description: “In recent years, some residents of the Development Areas have requested permission for community gardens and to raise chickens, pigs, or goats on their property. The City of Charlottesville allows chickens and goats to be raised by-right with restrictions. However, there are also opponents of keeping farm animals in the Development Areas. The County should consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to support many forms of urban agriculture. It will be important to designate appropriate locations for urban agriculture. For example, keeping of farm animals within an apartment complex may not be suitable, but it might be acceptable on a single-family lot.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 5, Section 13, §13.2.1, §13.2.2; Section 14, §14.2.1, §14,2,1; Section 15, §15.2.1, §15.2.2; Section 16, §16.2.1, §16.2.2; Section 17, §17.2.1, §17.2.2; Section 18, §18.2.1, §18.2.2; Section 19, §19.3.1, §19.3.2; Section 20, §20.4.1, §20.4.2; Section 20A, §20A.6

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: Refer to considerations below

“Consideration will be needed on whether the County should align its regulations with the City’s. If not, then minimum standards will be needed for poultry, livestock, and bees, along with enforcement of those standards. At present, urban agriculture opportunities should not be extended to the keeping of pigs and cattle as these animals pose concerns for the safety, welfare, and protection of neighborhoods and residents.”

ENVIRONMENT A-12: Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow gardening as a standalone use in zoning districts in the Development Areas.

Description: “By and large, community gardens pose no concerns for the Development Areas; however, at present, the Zoning Ordinance does not permit gardening as a primary use of a property in non-Rural Area or Village Residential zoning districts. The Zoning Ordinance does allow gardening as an accessory if a residential use exists on a property. To provide greater opportunities for community gardening in the Development Areas, the Zoning Ordinance should be changed.”


Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 13, §13.2.1, §13.2.2; Section 14, §14.2.1, §14,2,1; Section 15, §15.2.1, §15.2.2; Section 16, §16.2.1, §16.2.2; Section 17, §17.2.1, §17.2.2; Section 18, §18.2.1, §18.2.2; Section 19, §19.3.1, §19.3.2; Section 20, §20.4.1, §20.4.2; Section 20A, §20A.6

Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental Resource Reference: None listed


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City Strategies The City of Charlottesville adopted environmental goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of that goals section states the following:

“The City of Charlottesville will be a green city, with clean and healthy air and water, sustainable neighborhoods, ample open space and natural areas that balance increased development and density in residential and economic centers, and walkable, bikeable and transit-supportive land use patterns that encourage healthy lifestyles.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environment Chapter

ENVIRONMENT C-1: Update the Standards and Design Manual and Subdivision ordinance so that these documents promote pedestrian-oriented, environmentally sensitive design where appropriate.




Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental, Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: 16

ENVIRONMENT C-2: Plant and promote use of regionally adaptive native and drought tolerant plants with reference to the regionally specific native plants database.

Description: “To preserve the habitat required to maintain viable plant and animal populations representative of the Region’s overall biological diversity.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords

Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environmental Chapter, Objective 3.8

Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article VIII, Division 2, Sec. 34-862


ENVIRONMENT C-3: Implement the Stormwater Utility Ordinance and the Water Resources Protection Program (WRPP) to meet a range of water resources goals and challenges, including regulatory compliance, stormwater infrastructure maintenance and rehabilitation, drainage system improvements, strategic planning and federal and state-mandated water quality protections required as part of the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL).

Description: “In January 2009, the Charlottesville City Council considered a proposal to implement a stormwater user fee to fund key aspects of the City’s Water Resources Protection Program (WRPP) including public stormwater system maintenance, regulatory compliance, and capital improvement activities. Council concluded at the time that, due to particularly challenging economic conditions, the fee proposal would be tabled and revisited in 2-3 years when conditions would hopefully have improved. In July 2012, City Council directed staff to revisit the issue of implementing a stormwater user fee.”

Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environment Chapter, Objective 4.1

Effected Code Sections: Water Protection (Chapter 10): Article VI

Livability Goal: Environmental Resource Reference: External Report: Water Resources Protection Program Advisory Committee Report


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ENVIRONMENT C-4: Develop a system of credits that reduce the amount of the stormwater utility fee for any property owner who installs and/or maintains facilities, techniques or programs that measurably reduce stormwater flow or pollutant loadings, as well as an incentives program to promote smaller scale practices that improve a property’s management of stormwater.

Description: “The city council finds that an adequate, sustainable source of revenue for stormwater management activities is necessary to protect the general health, safety, and welfare of the residents of the city. Further, the city council finds that property with higher amounts of impervious area contributes greater amounts of stormwater and pollutants to the stormwater management system and waters of the commonwealth and should carry a proportionate burden of the cost. Therefore, the city council determines that it is in the best interest of the public to enact a stormwater utility fee that allocates program costs to all property owners based on impervious area.” City of Charlottesville Stormwater Utility Ordinance



Livability Goal: Environmental Resource Reference: External Report: Water Resources Protection Program Advisory Committee Report

ENVIRONMENT C-5: Reduce and/or eliminate stormwater runoff impacts from sites that lack adequate stormwater treatment by incentivizing reductions in overall imperviousness (i.e., effective imperviousness) and encouraging retrofits on developed properties to address stormwater management.

Description: “The city council finds that an adequate, sustainable source of revenue for stormwater management activities is necessary to protect the general health, safety, and welfare of the residents of the city. Further, the city council finds that property with higher amounts of impervious area contributes greater amounts of stormwater and pollutants to the stormwater management system and waters of the commonwealth and should carry a proportionate burden of the cost. Therefore, the city council determines that it is in the best interest of the public to enact a stormwater utility fee that allocates program costs to all property owners based on impervious area.” City of Charlottesville Stormwater Utility Ordinance




ENVIRONMENT C-6: Update the subdivision ordinance and standards and design manual to allow for greater design flexibility that encourages tree protection and pervious surfaces.

Description: Pervious surfaces, “helps to reduce surface water run-off.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance


Effected Code Sections: Subdivision Ordinance (Chapter 29): Article IV, Division 3


ENVIRONMENT C-7: Encourage high performance, green building standards and practices and the use of the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) LEED certification program, Earthcraft, Energy Star or other similar systems. As appropriate, create policy and financial incentives to encourage increased building and site performance.

Description: “To use renewable energy sources, resource-efficient principles of design and construction, and sustainably produced materials in all new construction, and sustainably produced materials in all new structures; and to encourage conversion from less efficient, non-renewable energy uses in existing structures. City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Sustainability Accords

Source: Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Environmental Chapter, Objective 5




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ENVIRONMENT C-8: Review the zoning ordinance to reduce restrictions on creating appropriate creative, green, mixed-income and mixed-use housing options, including accessory dwellings, live/work units and shared housing.

Description: “Encourage mixed-use development by revamping zoning ordinances to allow mixed-use and by creating incentives. Affordable housing is a vital component of every mixed-use community. Allowing people to live in the same communities where they work and shop improves the quality of life, increases residents’ sense of belonging, reduces traffic congestion and benefits the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels... Encourage sustainable design for housing, so that housing units operate efficiently and can be adapted as needs change. Use environmentally-friendly “green” materials and techniques; Install energy-efficient appliances and equipment; Incorporate Universal Design features for visitability and to enable people to age in place.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report



Livability Goal: Housing, Environmental Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 1, 7

ENVIRONMENT C-9: Encourage the incorporation of green sustainable principles (e.g. LEED, EarthCraft Virginia, Energy Star, etc.) in all housing development to the maximum extent feasible both as a way to be sustainable and to lower housing costs.

Description: “Encourage sustainable design for housing, so that housing units operate efficiently and can be adapted as needs change. Use environmentally-friendly “green” materials and techniques; Install energy-efficient appliances and equipment; Incorporate Universal Design features for visitability and to enable people to age in place.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, State of the Housing Report



Livability Goal: Housing, Environmental Resource Reference: None Listed


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�� ENTRANCE CORRIDORS Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to entrance corridors and are implemented by local ordinances. There are four strategies listed for Albemarle County and seven listed for the City of Charlottesville.

County Strategies While Albemarle County does not have a chapter that focuses specifically on corridors, the Comprehensive Plan addresses this topic in the Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources Chapter. The introduction to that chapter states the following:

“Historic, cultural, and scenic resources create the jewel that is Albemarle County. They are key features for tourism and help provide the quality of life enjoyed by residents and business owners. School children learn of the importance of preserving these critical features. Without preserved vistas and historic sites, Albemarle County could look like large-lot rural suburbia - the polar opposite of what Albemarle wishes to be. For that reason, economic development opportunities need to be expanded with care to ensure that new activities are compatible with and not destructive of these important resources.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources Chapter

CORRIDORS A-1: Taking into consideration the former Scenic Highway regulations, review the EC guidelines for effectiveness in protecting the integrity of exceptionally scenic EC road corridors, such as Route 250 West.

Description: “There has been concern whether the EC regulations protect the scenic quality of designated roads, specifically Route 250 West, as effectively as the previous Scenic Highway regulations. In 2005, a citizens’ group recommended developing specific EC guidelines to maximize protection of the unique characteristics of individual roads. A particular concern is the impact that new developments, including single family residential developments, have on traditional frontage treatments along the corridors. In many cases, hedgerows and other traditional streetscapes are lost to turn lanes and entrances, and the scenic views established by the traditional edge treatments are replaced by sustained views of sprawling residential developments with their backs turned toward the road. A comparison of the former Scenic Highway regulations with the EC regulations should be undertaken to determine if significant protective measures were inadvertently eliminated. Recommendations for stricter zoning regulations in the ECs could result.”




CORRIDORS A-2: Continue to use the Entrance Corridor design guidelines to help maintain the integrity of Entrance Corridors in Albemarle County.

Description: “Based on the success of the EC regulations in ensuring the compatibility of new development with existing resources, their use should continue. However, updates are needed in several areas to coordinate the Entrance Corridor Guidelines with plans that have been adopted since the Guidelines were first established, to address the vastly different characters of some of the corridors, and to consider new corridors as the County develops.”





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CORRIDORS A-3: Update EC Design Guidelines to better reflect expectations of the Neighborhood Model for the Development Areas, including but not limited to Strategies on ways to provide for relegated parking without buildings turning their backs to the Entrance Corridor, and on coordinating landscaping requirements with utility corridors.

Description: “The Neighborhood Model was adopted in 2001. Since that time, zoning and subdivision regulations have been modified and continue to be modified to allow for, and in some cases require, design elements which better support density. EC Design Guidelines support many aspects of the Neighborhood Model; however, more clarity is needed regarding the application of Neighborhood Model guidelines to infill along entrance corridors, relegated parking, building setbacks, landscaping, and street trees. The Neighborhood Model Design Guidance, which is appended to the Comprehensive Plan, provides guidance and expectations for relegated parking and orientation of buildings that can be applied to the Entrance Corridors.”

Source: Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan Chapter 5:Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources, Page 12



CORRIDORS A-4: Develop corridor-specific guidelines for all Entrance Corridors to reflect the unique character of each corridor.

Description: “The existing character of designated Entrance Corridors varies widely, from urbanized Route 29 North to relatively undeveloped Route 250 West. At the same time, many corridors share similar characteristics. The development of corridor-specific EC guidelines, considered for several years, is one means of maximizing protection of the unique characteristics of individual roads.”




City Strategies While the City of Charlottesville does not have a chapter that focuses specifically on corridors, there are two chapters that overlap on this topic. The Transportation chapter addresses the movement of people, goods and services, while the Urban Design and Historic Preservation chapter includes a vision of the buildings and streetscape along major transportation corridors. CORRIDORS C-1: Examine and update the Standards and Design Manual to better incorporate Complete Street and Living Street design features in the public right of way.



Effected Code Sections: Standards and Design Manual

Livability Goal: Entrance Corridors, Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 14


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CORRIDORS C-2: Develop a comprehensive set of street design guidelines based on the Complete Streets Resolution and ITE/CNU’s Walkable Urban Thoroughfares Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) Approach that balances multimodal transportation options while considering design techniques that allow for urban scale, walkable communities where appropriate.





CORRIDORS C-3: Promote urban design techniques, such as placing parking behind buildings, reducing setbacks and increasing network connectivity, to create a more pedestrian friendly streetscape and to reduce speeds on high volume roadways.





CORRIDORS C-4: Review the historic preservation plan, historic district ordinance, entrance corridor ordinance, and design guidelines every five years to ensure that goals for preservation and compatible new construction are being addressed.




Livability Goal: Historic Preservation, Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 13

CORRIDORS C-5: Encourage site designs that consider building arrangements, uses, natural features, and landscaping that contribute to a sense of place and character that is unique to Charlottesville.




Livability Goal: Land Use, Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: None Listed


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CORRIDORS C-6: Consider the designation of additional streets, such as Ridge-McIntire, East Market Street and Meade Avenue, as Entrance Corridor districts.

Description: “The entrance corridor overlay district is intended to implement the comprehensive plan goal of protecting the city's historic, architectural and cultural resources, by ensuring a quality of development compatible with those resources through design control measures. The purposes of this article are to stabilize and improve property values; to protect and enhance the city's attractiveness to tourists and other visitors; to sustain and enhance the economic benefits accruing to the city from tourism; to support and stimulate development complimentary to the prominence afforded properties and districts having historic, architectural or cultural significance; all of the foregoing being deemed to advance and promote the health, safety and welfare of the general public.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance



Livability Goal: Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: None listed

CORRIDORS C-7: When appropriate, coordinate the City’s Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines with Albemarle County’s Design Guidelines. Encourage continuity of land use, design, and pedestrian orientation between contiguous corridors in the City and County.

Description: “The purpose of this section 30.6 is to implement the enabling authority in Virginia Code § 15.2-2306(A) by identifying those arterial streets and highways found to be significant routes of tourist access to the county and to designated historic landmarks, structures or districts within the county or in contiguous localities, and to require that the erection, reconstruction, alteration or restoration of structures, including signs, on parcels contiguous to those streets and highways as provided herein, be architecturally compatible with those historic landmarks or structures.” Albemarle County Zoning Ordinance “The entrance corridor overlay district is intended to implement the comprehensive plan goal of protecting the city's historic, architectural and cultural resources, by ensuring a quality of development compatible with those resources through design control measures. The purposes of this article are to stabilize and improve property values; to protect and enhance the city's attractiveness to tourists and other visitors; to sustain and enhance the economic benefits accruing to the city from tourism; to support and stimulate development complimentary to the prominence afforded properties and districts having historic, architectural or cultural significance; all of the foregoing being deemed to advance and promote the health, safety and welfare of the general public.” City of Charlottesville Zoning Ordinance



Livability Goal: Entrance Corridors Resource Reference: For consistency with County regulations, refer to Albemarle Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 18): Section 30, §30.6


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�� TRANSPORTATION Staff consolidated the following strategies from the City and County Comprehensive Plans. These selected strategies are related to transportation and are implemented by local ordinances. There are two strategies listed for Albemarle County and ten listed for the City of Charlottesville.

County Strategies Albemarle County included transportation goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of the Transportation Chapter states the following:

“A strong economy and attractive and vibrant communities require good transportation systems. Investment in roads in the Development Areas enhances opportunities for moving goods and people. Constructing sidewalks allows people to walk to work and home again. Bike paths and bike lanes make bicycling an easy alternative to driving. These transportation elements also improve opportunities for children and teachers to walk and bike to school. By investing in sidewalks, bikeways, transit, and interconnected streets in the Development Areas, true mixed use development can occur to make the Development Areas vibrant and attractive. Maintaining rural roads as rural travelways helps retain the County’s rural heritage and scenic beauty.” Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Chapter

TRANSPORTATION A-1: Promote block development rather than long cul-de-sacs and provide guidance to developers on ways to create blocks and streetscape with Albemarle County’s topography.

Description: “Short block length is also an important part of creating an incentive for walking. Blocks provide a frame of reference for walkers as pedestrians often measure distance from one place to another by counting the number of blocks. The shorter the blocks, the more comfortable the walk, especially if one has to walk a long distance. As a rule, blocks should not exceed 600 feet in length. Albemarle County’s topography represents challenges to creating a true grid-system. The County should provide design guidance on how to create street layout that mimics a block pattern.”


Effected Code Sections: Division of Land (Chapter 14): Article IV, Division 2


TRANSPORTATION A-2: Provide for multi-modal transportation opportunities in new development.

Description: “Sidewalks are required in new developments in the Development Areas, but multi-modalism does not stop with sidewalks. Bike lanes, bikeways, transit, and transit stops should also be considered with new developments. Where warranted, on-street bike lanes should be provided on “collector” type streets, described in the Transportation Chapter. Off-road bikeways can be provided and are often paired with walkways as part of the greenway plan. Regional transit is provided in parts of the Development Area. Expansion of transit should be anticipated as new mixed use developments are built outside of the current routes.”



Livability Goal: Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 1, 2, 3


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City Strategies The City of Charlottesville adopted transportation goals as part of its Comprehensive Plan update. The introduction of that goals section states the following:

“The City of Charlottesville’s transportation network provides the fundamental framework for creating a safe, livable community while reinforcing more sustainable land use patterns. The system connects people to each other and to destinations, fosters economic activity and provides public space for human interaction. As a result, the transportation system should be designed for everyone, whether young or old, motorist or bicyclist, walker or wheelchair user, bus rider or shopkeeper. A multimodal transportation network is an effective, flexible framework for building community and creating places in our City.” City of Charlottesville Comprehensive Plan, Transportation Chapter

TRANSPORTATION C-1: Update the Standards and Design Manual and Subdivision ordinance so that these documents promote pedestrian-oriented, environmentally sensitive design where appropriate.




Livability Goal: Land Use, Environmental, Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 16

TRANSPORTATION C-2: Promote redevelopment and infill development that supports bicycle and pedestrian-oriented infrastructure and robust public transportation to better connect residents to jobs and commercial activity.





TRANSPORTATION C-3: Examine and update the Standards and Design Manual to better incorporate Complete Street and Living Street design features in the public right of way.






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TRANSPORTATION C-4: Provide convenient and safe bicycle and pedestrian connections between new and existing residential developments, employment areas, and other activity centers to promote the option of walking and biking.

Description: “All streets within and contiguous to a subdivision shall be coordinated with other existing or planned streets, and such streets shall also be coordinated with existing or planned streets in existing or future adjacent or contiguous to adjacent subdivisions, as to location, widths, grades and drainage.” City of Charlottesville Subdivision Ordinance


Effected Code Sections: Subdivision Ordinance (Chapter 29): Article IV, Division 3, Sec. 29-181; Standards and Design Manual

Livability Goal: Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to Part III: Report 16

TRANSPORTATION C-5: Develop a comprehensive set of street design guidelines based on the Complete Streets Resolution and ITE/CNU’s Walkable Urban Thoroughfares Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) Approach that balances multimodal transportation options while considering design techniques that allow for urban scale, walkable communities where appropriate.





TRANSPORTATION C-6: Promote urban design techniques, such as placing parking behind buildings, reducing setbacks and increasing network connectivity, to create a more pedestrian friendly streetscape and to reduce speeds on high volume roadways.





TRANSPORTATION C-7: Reduce parking requirements when a development proposal includes Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies that can be demonstrated to reduce trip making to and from the development.



Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article IX, Division 2



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TRANSPORTATION C-8: Develop Access Management standards for new development and redevelopment along primary entrance corridors.

Description: “Access management focuses on the location, spacing, and design of entrances, street intersections, median openings, and traffic signals. Each of these creates conflict points where vehicles have to stop or slow down, disrupting the flow of traffic. As the number of conflict points increase, so does traffic congestion and crashes. Better management of access to the highway can reduce the number of conflict points and their adverse impact on highway operation and public safety. Roads are a critical public resource and constitute a major investment of the public’s money. Access management can maximize this investment.” Virginia Department of Transportation



Livability Goal: Transportation Resource Reference: Refer to VDOT Access Management Regulations

TRANSPORTATION C-9: Explore options for park-and-ride lots and examine parking exempt zones. Utilize the zoning regulations to promote sound private parking facility supply and design by private developers.



Effected Code Sections: Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34): Article IX, Division 2


TRANSPORTATION C-10: Explore the possibility of establishing a Transportation District or impact fee service areas for road improvement projects and determine the feasibility of implementing them.

Description: Impact fees are charges on new development, intended to recover costs for new transportation infrastructure needed to private development. The fees apply to all development within a defined impact fee service area. A locality can assess the fee to residential, commercial or industrial development.


Effected Code Sections: Taxation (Chapter 10); Zoning Ordinance (Chapter 34)



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�� STRATEGIES INDEX

Land Use Land Use A-1 Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist

enhancement overlay district. Also listed as: Economic A-1, Historic A-2, Environment A-4

Land Use A-2 Taking into consideration the former Scenic Highway regulations, review the EC guidelines for effectiveness in protecting the integrity of exceptionally scenic EC road corridors, such as Route 250 West. Also listed as: Corridors A-1

Land Use A-3 Continue to use the Entrance Corridor design guidelines to help maintain the integrity of Entrance Corridors in Albemarle County. Also listed as: Corridors A-2

Land Use A-4 Common: City/County

Update EC Design Guidelines to better reflect expectations of the Neighborhood Model for the Development Areas, including but not limited to Strategies on ways to provide for relegated parking without buildings turning their backs to the Entrance Corridor, and on coordinating landscaping requirements with utility corridors. Also listed as: Corridors A-3

Land Use A-5 Common: City/County

Develop corridor-specific guidelines for all Entrance Corridors to reflect the unique character of each corridor. Also listed as: Corridors A-4

Land Use A-6 Consider modifying the zoning regulations for residential lots without reducing development potential. Also listed as: Environment A-7

Land Use A-7 Assess how a program for the transfer of development rights might be designed to redirect development potential from sections of the Rural Area with high-value natural and cultural resources. Also listed as: Environment A-8

Land Use A-8 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow working farms to have the same opportunities for events as farm wineries. Also listed as: Economic A-4

Land Use A-9 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small scale beer and spirits production in the Rural Area. Ordinance amendments should clearly define the limits of production, including the amount of grain, fruit, or grapes that should be grown on site. Also listed as: Economic A-5

Land Use A-10 Change zoning regulations to permit appropriately-scaled collection and distribution facilities for local agricultural products in the Rural Area. Consider allowing these uses by-right. Also listed as: Economic A-6

Land Use A-11 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow storage of landscape materials and landscape services in the Rural Area. Also listed as: Economic A-7

Land Use A-12 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small-scaled and supportive uses such as country stores, offices, day care, doctor/dentist offices, and public institutional uses such as post offices in designated crossroads communities. Consider allowing restaurants in crossroads communities in historic buildings or new structures with appropriate size limits and performance standards. Also listed as: Economic A-8, Historic A-3

Land Use A-13 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow community centers and religious institutions at an appropriate scale without legislative review. Some standards to be considered are location, size of facility, and scale of use or building.

Land Use A-14 Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow for uses such as restaurants and lodging in historic buildings (as defined in the Historic Resources section of the Plan) in crossroads communities and consider allowing such uses by-right. Also listed as: Economic A-9, Historic A-4

Land Use A-15 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for regular commercial events at individual residences in the Rural Area with performance standards. Also listed as: Economic A-10

Land Use A-16 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for lodging facilities in the Rural Area. Consider how performance standards might be used to allow this use without legislative review, but with parameters that ensure that the scale of the lodging use is appropriate to its setting. Also listed as: Economic A-11


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Land Use A-17 Develop rural design standards to be used in conjunction with site plans in the Rural Area, especially for parking lots, signage, entrance requirements, and landscaping.

Land Use A-18 Develop performance standards that ensure that size, scale, and location of new uses are appropriate. Land Use A-19 Promote block development rather than long cul-de-sacs and provide guidance to developers on ways

to create blocks and streetscape with Albemarle County’s topography. Also listed as: Transportation A-1

Land Use A-20 Study ways to allow chickens, goats, bees, and other forms of agriculture in the Development Areas without harming the safety, welfare, and enjoyment of adjoining property owners. This study should include considering how to deal with animal waste, setbacks, permits, enforcement, and education. Also listed as: Environment A-11

Land Use A-21 Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow gardening as a standalone use in zoning districts in the Development Areas. Also listed as: Environment A-12

Land Use C-1 Evaluate whether the Planned Unit Development ordinance is successful in providing projects in line with the City’s vision for future development.

Land Use C-2 Explore the expansion of areas of the City where the Infill Special Use Permit (SUP) can be utilized. Land Use C-3 Update the Standards and Design Manual and Subdivision ordinance so that these documents

promote pedestrian-oriented, environmentally sensitive design where appropriate. Also listed as: Environment C-1, Transportation C-1

Land Use C-4 Update the zoning ordinance as needed so that it complements the City’s design guidelines and is sensitive to the history of the community. Provide for the protection of valuable historic resources. Also listed as: Historic C-1

Land Use C-5 Review and revise the light industrial zoning regulations to reflect contemporary uses. New regulations should increase buffering adjacent to low-density residential neighborhoods, while permitting uses that are compatible with surrounding land use. Also listed as: Economic C-1

Land Use C-6 Common: City/County

Promote redevelopment and infill development that supports bicycle and pedestrian-oriented infrastructure and robust public transportation to better connect residents to jobs and commercial activity. Also listed as: Transportation C-2

Land Use C-7 Revise the zoning ordinance so that zoning classifications are based on intensity of use (as defined by density, height and maximum size of allowable use) as well as the type of use.

Land Use C-8 Work to ensure that newly aligned City ordinances and regulations balance the need to promote development opportunities and competing interests.


Promote urban design techniques, such as placing parking behind buildings, reducing setbacks and increasing network connectivity, to create a more pedestrian friendly streetscape and to reduce speeds on high volume roadways. Also listed as: Corridors C-3, Transportation C-6

Land Use C-10 Evaluate zoning map districts and amendments to the zoning map, including PUD’s, for their consistency with preservation goals, and impacts on the historic character of City neighborhoods. Also listed as: Historic C-4


Encourage site designs that consider building arrangements, uses, natural features, and landscaping that contribute to a sense of place and character that is unique to Charlottesville. Also listed as: Corridors C-5

Housing Housing A-1 Amend the Zoning Ordinance to provide for greater opportunities to construct accessory units to

diversify the housing supply as well as meet some affordable housing needs. Housing A-2 Ensure that at a minimum, 15% of all units developed under rezoning and special use permits be

affordable, as defined by the County’s Office of Housing, or a comparable contribution be made to achieve the affordable housing goals of the County.

Housing A-3 Common: City/County

Review and, where necessary, amend the Zoning Ordinance to provide greater flexibility in the provision of affordable housing.

Housing A-4 Common: City/County

Have affordable units mixed throughout a neighborhood and similar in exterior appearance to market-rate units.

Housing A-5 Develop housing policies focused on the housing needs of senior and those with disabilities. Housing C-1 Common: City/County

Achieve a mixture of incomes and uses in as many areas of the City as possible.

Housing C-2 Promote long-term affordability of units by utilizing industry strategies and mechanisms, including


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deed restrictions and covenants for their initial sale and later resale and the use of community land trusts.

Housing C-3 Evaluate effects of all land use regulations on affordable and mixed-use housing to ensure that they will not unduly restrict mixed-income and mixed-use redevelopment. Provide ongoing evaluation of all policies and ordinances relative to housing.

Housing C-4 Review the zoning ordinance to reduce restrictions on creating appropriate creative, green, mixed-income and mixed-use housing options, including accessory dwellings, live/work units and shared housing. Also listed as: Environment C-8

Housing C-5 Common: City/County

To the greatest extent feasible, ensure affordable housing is aesthetically similar to market rate.

Housing C-6 Common: City/County

Encourage mixed-use and mixed-income housing development.

Housing C-7 Encourage the incorporation of green sustainable principles (e.g. LEED, EarthCraft Virginia, Energy Star, etc.) in all housing development to the maximum extent feasible both as a way to be sustainable and to lower housing costs. Also listed as: Environment C-9

Economic Development Economic A-1 Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist

enhancement overlay district. Also listed as: Land Use A-1, Historic A-2 and Environment A-4

Economic A-2 Consider rezoning land in the Development Areas which is designated for industrial use through amendments initiated by the County.

Economic A-3 Explore opportunities to create “tourism zones” or other appropriate incentives. Economic A-4 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow working farms to have the same opportunities for

events as farm wineries. Also listed as: Land Use A-8

Economic A-5 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small scale beer and spirits production in the Rural Area. Ordinance amendments should clearly define the limits of production, including the amount of grain, fruit, or grapes that should be grown on site. Also listed as: Land Use A-9

Economic A-6 Change zoning regulations to permit appropriately-scaled collection and distribution facilities for local agricultural products in the Rural Area. Consider allowing these uses by-right. Also listed as: Land Use A-10

Economic A-7 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow storage of landscape materials and landscape services in the Rural Area. Also listed as: Land Use A-11

Economic A-8 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small-scaled and supportive uses such as country stores, offices, day care, doctor/dentist offices, and public institutional uses such as post offices in designated crossroads communities. Consider allowing restaurants in crossroads communities in historic buildings or new structures with appropriate size limits and performance standards. Also listed as: Land Use A-12, Historic A-3

Economic A-9 Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow for uses such as restaurants and lodging in historic buildings (as defined in the Historic Resources section of the Plan) in crossroads communities and consider allowing such uses by-right. Also listed as: Land Use A-14, Historic A-4

Economic A-10 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for regular commercial events at individual residences in the Rural Area with performance standards. Also listed as: Land Use A-15

Economic A-11 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for lodging facilities in the Rural Area. Consider how performance standards might be used to allow this use without legislative review, but with parameters that ensure that the scale of the lodging use is appropriate to its setting. Also listed as: Land Use A-16

Economic C-1 Review and revise the light industrial zoning regulations to reflect contemporary uses. New regulations should increase buffering adjacent to low-density residential neighborhoods, while permitting uses that are compatible with surrounding land use. Also listed as: Land Use C-5

Economic C-2 Work strategically to continue to develop and implement land use policies and regulations that ensure the availability of sites for businesses to locate and expand.


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Economic C-3 Align zoning ordinances to facilitate economic activity in new areas of commercial opportunity identified in the updated future land use map.

Historic Preservation Historic A-1 Consider adopting regulatory measures for preservation and conservation such as those outlined in

the adopted 2000 Historic Preservation Plan and its updates. Historic A-2 Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist

enhancement overlay district. Also listed as: Land Use A-1, Economic A-1, Environment A-4

Historic A-3 Consider amending the Zoning Ordinance to allow for small-scaled and supportive uses such as country stores, offices, day care, doctor/dentist offices, and public institutional uses such as post offices in designated crossroads communities. Consider allowing restaurants in crossroads communities in historic buildings or new structures with appropriate size limits and performance standards. Also listed as: Land Use A-12, Economic A-8

Historic A-4 Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow for uses such as restaurants and lodging in historic buildings (as defined in the Historic Resources section of the Plan) in crossroads communities and consider allowing such uses by-right. Also listed as: Land Use A-14, Economic A-9

Historic C-1 Update the zoning ordinance as needed so that it complements the City’s design guidelines and is sensitive to the history of the community. Provide for the protection of valuable historic resources. Also listed as: Land Use C-4

Historic C-2 As requested by specific neighborhoods or when otherwise appropriate, consider additional neighborhoods or areas for designation as local historic districts (either Architectural Design Control Districts or Historic Conservation Districts) based on architectural and historic survey results.

Historic C-3 Consider amending the existing ordinance to address protection of archaeological resources. Historic C-4 Evaluate zoning map districts and amendments to the zoning map, including PUD’s, for their

consistency with preservation goals, and impacts on the historic character of City neighborhoods. Also listed as: Land Use C-10

Historic C-5 Review the historic preservation plan, historic district ordinance, entrance corridor ordinance, and design guidelines every five years to ensure that goals for preservation and compatible new construction are being addressed. Also listed as: Corridors C-4

Environment Environment A-1 Common: City/County

Assure alignment between the Water Protection Ordinance and the County’s goals and objectives for water resources.

Environment A-2 Common: City/County

Encourage the use of native plants in landscaping.

Environment A-3 Protect slopes of 25% or greater in the Development Areas that are continuous as part of stream systems.

Environment A-4 Support enabling legislation for Albemarle County to provide for a scenic protection and tourist enhancement overlay district. Also listed as: Land Use A-1, Economic A-2, Historic A-2

Environment A-5 Review the effectiveness of County Scenic Streams regulations. Coordinate regulations with the Water Protection Ordinance.

Environment A-6 Study ways to protect scenic views of and from the Blue Ridge Mountains (Appalachian Trail and Skyline Drive), US Route 250, and Shenandoah National Park.

Environment A-7 Consider modifying the zoning regulations for residential lots without reducing development potential. Also listed as: Land Use A-6

Environment A-8 Assess how a program for the transfer of development rights might be designed to redirect development potential from sections of the Rural Area with high-value natural and cultural resources. Also listed as: Land Use A-7

Environment A-9 Require that re-graded slopes result in smooth rather than abrupt or steep grades that are difficult to vegetate and maintain.

Environment A-10 Review County Code requirements for preserving environmental features and, where needed, tighten restrictions so that these features can be preserved in the Development Areas.

Environment A-11 Study ways to allow chickens, goats, bees, and other forms of agriculture in the Development Areas without harming the safety, welfare, and enjoyment of adjoining property owners. This study should include considering how to deal with animal waste, setbacks, permits, enforcement, and education. Also listed as: Land Use A-20


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Environment A-12 Amend the Zoning Ordinance to allow gardening as a standalone use in zoning districts in the Development Areas. Also listed as: Land Use A-21

Environment C-1 Update the Standards and Design Manual and Subdivision ordinance so that these documents promote pedestrian-oriented, environmentally sensitive design where appropriate. Also listed as: Land Use C-3, Transportation C-1

Environment C-2 Common: City/County

Plant and promote use of regionally adaptive native and drought tolerant plants with reference to the regionally specific native plants database.

Environment C-3 Common: City/County

Implement the Stormwater Utility Ordinance and the Water Resources Protection Program (WRPP) to meet a range of water resources goals and challenges, including regulatory compliance, stormwater infrastructure maintenance and rehabilitation, drainage system improvements, strategic planning and federal and state-mandated water quality protections required as part of the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL).

Environment C-4 Develop a system of credits that reduce the amount of the stormwater utility fee for any property owner who installs and/or maintains facilities, techniques or programs that measurably reduce stormwater flow or pollutant loadings, as well as an incentives program to promote smaller scale practices that improve a property’s management of stormwater.

Environment C-5 Reduce and/or eliminate stormwater runoff impacts from sites that lack adequate stormwater treatment by incentivizing reductions in overall imperviousness (i.e., effective imperviousness) and encouraging retrofits on developed properties to address stormwater management.

Environment C-6 Update the subdivision ordinance and standards and design manual to allow for greater design flexibility that encourages tree protection and pervious surfaces.

Environment C-7 Encourage high performance, green building standards and practices and the use of the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) LEED certification program, Earthcraft, Energy Star or other similar systems. As appropriate, create policy and financial incentives to encourage increased building and site performance.

Environment C-8 Review the zoning ordinance to reduce restrictions on creating appropriate creative, green, mixed-income and mixed-use housing options, including accessory dwellings, live/work units and shared housing. Also listed as: Housing C-4

Environment C-9 Encourage the incorporation of green sustainable principles (e.g. LEED, EarthCraft Virginia, Energy Star, etc.) in all housing development to the maximum extent feasible both as a way to be sustainable and to lower housing costs. Also listed as Housing C-7

Entrance Corridors Corridors A-1 Taking into consideration the former Scenic Highway regulations, review the EC guidelines for

effectiveness in protecting the integrity of exceptionally scenic EC road corridors, such as Route 250 West. Also listed as: Land Use A-2

Corridors A-2 Continue to use the Entrance Corridor design guidelines to help maintain the integrity of Entrance Corridors in Albemarle County. Also listed as: Land Use A-3

Corridors A-3 Common: City/County

Update EC Design Guidelines to better reflect expectations of the Neighborhood Model for the Development Areas, including but not limited to Strategies on ways to provide for relegated parking without buildings turning their backs to the Entrance Corridor, and on coordinating landscaping requirements with utility corridors. Also listed as: Land Use A-4

Corridors A-4 Common: City/County

Develop corridor-specific guidelines for all Entrance Corridors to reflect the unique character of each corridor. Also listed as: Land Use A-5

Corridors C-1 Common: City/County

Examine and update the Standards and Design Manual to better incorporate Complete Street and Living Street design features in the public right of way. Also listed as: Transportation C-3


Develop a comprehensive set of street design guidelines based on the Complete Streets Resolution and ITE/CNU’s Walkable Urban Thoroughfares Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) Approach that balances multimodal transportation options while considering design techniques that allow for urban scale, walkable communities where appropriate. Also listed as: Transportation C-5


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Corridors C-3Common: City/County

Promote urban design techniques, such as placing parking behind buildings, reducing setbacks and increasing network connectivity, to create a more pedestrian friendly streetscape and to reduce speeds on high volume roadways. Also listed as: Land Use C-9, Transportation C-6

Corridors C-4 Review the historic preservation plan, historic district ordinance, entrance corridor ordinance, and design guidelines every five years to ensure that goals for preservation and compatible new construction are being addressed. Also listed as: Historic C-5


Encourage site designs that consider building arrangements, uses, natural features, and landscaping that contribute to a sense of place and character that is unique to Charlottesville. Also listed as: Land Use C-11

Corridors C-6 Consider the designation of additional streets, such as Ride-McIntire, East Market Street and Meade Avenue, as Entrance Corridor districts.

Corridors C-7 When appropriate, coordinate the City’s Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines with Albemarle County’s Design Guidelines. Encourage continuity of land use, design, and pedestrian orientation between contiguous corridors in the City and County.

Transportation Transportation A-1 Promote block development rather than long cul-de-sacs and provide guidance to developers on ways

to create blocks and streetscape with Albemarle County’s topography. Also listed as: Land Use A-19

Transportation A-2 Common: City/County

Provide for multi-modal transportation opportunities in new development.

Transportation C-1 Update the Standards and Design Manual and Subdivision ordinance so that these documents promote pedestrian-oriented, environmentally sensitive design where appropriate. Also listed as: Land Use C-3, Environment C-1

Transportation C-2 Promote redevelopment and infill development that supports bicycle and pedestrian-oriented infrastructure and robust public transportation to better connect residents to jobs and commercial activity. Also listed as: Land Use C-6

Transportation C-3 Common: City/County

Examine and update the Standards and Design Manual to better incorporate Complete Street and Living Street design features in the public right of way. Also listed as: Corridors C-1


Provide convenient and safe bicycle and pedestrian connections between new and existing residential developments, employment areas, and other activity centers to promote the option of walking and biking.


Develop a comprehensive set of street design guidelines based on the Complete Streets Resolution and ITE/CNU’s Walkable Urban Thoroughfares Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) Approach that balances multimodal transportation options while considering design techniques that allow for urban scale, walkable communities where appropriate. Also listed as: Corridors C-2


Promote urban design techniques, such as placing parking behind buildings, reducing setbacks and increasing network connectivity, to create a more pedestrian friendly streetscape and to reduce speeds on high volume roadways. Also listed as: Land Use C-9, Corridors C-3

Transportation C-7 Reduce parking requirements when a development proposal includes Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies that can be demonstrated to reduce trip making to and from the development.

Transportation C-8 Develop Access Management standards for new development and redevelopment along primary entrance corridors.

Transportation C-9 Explore options for park-and-ride lots and examine parking exempt zones. Utilize the zoning regulations to promote sound private parking facility supply and design by private developers.

Transportation C-10 Explore the possibility of establishing a Transportation District or impact fee service areas for road improvement projects and determine the feasibility of implementing them.


I

Model Ordinances of Approaches

Part III. Sample Ordinances Part III of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit serves as a packet of sixteen reports on various ordinance topics. These reports provide information which the localities may review for background information on how other localities have implemented similar goals, objectives, and strategies in their respective plans. The sample language from ordinances contains examples of wording for Albemarle and Charlottesville to consider. This section of the Code and Ordinance Toolkit should not be construed as a set of specific ordinance changes recommended for the City and County. It is intended to be an easy-to-use guide for local staff and officials, providing a starting point for additional code and ordinance research. The sixteen reports include: Report 1: Mixed-Use Zoning Districts Report 9: Affordable Dwelling Units Report 2: Planned Zoning Districts Report 10: Health Care Structures Report 3: Infill Ordinances Report 11: Accessible Historic Buildings Report 4: Rural Design Standards Report 12: Tourist Zones Report 5: Transfer of Development Rights Report 13: Corridor Design Report 6: Impact Fees Report 14: Complete Streets Requirements Report 7: Accessory Dwelling Units Report 15: Parking Layout and Design Report 8: Accessible Dwelling Units Report 16: Road Design and Network While this document can function as a stand-alone report, it is intended to serve as the final part of a three-part series. In Part I, the reader can find identified challenges, obstacles and opportunities to improving local codes and ordinances. In that preceding report, there are references to Part II, which identifies official strategies that are related to those existing issues. In Part II, there are references to individual reports, found in this final segment of the series. Document Organization:


II

Model Ordinances of Approaches

Analysis of the Virginia Code has been done, but it has not been reviewed by attorneys from the City or County. Different sections of the Virginia Code may also apply. In addition, while some sample ordinances may be more applicable to one locality over another, the following reports are not intended for a specific community. These resources are intended to serve as references that help local staff and officials, providing a first step in their research on codes and ordinances. Note: State enabling legislation for the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County differs in many cases. Because of this, sample ordinances in this section may not be applicable for both localities. In some cases, state enabling legislation may be needed to create ordinance similar to those adopted by other localities. Disclaimer: Sample ordinances are provided for reference purpose only. It does not constitute legal advice. Please consult with an attorney before adopting any local ordinance, as legal conditions may vary by specific locality.


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Part III. Sample Ordinances

Report 1:

Mixed-Use Zoning Districts

Mixed-use zoning districts are becoming more popular in Virginia localities. While Euclidian Zoning aims to segregates land uses, mixed-use ordinances can create developments that contain a variety of residential, commercial, office and other compatible uses. With mixed-use districts, these regulations may enhance the effectiveness of a localities’ zoning ordinance. This report includes sample ordinances from a diverse range of localities, to show a diversity of approaches for mixing uses within zoning districts.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Codes address this topic in § 15.2-2286, with definitions in § 15.2-2201 Selected Provision:

� Allows for areas and districts designated for mixed use developments or planned unit developments.

Purpose: In the purpose section, many localities highlight a clear intent to create mixed-use communities that are pedestrian oriented and that include adequate open-space.

“The purpose of the Urban Mixed Use District (the "UMU district") is to allow development of mixed-use, pedestrian-oriented, activity centers containing a variety of uses, including business, retail, residential, cultural, educational, and other public and private uses. The UMU district is intended to encourage redevelopment and reinvestment in commercial and industrial areas, and provide for design flexibility and alternative development patterns on undeveloped property. The UMU district shall incorporate publicly accessible community open space areas and encourage high quality development and redevelopment that stimulates investment, generates jobs, increases available housing options, and expands the county's tax base. The UMU district also permits a compatible mix of uses in a single structure or a group of structures on a parcel or group of parcels and is intended to discourage piecemeal development. The UMU district will facilitate investment by increasing the number of permitted principal and accessory uses in a single district and will encourage high quality development by permitting greater regulatory flexibility and innovative and creative design. The UMU district is not intended for general application throughout the county. The UMU district should be limited to areas with adequate infrastructure and served by necessary transportation facilities (i.e., available public transit, close proximity to an interstate interchange, rail center, etc.).” (Henrico County: Urban Mixed-Use District, Sec. 24-31. Purpose of district)

Some mixed-use districts include an added focus of infill or redevelopment. While this is relatively rare, a common element includes the focus on a connected network of local streets and pedestrian facilities.

“The mixed use (MU) district creates a flexible approach to development, to include infill and redevelopment, by allowing a variety of interrelated and compatible commercial, office, residential, civic, recreational, and entertainment uses in a pedestrian-oriented neighborhood setting based on, but not limited to the following principles:

(1) Connectivity of road networks, including connectivity of new local streets with existing local streets; (2) Connected pedestrian networks and pedestrian-friendly road design;


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(3) Reduced front and side yard building setbacks; (4) Mixed-use neighborhoods, including mixed housing types; and (5) Respects the character of adjacent properties and surrounding neighborhoods. “ (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 23-6.28.1)

Definitions: One of the most important elements to a mixed-use zoning district is a clear definition of the term “mixed-use.” In the absence of this definition, development applicants are more likely to abuse the zoning regulations for the sole purpose of creating high densities, rather than producing purely mixed-use neighborhoods.

“Mixture of uses. A minimum of 25 percent of the building square footage in the UMU district shall be developed for commercial or office uses unless otherwise permitted by provisional use permit. The required percentage of commercial or office uses shall be achieved at the 50 percent and 90 percent completion of construction thresholds of the total building square footage within the UMU district. The developer shall provide this calculation with the plans of development submitted for each phase of the project.” (Henrico County: Urban Mixed-Use District, Sec. 24-34. Development standards)

The mixed-use district allows for flexibility and a variety of uses, but the locality may set boundaries on the mixture of uses. In this Roanoke example, the district is intended to encourage development consisting of office and residential uses.

“The purpose of the MX District is to accommodate residential uses, office uses, and support services within the same district. The intent of the district is that no retail sales uses be permitted and that the district facilitates a harmonious mixture of office and residential uses. The regulations of the district are intended to protect the character and scale of such a mixed-use development pattern by permitting low-intensity development at a scale that recognizes and respects residential patterns of development.” (City of Roanoke: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 36.2-314)

Application: There are many ways to apply a mixed-use zoning district. Rather than requiring a specific mix of land uses, the locality can require a certificate for any development in a defined area. This approach provides the locality with additional leverage to encourage a mixture of uses and appropriate design standards.

“Downtown development certificate required. Except on any property located in any Historic Overlay District (HO) or except as expressly provided otherwise in this ordinance, no building or structure shall be located, constructed, or enlarged within the Downtown Districts until the city council has approved a downtown development certificate. Submission of an application on a form or forms provided by the zoning administrator shall be required for all development proposals within the Downtown Districts.” (City of Norfolk: Downtown Districts, Section 8-0.3)

A unique approach to mixed-use districts is with a Euclidian II Zoning system. With this option, the locality can allow for multiple sub-districts within a single zoning district. Each sub-district serves a specific purpose that can overlap with the transect concept, which became popular with the neo-traditional design movement.

“To meet the intent and purpose of the district, the following sub-districts are established: a. Residential attached (MU-1). The MU-1 sub-district permits detached and attached houses.

Permitted nonresidential uses include places of worship, schools and other civic uses.


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b. Residential townhouse (MU-2). In addition to detached houses and attached houses, the MU-2 sub-district permits townhouses. Permitted nonresidential uses also include places of worship, schools and other civic uses.

c. Residential mixed use (MU-3). In addition to detached houses, attached houses and townhouses, the MU-3 sub-district permits apartments. The sub-district permits limited retail and office uses.

d. Mixed use low (MU-4). The MU-4 sub-district is a mixed use district that permits retail, office and residential uses in a variety of building types up to four (4) stories in height. Residential configurations include single family attached houses, townhouses, and apartments on upper floors of mixed use buildings.

e. Mixed use high (MU-5). The MU-5 sub-district is a mixed use district permitting retail, office and residential uses in a variety of building types. Maximum height in the district shall be established in the generalized development plan (GDP) adopted at the time of rezoning. Residential configurations include townhouses, and apartments on upper floors of mixed use buildings.

The board of supervisors may approve alternative sub-district controls as part of a zoning map amendment.” (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 23-6.28.3)

Urban Design: Mixed-use zoning districts typically include design (or development) standards that require specific urban design concepts. These standards include building façade requirements, such as store-fronts.

“Arrangement of transparency on a facade facing a primary street frontage. (1) At least sixty (60) percent of the specified ground floor transparency shall be located within a horizontal

zone of the facade located between two (2) feet and eight (8) feet above the finished floor elevation where the primary entrance is located. Such transparency shall begin at a height no greater than three (3) feet above the finished floor elevation of the primary entrance.

(2) Transparency shall be arranged so that no more than twenty (20) linear feet of ground floor building facade is void of transparency.

(3) No more than thirty (30) percent of the required transparent area between two (2) feet and eight (8) feet in height above the finished floor elevation of the primary entrance may be covered by opaque or semiopaque materials, such as window or door signs or tinting.

(4) No wall or other permanent visual obstruction shall be located within twenty-four (24) inches of the interior of the specified transparent area. Merchandise displays facing the street or operable blinds, shades, or curtains shall not be considered permanent visual obstructions.”

(City of Roanoke: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 36.2-319) The ordinance can require “build-to” lines to ensure that there is a consistent street wall, where buildings are consistently lined close to the street. Some localities find there are difficulties with enforcement of build-to lines.

“The build-to zone is the area on the lot where a certain percentage of the front building facade must be located, measured as a minimum and maximum setback range from the edge of the right-of-way. The required percentage specifies the amount of the front building facade that must be located in the build-to area, measured based on the width of the building divided by the width of the site or lot. Corner lots. On corner lots, a building facade must be placed within the build-to area for the first thirty (30) feet along the street extending from the block corner. No other build-to zone requirements apply on side streets that are not primary streets.


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Encroachments. With the exception of parking areas, all structures and uses customarily allowed on the lot are permitted in the build-to area.” (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 23-6.28.4)

Street Design and Block Layout: Mixed-use developments attempt to create traditional communities, with a mixture of uses and an interconnected system of local streets. To highlight the transportation aspect to community development, mixed-use districts can include standards for street and block design.

“Streets and blocks in the MU district. The requirements of the design standards manual apply in the mixed use (MU) district, as specifically modified in this section. Sidewalks, streets, street trees and street lights must be installed and constructed for both new streets and existing streetscapes. Blocks. (1) Applicability. The block length and perimeter standards apply to preliminary

plats, final plats and site plans. (2) Block standards.

a. Residential blocks must have sufficient width to provide for two (2) tiers of residential lots, except where single tier lots are required to accommodate single-loaded streets where across from a public park or open space, to allow for unusual topographical conditions, or when adjacent to the outer perimeter of a subdivision.

b. The maximum block perimeter shall be two thousand four hundred (2,400) feet.

c. The maximum block length shall be seven hundred (700) feet. d. The maximum block length for a dead end street shall be three hundred

(300) feet. (3) Block measurement.

a. A block is bounded by a street (not including an alley) that meets the requirements of this section. b. Block perimeter is measured along the centerline of intersecting streets that encompass the block. c. Block length is measured from centerline to centerline of intersecting streets. d. The maximum block length or perimeter may be extended in the event that steep slopes in excess of

twenty-five (25) percent, freeways, waterways, railroad lines, preexisting development, tree conservation areas, stream buffers, cemeteries, open space, or easements make the maximum block length or perimeter unfeasible.

e. The maximum block length and perimeter may be extended by twenty-five (25) percent, if the block includes a pedestrian passage that meets the requirements of this section.

f. A block may be broken by a civic building or open lot, provided the lot is at least fifty (50) feet wide and provides a pedestrian passage meeting the requirements this section.

Street types. This section provides general guidelines for the construction of new streets in the MU district and is intended to provide a catalog of minimum dimensions for travel lane and on-street parking widths subject to review and approval during the site plan review process for use on private streets. The board of supervisors may approve alternative streets and blocks controls as part of a zoning map amendment.” (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. Sec. 23-6.28.7)


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Pedestrian and Transit Amenities: Mixed-use zoning districts commonly focus on pedestrian oriented design and are intended to encourage alternative modes of travel.

“General Pedestrian Amenities. Each new structure and every expansion to an existing building shall provide pedestrian amenities located to serve the subject structure, as specified herein. The number of general pedestrian amenities provided shall comply with the following schedule:

Size of Structure in Gross Floor Area Number of Amenities <5,000 sq. ft. 1 5,000—10,000 sq. ft. 2 10,000—50,000 sq. ft. 3 >50,000 sq. ft. 4

Acceptable pedestrian amenities include the following: a. A public outdoor seating plaza adjacent to or visible and accessible from the street (minimum useable area

of three hundred (300) square feet); b. Installation of street trees that exceed the minimum caliper requirement or minimum height requirement

by twenty-five (25) percent; c. Public art including but not limited to sculptures, fountains, or clocks with a value equal to or greater than

one percent of construction value of the structure; d. Pocket parks with a minimum usable area of three hundred (300) square feet; e. Transit facilities; or f. Similar pedestrian amenities as determined by the Administrator in considering the characteristics of the

proposed development.

Transit Facilities. In addition to general pedestrian amenities, any MXD Development with gross floor area in excess of seventy-five thousand (75,000) square feet shall provide a transit shelter immediately served by either a publicly dedicated bus pull-in lane in the adjacent right-of-way or an internal road with a turn-around area meeting the minimum dimensional requirements of section 5-309 of the Subdivision Ordinance. At least one such transit facility shall be located so that no occupiable structure's main entrance is more than one thousand two hundred fifty (1,250) feet away as measured along an improved walking path. If transit shelters already exist in conformity with these requirements at the time of site plan approval, new shelters shall not be required. If transit stops already exist in conformity with these requirements but no shelter exists, a shelter shall be provided at the existing stop.” (Town of Blacksburg: Mixed-Use Development Districts, Sec. 3303)


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Report 2:

Planned Zoning Districts

Planned districts allow for flexibility and creativity with the development process. These are zoning districts that essentially allow an applicant to design his/her own land use regulations and establish a development plan for a specific site. While planned districts offer flexibility, localities usually place a general framework of regulations to these types of development. Those regulations can set general standards on the mixture of uses, the amount of open space, building designs, road connectivity and other features of a development. Planned districts are increasingly popular throughout Virginia. Previously, these ordinances were only present in cities and urbanized counties, but even rural communities are beginning to adopt these zoning districts.

State Code Reference: Virginia Code Enabled §15.2-2201 The State Code defines planned unit development as:

“A form of development characterized by unified site design for a variety of housing types and densities, clustering of buildings, common open space, and a mix of building types and land uses in which project planning and density calculation are performed for the entire development rather than on an individual lot basis.”

Some localities follow an executive form of government, which influences planning authorities. This is addressed in Virginia Code §15.2-1216.

“Any county having an urban county executive or county executive form of government, or any county adjacent to any two or more such counties, may by ordinance require that the sellers of new homes provide to home buyers access to copies of … all development plans approved as part of the zoning for the planned unit development.”

Purpose: With a planned district, there should be a detailed link with neighborhood design which usually highlights mixed-use development. The purpose section should also make a strong link to the comprehensive plan or any other locally adopted planning documents. With a clearer definition of mixed-use development, developers and applicants will be held to the goals outlined in the comprehensive plans. This provides a clear understanding to those involved in a rezoning case that this district is intended to promote a mixed-use community that meets desirable planning principles.

“The PDH District is established to encourage innovative and creative design and to facilitate use of the most advantageous construction techniques in the development of land for residential and other selected secondary uses. The district regulations are designed to insure ample provision and efficient use of open space; to promote high standards in the layout, design and construction of residential development; to promote balanced developments of mixed housing types; to encourage the provision of dwellings within the means of families of low and moderate income; and otherwise to implement the stated purpose and intent of this Ordinance. To these ends, rezoning to and development under this district will be permitted only in accordance with a development plan prepared and approved in accordance with the provisions of Article 16.” (Fairfax County: Planned District, 6-101 Purpose and Intent)


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“The planned development mixed use district is established to promote areas appropriate for office, retail, and residential uses, designed in a unified and cohesive manner in order to create an attractive environment in which to live, work and recreate. Two or more uses shall be integrated into a mixed use project. The district is appropriate in areas suitable for redevelopment as identified in the jumpstart plan contained within the comprehensive plan, and those areas designated for mixed use development to provide a process and design criteria that can be used to transition from established uses while accommodating new growth and evolving market trends. Vertical integration of uses is encouraged where appropriate. This district is considered an urban-style model with uses that are mixed together and easily walkable; for example, main entrances are located close to public streets, parking lots serve multiple uses, residential densities are higher to promote more activity within the development, as well as more public open spaces, and buffers located between different uses within the borders of the development are reduced or eliminated. The district shall promote a compact mixed-use design, traditional neighborhood pattern of development which includes a hierarchy of interconnected streets and blocks, pedestrian friendly walkable streets, a variety of housing types and lot sizes, mixed-use commercial neighborhood centers, and a connected passive and active open space network.” (City of Fredericksburg: Planned Development Mixed-Use District, Sec. 78-623. Purpose and intent)

“P-TND Planned - Traditional Neighborhood Development. The purpose of the P-TND is to provide areas of the county which are suitable for an approach to land-use planning and urban design that promotes the development or redevelopment of pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods with a mix of uses, housing types and prices, lot sizes and density, architectural variety, a central civic building and use, a network of streets and alleys that may include on-street parallel parking, and defined development edges.” (Stafford County: P-TND Planned – Traditional Neighborhood Development)

Link to Local Plans and Guides: The introductory section should tie the application of the zoning ordinance to the local comprehensive plan. There is validity in referencing other official guides and documents as well.

“The planned development shall substantially conform to the adopted comprehensive plan with respect to type, character, intensity of use and public facilities. Planned developments shall not exceed the density or intensity permitted by the adopted comprehensive plan, except as expressly permitted under the applicable density or intensity bonus provisions.” (Fairfax County, 16-101 General Standards)

“A final development plan shall be submitted and approved concurrently with the conceptual development plan for the proposed development. The conceptual and final development plan shall specify the uses and gross floor area for the proposed development and shall provide site and building designs that will integrate with the adjacent communities and complement existing and planned development by incorporating high standards of urban design. The plan shall also be in general accordance with any specific urban design concept and streetscape plans for the area including the provision of convenient and accessible pedestrian walkways and connections, all as set forth in the adopted comprehensive plan.” (Fairfax County: Planned Residential Mixed-Use District, 6-406 Use Limitations)

Defining Mixed-Use: In Virginia, there are several localities that provide detailed definitions and standards for the term “mixed-use.” A planned district can provide very detailed standards, even determining the percent distribution of uses on the site or within each building. While a development plan serves as the main guiding document for planned districts, these defined standards on mixed-use serve as the parameters


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for an applicant’s proposed plan. A planned district may require that multi-story buildings have commercial uses on the first floor, with residential or office uses on the upper stories. These standards could apply to any urban corridor, where the form and use of the street-wall is particularly important. To allow for the flexibility intended for planned districts, the ordinance can allow for waivers to the required mix of uses.

“It is encouraged that the final development plan be submitted and approved concurrently with the conceptual development plan for all or a portion of the proposed development. The proposed development shall provide integrated site and building designs primarily incorporating a mix of uses within multiple story structures that will complement existing and planned development by incorporating high standards of urban design; shall be in accordance with any specific urban design concept and streetscape plans for the area including the provision of convenient and accessible pedestrian walkways and connections, all as set forth in the adopted comprehensive plan. To ensure consistency with the urban design guidelines for the Tysons Corner Urban Center, detailed streetscape, landscaping and building design plans, to include the location and height of rooftop features and amenities and the designation of the build-to lines, a phasing plan, if applicable, and a parking plan shall all accompany an application for a rezoning to the PTC District pursuant to Part 5 of Article 16.” (Fairfax County: Planned Tysons Corner Urban District, 6-505 Use Limitations)

“A PD-MU district shall contain the following standards: a) Commercial uses. At least 40 percent and no more than 65 percent of the gross land area of the district

shall be used to determine or compute the permitted floor area ratio in accordance with 78-626(2). In the case of vertically mixed use buildings, the commercial use on the ground floor shall be used to calculate this percentage.

b) Vertical mix. At least 20% of the buildings containing commercial uses within the district shall contain uses from at least two (2) different use categories. The applicable use categories are professional office, retail, and multifamily dwelling units above the first floor.

The PD-MU district requires a mix of uses based on the number of residential units as set forth in section 78-626(3) and commercial use expressed as a percentage as set forth in section 78-627(1)(a). The percentage shall mean the percentage of the total gross land area of the district subject to the rezoning application. The mix of uses under sections 78-626 and 78-627 shall be calculated in accordance with the following rules: a) The vertical stacking of residential uses in the same building as nonresidential uses is permitted. b) Phasing of the development may be approved at the time of rezoning. Each phase of development shall

contain a tabulation of the site by use category, the accumulated total FAR, total number of residential units and percentage open space to demonstrate that the development is in conformance with the GDP. Individual phases of the development may have densities that exceed the maximum or minimum requirements so long as such densities for the number of residential units or percentage of commercial use as shown on the GDP comply with the PD-MU district.

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this division the city council may adjust the percentage ratios for those uses set forth above.” (City of Fredericksburg: Planned Development Mixed-Use District, Sec. 78-627. Additional regulations)

“Residential uses shall be permitted in the PD-R district only in conjunction with one or more neighborhood commercial uses, unless authorized by the planning commission in accordance with the comprehensive plan. Neighborhood commercial uses. At least five percent but not more than 15 percent of the gross area of the PD-R development shall be devoted to neighborhood commercial uses. The neighborhood commercial uses must be provided in such a manner that they are accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians, with primary emphasis on the pedestrian circulation system. Such neighborhood commercial uses shall be located within a commercial or village center area and contain such uses as professional offices, specialty shops, hardware stores and other permitted uses, as listed in section 102-502.” (Fredericksburg: Planned Development Residential District, Sec. 78-414. Use limitations.)


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“A. The proposed development will yield a minimum of one hundred thousand (100,000) square feet of gross floor space. B. The proposed development will be a logical extension of an existing P district, in which case it must yield a minimum of forty thousand (40,000) square feet of gross floor area.” (Spotsylvania County: Planned Development Commercial District, Sec. 23-6.23.6. Development standards)

Design Standards: While planned districts are intended to be flexible, a locality can require general design standards that will act as a framework for a proposed development plan. While rezoning cases include local discretion and negotiation, more detailed design guidelines give the locality greater leverage to implement goals from the comprehensive plan. These standards can apply to all planned districts or only to buildings that are adjacent to urban corridors. With this approach, a locality can better ensure that corridors consist of a main street design, rather than relying on developer to propose a desirable development plan.

“When located within the same building as residential uses, commercial and office uses shall be limited to the lowest two (2) floors.” (Fairfax County: Planned District, 6-106 Use Limitations)

“Structures exceeding 40 feet in height shall be set back from any single-family residential district a distance equal to a distance not less than one foot for each one foot of height in excess of 40 feet.” (City of Fredericksburg: Planned Development Mixed-Use District, Sec. 78-626. Bulk regulations)

“No application shall be approved for a planned development mixed use district under the provisions of this division unless the generalized development plan accompanying such application satisfies the following general standards and design criteria: 1. The development offers a variety of two or more of the following uses: commercial, residential, office; 2. The development consists of an orderly and creative arrangement of land uses, both in respect to each

other and to adjacent properties; 3. The application provides a comprehensive and integrated transportation system that separates pedestrian

and vehicular traffic, including roadways, bicycle paths, pedestrian walkways, and public transportation facilities, where applicable;

4. The application provides opportunities for cultural, educational, or recreational facilities for all segments of the development;

5. The site design and structures take advantage of their natural and manmade environment and to address sustainability.

6. The application provides for adequate public facilities; 7. The planned development substantially conforms to the comprehensive plan with respect to type,

character and intensity of use and public facilities; 8. The development does not hinder, deter or impede development of surrounding properties in accordance

with the comprehensive plan; 9. Sidewalks and other pedestrian pathways that link developed areas of the city and the proposed

development are in accordance with the comprehensive plan, zoning ordinance or deemed appropriate for the development;

10. The proposed land uses are recommend in the comprehensive plan or jumpstart plan as appropriate uses in the particular planning area in which the development is to be located; and

11. Where applicable, the development includes special provisions for the identification, restoration and preservation of buildings, structures, and sites which have historic, architectural, or archeological significance.

12. The buildings shall be designed and arranged in such a way as to promote energy efficiency through the design of environmentally friendly buildings utilizing environmentally sensitive guidelines such as those


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published by the leadership in energy and environmental design through their green building rating system.

13. Landscaping and open space shall be used to provide shading, screening and erosion and sediment control. 14. The development shall reflect the existing natural topography of the site by preserving the natural

character and existing trees to the greatest extent possible.” (City of Fredericksburg: Planned Development Mixed-Use District, Sec. 78-628. General standards)

Standardized Sub-Areas: Some Virginia localities require that planned developments have multiple development types, or transects. For example, an ordinance may require that a planned district include multiple zones, chosen from a list of natural zone, rural zone, suburban zone, general urban zone, urban center zone, urban core zone or special districts. This approach avoids scenarios where developers propose planned developments with a uniform layout of a single use. With each sub-area or zone, the ordinance may set general development standards that apply to all proposals under that district. Other ordinances require that applicants break their proposals into land bays, which are subdivisions or units of a planned development application. There may be similar design guidelines that apply to different types of sub-areas, based on their location or orientation with critical roadways and adjacent sites.

“Planned-Traditional Neighborhood Development (P-TND). 1 Applicability. The regulations and provisions for P-TND, where permitted, by right or conditional use permit

in accordance with table 3.1, shall comply with this section. No use shall incorporate any of the regulations or provisions of this section unless reclassified as a P-TND district in accordance with this chapter.

2 Streets. a. The P-TND shall use the narrowest width of streets permitted to present the traditional town center

environment, reduce the speed of vehicles, and encourage pedestrian access through the P-TND. b. Refer to the traditional neighborhood development appendix to the comprehensive plan for specific

classification of streets within a development in the P-TND district. 4 Transect zones. The traditional neighborhood development (TND) shall comprise of all or some of the

following transect zones: a. T1, natural zone. Consists of lands approximating or reverting to a wilderness condition, including lands

unsuitable for settlement due to topography, hydrology or vegetation. This shall include all lands designated as critical resource protection area (CRPA), unless approved by the appropriate county, state, or federal offices to permit certain activities within the CRPA.

b. T2, rural zone. Consists of lands in open or cultivated state, or sparsely settled. These include woodlands, agricultural lands, grasslands, and regulated or dedicated athletic fields and golf courses.

c. T3, suburban zone. Consists of low-density suburban residential areas, differing by allowing home occupations. Planting is naturalistic with setbacks relatively deep. Blocks may be large and the roads irregular to accommodate natural conditions.

d. T4, general urban zone. Consists of a mixed use but primarily residential urban fabric. It has a wide range of building types: single, patio and townhouses. Setbacks and landscaping are variable. Streets typically define medium-sized blocks.

e. T5, urban center zone. Consists of higher-density mixed use building types that accommodate retail, offices, townhouses and multifamily. It has a tight network of streets with wide sidewalks, steady street tree planting and buildings set close to the frontages.

f. T6, urban core zone. Consists of the highest density, with the greatest variety of uses, and civic buildings of regional importance. It may have larger blocks; streets have steady street tree planting and buildings set close to the frontage.

g. SD-C, special districts-commercial. Consists of larger structures for commercial uses. The use may serve more than the development. The use may be appropriate when the development is in close proximity to a major transportation network. Proportion to scale between the height of the building and the street


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should be taken into consideration. Such uses may require a larger scale of parking in which mitigation and the use of parking structures would be strongly encouraged.

8 Architectural standards in all transect zones. a. The exterior finish material on all facades, colors of balconies and porches, and material for fences along

the principal or side street line shall be determined by the approved neighborhood design standard. b. Flat roofs shall be enclosed by parapets a minimum of forty-two (42) inches high, or as required to

conceal mechanical equipment. c. Mechanical equipment, whether on the ground or the roof of a building shall be screened to where it is

not visible from any street. d. To maintain positive drainage of rainfall, all residential buildings, excluding multifamily units, shall have

pitched roofs and shall be symmetrically sloped no less than 5:12, except that porches and attached sheds may be no less than 2:12.”

(Stafford County: P-TND Planned – Traditional Neighborhood Development, Sec. 28-39. Special regulations) This ordinance includes land bays, which are subdivisions or units of a PUD application. This district includes design guidelines for architecture, streetscapes, parking, landscaping and open space – for town centers.

“Planned development districts shall be divided into land bays shown on the master zoning plan. Land bays shall be sequentially numbered or lettered. Land bays may contain more than one designation to achieve a mix of uses, but the designations shall be depicted and a list of uses identified to ensure compatibility with the land use classifications of the comprehensive plan and the purposes and objectives of this part. a. Residential land bays shall designate the uses and the standards found in Article III, and shall be

established in accordance with the following density ranges: - Areas of low density residential (one to four dwellings per acre) (LDR); - Areas of medium density residential (four to six dwellings per acre) (MDR); - Areas of high density residential (eight to 16 dwellings per acre) (HDR); - Areas of urban density residential (16 to 30 dwellings per acre) (UDR); and - Areas of urban high density residential (minimum of 31 dwellings per acre) (UHDR). b. Non-residential areas shall designate the uses and the standards, found in Article IV, and shall be

established in accordance with the following zoning districts: - B-1, General Business. - B-2, Neighborhood Business. - O(L), Office Low-Rise. - O(M), Office Mid-Rise. - O(H), Office High-Rise. - O/F, Office/Flex. - M-2, Light Industrial. c. Areas to remain as open space or conservation areas shall be labeled as such or may be incorporated into

a land bay as OS. Upon creation of a planned development district, uses permitted in each land bay shall be determined by its use designation, subject to any restrictions in the particular planned district regulations, the master zoning plan and any applicable proffers or special use permit conditions. The designation of permitted uses by land bay as required by subsections 1. and 2. above shall not be required in planned development districts approved prior to November 22, 1991, provided that if the owners shall substantially change the project from the approved in the original rezoning, the planning director may require that any application for amendment of the master zoning plan conform to the requirements of this part.” (Prince William County: Planned District Standards, Sec. 32-280.11. Land bay designations)


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Impervious Surfaces: Most planned districts require that a set percentage of the development remain for open space or recreational purposes. Rather than focus on open space, some localities set percentages of site space for pervious services. Developers can meet these standards with parking lots, so long as there is pervious pavement. The focus is on water quality, rather than open space. While many planned district require open space, there are few standards on the quality of those areas.

“Coverage. Maximum coverage permitted of all impervious surfaces in any P-D district shall not exceed 50 percent of the total gross acreage. Areas used for swimming pools, bathhouses, tennis courts and other outside recreational space that is improved with a hard surface, to the extent that it does not exceed five percent of the gross acreage, shall not be counted as covered area. At least 20 percent of the gross tract area shall be in open space sections of at least 10,000 square feet each.” (City of Fairfax: P-D Planned Development District, Sec. 110-634)


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Report 3:

Infill Ordinances

Infill development can be a critical piece of a comprehensive growth management strategy. For counties, infill and redevelopment can help ensure that designated development areas do not prematurely build out, which would otherwise place added development pressure on the surrounding rural areas. In cities, an infill ordinance can help to concentrate new construction in downtown areas or corridors, increasing the efficiency of transit and other services. In Virginia, there are relatively few examples of infill options in a zoning ordinance. While many urban or mixed-use districts may indirectly encourage redevelopment, there are only a handful of direct links. Due to the limited number of Virginia examples, this report includes samples from other states, along with resource materials to help find additional information on this topic.

Enabling Legislation: The Code of Virginia does not specifically address infill zoning options, but the authority to implement these ordinances would fall under the enabling legislation for zoning. § 15.2-2285, § 15.2-2286.

Purpose: There are several different approaches to infill zoning. The purpose language should define how infill development is encouraged by or related to the subsequent ordinance sections. A general purpose section could include:

“It is the general intent of this Ordinance to: (OTHER STATEMENTS OF INTENT MAY BE SUBSTITUTED HERE) 1) Accommodate growth in (NAME OF LOCAL JURISDICTION) by encouraging and facilitating new

development on vacant, bypassed and underutilized land within areas that already have infrastructure, utilities, and public facilities, while addressing the needs of (NAME OF JURISDICTION) residents.

2) Encourage efficient use of land and public services in the context of existing communities. 3) Stimulate economic investment and development in older established communities. 4) Provide developers and property owners flexibility so that they can achieve high quality design and

develop infill projects that strengthen existing communities. 5) Create a high quality community environment that is enhanced by a balanced compact mix of residential,

commercial, recreational, open space, employment and institutional uses and building types. 6) Implement the goals, objectives, and policies of the comprehensive plan, or the small area plan. 7) Improve approval certainty for infill development by providing clear development standards. 8) Encourage compact development that is pedestrian-scaled and, if applicable, transit-oriented.“ (Maryland Department of Planning: Models and Guidelines for Infill Development)


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Other zoning districts may not be directly tied to infill or redevelopment, but could still help encourage this type of development. With language on this topic, infill can be a component to approving a zoning map amendment.

“The mixed use (MU) district creates a flexible approach to development, to include infill and redevelopment, by allowing a variety of interrelated and compatible commercial, office, residential, civic, recreational, and entertainment uses in a pedestrian-oriented neighborhood setting based on, but not limited to the following principles: (1) Connectivity of road networks, including connectivity of new local streets with existing local streets; (2) Connected pedestrian networks and pedestrian-friendly road design; (3) Reduced front and side yard building setbacks; (4) Mixed-use neighborhoods, including mixed housing types; and (5) Respects the character of adjacent properties and surrounding neighborhoods.” (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 23-6.28.1)

Definitions: The definitions for infill development can be brief, as seen with these examples from the Cities of Norfolk and Austin.

“Infill means utilization of vacant land in previously developed areas.” (City of Norfolk: Chesapeake Bay Preservation Area Overlay District, Sec. 11-2.2)

“Infill refers to “filling in” vacant or underutilized parcels of land in existing developed areas.” (City of Austin, Texas: Special Use Infill Options and Design Tools)

Application: There are several different approaches to infill zoning. A locality can require a special use permit for infill options. For more information on this example from Austin, refer to this online report that the City developed to provide guidance on infill strategies ftp://ftp.ci.austin.tx.us/npzd/Austingo/infill_tools.pdf.

“During the neighborhood planning process, a neighborhood may recommend approval of one or more of the Special Uses. Some of the uses may be applied to the entire neighborhood planning area or portions of it (sub-districts), whereas others must be applied to specific properties. The chosen Special Uses will be incorporated into a single zoning overlay known as the ‘Neighborhood Plan Combining District’ This combining district requires approval from the City Council.” (City of Austin, Texas: Special Use Infill Options and Design Tools)

A zoning ordinance can establish a range of districts, such as Residential R-1 through R-20, where high level districts allow for additional uses and densities. The ordinance can target those high level districts for infill development, providing incentives to redevelop select sites in zoning map amendments.

“The purpose of the A-12 and A-18 Apartment Districts is to provide areas for various multiple-family housing types at a variety of densities, in areas where public facilities are adequate to support these densities, and to provide for certain other necessary and related uses within multi-family communities but limited as to maintain compatibility with residential uses. The A-24 and A-36 Apartment Districts are created in recognition of the existence of developed areas where multifamily dwellings exist at densities between twenty-four (24) and thirty-six (36) dwelling units per acre. It is not the intention to create additional A-24 or A-36 Districts or to


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enlarge the limits of existing A-24 or A-36 Districts except in cases to promote infilling in areas that are already zoned or developed at densities between twenty-four (24) and thirty-six (36) dwelling units per acre.” (Virginia Beach: Apartment Districts, Sec. 600)

The zoning ordinance can also address infill development with the use of overlay zoning districts. With the overlay approach, the underlying zoning district would still apply, but there would be additional standards, incentives or options focused on infill and redevelopment.

“An overlay zone allows jurisdictions to target particular areas for infill without rewriting entire zoning categories. Parcels affected by an overlay zone are subject to the rules of the underlying zone, in addition to the rules of the overlay zone. This approach is commonly used in Maryland to protect historic or environmentally sensitive areas, viewsheds, and the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area. The practical effect of the overlay regulations varies by local preference: the overlay may modify or eliminate existing regulations, or it may introduce new regulations. Potential conflicts may arise between the underlying zone and the overlay zone. One way to address this is to add a clause to the ordinance that states, ‘in the case of conflict among regulations, the more flexible standard shall apply.’ This rule is premised on the policy that infill rules should permit flexibility. (In these models and guidelines, a boundary-specific infill overlay zone provides flexibility for infill development in existing communities without changing or rewriting the existing zoning code.)” (Maryland Department of Planning: Models and Guidelines for Infill Development)

Development Standards: Design or development standards should be part of an infill zoning approach. These standards help to ensure that a development project truly meets the intention of the ordinance and local vision. The following is a sample ordinance from the Maryland Department of Planning. This sample shows how a locality can address topics such as density, along with building bulk and arrangement on a site.

“General: Density, design, materials, use and scale should reflect local style, climate, heritage and materials unique to (NAME OF LOCAL JURISDICTION). (1) Density: may exceed the underlying zone (BY xx UNITS PER ACRE) for the purpose of creating a

neighborhood having a variety of housing types. (a) Total number of dwelling units as well as location to be established at the time of preliminary plan

approval. (b) Lot Size. Lot areas established in the preliminary plan shall be dependent on proposed densities, floor

area ratios, setbacks, building heights and community compatibility. (i) Existing Small Lot Amnesty. A legal lot of record that existed prior to the date of this ordinance may

use Infill Ordinance minimum buildable lot standards. (ii) Minimum Buildable Lot Standards. See sample Ordinance language in Appendix B.

(2) Building Height. (a) Buildings restricted to (X) stories or (XX) feet in height, or the average of adjacent buildings.

(i) Heights allowed by right or by special exception in the underlying zone. (ii) If greater than the allowed maximum, the proposed building or structure must meet the following

criteria for community compatibility: 1. Neighborhood scale 2. Privacy 3. Light and shadow 4. Views 5. Architectural compatibility

(3) Building Setback. (a) Setbacks as allowed by right in the underlying zone. (b) Contextual setback option. May use an average of the setbacks of adjacent or abutting lots.


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(4) Bulk and Scale shall be similar to and consistent with the surrounding neighborhood as evaluated by the bulk of buildings adjacent, abutting and surrounding the proposed development. Larger buildings should be designed to adhere to the existing architectural pattern of the surrounding neighborhood.

(5) Flexible development standards to reduce lot areas, widths and yards and to increase building heights may be permitted for infill developments at the discretion of the approving agency(s), subject to proof of good cause and benefit to the development and community, to encourage a variety of land uses, and to address difficult sites which incorporate infill and redevelopment or rehabilitation. Building height and coverage may vary so long as the project average is consistent with the neighborhood scale and architectural rhythm and does not constitute a disruptive condition in the identity of the area (See Section 5).”

(Maryland Department of Planning: Models and Guidelines for Infill Development) These examples from the City of Roanoke and Norfolk serve as example of how to address setbacks with infill developments.

“Where indicated as applicable in Section 36.2-312, the following regulations shall be used to determine the minimum and maximum front yard to be provided.

Where the shallowest established front yard is between the minimum and maximum front yards of the district Minimum yard: depth of the shallowest established front yard Maximum yard: depth of the shallowest established front yard, plus 5 feet

Where the shallowest established front yard is deeper than the district's maximum front yard Minimum yard: same as district Maximum yard: depth of shallowest established front yard

Where the shallowest established front yard is shallower than the district's minimum front yard Minimum yard: depth of the shallowest established front yard Maximum yard: depth of the shallowest established front yard, plus 10 feet

Where the shallowest established front yard is less than 10 feet Minimum yard: depth of the shallowest established front yard Maximum yard: 20 feet

Where the shallowest established front yard is established by an existing building on the lot where an unenclosed front porch addition is proposed Minimum yard: depth of the shallowest established front yard, minus 10 feet, but no closer than the district minimum Maximum: not applicable

Where the lot has frontage on a cul-de-sac, regardless of the presence of buildings on adjoining lots Minimum: same as district minimum Maximum: same as district maximum

Where the adjoining structure has its primary facade on a different street frontage and there are no structures on other adjoining lots fronting on the same street Minimum: same as district minimum Maximum: same as district maximum”

(City of Roanoke: Residential Districts, Sec. 36.2-313)

“Where the new construction is infill development on a zoning lot between two existing buildings, the front yard requirement for the new construction may match the existing yards for the adjacent buildings or may be the average of the existing yards of the adjacent buildings, whichever is applicable. Where the infill development occurs on a corner lot, the building immediately across the street shall be considered an adjacent building for determining the front yard requirement.” (City of Norfolk: Chapter 6, Commercial Districts)


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Additional Resources: There are additional sources that provide guidance on these zoning options. The following sources provide extensive material on model ordinances, development review procedures and the benefits of infill development. City of Austin, Texas Special Use Infill Options and Design Tools Available Through the Neighborhood Plan Combining District (NPCD), October 2012 ftp://ftp.ci.austin.tx.us/npzd/Austingo/infill_tools.pdf Maryland Department of Planning Models and Guidelines for Infill Development October 2001 http://planning.maryland.gov/pdf/ourproducts/publications/modelsguidelines/infillfinal_1.pdf


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Report 4:

Rural Design Standards

Rural Design is a term that may include nearly endless topics or ideas. This discussion may include concepts such as rural preservation, clustered development/open space, forestal zones, heritage /historic preservation and many other themes. This report instead focuses on development standards for commercial (non-agricultural) operations in rural areas. These operations may include lodging, retail, restaurants or other businesses found in small crossroad communities. While proper growth management diverts most commercial development into designated growth areas, there may still be a need to allow for limited services in rural parts of the community, to serve those residents outside of the urbanized areas. In Virginia, there are few examples of development standards for businesses in rural areas. Loudon County provides the most comprehensive model for this topic. Samples from that ordinance are included below.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled Sections 15.2-2200, 15.2-2283 and 15.2-2284

� Preserve agricultural and forestal land, along with the values of properties; � Facilitate the creation of a convenient, attractive and harmonious community; � Protect against destruction of or encroachment upon historic areas.

Purpose: This example from Loudon County shows how a locality can set a clear purpose or objective to rural development standards.

“The purpose of this section is to allow residents in the AR-1, AR-2, A-3, A-10, TR, CR, JLMA, PD-RV and PD-CV districts to locate and operate small-scale service and contracting businesses or lease such businesses, which preserve the rural and historic character of the districts and agriculture as an industry. It is the general intent of this Ordinance that commercial uses locate in and around existing urban areas that have adequate roads, public facilities and utilities. However, some small businesses may locate within these districts in order to provide economical and convenient services to the rural area, to supplement farming as a source of income and to operate a home-based business where feasible. Some small businesses can operate in the rural areas with special designs and conditions” (Loudon County: Small Businesses, Section 5-614)


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Definitions: Design standards for rural development may include a list of additional definitions. If the ordinance includes specific development standards, then there should be clear definitions for those types of land uses and businesses that are affected by these regulations.

“Rural Corporate Retreat: A use, compatible with agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, open space and/or historic preservation, which is engaged in the study, testing, design, invention, evaluation, or development of technologies, techniques, processes, or professional and consulting services, and education and training related to such advances and services. Rural Corporate Retreats may be utilized for basic and applied research services and education wherein the inquiry process is conducted in a manner similar to that of institutions of higher learning or management consulting firms. Rural Corporate Retreat facilities may include facilities for associated training programs, seminars, conference, and related activities.

Rural Economy Lot: A type of lot located with an AR-1 or AR-2 District cluster subdivision. A minimum of one Rural Economy Lot is required to be located within any AR-1 or AR-2 cluster subdivision. The primary use of such lot is for rural economy uses, with residential uses permitted in association with a rural economy use

Rural Economy Uses: An array of agricultural and equine enterprises, tourist attractions and services, and commercial businesses that are land-based, depend on large tracts of open land, and the area’s rural atmosphere.

Rural recreational establishment, outdoor: Any establishment operated as a commercial enterprise in which seasonal facilities directly related to outdoor recreation are provided for all or any of the following: camping, skating rink (outdoor), lodging, picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, outdoor games and sports, animal-mounted trail riding, and activities incidental and related to the foregoing. This use may include a refreshment stand as an accessory use. Nothing in this definition shall be construed to mean a track for motorized vehicles of any type, however defined.

Rural Resort/Rural Retreat: A private establishment consisting of a detached structure or structures located in a rural setting in which lodging units are offered to transients for compensation as the principal use, along with conference and meeting facilities, restaurant and banquet facilities, and recreational amenities.

Rural Village Commercial Area: Land within the Rural Village Center designated primarily for commercial, apartment and civic uses on the Concept Development Plan.” (Loudon County: Definitions, Article 8)

Application: The Loudon County ordinance sets limits on the acreage and operations of businesses that are located in the rural areas.

“Small Business Site Development Criteria. (1) Standards and Restrictions for Small Business Uses.”

Acreage No. of Employees

Heavy Equip. (On-Site)

Business Vehicles (On-Site)

(a) 0-3 1 maximum none 2 maximum (b) 3 but <10 3 maximum none 2 maximum (c) 10 but <50 4 maximum 2 maximum 4 maximum (d) 50 or greater 10 maximum 5 maximum 6 maximum

(Loudon County: Small Businesses, Section 5-614)


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“Additional Standards for AR and TR Districts. In the AR and TR districts, rural retreats and resorts shall comply with the following additional requirements in addition to the general standards identified above. Where there is a conflict between these standards and the general standards controlling the development of rural resorts and retreats, these standards shall control.

Intensity/Character. The minimum lot area shall be as follows.”

Use Size of Lot (Minimum)

Nos. of Guest Rooms

Level I – Rural Retreat small scale

40 acres Up to 20 rooms

Level II – Rural Retreat medium scale

60 acres 21-40 rooms

Level III –Rural Retreat large scale


Level I – Rural Resort small scale


Level II – Rural Resort medium scale


Level III –Rural resort large scale


More than 120 rooms requires special exception approval pursuant to Section 6-1300

(Loudon County: Bed and Breakfast and Rural Guest Establishments, Section 5-601) There are additional standards placed on storage areas, to ensure that outside materials and equipment are shielded from view.

“Storage yards shall be screened consistent with the requirements of Section 5-653(C) (Screening of Outdoor Storage and Storage Yards). Outdoor storage space must be enclosed on all sides by a fence…Outdoor storage and storage yards shall be screened to minimize visibility from adjacent public roads and adjacent single family detached uses by six (6) canopy trees per one hundred (100) lineal feet of perimeter of storage area. ” (Loudon County: Small Businesses, Section 5-614)

Loudon County includes additional parking and landscaping requirements for those businesses in rural areas.

“Parking areas shall be provided with 1 canopy tree per each 10 parking or 2 loading spaces for off-street parking areas and service areas for loading and unloading. The Zoning Administrator may waive, reduce and/or modify these tree planting requirements if in his/her opinion the topography or existing vegetation adequately screens such parking areas from adjacent properties.” (Loudon County: Landscaping Standards for Specific Uses, Section 5-653)


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Hanover County established additional development standards for residential subdivisions located in rural areas.

“Additional requirements for subdivision. The following additional development standards shall be required for Rural Cluster subdivisions: 1. All floodplains, wetlands, and steep slopes shall be protected from clearing, grading, filling, or construction

(except as may be approved by the County for essential infrastructure). 2. Lots shall be designed to preserve and maintain existing treelines between fields or meadows, pastures,

meadows, orchards, and mature woodlands, especially those containing a significant wildlife habitat. 3. Lots shall be designed to minimize development on open fields and pastures, and should locate building

sites on the least prime agricultural lands. 4. Existing views from public thoroughfares shall be preserved to the maximum extent practicable. 5. Lots shall be designed to minimize necessary grading or filling, and to take advantage of the existing

topography and landforms to the extent practicable. 6. Lots shall be designed to avoid important historic, archaeological, or cultural sites.” (Hanover County: Rural Cluster Subdivisions, Section 26-30)

Corridor design standards or guidelines may address rural areas, as seen in these examples from Spotsylvania and Montgomery counties.

“Rural development HCOD. The rural development HCOD designation was established in areas where existing and future development demands are expected to be low as the county grows. These are areas that are more rural in character and as such design guidelines have been developed to complement and preserve that character in the rural HCOD. Generally the rural HCOD has been established within the agricultural/rural districts of the county.” (Spotsylvania County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 23-7.6.4)

“Purpose. The purpose of the Route 177 Corridor Overlay District is to establish a base development standard applicable across all pre-existing zoning districts. The uses present within the district may be agricultural, residential, commercial or industrial. The regulations for this district are designed to stabilize and protect the essential characteristics of the district, while allowing well planned residential, commercial, and industrial development. The specific objectives of the district regulations are to: promote and encourage safe and efficient traffic movement, protect existing residential communities from conflicting land uses, encourage planned unit development of community facilities, minimize visual nuisances associated with increased intensities of land use, and protect the natural environment.” (Montgomery County: Route 177 Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 10-39)


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Report 5:

Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs)

A transfer of development right (TDR) program serves as a tool to divert development from one area (“sending zoning”) to other areas that the locality targets for higher density development (“receiving zones”). This program allows for financial incentives to property owners to send or receive these development rights. The Virginia General Assembly first enabled TDRs in 2006, but made subsequent amendments that addressed obstacles to local implementation. While these programs are present across the country, Frederick County serves as the only established example in Virginia. Note: TDR programs usually are not applicable to cities, particularly cities with a smaller landmass.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled §15.2-2316.2 Selected Requirements:

� Any proposed transfer of development rights shall only be initiated upon application by the property owners.

� The locality may, by ordinance, designate receiving and sending areas. � The property owner who transfers his/her development rights can make application to the

locality for a real estate tax abatement that lasts for a period of up to 25 years, to compensate the owner.

Purpose: The purpose section outlines the intent of the program and helps to provide a strong legal foundation for the ordinance.

“The purpose of the TDR program is to provide a mechanism by which a property owner can transfer residential density from sending areas to receiving areas and/or to a transferee without relation to any particular property through a voluntary process intended to permanently conserve agricultural and forestry uses of lands, reduce development densities on those and other lands, and preserve rural open spaces and natural and scenic resources. The TDR program is intended to complement and supplement county land use regulations, resource protection efforts, and open space acquisition programs. The TDR program is intended to encourage increased residential density in areas that can better accommodate this growth with less impact on public services and natural resources.” (Stafford County: Transfer of Development Rights, Sec. 28-354. Purpose)

“Pursuant to the authority granted by §§ 15.2-2316.1 and 15.2-2316.2 of the Code of Virginia, there is established a transfer of development rights (TDR) program, the purpose of which is to transfer residential density from eligible sending areas to eligible receiving areas and/or transferee through a voluntary process for permanently conserving agricultural and forestry uses of lands and preserving rural open spaces, and natural and scenic resources. The TDR program is intended to supplement land use regulations, resource protection efforts and open space acquisition programs and encourage increased residential density where it can best be accommodated with the least impacts on the natural environment and public services by: A. Providing an effective and predictable incentive process for property owners of rural and agricultural land

to preserve lands with a public benefit; and


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B. Implementing the Comprehensive Policy Plan by directing residential land uses to the Urban Development Area (UDA); and

C. Providing an efficient and streamlined administrative review system to ensure that transfers of development rights to receiving areas are processed in a timely way and balanced with other county goals and policies and are adjusted to the specific conditions of each receiving area.

(Frederick County: Transfer of Development Rights, Sec. 165-301.01. Purpose)

Definitions: There are several key definitions associated with a TDR program. The three primary definitions include:

“Receiving area – means one or more areas identified by an ordinance and designated by the comprehensive plan as an area authorized to receive development rights transferred from a sending area.

Sending area – means one or more areas identified by an ordinance and designated by the comprehensive plan as an area from which development rights are authorized to be severed and transferred to a receiving area.

Transfer of development rights – means the process by which development rights from a sending property are affixed to one or more receiving properties.” (Code of Virginia: § 15.2-2316.1. Definitions)

Application: TDR programs can be complicated to administer. The locality must track development rights, along with the sending and receiving areas. The zoning ordinance may require substantial revisions to accommodate the TDR program. The locality must also establish instruments for recording the transfer for developments. These efforts may require additional staff and result in costs to the locality, but the benefit is a tool for preserving specified areas from development. A full list of considerations for implementation includes:

1. “The issuance and recordation of the instruments necessary to sever development rights from the sending property, to convey development rights to one or more parties, or to affix development rights to one or more receiving properties. These instruments shall be executed by the property owners of the development rights being transferred, and any lien holders of such property owners. The instruments shall identify the development rights being severed, and the sending properties or the receiving properties, as applicable;

2. Assurance that the prohibitions against the use and development of the sending property shall bind the landowner and every successor in interest to the landowner;

3. The severance of transferable development rights from the sending property; 4. The purchase, sale, exchange, or other conveyance of transferable development rights, after severance,

and prior to the rights being affixed to a receiving property; 5. A system for monitoring the severance, ownership, assignment, and transfer of transferable development

rights; 6. A map or other description of areas designated as sending and receiving areas for the transfer of

development rights between properties; 7. The identification of parcels, if any, within a receiving area that are inappropriate as receiving properties; 8. The permitted uses and the maximum increases in density in the receiving area; 9. The minimum acreage of a sending property and the minimum reduction in density of the sending

property that may be conveyed in severance or transfer of development rights; 10. The development rights permitted to be attached in the receiving areas shall be equal to or greater than

the development rights permitted to be severed from the sending areas; 11. An assessment of the infrastructure in the receiving area that identifies the ability of the area to accept

increases in density and its plans to provide necessary utility services within any designated receiving area; and


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12. The application to be deemed approved upon the determination of compliance with the ordinance by the agent of the planning commission, or other agent designated by the locality.”

(Code of Virginia: § 15.2-2316.2. Localities may provide for transfer of development rights.)

Comprehensive Plan: With a TDR program, the locality must also make amendments to its comprehensive plan. The State Code requires that there be a map of the sending and receiving areas, incorporated into the comprehensive plan.

Regional Application: In 2007, the General Assembly amended the enabling legislation to allow for TDR programs that span county-city boundaries. With this option, a county and adjoining city may apply an agreement that allows for the transfer of development rights from the county (sending zones) to the city (receiving zones).

“Any county and an adjacent city may enter voluntarily into an agreement to permit the county to designate eligible receiving areas in the city if the governing body of the city has also amended its zoning ordinance to designate the same areas as eligible to receive density being transferred from sending areas in the county. The city council shall designate areas it deems suitable as receiving areas and shall designate the maximum increases in density in each such receiving area. “ (Code of Virginia: § 15.2-2316.2. Localities may provide for transfer of development rights.)

Additional Resources: In 2010, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services completed a model ordinance for Virginia localities (A Model Transfer of Development Rights Ordinance for Virginia Localities). This document provides a detailed step-by-step process for establishing a TDR program. For a copy of that report, please contact VDACS or go online to: http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/preservation/pdf/Model%20TDR%20Ordinance.pdf. This report provides additional references to guidance related to TDR program. That list includes:

� Report: The Feasibility of Successful TDR Programs for Maryland’s Eastern Shore, prepared by the Eastern Shore Land Conservancy, Inc. (January 2007) http://agroecol.umd.edu/files/Dehart%20Full%20Report%20HRHCAE%20Pub-2007-01.pdf

� Beyond Takings and Givings: Saving Natural Areas, Farmland, and Historic Landmarks with

Transfer of Development Rights and Density Transfer Charges, by Rick Pruetz, FAICP http://www.beyondtakingsandgivings.com/

� TDR Case Studies by Rick Pruetz: http://www.beyondtakingsandgivings.com/updates.htm

� American Planning Association, Model Transfer of Development Rights Ordinance

http://www.planning.org/growingsmart/guidebook/nine02.htm#9401

� Preserving property: Transfer of development rights saves natural and historic sites, (Commercial Investment Real Estate, Mar./Apr. 2006). http://www.ciremagazine.com/article.php?article_id=915


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� Transfer of development rights, (1000 Friends of Minnesota Fact Sheet #5, June 12, 2003). http://www.1000fom.org/library/fact-sheets/5

� Transfer of development rights: Fact sheet, (American Farmland Trust -Farmland Information

Center, Jan. 2001). http://www.farmlandinfo.org/

� Making markets for development rights work: what determines demand?, (Resources for the Future, Oct. 2005). http://www.rff.org/documents/RFF-DP-05-45.pdf

� Transfer of Development Rights in U.S. Communities: Evaluating Program Design,

Implementation, and Outcomes (Resources for the Future, 2007) http://www.rff.org/Publications/Pages/PublicationDetails.aspx?PublicationID=9578

� Transfer of Development Rights, Capitol Region Council of Governments Best Practices Manual,

Chapter 3. http://www.crcog.org/publications/CommDevDocs/TCSP/Ch03_FactSheet_TDR.pdf


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Report 6:

Impact Fees

Impact fees are charges on new development, intended to recover costs for new transportation infrastructure that is needed to serve private development. The fees apply to all development within a defined impact fee service area. A locality can assess the fee to residential, commercial or industrial development. In Virginia, there is limited use of impact fees. Culpeper County adopted an impact fees program in 2010, but its Board of Supervisors repealed that ordinance two years later. Currently, Stafford County is the only locality in Commonwealth that has an adopted program.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled § 15.2-2319 Selected Requirements:

� The locality shall establish an impact fee advisory committee, to assist and advise the governing body with regard to the ordinance.

� The locality establishes one or more impact fee service areas within its comprehensive plan. Impact fees collected from new development within an impact fee service area are expended for road improvements benefiting that area. (§ 15.2-2320)

� The locality conducts an assessment of road improvement needs benefiting an impact fee service area and adopts a road improvements plan. (§ 15.2-2321)

Purpose: Since there is only one impact fee program in Virginia, Stafford County offers the lone example of a purpose section. In item (c) It defines when the impact fees apply.

(a) “This article shall be known and may be cited as the ‘Road Impact Fee Ordinance.’ (b) The board of supervisors has the authority to adopt this article pursuant to Code of Virginia, §

15.2-2317 et seq. (c) Except as specifically provided herein, this article shall apply, upon the effective date, May 21,

2014, to new development of all land contained in the designated impact fee service area in Stafford County to generate revenue to fund or recover the costs of reasonable road improvements benefitting new development.”

(Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-1)

Definitions: An impact fee ordinance should include the basic, essential definitions. At a minimum, it should define applicable costs and road improvements that are eligible for the collected funds. The ordinance should also define the terms impact fee and service area.

(a) “Cost includes, those expenses attributable to completion of road improvement projects, in addition to all labor, materials, machinery, and equipment for construction: (i) acquisition of land, rights-of-way, property rights, easements, and interests, including the cost of moving or relocating utilities; (ii) demolition or removal of any structure on land so acquired, including acquisition of land to which such structure may


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be moved; (iii) survey, engineering, environmental, archeological, and architectural expenses; (iv) legal, administrative, and other related expenses; and (v) interest charges and other financing costs if impact fees are used for the payment of principal and interest on bonds, notes, or other obligations issued by the county to finance the road improvement.

(b) Impact fee means a charge or assessment imposed against new development located within the designated impact fee service area in order to generate revenue to fund or recover the costs of reasonable road improvements benefiting the new development in said area. Impact fees may not be assessed and imposed for road repair, operation, and maintenance, nor to expand existing roads to meet demand which existed prior to the new development.

(c) Impact fee service area means land designated within this article and the comprehensive plan of the county, having clearly defined boundaries and clearly related traffic needs and within which development is to be subject to the assessment of impact fees.

(d) Road improvement includes construction of new roads or improvement or expansion of existing roads and related appurtenances as required by applicable construction standards of the Virginia Department of Transportation, or the applicable standards of the county, to meet increased demand attributable to new development. Road improvements do not include on-site construction of roads that a developer may be required to provide.” (Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-2. Definitions)

Application: In order to enact an impact fee program, the locality must first include specific provisions in its comprehensive plan. The plan must establish at least one impact fee service area that has clear boundaries and related traffic needs within the defined area. Any fees collected within a service area must be assigned to transportation projects within that area. The locality can establish a service area that encompasses its entire landmass, except for specific areas that are excluded.

“There is hereby established a road impact fee service area that encompasses all land located in the county, except any land located within the boundary of Marine Corps Base Quantico, as shown within the county's comprehensive plan.” (Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-4. Road impact service area)

Prior to adopting a system of impact fees, the locality must conduct an assessment of road improvement needs. There must be a road improvements plan for the area, which is usually part of the comprehensive plan. A locality can overlap their development and service areas, so that the funds will serve the highest growth areas, where there is greater need for services. Localities can also choose to define their non-development areas as their impact fee service area. The rationale behind this approach is to provide further financial incentives that channel future growth into the established development areas. An impact fee program also requires several amendments to the local codes. Local ordinances set the fee schedule. The ordinance must specify that fees are collected with issuance of a building permit.

(a) “The amount of the road impact fee shall be determined by the schedule attached to this article as Exhibit B ("Road Improvements Plan and Road Impact Fees"), dated January 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(b) The road impact fee schedule has been calculated using the road impact fee project list identified in chapter 4 of the comprehensive plan and attached at the end of this article as Exhibit A (Road Impact Fee Project List), dated June 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(c) The amount of road impact fees to be imposed for a specific project, development, or subdivision shall be determined as provided by the schedule before or at the time the subdivision plat or site plan/construction plan is approved.”


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(Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-5. Road impact fee schedule)

“Road impact fees shall be paid in full to the county at the time of issuance of a building permit unless the county administrator has agreed to accept installment payments at a reasonable rate of interest for a fixed number of years.” (Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-6. When road impact fees to be paid)

The ordinance must provide for appeals from administrative determinations, regarding the impact fees to be imposed, to the governing body or such other body as designated in the ordinance.

(a) “The county shall refund any road impact fee, or portion thereof, for which construction of a project is not completed within a reasonable period of time, not to exceed fifteen (15) years. In the event that impact fees are not committed to road improvements benefiting the impact fee service area within seven (7) years from the date of collection, the county may commit any such impact fees to the secondary or urban system construction program of the county for road improvements that benefit the impact fee service area.

(b) Upon completion of a project included in the road improvement plan, the county shall recalculate the road impact fee based on the actual cost of the improvements. The county shall refund any difference if the road impact fee exceeds the actual costs by more than fifteen (15) percent.

(c) Any refunds shall be made to the record owner of the property at the time the refund is made.” (Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-10. Refund of road impact fees)

The ordinance must establish an advisory Committee, which serves an advisory capacity to the local elected board. Amendments also set credits for the value of any dedication, contribution or construction from the developer for off-site road or other transportation improvements benefiting the impact fee service area.

“The value, as calculated according to the county impact fee policy, of any dedication, contribution, or construction from the developer for off-site road or other transportation improvements benefiting the impact fee service area shall be treated as a credit against the impact fees imposed on the developer's project. The county shall treat as a credit any off-site transportation dedication, contribution, or construction, whether it is a condition of a rezoning or otherwise committed to the county.

The county also shall calculate and credit against impact fees the extent to which: (i) other developments have already contributed to the cost of existing roads which will benefit the development; (ii) new development will contribute to the cost of existing roads; and (iii) new development will contribute to the cost of road improvements in the future other than through impact fees, including any special taxing districts, special assessments, or community development authorities.

The county may employ the transportation fund to complete road impact fee projects and credit the road impact fee trust fund for these expenses.” (Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-7. Credits against road impact fees)


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Benefits of the Ordinance: Impact fees apply to all development, whereas the City’s and County’s existing proffer policies only apply to rezoning cases. With impact fees, the funds are deposited into an interest-bearing account that is established for the impact fee service area. Interest earned on deposits shall become funds of the account.

(a) “There is established a road impact fee trust fund for the impact fee service area established under section 13.5-4 and designated within the county's comprehensive plan.

(b) All funds collected through road impact fees shall be deposited in an interest-bearing account for the benefit of the impact fee service area. Interest earned on each deposit shall become funds of the account.

(c) The expenditure of funds from the account shall be only for road improvements benefitting the designated impact fee service area as set forth in this article.”

(Stafford County: Impact Fee, Sec. 13.5-9. Road impact fee trust fund)

Disadvantages: An impact fee program can be difficult to manage and there are limits to what the program can finance. The locality must maintain the finances of the program, which typically requires additional staff. Officials must also amend the local ordinances and comprehensive plan to be compatible with this type of program. In terms of finances, the locality can only use the funds for new transportation facilities. Impact fees cannot finance road repair, operation or maintenance costs. The funds are limited to projects that benefit new development. Impact fees cannot finance projects intended to meet demand which existed prior to the new development. The fees are also limited to the identified service area. If the locality does not expend those funds within a responsible amount of time, then the locality must return the impact fees to the developer.

(a) “The county shall refund any road impact fee, or portion thereof, for which construction of a project is not completed within a reasonable period of time, not to exceed fifteen (15) years. In the event that impact fees are not committed to road improvements benefiting the impact fee service area within seven (7) years from the date of collection, the county may commit any such impact fees to the secondary or urban system construction program of the county for road improvements that benefit the impact fee service area.

(b) Upon completion of a project included in the road improvement plan, the county shall recalculate the road impact fee based on the actual cost of the improvements. The county shall refund any difference if the road impact fee exceeds the actual costs by more than fifteen (15) percent.

(c) Any refunds shall be made to the record owner of the property at the time the refund is made.” (Stafford County: Impact Fees, Sec. 13.5-10. Refund of road impact fees)


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Report 7:

Accessory Dwelling Units

The following sample ordinances allow the construction or conversion of a second housing unit sharing a parcel with the primary unit, which is enabled by Virginia Code under a locality’s standard zoning authority to regulate the health, safety, and welfare of residents. Sample language is selected from a survey of 16 Virginia jurisdictions, ranging from rural to urban. Many zoning codes do not have a section devoted to ADUs, but rather include the term in the definitions section and apply the term to the appropriate zones.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled: § 15.2-2280

� Localities have the authority to zone for land uses where appropriate � Ability to restrict “size, height, area, bulk, location, erection, construction, reconstruction,

alteration, repair, maintenance, razing, or removal of structures”

Purpose: A purpose statement on accessory units in the zoning ordinance helps to defend the ordinance in event of a lawsuit and explain to citizens how the ordinance is intended to benefit them.

“Accessory apartments afford an opportunity for the development of small rental units designed to meet the special housing needs of single persons, persons with fixed or limited income, and relatives of families who live or desire to live in the county. Accessory apartments provide a degree of flexibility for homeowners with changing economic conditions and/ or family structure, while providing a reasonable degree of protection for existing property values. In addition, these provisions are provided to recognize formally previously established apartments and provide for improved safety and physical appearance.” (Bedford County, Sec. 30-82-1)

Definitions: As with any ordinance, the definitions should be carefully crafted to avoid unintended consequences and loopholes.

“Accessory apartment. A separate, independent dwelling unit located on the same property as the primary dwelling unit subject to the following: (1) A dwelling unit contained within a single-family dwelling that may equal the existing finished square footage of the primary dwelling, such as a basement, attic, or additional level; or (2) A dwelling unit attached to the primary single-family dwelling, or as a dwelling unit located above a detached accessory unit; that shall be no more than one half the size of the finished square footage of the primary dwelling unit located on the subject property.” (Louisa County, 86-2) “Dwelling, Accessory. A complete independent dwelling unit, with kitchen and bath, designed, arranged, used, or intended for occupancy by not more than two (2) persons for living purposes and meeting the standards of Subsection 31.A.18.” (Arlington County, Section 1 B)


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Application: The simplest way to amend an existing zoning code is to add Accessory Dwelling Unit, as defined, to the list of uses deemed appropriate. These are typically single-family residential areas.

Additional Restrictions: A wide range of restrictions have been places on ADUs by Virginia localities in an attempt to balance between benefits and costs. The following are some examples:

“There shall be no more than one accessory dwelling per lot.” (Stafford County, Section 28-25) “(1) One (1) of the two (2) dwelling units on the subject property must be occupied by the owner of the property.” (City of Charlottesville, Sec. 34-1171) “Occupancy of such accessory apartments shall be limited to no more than one family (as defined) or up to three persons (as permitted by code), and shall not be rented in less than six-month increments, and the primary dwelling unit must be occupied by the owner of the subject property or an immediate family member (as defined).” (Louisa County, Section 86-2) Note: Most zoning ordinances with ownership restrictions allow the homeowner to occupy either the primary structure or the accessory unit.


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Report 8:

Accessible Housing Units

In general, accessibility is regulated through the Americans with Disabilities Act. However, in Montgomery County, Maryland a program exists to help builders receive a special certification if units are visit-able and accessible within the building. The following program functions as a modification of the existing land development review process in a locality. Homes that meet visit-ability criteria are given special recognition and potentially reduced permit fees. This does not require the adoption of an ordinance, except with permit fees. Because no locality in Virginia has currently initiated such a program, sample language is excerpted from a program in Montgomery County, Maryland. The full text of program guidelines is available from the county website. Note: This example is an administrative program, rather than an ordinance.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled § 36-105 Code Chapter on enforcement of building code:

� Outlines procedures for inspection of new construction or existing buildings and structures. � Allows the levy of a fee to defray costs � Allows jurisdictions to enter into code enforcement agreements with different localities.

Purpose: “Design for Life Montgomery is the first voluntary certification program in Maryland for Visit-Ability and Live-Ability in single family attached and detached homes located in Montgomery County. Its guidelines apply to both new construction and renovation of existing homes*. Whether you are a first time homebuyer, young family, career professional, active adult, or person living with a temporary or permanent disability, your home will be enhanced by these additional design features which will meet your needs throughout your life.” (Montgomery County, Maryland: Design for Life Montgomery Guidelines, 2009)

Unique Features of the Program: “1. One program with two optional standards of accessibility.

2. Voluntary: follows National Association of Homebuilder's guidelines that support voluntary programs. 3. Targets new construction and renovation of existing homes. 4. Successful informal partnership of county, building/business community and advocates. 5. Administered by the County as part of the regular permitting process, not a special process: -A checkbox for review and certification is on the standard application for permit. There are no additional permitting costs, beyond the standard fees. Features included in the Design for Life Montgomery program generally follow principles in the national Visit-ability movement and studies of an emerging design principle called Universal Design. This unique program was specifically designed to meet basic accessibility standards and is NOT intended to meet the requirements of the Federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, the Americans with Disabilities Act, or of Universal Design.”

(Montgomery County, Maryland: Design for Life Montgomery Guidelines, 2009)


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Administrative Procedure: “1. Applicant must indicate on the permit application that the building design includes:

① Visit-Ability or ② Live-Ability per Montgomery County Guidelines. 2. Applicant must submit two sets of constructions drawing including Site planes drawn to scale showing the accessible route from parking to accessible building entrance. 3. After final building inspection, DPS will issue Montgomery County Design for Life Montgomery Certificate for Visit-ability or Live-Ability.”

(Montgomery County, Maryland: Design for Life Montgomery Guidelines, 2009)

Two Tiers of Certification: The following is a summary of the accessibility standards included in the guidelines. Detailed design standards are also provided.

“Level I — Visit-Ability meaning that the home has three basic elements 1. At least one no-step entrance located at the front door, back door, side door(any door), deck or through the garage connected to an accessible route to a place to visit on that level, 2. A useable powder room or bathroom, 3. 32 inch or 2’ x 10”nominal clear width interior door(s).

Level II — Live-Ability includes the three basic design features of Level I, but also requires a circulation path that connects the accessible entrance to at least one bedroom, full bath, and kitchen. Please also see definition of Alternative Design.” (Montgomery County, Maryland: Design for Life Montgomery Guidelines, 2009)


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Report 9:

Affordable Dwelling Units

The following sample ordinance establishes a voluntary program for encouraging supported affordable housing units through the review process of new developments. It is enabled by Virginia Code § 15.2-2305, adopted in 1990 and last amended in 2008. Four localities in Virginia have a County Executive form of government and are subject to § 15.2-2304 instead. The following sample language from other localities may be beneficial to improve on provisions of affordable units in new development. The sample ordinance is not intended to be comprehensive, but to highlight the essential features typically found in an ordinance. Features from various other communities can extend affordability to different populations, such as seniors. Note: special legislation is needed to enact various different approaches to ADU ordinances. Please consult with your local attorney.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled § 15.2-2304, § 15.2-2305 Selected Requirements:

� Must be voluntary, based on regulatory incentives � Prices and income qualifications are set for whole jurisdiction � Max requirement: 17% of all units affordable � Max incentive: 30% increase in density � An advisory board must be established

Purpose: The purpose section concisely states the overall intent of the ordinance. The purpose statement could refer to the local Comprehensive Plan or an affordable housing policy already adopted to provide further background and rationale.

“To assist in the provision of housing to persons of moderate income by promoting the development of a full range of housing choices and by requiring the construction and continued existence of dwelling units which are affordable for purchase by households whose income is greater than thirty percent and less than seventy percent, and affordable for rental by households whose income is greater than thirty percent and less than fifty percent, of the median income for the Washington Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA).” (Loudon County, Chapter 1450.1) “To promote a full range of housing choices, and encourage the construction and continued existence of housing affordable to low and moderate income citizens.” (Virginia Code § 15.2-2305) “Create incentives for the provision of affordable housing as a portion of certain new development within the community” (APA Model Ordinance, 2)


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The purpose statement may include a list of preferred participants, although the ordinance does not require developers to follow this prioritization.

“The following preferences shall apply in establishing the order of priority for program participants: (1) Seniors and persons with disabilities who live in the City; (2) Non-seniors who live in the City; (3) Seniors and persons with disabilities who work for the City or Schools; (4) Non-seniors who work for the City or schools; (5) Seniors and persons with disabilities who work in the City; (6) Non-seniors who work in the City; (7) Seniors and persons with disabilities who do not live in the City; and (8) Non-seniors who do not live in the City.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 38-43a)

Definitions: As with any ordinance, the definitions should be carefully crafted to avoid unintended consequences and loopholes.

“Affordable. Housing is considered affordable if no more than approximately (30) percent of the gross household income of the purchaser or renter is spent on direct housing costs. For buyers, such costs include mortgage principal, interest, taxes and homeowner’s insurance, mandatory homeowners’ association dues and condominium fees, but do not include utilities or other related housing costs. For renters, such costs include rent payments and an allowance for tenant-paid utilities other than cable television and telephone service, but do not include other related housing costs.” (Virginia Beach, Section 2102 a) Note: The definition originally adopted in 2007 was amended in 2008 to this text. “Affordable Dwelling Unit: the rental and/or for sale dwelling unit for which the rental and/or sales price is controlled pursuant to the provisions of this Part.” (Fairfax County, Part 8 2-801) "Affordable Dwelling Unit: unit committed for a thirty-year term as affordable to households with incomes at sixty (60) percent or less of the area median income.” (City of Charlottesville, Article 1 Division 2 Sec. 34-12) “Affordable Dwelling Unit: Any affordable housing subject to covenants or restrictions requiring such dwelling units to be sold or rented at prices preserving them as affordable housing for a period of at least 30 years” (APA Model Ordinance, pg 3) “A Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU): either (a) a for-sale unit that is within reach of households with incomes up to 80% of Prince William County’s AMFI, or (b) a rental unit that is within reach of households with incomes up to 60% of the AMFI.” (Prince William County, Task force Recommendation pg 20.) Note: This is not an adopted ordinance “Low income: Household income that does not exceed sixty (60) percent of the median income for the Washington Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA), as determined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), with adjustments for household size. NOTE: HUD income determinations are updated annually and are available from local HUD offices for the appropriate jurisdictions.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 32-2) “Moderate income: Household income that is at least sixty one (61) percent and not more than eighty (80) percent of the median income for the Washington Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA), as determined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), with adjustments for household size.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 32-2)


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Application: Individual ordinances may narrow down applicability of requirements in a number of ways.

“Upon approval of a rezoning or special use application approving a residential project, or the residential portion of a mixed-use project with a density equal to or greater than 1.0 floor-area ratio (FAR), or an equivalent density based on units per acre, the applicant shall provide on-site affordable dwelling units as part of the project, and the total gross square footage of such units shall be five (5) percent of the amount of the gross floor area of the project that exceeds 1.0 FAR or an equivalent density based on units per acre.” (City of Charlottesville, Article 1 Division 2 Sec. 34-12) “In exchange for approval by the County Board of a site plan containing density equal to or greater than 1.0 FAR, affordable dwelling units (ADUs), or optional contributions to support ADUs in lieu thereof, shall be required in accordance with the following provisions of this subsection.” (Arlington County, Section 38.H.6) “The requirements of the Affordable Dwelling Unit Program shall apply to any site or portion thereof at one location which is the subject of an application for rezoning or special exception or site plan or subdivision plat submission which yields, as submitted by the applicant, fifty (50) or more dwelling units at an equivalent density greater than one unit per acre and which is located within an approved sewer service area, except as may be exempt under the provisions of Sect. 803 below.” (Fairfax County, Part 8 2-802 1) “The Affordable Dwelling Unit Program may apply to any site, or portion thereof, at one location which is the subject of an application for rezoning, special exception, site plan, or subdivision; which proposes the construction of residential dwelling units and which is located in the R-C, R-M, R-TH, T-1, or M-1 Zoning Districts; in the B-1, B-2, and B-3 Zoning Districts only through the special exception process; and/or in any Mixed-Use Redevelopment (MUR) designated areas.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 38-43b) “The requirements of the Affordable Dwelling Unit Program shall apply to any site, or portion thereof, at one location which is (a) served by public sewer and water, and (b) the subject of an application for rezoning, special exception, site plan or preliminary subdivision which yields, as submitted by the applicant, fifty (50) or more dwelling units at an equivalent density greater that one unit per forty thousand (40,000) square feet.” (Loudon County, Section 7-102)

The locality may establish an overlay district for the purpose of focusing the creation of affordable units in a predetermined area:

“The Workforce Housing Overlay District shall be limited to property in areas of the City in which increased density of residential development is consistent with the Comprehensive Plan, including Strategic Growth Areas; provided, however, that no property within any Accident Potential Zone or Noise Zone of 65-70 dB DNL or greater or any property in the R-10 through R-40 Residential Districts shall be included within the District.” (Virginia Beach, Section 2103)


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Requirements and Incentives: Virginia Code requires an Affordable Dwelling Unit program to be voluntary in exchange for regulatory or procedural incentives. Typically, this involves an increase in allowable density on the site:

“Rezoning, special exception, site plan, or subdivision applicants may incorporate a maximum of a twenty (20) percent increase in the allowed density of the residential component of a proposed project, including the required number of affordable dwelling units, in exchange for incorporating a minimum of twelve and one-half (12.5) percent of the total proposed residential units as affordable dwelling units.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 38-43 c1) Note: The ordinance also allows an applicant to adjust the density-to-ADU ratio on a set sliding scale. “For single family detached and single family attached dwelling unit developments, there may be a potential density bonus of up to twenty (20) percent, provided that not less than twelve and one-half (12.5) percent of the total number of dwelling units are provided as affordable dwelling units, subject to the provisions of this Part.” (Fairfax County, Part 8 2-801 5a) Note: The ordinance differentiates density bonuses and affordability requirements between single-family detached units, multifamily buildings with an elevator, and other multifamily buildings. “Once a site plan has been approved, the site plan applicant must select one of the following options for meeting the ADU requirements: On-Site Units. Unless a different option is selected by the applicant, ADUs shall be provided on-site as part of the site plan project, the total gross square footage of which shall be 5% of the GFA above 1.0 FAR; or” (Arlington County, Section 38.H.6)

Off-site provision of affordable housing units may be allowed to meet the requirements:

“Off-Site Nearby. ADUs shall be provided off-site near the site plan project, the total gross square footage of which ADUs shall be 7.5% of the GFA of the site plan project above 1.0 FAR. For purposes of this subsection, near the site shall mean as follows: if the site plan project is in a Metro Station Area, the off-site units shall be within 0.5 miles from any Metro Station; if the site plan project is not in a Metro Station Area, the off-site units shall be within 0.5 miles of the project; or Off-Site Elsewhere. ADUs shall be provided in locations in the County other than those provided for in i. and ii., the total gross square footage of which ADUs shall be 10% of the GFA of the site plan project above 1.0 FAR;” (Arlington County, Section 38.H.6) Note: the placement of units must be “confirmed or approved by the County Manager or his designee.” “The applicant may elect to provide one (1) of the following …. Affordable dwelling units at an off-site location in the city, the total gross square footage of such units shall be five (5) percent of the amount of the gross floor area of the project that is over 1.0 FAR, or an equivalent density based on units per acre” (City of Charlottesville, Article 1 Division 2 Sec. 34-12 d2)


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A cash contribution may be made to a local Affordable Housing Fund in lieu of meeting affordable unit requirements:

“The provision of affordable dwellings units or, in the case of a modification approved by the ADU Advisory Board, the conveyance of land, contribution to the Fairfax County Housing Trust Fund or combination thereof, as provided for in Par. 3 of Sect. 815 below, shall satisfy the development criteria in the adopted comprehensive plan which relate to the provisions of affordable housing.” (Fairfax County, Part 8 2-804 1a) “The applicant may elect to provide one (1) of the following …. A cash contribution to the city's affordable housing fund, which contribution shall be calculated as follows for each of the density tiers described below: a. Two dollars ($2.00) per square foot of gross floor area for residential projects greater than 1.0 FAR or an equivalent density based on units per acre. b. For mixed-use projects, cash contributions shall be calculated by applying the proportionate amount of residential gross floor area at two dollars ($2.00) per square foot” (City of Charlottesville, Article 1 Division 2 Sec. 34-12 d2) “Rezoning, special exception, site plan, or subdivision applicants may incorporate a maximum of a twenty (20) percent increase in the allowed density of the residential component of a proposed project, including the required number of affordable dwelling units, in exchange for a cash contribution to the City of Falls Church Affordable Housing Fund. In the event that the cash in lieu of units option is chosen by the applicant, the amount of such contribution shall be equal to one hundred (100) percent of the cost of land and the cost of constructing the total number of required affordable dwelling units, that are displayed in the sliding scale in section (c)(3)a.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 38-43 c1) Regulatory incentives other than density bonuses can be employed: “In lieu of the water facility fee imposed pursuant to section 31-102, the water facility fee, regardless of meter size or equivalent residential connections, for connecting a unit of affordable housing to the city water system shall be eight hundred dollars ($800.00).” (City of Charlottesville, Sec. 31-102.1)

Housing Standards: The ordinance may regulate design, building type, and placement of the affordable units

“The affordable dwelling units shall be of the same dwelling unit type as the market rate units constructed on the site.” (Fairfax County, Part 8 2-801 5d) “Specifications regarding dwelling dimensions and the number of bedrooms in all affordable units shall meet the requirements established by the City Council or its designee. In general, dwelling dimensions and the number of bedrooms in an affordable unit should be comparable to equivalent market rate units on the subject parcel.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 38-43 d2) “Affordable dwelling units shall be of a building type and of an architectural style compatible with residential units permitted within the zoning district in which they are located and interspersed among market rate units in the proposed development.” (Falls Church, Ordinance 1710 Section 38-43 d3) “ADUs must meet minimum habitability standards established by the County.” (Arlington County, Section 38.H.6)


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“ Workforce housing units shall be integrated into the development to the same extent as other dwelling units and shall not be clustered in discrete locations separate from other dwelling units” (Virginia Beach, Section 2106 b)

Maintaining Affordability: A mechanism to maintain affordability over the long-term is provided. Any of a variety of affordability controls may be used:

“(1) The prices for subsequent resales of for-sale affordable dwelling units shall be controlled for a period of fifteen years after the initial sale transaction for the respective affordable dwelling unit. At the time of the initial sale of an individual affordable dwelling unit, the owner shall provide in the sales contract and shall record, with the deed for each affordable unit sold, a covenant running with the land in favor of the County which expressly provides all of the following: A. The affordable dwelling unit may not be resold during the fifteen-year control period for an amount that exceeds the limits set by the Affordable Dwelling Unit Advisory Board (ADUAB) pursuant to paragraph (a)(3) hereof. B. Each time the unit may be offered for resale, it must first be offered exclusively through the County or its designee to persons who meet the income eligibility criteria established by the County and who have been issued a Certificate of Qualification by the Loudoun County Office of Housing Services for a sixty-day period, with an additional thirty days allowed for settlement, pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) hereof. C. The unit is subject to the provisions of the Affordable Dwelling Unit Program, as set forth in the Loudoun County Zoning Ordinance. D. The covenant shall be senior to all instruments securing permanent financing and shall be binding upon all assignees, mortgagees, purchasers and other successors in interest. E. The covenant shall state that any and all financing documents shall require the lender to provide to the County or its designee written notice of any delinquency or other event of default under a mortgage. The County or its designee shall have the right for a sixty-day period to cure such a default, although the County shall have no obligation to cure the default. F. The total aggregate amount of principal and accrued interest for all financing secured by an ADU shall not exceed the owner's purchase price (as adjusted in accord with Section 1450.08(a)(3), as amended). Any financing in excess of the owner's purchase price (as adjusted in accord with Section 1450.08(a)(3), as amended) shall not be secured by any interest in the applicable ADU.

(2) For the first sixty days that individual affordable dwelling units are offered for resale, the units shall first be offered exclusively through the County or its designee to persons who meet the income eligibility criteria established by the County and who have been issued a Certificate of Qualification by Loudoun County Housing Services. The sixty-day resale period shall begin upon County receipt of written notice, sent by registered or certified mail, from the owner that an affordable dwelling unit is available for resale. The written notice shall include the address of the affordable dwelling unit and shall include the tax map and parcel number or Property Identification Number.”

(Loudon County, Section 1450.08) An applicant may be exempted from the program for a number of reasons:

“Notwithstanding the provisions of Sect. 802 above, the requirements of this Part shall not apply to the following: Any multiple family dwelling unit structure which is constructed of Building Construction Types 1, 2, 3 or 4, as specified in the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (VUSBC).” (Fairfax County, Part 8 2-803 1) Note: The construction types referenced are for steel and concrete construction. This does not include Construction Type 5, which is wood and masonry. The ordinance may also include (1) violations and payments, (2) process for revision of ordinance, (3) requirements for an affidavit or other means for proving provision of affordable housing, (4) timing of construction, (5) Required information to be included in a rezoning application.” (Loudon County, Section 1450.08)


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Report 10:

Health Care Structures

The following sample ordinance allows a specific type of Accessory Dwelling Unit, intended for temporary medical care. The Virginia Code addresses this topic under Section § 15.2-2292.1: Temporary Family Health Care (TFHC) structures. Virginia jurisdictions must pass resolutions to bring their local codes into alignment with the Virginia Code. The local zoning ordinance can offer further clarification of definitions, as well as the process for permitting such uses. Most zoning text amendments that allow for this use are taken exactly from the Virginia Code.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled § 15.2-2292.1 Selected Requirements:

� Localities required to accept use wherever single-family homes are accepted � Tenant must either be mentally or physically impaired or a caregiver � Certain size restrictions apply

Purpose: The purpose from the Virginia Code can be adopted verbatim into local ordinances:

“A. Zoning ordinances for all purposes shall consider temporary family health care structures (i) for use by a caregiver in providing care for a mentally or physically impaired person and (ii) on property owned or occupied by the caregiver as his residence as a permitted accessory use in any single-family residential zoning district on lots zoned for single-family detached dwellings. Such structures shall not require a special use permit or be subjected to any other local requirements beyond those imposed upon other authorized accessory structures, except as otherwise provided in this section. Such structures shall comply with all setback requirements that apply to the primary structure and with any maximum floor area ratio limitations that may apply to the primary structure. Only one family health care structure shall be allowed on a lot or parcel of land.” (Virginia Code, § 15.2-2292.1)

Definitions: The definitions from the Virginia Code can be adopted verbatim into local ordinances:

"Caregiver means an adult who provides care for a mentally or physically impaired person within the Commonwealth. A caregiver shall be either related by blood, marriage, or adoption to or the legally appointed guardian of the mentally or physically impaired person for whom he is caring.” (Virginia Code, § 15.2-2292.1) "Mentally or physically impaired person means a person who is a resident of Virginia and who requires assistance with two or more activities of daily living, as defined in § 63.2-2200, as certified in a writing provided by a physician licensed by the Commonwealth.” (Virginia Code, § 15.2-2292.1) "Temporary family health care structure means a transportable residential structure, providing an environment facilitating a caregiver's provision of care for a mentally or physically impaired person, that (i) is primarily assembled at a location other than its site of installation, (ii) is limited to one occupant who shall be the mentally or physically impaired person, (iii) has no more than 300 gross square feet, and (iv) complies with applicable provisions of the Industrialized Building Safety Law (§ 36-70 et seq.) and the Uniform Statewide


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Building Code (§ 36-97 et seq.). Placing the temporary family health care structure on a permanent foundation shall not be required or permitted.” (Virginia Code, § 15.2-2292.1)

Application: The simplest way to amend an existing zoning code is to add Temporary Family Health Care Structure to the list of uses allowed by-right in each of the zones that currently allow single family homes. The State Code also mandates administrative procedures. Language can be adopted verbatim into local ordinances:

“C. Any person proposing to install a temporary family health care structure shall first obtain a permit from the local governing body, for which the locality may charge a fee of up to $100. The locality may not withhold such permit if the applicant provides sufficient proof of compliance with this section. The locality may require that the applicant provide evidence of compliance with this section on an annual basis as long as the temporary family health care structure remains on the property. Such evidence may involve the inspection by the locality of the temporary family health care structure at reasonable times convenient to the caregiver, not limited to any annual compliance confirmation. D. Any temporary family health care structure installed pursuant to this section may be required to connect to any water, sewer, and electric utilities that are serving the primary residence on the property and shall comply with all applicable requirements of the Virginia Department of Health. E. No signage advertising or otherwise promoting the existence of the structure shall be permitted either on the exterior of the temporary family health care structure or elsewhere on the property. F. Any temporary family health care structure installed pursuant to this section shall be removed within 30 days in which the mentally or physically impaired person is no longer receiving or is no longer in need of the assistance provided for in this section. G. The local governing body, or the zoning administrator on its behalf, may revoke the permit granted pursuant to subsection C if the permit holder violates any provision of this section. Additionally, the local governing body may seek injunctive relief or other appropriate actions or proceedings in the circuit court of that locality to ensure compliance with this section. The zoning administrator is vested with all necessary authority on behalf of the governing body of the locality to ensure compliance with this section.” (Virginia Code, § 15.2-2292.1)


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Report 11:

Accessible Historic Buildings

Providing for accessibility on historic properties can be challenging. Resources for ways to potentially deal with this issue are from Hilton Head, North Carolina and Warrenton, Virginia. Please note that these approaches only apply to localities with locally designated historic districts.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled § 15.2-2306

� Gives localities the power to establish an historic district ordinance to preserve designated structures, and establish an architectural review board to administer it.

Guidelines for Handicap Ramps: “The board recognizes that there are occasions when homeowners may have the need to construct a handicapped ramp for access to their home. While acknowledging the need for this type of modification to the original structure, the board encourages the construction of the ramp with a minimum amount of alteration to the entranceway of the house in order to preserve as much of the original architectural features as possible. When planning a project of this nature the following shall be taken under consideration: (1) The board shall consider the location of the ramp with regards to site, grading, and overall compatibility with the existing yard features. While not barring access, consideration shall be given to the design of the ramp with the least amount of intrusion to its surroundings as possible. (2) The board shall consider construction materials, and the overall style of the ramp with regards to details, such as, handrails, pickets, paints, stains, and etc. The board encourages the homeowner to design the ramp to blend in with the existing architectural details as much as possible. (3) When constructing over an existing stoop, where feasible, the stoop shall remain intact, and constructed over in a manner as to be able to revert it back to its original state if the ramp is ever removed. (4) Ramps shall meet all of the requirements from the Department of Codes Compliance and a building permit shall be obtained after receiving approval from the board prior to construction of the ramp. The Department of Codes Compliance requires that all ramps shall be constructed according to the requirements of ICC/ANSI A117.1 – 2003 International Building Code.” (Town of Hilton Village, 2011 BAR Guidelines)

Accessibility in Historic Districts, generally: “Guidelines for Meeting Accessibility Requirements (ADA) 1. Following the heretofore expressed principles, first identify the character-defining features of the historic building so that accessibility measures will be planned and undertaken to not destroy them. 2. Comply with barrier-free access requirements, but do so in such a manner that the identified character-defining features and spaces are preserved. 3. Consider consulting with a historic architect, the building inspector, the ARB, and include various disabled individuals for on-site planning to learn more about their feelings and needs and how to best address them as the goals of preserving the integrity of the character-defining features are resolved. 4. Design access that preserves both the independence of disabled persons and the character-defining features of the building, the property and setting. 5. For handicapped ramps, explore and implement, as allowed by the Building Code, ways to lower the grade to minimize the impact. Steepest allowable slope is usually 1:12 (8%). Ramp landings for


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wheelchairs usually need to be five by five feet. Design and face ramps with like materials of building. Ramps are preferred over exterior mechanical wheelchair lifts. 6. Design handrails and balusters or other accessibility elements with architectural detailing to compliment the building and district so they become design amenities, instead of intrusions. 7. Altering original door widths to thirty-two inches and replacing original doors should be avoided. Consider upgrading the door pressure instead with an automatic door opener to make single-leaf doors operational. If the width is one-and-one-half inches off, replacing the standard hinges with off-set hinges could increase the opening size equally. If the original entrance cannot be modified without destroying the historic significance, consider another door location, possibly a new entrance on a secondary elevation.” (Town of Warrenton Historic District Design Guidelines, p. 79)


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Report 12:

Tourist Zones

In 2006, the Virginia General Assembly passed legislation that allowed for localities to establish tourism zones, which provided incentives to support businesses in designated tourist areas. These incentives may include reductions in taxes, reduced permit fees or greater regulatory flexibility. There are several localities that have adopted tourism zones, along with the associated ordinances that establish the local incentives to eligible businesses. Some examples are included below.


“Any city, county, or town may establish, by ordinance, one or more tourism zones. Each locality may grant tax incentives and provide certain regulatory flexibility in a tourism zone.

The tax incentives may be provided for up to 20 years and may include, but not be limited to (i) reduction of permit fees, (ii) reduction of user fees, and (iii) reduction of any type of gross receipts tax. The extent and duration of such incentive proposals shall conform to the requirements of the Constitutions of Virginia and of the United States.

The governing body may also provide for regulatory flexibility in such zone that may include, but not be limited to (i) special zoning for the district, (ii) permit process reform, (iii) exemption from ordinances…, and (iv) any other incentive adopted by ordinance, which shall be binding upon the locality for a period of up to 10 years.”

Purpose: The following purpose sections are examples from the towns of Purcellville and Blacksburg.

“The town council of the Town of Purcellville finds that the preservation and redevelopment of its historic downtown requires regulatory flexibility and economic incentives. The town council finds that the establishment of a downtown tourism zone, as permitted by Virginia Code § 58.1-3851, will foster development of new tourism related businesses in the downtown that will serve a public purpose and benefit the public health, safety, welfare and convenience through the enhancement of public revenues and the creation of employment opportunities. Furthermore, the new businesses that will develop in the downtown tourism zone will encourage revitalization efforts in the heart of Purcellville.” (Town of Purcellville: Tourism Zones, Sec. 18-171)

“The council of the Town of Blacksburg finds that the preservation and redevelopment of its historic downtown requires regulatory flexibility and economic incentives, and determines that an appropriate method is provided by the tourism zones authorized by Virginia Code § 58.1-3851. The town council finds that the establishment of a downtown tourism zone, as permitted by Virginia Code § 58.1-3851, will foster development of new tourism related businesses in the downtown that will serve a public purpose and benefit the public health, safety, welfare and convenience through the enhancement of public revenues and the creation of employment opportunities.

The council also recognizes that the creative economy is critical to the town's future economic success. Arts and cultural enterprises enhance the lives of the town's residents and visitors and boost the town's economy. Therefore the council finds that it is important and appropriate to establish an arts and cultural district, as authorized by Virginia Code § 15.2-1129.1, that overlaps the existing downtown tourism zone.” (Town of Blacksburg: Arts and Cultural District and Incentives for Qualifying Businesses, Section 2-600)


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Definitions: In local ordinances, there may be several definitions associated with established tourism zones. These terms may include the following:

“For the purpose of this article, certain words and phrases are defined as follows: Economic incentives. A cost or benefit that motivates a decision or action by consumers, businesses, or other participants in the economy. Incentives may include monetary grants or payments in exchange for investing a predetermined amount of capital in a designated area of the community.

Performance agreement. A negotiated contract between the town and a potential transient lodging facility business that sets forth the types and amounts of economic incentives offered by the town and the specific performance metrics that the business will agree to, such as amount of investment or number of jobs created.

Regulatory flexibility. The ability of the town to alter certain existing zoning regulations for the purpose of incentivizing a potential business to invest a predetermined amount of capital in a designated area of the community.

Transient lodging facility. A hotel, motel, motor lodge, tourist home, or bed and breakfast as further defined in article 15 section 2 of the town zoning ordinance.” (Town of Purcellville: Tourism Zones, Sec. 18-172)

“For purposes of this article, the following words and phrases shall have the meanings below, unless otherwise expressly indicated to the contrary:

Qualified arts business means a new business (including for profit or not-for-profit organizations, but not colleges or universities) primarily engaged in (i) presenting live performances of theatre, dance, music, or other imaginative work or (ii) producing or exhibiting physical works of art created by, or under the direction of, one (1) or more artists that are intended for unique production or limited reproduction. Museums or historic sites, the primary use of which is education, history or historic preservation, shall also qualify as qualified arts businesses. No minimum capital investment shall be required for a qualified arts business.

Qualified tourism business means a new business (including for profit or not-for-profit organizations) in the downtown tourism zone primarily engaged in (i) presenting live performances of theatre, dance, music, or other imaginative work or (ii) producing or exhibiting physical works of art created by, or under the direction of, one (1) or more artists that are intended for unique production or limited reproduction. Museums or historic sites, the primary use of which is education, history or historic preservation, shall also qualify as qualified tourism businesses, as well as (iii) retail businesses (not including restaurants).

A qualified tourism business shall provide a minimum capital investment of fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000.00) in improvements to real estate located in the downtown tourism zone. Qualification shall be granted and certified in writing by the town manager or the manager's designee.

Qualified tourism zone resident means an owner or tenant of real property located in the downtown tourism zone who expands or rehabilitates such property to locate the operation of a qualified tourism business within the tourism zone. The minimum dollar amount of the proposed improvements shall be fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000.00). The term "property" means a parcel, lot or unit for which a site plan or building permit application has been submitted for approval. Qualification of a zone resident shall be granted and certified in writing by the town manager or the manager's designee. A qualified zone resident shall only be eligible for the fee reimbursements under town ordinances described in section 2-605 of this article.” (Town of Blacksburg: Arts and Cultural District and Incentives for Qualifying Businesses, Section 2-601)


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Application: While locally elected officials establish tourism zones, local staff typically administers the program, per standards outlined in the ordinance.

“The town manager is authorized to administer the Old Town Tourism Zone and shall develop criteria and guidelines to be adopted by town council that provide for incentives based on the level of investment, number of jobs created and number of hotel rooms provided. The town manager shall negotiate performance agreements with potential new or expanded businesses based on the criteria adopted by town council. Town council shall have the final approval authority for performance agreements.” (Town of Purcellville: Tourism Zones, Sec. 18-175)

Incentives: The tourism zones may provide a variety of incentives to local businesses. The following are examples of programs from three different towns.

“Economic incentives may be provided for up to nine years through the performance agreement. The level of incentives is to be based on the level of investment, number of jobs created, and number of transient rooms provided. In the case of multi-year incentives, the business shall establish its qualification for the incentives on an annual basis.

In no case shall a reimbursable incentive amount exceed the amount of eligible fees paid by the qualifying transient lodging facility in any given year.” (Town of Purcellville: Tourism Zones, Sec. 18-176)

“The fee reimbursements provided below shall apply to qualified tourism businesses and, where applicable, qualified zone residents, for new construction, alterations and rehabilitation, provided: (i) that at least one hundred (100) percent of the total cost of the construction is expended on facilities which will house or directly accommodate a qualified tourism business; and (ii) that the application for fee reimbursements is submitted to the town manager within eighteen (18) months from the date a certificate of occupancy is issued. Fees reimbursed pursuant to this article shall be paid out by the town manager, in conjunction with the finance director. Applications for reimbursement of the fees set out below shall be made to the town manager, along with supporting documentation demonstrating that the application meets the criteria for fee reimbursement:

(a) Fees imposed under the building code. The maximum reimbursement for any qualified tourism business shall be two thousand dollars ($2,000.00). Building code fees remitted to the Commonwealth of Virginia or other state agencies are not reimbursable.

(b) Fees imposed for subdivision and site plan review under the town's subdivision regulations (Appendix B) and the town's site plan requirements.

(c) Water and sewer connection fees imposed under Town Code chapters 18 and 24.” (Town of Blacksburg: Arts and Cultural District and Incentives for Qualifying Businesses, Section 2-606)

“All qualified tourism businesses shall be entitled to a rebate of business, professional and occupational license taxes imposed by chapter 11 of the Town Code as follows: (1) One hundred (100) percent rebate in year one (1); (2) Seventy-five (75) percent rebate in year two (2); (3) Fifty (50) percent rebate in year three (3). Year one (1) is the first full calendar year in which a business operates as a qualified tourism business. However, if a business operates as a qualified tourism business for a period of less than six (6) months in the calendar year, such qualified tourism business may elect to designate the following calendar year as year one (1) for purposes of obtaining the business tax rebate.” (Town of Blacksburg: Arts and Cultural District and Incentives for Qualifying Businesses, Section 2-603)


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“A qualified technology or tourism business shall be exempted from the following local taxes: (1) The business, professional and occupational license taxes and fees imposed by Chapter 13.1 that would

otherwise be imposed shall be abated for a period of three (3) consecutive calendar years from the time the business becomes a qualified tourism business.

(2) After this initial three-year exemption period, the business, professional and occupational license taxes and fees imposed by Chapter 13.1 that would otherwise be imposed is reduced by fifty (50) percent for a period of two (2) consecutive calendar years.

A qualified business may request all planning and zoning or review fees rebated twelve (12) months after the certificate of occupancy (CO) has been issued.

Other incentives may be available based upon the business incentive policy. A qualified business may submit a business incentive application to be reviewed by the director of planning and community development and town manager. The town manager shall prepare a recommendation to the town council concerning additional incentives as provided in section 23-94, Administration.” (Town of Colonial Beach: Technology Zones, Sec. 23-93)

Overlapping Zones: The locality may have additional programs that overlap with the tourism zones, but offer the same incentives to businesses.

“There are hereby established technology and tourism zones in the Town of Colonial Beach as designated on that certain map titled ‘Colonial Beach Technology Zones Parts 1, 2, and 3,’ a copy of which is attached hereto and made a part hereof. Additional technology zones may be added by amendment to this article. The purpose of these zones is to provide economic incentives for eligible business entities, which make a substantial investment and create new jobs in such zones.” (Town of Colonial Beach: Technology Zones, Sec. 23-89)


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Report 13:

Corridor Design

Across Virginia, there are several examples of localities that have regulations to target design elements of specific corridors. There are several different approaches to corridor planning. Some communities have ordinances that reference guidelines, found in documents that are external to the local ordinance. Conversely, a locality can build those design principles into the local zoning code. On a second tier of variation, localities can address corridors with either traditional zoning districts or with overlay districts, which apply additional standards to the underline zoning. Samples of these various approaches are included below.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled Sections 15.2-2200, 15.2-2283 and 15.2-2284

� Plan for the future development of communities so that transportation systems be carefully managed;

� Plan for new community centers to be developed with adequate highway, utility and health considerations;

� Encourage economic development activities along corridors.

Purpose: The purpose section defines the specific approach taken by the locality. It should highlight the goals of the corridor requirements or associated guidelines, to ensure that the code is consistent with the intent.

“The Shore Drive Corridor is not only one of the primary routes of access to the city's oceanfront resort area, but is also the location of First Landing/Seashore State Park, the site of the historic first landing of the Jamestown colonists in 1607, Fort Story, beaches on the Chesapeake Bay, and many stable and attractive residential communities. As such, its appearance is vital to the city. The purpose of the Shore Drive Corridor District is to enhance the appearance of the area encompassed by the District and to preserve its vitality as an important gateway to the city.” (City of Virginia Beach: The Shore Drive Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 1700)

“The purpose of this district is to provide additional development standards for all commercial and industrial uses within the U.S. Route 1 Corridor so as to create an appropriate transition from the development in the Richmond Metropolitan Area to the Town of Ashland. This area of the County is expected to be redeveloped with the provision of public utilities and improved transportation access. Uniform development standards will insure that the quality of public health, safety, and welfare in this portion of the urban area is enhanced.” (Hanover County: U.S. Route 1 Corridor Overlay, Section 26-194)


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Definitions: Local ordinances should set clear definitions to the applicable corridor area. These boundaries may be defined on the zoning map, measured from the roadway centerline or applied to other discernible borders.

“The highway corridor overlay district (HCOD) shall be designated by the board of supervisors by ordinance and will overlay all other zoning districts where it is applied so that any parcel of land lying in an HCOD shall also lie within one (1) or more other land use districts provided for by this chapter. The regulations and other requirements of both the underlying districts and the HCOD shall apply, provided that when the regulations applicable to the HCOD conflict with the regulations of the underlying district, the more restrictive regulations shall apply.” (Spotsylvania County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 23-7.6.2)

“Highway corridor overlay district boundaries shall be set by the ordinance establishing such overlay district. In lieu of a metes and bounds description, the district boundaries may be described by fixing the points of beginning and end in the centerline of a street and the distance on one or both sides from the centerline to which the overlay district shall extend, or may be established by description of coterminous with property boundaries of lots along such street or highway.” (Prince William County: District Boundaries, Sec. 32-503.03)

“The Shore Drive Overlay District boundaries shall be as designated on the official zoning map of the city.” (City of Virginia Beach: The Shore Drive Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 1701) “Highway Corridor Overlay District standards shall also apply to all property zoned Rural Business (B-4), regardless of whether such property is within the Route 17 or Route 14/3 corridor.” (Gloucester County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 6A-2)

Application: Localities can develop design guidelines as part of an external document. The local code can then reference those guidelines, as seen in this example from Spotsylvania County. The last page of this report provides a link to those guidelines.

“All uses in an HCOD shall be subject to the use limitations and development standards set forth in the underlying zoning district and, in addition, office and commercial uses shall be subject to the enhanced site development and building design standards as established in article 8, highway corridor overlay district (HCOD) site and building design standards, of the design standards manual (the ‘highway corridor design guidelines’).” (Spotsylvania County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 23-7.6.8)

Localities can include specific standards in the ordinances, as opposed to establishing guidelines in an external document. The ordinance may address issues such as signage for the corridor.

“Signage. 1. Signage located within the district should be integrated into the site and site landscaping; 2. General advertising signs (i.e., billboards) are not allowed; and 3. Signage installed that conforms to the written guidelines provided by the zoning administrator is eligible for:

a. A twenty (20) percent size bonus for signs that use this design; and b. Signs using the design may be located in the first twenty (20) feet of the front yard provided the sign does

not interfere with any sight lines and the sign is not located on a utility easement.” (Montgomery County: Route 177 Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 10-39)


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The ordinance may address other site design issues, such as landscaping, fencing or parking.

“Development standards. In addition to the existing development standards specified in the Zoning Ordinance, the following additional standards shall apply in all underlying business and industrial zoning districts within the U.S. Route 1 Corridor Overlay District: 1. Thoroughfare buffers. On all sites along designated roads, thoroughfare buffers shall be installed and

maintained in accordance with the standards specified in sections 26-264—26-266. 2. Landscaping. On all sites located along designated roads, landscaping shall be provided in accordance with

the standards specified in section 26-192. This standard shall not apply to rear yards in industrial areas. 3. Fencing. Fences erected after the effective date of this Ordinance on sites located along designated roads

shall be located in the side or rear yard only. Nothing in this section shall prohibit the erection of ornamental fencing inside the front yard.

4. Loading spaces. On sites along designated roads, loading spaces shall be located only within side or rear yards.

5. Outside storage. Outside storage of equipment, materials, or supplies, if permitted in the underlying district, shall be permitted only in side or rear yards and shall be screened from view from all major thoroughfares. Such screening shall be in accordance with the standards specified in section 26-263. Where outdoor waste receptacles are used on site, and screening other than plantings is used, such screening shall be architecturally compatible with the building(s) on site and shall otherwise comply with the standards of section 26-263. Vehicles used in conjunction with a permitted use on site may be stored within a parking area designed for such use, but the parking area shall be landscaped in accordance with the standards of section 26-192, or shall be screened in accordance with the standards of section 26-263”

(Hanover County: U.S. Route 1 Corridor Overlay, Section 26-196)

Urban and Rural: Many corridor design standards or guidelines address both urban and rural areas, as seen in these examples from Spotsylvania and Montgomery counties.

“The following classes of HCOD, as established by the board of county supervisors, shall determine the regulations and requirements applicable to each designated section of an HCOD: (1) Primary development HCOD. The primary development HCOD designation was established in areas where

existing and future development demands are expected to be high as the county grows. Due to existing and future growth potential within these areas, primary HCOD specific design guidelines have been established to enhance the design of development on a consistent basis, be less rural in nature and promote a more urbanized, development intensive character. Generally the primary HCOD has been established within the boundary of the primary development boundary of the county.

(2) Rural development HCOD. The rural development HCOD designation was established in areas where existing and future development demands are expected to be low as the county grows. These are areas that are more rural in character and as such design guidelines have been developed to complement and preserve that character in the rural HCOD. Generally the rural HCOD has been established within the agricultural/rural districts of the county.”

(Spotsylvania County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 23-7.6.4)

“Purpose. The purpose of the Route 177 Corridor Overlay District is to establish a base development standard applicable across all pre-existing zoning districts. The uses present within the district may be agricultural, residential, commercial or industrial. The regulations for this district are designed to stabilize and protect the essential characteristics of the district, while allowing well planned residential, commercial, and industrial development. The specific objectives of the district regulations are to: promote and encourage safe and efficient traffic movement, protect existing residential communities from conflicting land uses, encourage planned unit development of community facilities, minimize visual nuisances associated with increased intensities of land use, and protect the natural environment.” (Montgomery County: Route 177 Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 10-39)


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Multi-Jurisdictional Coordination: In Montgomery County, there is an agreement with the adjoining City of Radford to coordinate on corridor standards and review. This approach helps to create greater design consistency in the transitional areas between the localities.

“Both the City of Radford and Montgomery County provide joint review of zoning issues and site development plans through a joint site review committee within the overlay district as specified in the Route 177 Corridor Agreement. Joint review is central to the effective implementation of the Route 177 Corridor Agreement's recommendations, and achievement of the future land use patterns included in both jurisdictions' comprehensive plans.” (Montgomery County: Route 177 Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 10-39)

Access Management: While VDOT enforces access management standards, the local corridor regulations can apply additional provisions for access to properties along a defined roadway.

“The purpose of this section is to regulate vehicular and non-vehicular access to developments subject to this article. The intent of such regulation is to maintain or improve the level of service of roads; to minimize the number of access points to roads; to promote the sharing of access and the ability of travel between sites; to ensure that development is of a scale proportionate to the capacity of existing and proposed transportation facilities; to provide pedestrian circulation networks among residential, commercial, and recreational areas; and to enhance safety and convenience for the public. Toward those ends, Virginia Department of Transportation standards shall be seen as minimum standards; in some cases, this ordinance will require standards more stringent than those prescribed by VDOT.” (Gloucester County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 6A-4)

Utilities: The corridor requirements can address issues such as utility placement. Montgomery and Hanover counties regulate utility placement in their corridor ordinances.

“Utility placement. 1. All electric, telephone, television and other communication lines, both main and service connections, servicing new developments shall be provided by underground wiring within easements. These lines shall be installed in accordance with the prevailing standards and practices of the utility company providing such services. 2. If a road widening, an extension of service, or other such actions occur that necessitate the replacement or relocation of such utilities, replacement shall be underground.” (Montgomery County: Route 177 Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 10-39)

“Utility lines and structures. To the extent possible, utility service lines shall be located so as to minimize disturbance of any tree of fifteen-inch caliper or greater on site. All junction and access boxes, when located on sites along designated roads, shall be screened from view with landscaping.” (Hanover County: U.S. Route 1 Corridor Overlay, Section 26-196)


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Architectural Standards: Localities may include architectural standards within the zoning code. While some localities establish architectural review boards to manage guidelines, the local code can set basic architectural or site standards that do not require a review board.

“In order to protect and enhance the visual quality of established highway corridor overlay routes, the following standards shall apply: (1) No building exterior (whether front, side, or rear) which would be visible to any district zoned for

agricultural, residential, or office use, or would be visible from any public right-of-way shall consist of architectural materials inferior in quality, appearance, or detail to any other exterior of the same building. Nothing in this section shall preclude the use of different materials on different building exteriors, but rather shall preclude the use of inferior materials on sides which face adjoining property.

(2) No portion of a building constructed of unadorned concrete block or corrugated and/or sheet metal shall be visible from any adjoining agricultural, residential, or office district or any public right-of-way. No building exterior shall be constructed of unpainted concrete block or corrugated and/or sheet metal.

(3) Mechanical equipment, whether ground-level or rooftop, shall be shielded and screened from public view and designed to be perceived as an integral part of the building.

For buildings which exceed these minimum standards, a reduction in the required front setback may be granted. Specifically, each point scored on the architectural treatment matrix (see following chart) shall convey a one-foot reduction in the required front setback, provided that the principal building(s) of the development is placed between the highway and the parking lot. Points shall only be awarded for treatments which are integral parts of the building design, and which are consistent with the building's architectural style; this section shall not be used to circumvent the intent of this article.”

Architectural Element:

Treatment: Points:

Roof Gable roof of pitch 6 over 12 or greater 5 Cedar shingles 2* Slate shingles 2* Architectural grade asphalt 1* Tin/metal (standing seam) 1*

*Cannot accumulate—the primary roof material shall be used for scoring

Facade Brick 5* Wood clapboard 2* Stone (excluding concrete block) 1* Decorative trim 1

*Cannot accumulate — the primary facade material shall be used for scoring

Windows Dormers 3 Vertically proportioned 2 Window grilles 1 Wooden shutters 1

(Gloucester County: Highway Corridor Overlay District, Sec. 6A-5)


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Corridor Design Guidelines: Some localities adopt corridor guidelines in documents that are separate from the local zoning code. The following are examples of those external guidelines. Please refer to the online links for more information on these guidelines. Spotsylvania County – Highway Corridor Design Guidelines http://www.spotsylvania.va.us/content/2614/147/2740/169/205/10330.aspx Prince William County - Design and Construction Standards Manual http://www.pwcgov.org/government/dept/development/ld/Pages/dcsm.aspx


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Report 14:

Complete Streets Requirements

The following policies, plans, and resolutions signal a commitment to design streets for all users of all abilities. VDOT has adopted AASHTO “Green Book” standards as a minimum for all roadways, urban and rural, in Virginia. However, the agencies Road Manual recognizes that designs ought to be flexible to account for specific contexts, and localities may choose to accept varying standards that are within the boundaries of AASHTO guidance. The following is general language from policies. More specific design parameters can be viewed by reading the original documents.

Enabling Legislation: Virginia Code Enabled §33.1-224 - §33.1-246.1 Code Chapter on Local Authority over Highways:

� Localities may alter location of roads within the secondary system � Urban localities may spend to improve non-secondary roads open to public use. � Localities may initiate a process to abandon roadways or railroad crossings.

Purpose: “Through this policy, the City of Roanoke intends to ensure that all transportation agencies within the City shall routinely plan, fund, design, construct, operate, and maintain their streets according to the Complete Street principles of the City’s “Street Design Guidelines” with the goal of creating an attractive and connected multimodal network that balances the needs of all users, except where there are demonstrated exceptional circumstances.” (City of Roanoke Complete Streets Policy, 2010)

Goals and Objectives: “Goal 4 – Establish Equity. Serve the mobility and accessibility needs of all residents regardless of age, income, or ability. Strategies: 1. Provide safe and convenient pedestrian access on all streets. 2. Ensure transportation facilities meet the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) guidelines, preferably through universal design. 3. Provide good quality travel options for all residents and workers throughout the county regardless of their location. 4. Support programs that emphasize the special transportation needs of children, the elderly and the disabled. 5. Provide a broad array of transportation options that ensure access to affordable travel.” (Arlington County Master Transportation Plan, 2007)

Resolution: “NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Charlottesville hereby establishes and adopts a sustainable Complete Streets Policy whereby all street projects, including design, planning, reconstruction, rehabilitation, maintenance, or operations by the City of Charlottesville shall be designed and executed in a balanced, responsible and equitable way to accommodate and encourage travel by bicyclists, public transportation vehicles and their passengers, and pedestrians of all ages and abilities;” (City of Charlottesville, Complete Streets Resolution, 2010)


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Report 15:

Parking Layout and Design

Parking requirements are a standard part of most zoning ordinances. While nearly all zoning codes regulate the basics of parking, such as the size of spaces and aisles, there are value added approaches that create parking facilities that better align with urban design principles. The following are sample ordinances that address various approaches that target better design principles.


“Any locality may by ordinance regulate the building of houses in the locality including the adoption of off-street parking requirements, minimum setbacks and side yards and the establishment of minimum lot sizes.”

Purpose: The purpose section can highlight multiple community goals associated with the parking standards, as seen in the following example from the Town of Blacksburg.

“These regulations are intended to provide off-street parking, stacking and loading areas that are appropriate for each use and are more sustainable for the Town as a whole. These regulations are intended to support transportation in a functionally and aesthetically satisfactory manner and to minimize external effects on adjacent land uses. To further an efficient, sustainable transportation system, these regulations are intended to achieve the following goals: - support a variety of modes of transportation; - provide for connectivity between uses; - promote connectivity and transitions between modes of transportation; - ensure pedestrian friendly site design; - prevent excess parking; - reduce impervious surfaces; - reduce stormwater runoff and heat island effects; and - encourage alternative parking surfaces.” (Town of Blacksburg: Off-Street Parking, Stacking and Loading, Sec. 5200)

Definitions: The ordinance may provide definitions to the basic terms associated with parking facilities.

“Parking area, off-street – A site or portion of a site, devoted to the off-street parking of vehicles, including parking spaces, aisles, access drives, and landscaped areas, and providing vehicular access to a public street.” (Santa Rosa, California)

“Parking lot – An authorized area not within a building where motor vehicles are stored for the purpose of temporary, daily, or overnight off-street parking,” (Richfield, Minnesota)

“Parking space – An off-street space available for the parking of one motor vehicle conforming to the typical parking lot standards.” (Southington, Connecticut)


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Application: Some localities establish overlay parking districts, where there are special parking design standards. Localities may apply these overlay districts to special areas, such as downtowns, economic development zones, historic areas or other destinations that have a unique character.

“A downtown parking district is established to recognize the special character of the downtown business area, and the location of public parking facilities within the district. It is the intent of this section to establish special parking requirements appropriate to the unique character of the downtown parking district… The boundaries of the downtown parking district are delineated on the official Downtown Parking District map.” (City of Williamsburg: Downtown Parking District, Sec. 21-710)

“Design standards. Within the King Street transit parking district, all off-street parking shall conform to the following parking design standards to the satisfaction of the director: (1) No less than 75 percent of the parking provided shall be in a structure, unless a special use permit is

obtained. (2) That part of a building fronting directly on a public street, sidewalk, plaza or other public area shall not be

used for off-street parking except entrance/exit to the parking facility, except in those cases where the planning commission finds it to be physically impossible to do otherwise.

(3) Any surface parking area shall be landscaped. (4) Open space shall contain such improvements as benches, walkways and other natural and manmade

amenities for the use and enjoyment of residents, visitors and workers.” (City of Alexandria: King Street Transit Parking District, Sec. 8-400)

Relegated Parking: Particularly in suburban areas, developers and businesses typically place parking at the front of a site, to provide easy access to the building. While this design allows for convenience, it presents challenges to widely accepted design principles that focus on streets with abutting building façades, constructed close to the front of the site. Localities can require that parking be set back from the street. Additional requirements can require that the builder place structures up to a build-to line, in front of the parking.

“Parking setback types. There are four (4) types of parking setbacks—primary street setback, side street setback, side setback and rear setback. Through lots are considered to have two (2) primary street setbacks.

Measurement of parking setbacks. i. Primary and side street setbacks are measured from the edge of

the right-of-way. ii. Side setbacks are measured from the side property line. iii. Rear setbacks are measured from the rear property line or the

edge of the right-of-way if there is an alley. Parking not allowed. On-site surface and structured parking must be located behind the parking setback line. This requirement is not intended to restrict on-street parking.”

(Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 23-6.28.4) Other standards require that the developer “break up” the parking area into smaller pieces, in the attempt to avoid extensive, contiguous parking lots.

Parking: … Vehicular parking areas should be distributed around at least three (3) sides of retail buildings in order to reduce the overall scale of the paved parking surface.” (City of Virginia Beach: Site design, Sec. 246)


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Parking Credits: Many localities provide credits for parking requirements. For example, the locality can allow for reductions in required spaces if there is transit service in the area. Local officials may want to think of other desirable features that could trigger these credits.

“Parking credits. (1) Credit for on-street parking. One (1) legal on-street parking space may be substituted for every required

parking space, provided the on-street space is located on a public or private right-of-way immediately abutting the subject property.

(2) Proximity to transit. A fifteen (15) percent reduction in the number of required parking spaces is allowed for uses with a main entrance within a walking distance of two thousand six hundred forty (2,640) feet of an operating transit stop.”

(Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. 23-6.28.6)

Maximum Parking Spaces: Most localities set a minimum number of parking spaces associated with a particular use, but the locality can also set a maximum number of spaces. This standard helps to avoid expansive parking lots, which go largely unused for most of the year.

"… For uses subject to maximum parking standards, the provision of off-street parking spaces shall not exceed the following amounts: (1) If the total number of minimum required off-street parking spaces is fifty (50) or less… the maximum

number of off-street parking spaces permitted shall not exceed one hundred fifty (150) percent of the minimum number of spaces required; or

(2) If the total number of minimum required off-street parking spaces is fifty-one (51) or more… the maximum number of off-street parking spaces permitted shall not exceed one hundred forty (140) percent of the minimum number of spaces required.”

(City of Roanoke: Maximum parking, Sec. 36.2-653)

Landscaping: Landscaping and buffering can mitigate the visual impact of parking areas. The City of Roanoke sets a minimum tree canopy coverage for parking areas, which provides for attractive landscaping and shade. The standards can also provide benefits with stormwater runoff.

“Parking areas shall be subject to the following buffering and screening standards: (1) Wheel stops, curbing, or other barriers shall protect landscaping from damage by motor vehicles. (2) Interior planting areas shall be at least eight (8) feet by eighteen (18) feet, with a minimum soil depth of

two (2) feet, and shall include surface landscaping, mulch, grass or other vegetative ground cover. (3) Trees required by this section shall be selected from [a locally adopted planting list]… The minimum parking area tree canopy is 20%. If the canopy of trees planted to meet requirements for street frontage buffering materials and perimeter buffering materials does not meet 20% of the parking area canopy, add at least half of the balance of required tree canopy to the interior of the parking area. Any remaining balance may be added to the perimeter of the parking area. Only trees planted within 8 feet of the parking area pavement are credited toward parking area canopy.” (City of Roanoke: Parking Area Landscaping, Sec. 36.2-648)


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Report 16:

Road Design and Network

The design of blocks and roadway connections are important elements to community development. In its 2007 session, the Virginia General Assembly passed a law to protect the state’s roadway system, establishing the Secondary Street Acceptance Requirements (SSARs). The main focus of the SSARs was to increase connectivity in the road networks of all communities throughout Virginia. The requirements set specific standards for connectivity, based on the existing character of a given area. While the State ultimately repealed many of these regulations, a locality may adopt similar standards on its own. Aside from connections between developments, a local ordinance can regulate the layout of blocks. Note: For more information on street design, refer to Report 14: Complete Streets.

Enabling Legislation: § 15.2-2241 discusses:

� Requirements for subdivision ordinances, � Establishment of roadway systems, and � Transition of roadway maintenance to VDOT.

Purpose: Street and block standards can be tied to specific zoning districts. These can be unique standards that apply to a particular type of development.

“Streets and blocks in the MU district. The requirements of the design standards manual apply in the mixed use (MU) district, as specifically modified in this section. Sidewalks, streets, street trees and street lights must be installed and constructed for both new streets and existing streetscapes.” (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. Sec. 23-6.28.7)

Definitions: Local ordinances rarely have detailed definitions related to the design and layout of blocks. A basic definition of a developed block may include:

“Block: A unit of land bounded by streets or by a combination of streets and public land, railroad rights-of-way, waterways, or any other Barrier to the continuity of development.” (City of Nashville, Tennessee)

A locality can establish a connectivity index that helps to regulate the connectivity of a development’s roadway network. The previous SSAR system from VDOT can serve as a model for local regulations.

“Connectivity index means the number of street segments divided by the number of intersections. Only street segments and intersections within a network addition as well as any street segment or intersection outside of the network addition connected to street segments within the network addition, or that has been connected or will be connected to the network addition through the extension of an existing stub out shall be used to calculate a network addition’s connectivity index.” (VDOT: Secondary Street Acceptance Requirements, Virginia Administrative Code)


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Application: The subdivision or zoning ordinance can address the specific dimensions of blocks and may set standards for various scenarios.

Blocks. (1) Applicability. The block length and perimeter standards apply to preliminary

plats, final plats and site plans. (2) Block standards.

a. Residential blocks must have sufficient width to provide for two (2) tiers of residential lots, except where single tier lots are required to accommodate single-loaded streets where across from a public park or open space, to allow for unusual topographical conditions, or when adjacent to the outer perimeter of a subdivision.

b. The maximum block perimeter shall be two thousand four hundred (2,400) feet.

c. The maximum block length shall be seven hundred (700) feet. d. The maximum block length for a dead end street shall be three hundred

(300) feet. (3) Block measurement.

a. A block is bounded by a street (not including an alley) that meets the requirements of this section.

b. Block perimeter is measured along the centerline of intersecting streets that encompass the block.

c. Block length is measured from centerline to centerline of intersecting streets.

d. The maximum block length or perimeter may be extended in the event that steep slopes in excess of twenty-five (25) percent, freeways, waterways, railroad lines, preexisting development, tree conservation areas, stream buffers, cemeteries, open space, or easements make the maximum block length or perimeter unfeasible.

e. The maximum block length and perimeter may be extended by twenty-five (25) percent, if the block includes a pedestrian passage that meets the requirements of this section.

f. A block may be broken by a civic building or open lot, provided the lot is at least fifty (50) feet wide and provides a pedestrian passage meeting the requirements this section.”

(Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. Sec. 23-6.28.7) The locality may create a waiver process for the layout of blocks. Caution should be given to the waiver process, since political pressure can often lead to exceptions to the written standards.

“Block lengths shall not exceed eighteen (18) hundred (1,800) feet nor be less than four hundred (400) feet, except where alternate designs are approved by the planning director as conforming to standard practice; provided, however, that any such waiver shall be put into writing and include the reasons therefor, and be made a part of the permanent application record.” (Virginia Beach: Subdivision Regulations, Sec. 4.3)


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The local ordinance may include illustrations to demonstrate the concepts listed in the text. This approach is beneficial when there are descriptions of roadway design.

“Street types. This section provides general guidelines for the construction of new streets in the MU district and is intended to provide a catalog of minimum dimensions for travel lane and on-street parking widths subject to review and approval during the site plan review process for use on private streets.

The board of supervisors may approve alternative streets and blocks controls as part of a zoning map amendment.” (Spotsylvania County: Mixed-Use District, Sec. Sec. 23-6.28.7)


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Connectivity: Local connectivity standards will help protect existing roadways, by decreasing the number of trips on primary roadways. Greater connectivity can decrease vehicle miles traveled and overall roadway congestion.

(a) “The street system in a proposed subdivision shall be designed to extend and improve existing street rights-of-way adjoining the property to be subdivided. When a new subdivision adjoins undeveloped land which could be accessed via the land being subdivided, any new street within the subdivision determined necessary to serve the undeveloped land shall be extended to the subdivision boundaries and terminated with a temporary turnaround with a T-type or branch-type configuration. The right-of-way of the street shall not be widened to accommodate such turnaround. Any additional area needed for such turnaround shall be accommodated within an easement with provisions for the easement to be extinguished at the time the street is extended.

(b) New streets shall create an interconnected system with streets internal to the subdivision or to existing streets adjacent to or abutting the subdivision. The maximum street length between such connections shall be five hundred (500) feet. However, the subdivision agent may permit a terminated street, a longer street length, or both, where the subdivider demonstrates that topography, irregular or narrow parcel shape, natural features to be avoided or protected, or irregular street patterns surrounding the parcel, would require such a street layout to permit reasonable development of the parcel. Any street terminus shall be constructed as set forth in the VDOT Subdivision Street Design Requirements, 2005, as amended, and must employ one (1) of the following designs:

(1) Concentric or offset bulb with a landscaped center; (2) T-type turnaround; or (3) Branch-type turnaround.

(City of Roanoke: Subdivisions, Sec. 31.1-301)

Pedestrian Considerations: Road design standards may include additional standards for pedestrians, to provide a safe and engaging environment for those walking along sidewalks.

“Crosswalks, not less than 10 feet wide and paved to a width of four feet, may be required in blocks over 750 feet long.” (City of Alexandria: Subdivision Requirements, 11-1710)

“Pedestrian walks not less than ten (10) feet wide shall be required where deemed essential to provide circulation, or access to schools, playgrounds, shopping centers, transportation and other community facilities. Where such walks are provided they shall be located and fenced, screened, lighted or otherwise improved in such manner as to provide security, tranquility and privacy for occupants of adjoining property for users of the walks.” (Virginia Beach: Subdivision Regulations, Sec. 4.3)


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Appendix

Albemarle County Zoning Districts Rural Areas District – RA This district is intended to preservation agricultural and forestal lands and activities, along with natural, scenic and historic resources. Residential development not related to bona fide agricultural/forestal use shall be encouraged to locate in the urban area, communities and villages as designated in the comprehensive plan where services and utilities are available and where such development will not conflict with the agricultural/forestal or other rural objective. In regard to agricultural preservation, this district is intended to preserve the county's active farms and best agricultural and forestal lands by providing lot areas designed to insure the continued availability of such lands for preferential land use tax assessment in order to enhance the economy, and maintain employment and lifestyle opportunities.

Village Residential – VR This VR district is created to establish a plan implementation zone that encourages residential development in areas of the county designated as village areas or town area in the comprehensive plan. It permits a variety of housing types and provides incentives for residential development by allowing variations in lot size, density and frontage requirements. The VR district encourages compact development and permits related nonresidential development in order to increase the vitality and attractiveness of such areas as a living environment. It encourages creative design which allows for filling in of vacant areas and which is compatible with the character of existing lots and buildings; and permits agricultural uses in keeping with the village scale of development. VR districts may be permitted in villages and town locations designated on the comprehensive plan using either locational guidelines therein or boundaries established by amendment to the comprehensive plan. It is further intended that VR districts will be located in such areas where no public water or sewerage service is available or in such areas partially or fully served by approved central water systems or central sewerage systems.

Residential – R-1 This district is created to establish a plan implementation zone that recognizes the existence of previously established low density residential districts in communities and the urban area. It provides incentives for clustering of development and provision of locational, environmental and development amenities; and provides for low density residential development in community areas and the urban area. The R-1 districts may be permitted within community and urban area locations designated on the comprehensive plan.

Residential – R-2 This district is created to establish a plan implementation zone that provides a potential transition density between higher and lower density areas established through previous development and/or zoning in community areas and the urban area. It provides incentives for clustering of development and provision of locational, environmental and development amenities. R-2 districts may be permitted within community and urban area locations designated on the comprehensive plan.


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Residential – R-4 This district is created to establish a plan implementation zone that provides for compact, medium-density, single-family development. It permits a variety of housing types; and provides incentives for clustering of development and provision of locational, environmental, and development amenities. The R-4 districts may be permitted within community and urban area locations designated on the comprehensive plan.

Residential – R-6 The R-6 districts provides for compact, medium-density residential development. It permits a variety of housing types; and provides incentives for clustering of development and provision of locational, environmental and developmental amenities. This district allows for density bonuses, if the development meets certain standards related to environmental protection, affordable housing and development standards. R-6 districts may be permitted within community and urban area locations recommended for medium-density residential use in the comprehensive plan.

Residential – R-10 The R-10 districts provides for compact, medium-density residential development. It permits a variety of housing types; and provides incentives for clustering of development and provision of locational, environmental and developmental amenities. R-10 districts may be permitted within the community and urban area locations designated on the comprehensive plan.

Residential – R-15 The R-15 districts provides for compact, high-density residential development. It permits a variety of housing types; and provides incentives for clustering of development and provision of locational, environmental and developmental amenities. R-15 districts may be permitted within the community and urban area locations designated on the comprehensive plan.

Planned Residential Development – PRD The PRD is intended to encourage sensitivity toward the natural characteristics of the site and toward impact on the surrounding area in land development. More specifically, the PRD is intended to promote economical and efficient land use, an improved level of amenities, appropriate and harmonious physical development, and creative design consistent with the best interest of the county. To these ends, the PRD provides for flexibility and variety of development for residential purposes and uses ancillary thereto. Open space may serve such varied uses as recreation, protection of areas sensitive to development, buffering between dissimilar uses and preservation of agricultural activity. While a PRD approach is recommended for developments of any density, it is recommended but not required that the PRD be employed in areas where the comprehensive plan recommends densities in excess of fifteen (15) dwelling units per acre, in recognition that development at such densities generally requires careful planning with respect to impact.

Planned Unit Development – PUD The PUD districts are intended to serve as neighborhoods or mini-neighborhoods within designated communities and the urban area. Additionally, PUD districts may be appropriate where the establishment of a "new village" or the nucleus of a future community exists and where the PUD development would not preclude achievement of the county's objectives for the urban area, communities and villages. In order to encourage the community function, appropriate commercial and industrial uses are provided in addition to a variety of residential uses. It is intended that commercial


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and industrial development be limited to a scale appropriate to the support of the residential uses within the PUD; provided that additional commercial and industrial activity may be permitted upon a finding that the area in which the PUD is to be located is not adequately served by such use.

Neighborhood Model – NMD The purpose of the Neighborhood Model district is to establish a planned development district in which traditional neighborhood development, as established in the county’s Neighborhood Model, will occur. The regulations encourage a development form and character that is different from conventional suburban development. The NMD is intended to provide for compact, mixed-use developments with an urban scale, massing, density, and an infrastructure configuration that integrates diversified uses within close proximity to each other within the development areas identified in the comprehensive plan. The particular uses permitted within a particular district, as well as the character, form and density of the development are derived from the Neighborhood Model, outlined in the comprehensive plan. Density is achieved with careful attention to design, as articulated in the Neighborhood Model. These regulations are intended to provide an applicant with maximum flexibility in creating and implementing the general development plan and the code of development.

Downtown Crozet District – DCD The purpose of the Downtown Crozet District is to establish a district in which traditional downtown development, as described Crozet master plan, will occur. To these ends, the DCD provides for flexibility and variety of development for retail, service, and civic uses with light industrial and residential uses as secondary uses. The regulations for the DCD are intended to promote a development form and character that is different from typical suburban development allowed by conventional zoning, and are also intended to: (i) promote the economic and social vitality and diversity of downtown Crozet; (ii) implement the Crozet master plan for the downtown area of Crozet so that it may serve as the commercial hub of Crozet and its environs; (iii) provide a greater mix of uses in downtown Crozet, including increased employment; (iv) facilitate infill and redevelopment; (v) increase the utility of the land; (vi) retain the uniquely diverse character of Crozet; and (vii) promote a pedestrian-friendly environment. These regulations are intended to provide maximum flexibility in establishing uses and structures in order to implement the relevant policies of the Crozet master plan.

Commercial – C-1 C-1 district permits selected retail sales, service and public use establishments which are primarily oriented to central business concentrations. It is intended that C-1 districts be established only within the urban area, communities and villages in the comprehensive plan.

Commercial Office – CO CO districts permit development of administrative, business and professional offices and supporting accessory uses and facilities. This district is intended as a transition between residential districts and other more intensive commercial and industrial districts.

Highway Commercial – HC HC districts permit development of commercial establishments, other than shopping centers, primarily oriented to highway locations rather than to central business concentrations. It is intended that HC districts be established on major highways within the urban area and communities in the comprehensive plan. It is further intended that this district shall be for the purpose of limiting sprawling strip commercial development by providing sites with adequate frontage and depth to permit controlled access to public streets.


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Planned Development: Shopping Centers – PD-SC PD-SC districts permit the development of neighborhood, community and regional shopping centers in accordance with standards set forth in the comprehensive plan. PD-SC districts are intended to serve areas not conveniently and adequately provided with a broad range of commercial and service facilities. Regulations provided are intended to encourage planned commercial centers with carefully organized buildings, service areas, parking areas and landscaped areas. PD-SC districts shall be located in areas served by both public water and sewer systems; provided that neighborhood shopping centers may be permitted in areas not served by public water and/or public sewer systems where adequate alternative water supply and/or sewerage disposal systems are available.

Planned Development: Mixed Commercial – PD-MC PD-MC districts permit development of large-scale commercial areas with a broad range of commercial uses under a unified planned approach. It is intended that PD-MC districts be established on major highways in the urban area and communities in the comprehensive plan. In recognition that such large-scale development may substantially reduce the functional integrity and safety of public roads if permitted with unplanned access, it is intended that multiple access to existing public roads be discouraged and that development and access be oriented toward an internal road system having carefully planned intersections with existing public roads.

Light Industry – LI The intent of the light industry (LI) district is to permit industrial and supporting uses that are compatible with, and do not detract from, surrounding districts. Structures within the light industry (LI) district are encouraged to be constructed to the standards required for industrial structures, regardless of their intended use.

Heavy Industry – HI The intent of the heavy industry (HI) district is to permit industrial and supporting uses having the potential, if unregulated, to cause public nuisances and therefore requiring enhanced performance standards and review for their impacts on surrounding lands and the environment. Structures within the heavy industry (HI) district are encouraged to be constructed to the standards required for industrial structures, regardless of their intended use.

Planned Development: Industrial Park – PD-IP The intent of the planned development – industrial park (PD-IP) district is to permit a variety of industrial and supporting uses, together with delineated uses that are ancillary thereto, within a planned development that are compatible with and do not detract either from each other or surrounding districts. Structures within the planned development – industrial park (PD-IP) district are encouraged to be constructed to the standards required for industrial structures, regardless of their intended use.


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City of Charlottesville Zoning Districts

Residential – R-1 The R-1 district permits low-density residential areas. It provides and protects quiet, low-density residential areas wherein the predominant pattern of residential development is the single-family dwelling.

Residential: Small Lot – R-1(S) The R-1(S) district permits of low-density residential areas characterized by small-lot development, while still protecting quiet, low-density residential areas wherein the predominant pattern of residential development is the single-family dwelling.

Residential: University – R-1U The R-1U district permits low-density residential areas in the vicinity of the University of Virginia campus.

Residential: University, Small Lot – R-1U(S) The R-1U(S) district permits low-density residential areas in the vicinity of the University of Virginia campus, characterized by small-lot development.

Residential: Two-family – R-2 The two-family residential zoning districts are established to enhance the variety of housing opportunities available within certain low-density residential areas of the city, and to provide and protect those areas. R-2 encourages quiet, low-density residential areas for single-family attached and two-family dwellings. Included within this district are certain areas located along the Ridge Street corridor, areas of significant historical importance.

Residential: University – R-SU The R-2U encourages quiet, low-density residential areas in the vicinity of the University of Virginia campus, in which single-family attached and two-family dwellings are encouraged.

Residential – R-3 The purpose of the multifamily residential zoning district is to provide areas for medium- to high-density residential development. The basic permitted use is medium-density residential development; however, higher density residential development may be permitted where harmonious with surrounding areas. Certain additional uses may be permitted, in cases where the character of the district will not be altered by levels of traffic, parking, lighting, noise, or other impacts associated with such uses. The R-3 district encourages medium-density residential areas, including multifamily uses.

Residential: University Medium Density – R-UMD The R-UMD encourages medium-density residential developments, including multifamily uses in the vicinity of the University of Virginia campus.

Residential: University High Density – R-UHD R-UHD encourages high-density residential developments in the vicinity of the University of Virginia campus, including multifamily uses.


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McIntire/Fifth Street Residential Corridor The purpose of this district is to encourage redevelopment in the form of medium-density multifamily residential uses, in a manner that will complement nearby commercial uses and be consistent with the function of McIntire Road/Fifth Street Extended as a gateway to the city's downtown area.

Business – B-1 The B-1 business district is established to provide for service-type businesses and office uses of a limited size, which are open primarily during daytime hours. The intent of the B-1 regulations is to provide a transitional district between residential areas and other commercial areas of the city. The uses permitted within this district are those which will have only minimal traffic impacts, and only minimal noise, odors, smoke, fumes, fire or explosion hazards, lighting glare, heat or vibration.

Business – B-2 The B-2 business district is established to provide for commercial uses of limited size, primarily serving neighborhood needs for convenience goods. The intent of the B-2 regulations is to encourage clustering of these neighborhood-serving commercial uses. The uses permitted within this district are those which will generate minimal traffic originating outside the neighborhood areas served, and that will generate minimal noise, odors and fumes, smoke, fire or explosion hazards, lighting glare, heat or vibration.

Business – B-3 The B-3 business district is to provide for major commercial uses, of a type that is likely to generate significant amounts of traffic from points within as well as external to the surrounding neighborhood, and that may generate moderate noise, odors or fumes, smoke, fumes, fire or explosion hazards, lighting glare, heat or vibration.

Light Industrial – M-I The M-I district is established to allow areas for light industrial uses that have a minimum of environmental pollution in the form of traffic, noise, odors, smoke and fumes, fire and explosion hazard, glare and heat and vibration.

Emmet Street Commercial Corridor – ES The Emmet Street Corridor district is established to allow areas for low-intensity commercial development along Emmet Street adjacent to the Barracks Road shopping center, recognizing the shallow depth of lots in this area. Areas included within this district are those adjacent to or in the immediate vicinity of the eastern side of Emmet Street, from Barracks Road to just south of Massie Road.

Industrial Corridor – IC The intent of the Industrial Corridor district is to provide areas for light industrial activity that is directed to assembly and technological businesses rather than heavy manufacturing. This district provides opportunities for large scale commercial uses and manufacturing or industrial type uses that are more compatible with the neighborhoods that surround the manufacturing properties. Regulations provide for buffering from incompatible uses, but encourage these important employment centers to locate within the district.


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Planned Unit Development – PUD The PUD serves as a planned district that allows for flexibility and innovation. It is intended to encourage the development of mixed-use neighborhood and developments, of an equal or higher quality than those allowed in standard zoning districts. The PUD is intended to promote a variety of housing types, or, within a development containing only a single housing type, to promote the inclusion of houses of various sizes. It provides for coordinated linkages among internal buildings and uses, and external connections, at a scale appropriate to the development and adjacent neighborhoods.

Downtown Corridor – D The intent of the Downtown Corridor district is to provide for a mixture of commercial and residential uses, and encourage such development by right, according to standards that will ensure harmony with the existing commercial environment in the city's downtown area. Ground-floor uses facing on primary streets should be commercial in nature. The area within this zoning district is the entertainment and employment center of the community and the regulations set forth within this district are designed to provide appropriate and convenient housing for persons who wish to reside in proximity to those activities.

Downtown Extended Corridor – DE Historically, the areas within the Downtown Extended district contained manufacturing uses dependent upon convenient access to railroad transportation. In more recent times, use patterns within this area are similar to those within the Downtown district. The intent of this district is to encourage an inter-related mixture of high-density residential and commercial uses harmonious with the downtown business environment, within developments that facilitate convenient pedestrian and other links to the Downtown area.

North Downtown Corridor – DN The Downtown North Corridor district is the historic center of the City of Charlottesville, and contains many historic structures. In more recent years this area has also developed as the heart of the city's legal community, including court buildings and related law and professional offices, and commercial and retail uses supporting those services. Within this area, residential uses have been established both in single-use and in mixed-use structures. Many former single-family dwellings have been converted to office use. The regulations for this district are intended to continue and protect the nature and scale of these existing patterns of development.

West Main North Corridor – WMN The West Main North district is established to provide low-intensity mixed-use development at a scale that respects established patterns of commercial and residential development along West Main Street and neighborhoods adjacent to that street. When compared with the area further south along West Main Street, lots within this area are smaller and older, existing buildings (many of them historic in character) have been renovated to accommodate modern commercial uses. Within this district, established buildings are located in close proximity to the street on which they front, and one of the primary goals of this district is to provide a uniform street wall for pedestrian-oriented retail and commercial uses.


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West Main South Corridor – WMS Property on the south side of West Main Street are much deeper, and generally larger in size, than those to the north, and established non-commercial uses typically are separated from adjacent residential neighborhoods by railroad tracks and street rights-of-way. The purpose of this zoning district is to encourage pedestrian-friendly mixed-use development, at intensity slightly greater than that to the north of West Main. The permitted uses and building heights, those allowed by-right and by special permit, respect the scenic character of the West Main Street corridor.

Cherry Avenue Corridor – CH This zoning classification establishes a district designed to encourage conservation of land resources, minimize automobile travel, and promote employment and retail centers in proximity to residential uses. It permits increased development on busier streets without fostering a strip-commercial appearance. It is anticipated that development will occur in a pattern consisting of ground-floor commercial uses, with offices and residential uses located on upper floors. This district is intended to promote pedestrian-oriented development, with buildings located close to and oriented towards the sidewalk areas along primary street frontages.

High Street Corridor – HS The areas included within this district represent a section of High Street that has historically developed around medical offices and support services, as well as neighborhood-oriented service businesses such as auto repair shops and restaurants. The regulations within this district encourage a continuation of the scale and existing character of uses established within this district, and is intended to facilitate infill development of similar uses.

Neighborhood Commercial Corridor district – NCC The intent of the Neighborhood Commercial Corridor district is to establish a zoning classification for the Fontaine and Belmont commercial areas that recognize their compact nature, their pedestrian orientation, and the small neighborhood nature of the businesses. This zoning district recognizes the areas as small town center type commercial areas and provides for the ability to develop on small lots with minimal parking dependent upon pedestrian access. The regulations recognize the character of the existing area and respect that they are neighborhood commercial districts located within established residential neighborhoods.

Highway Corridor district – HW The intent of the Highway Corridor district is to facilitate development of a commercial nature that is more auto-oriented than the mixed use and neighborhood commercial corridors. Development in these areas has been traditionally auto driven and the regulations established by this ordinance continue that trend. This district provides for intense commercial development with very limited residential use. It is intended for the areas where the most intense commercial development in Charlottesville occurs.

Urban Corridor – URB The intent of the Urban Corridor district is to continue the close-in urban commercial activity that has been the traditional development patterns in these areas. Development in this district is both pedestrian and auto oriented, but is evolving to more of a pedestrian center development pattern. The regulations provide for both a mixture of uses or single use commercial activities. It encourages parking located behind the structure and development of a scale and character that is respectful to the neighborhoods and university uses adjacent.


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Central City Corridor – CC The intent of the Central City Corridor district is to facilitate the continued development and redevelopment of the quality medium scale commercial and mixed use projects currently found in those areas. The district allows single use development, but encourages mixed-use projects. The regulations are designed to encourage use of and emphasize proximity to natural features or important view sheds of natural features. Development allowed is of a scale and character that is appropriate given the established development that surrounds the district.

Water Street Corridor District – WSD The intent of the Water Street Corridor District is to provide for a mix of commercial, retail and entertainment uses in a way that complements and supports the Downtown Pedestrian Mall area. As the Downtown Pedestrian Mall develops, the natural spillover will be to this area. While not a complete pedestrian zone, it contains many characteristics thereof. Development therefore should blend the pedestrian scale with a slightly more automobile oriented feel to achieve this supportive mixed-use environment.

South Street Corridor District – SS Adjacent to the downtown area and wedged against the railroad tracks is a small grouping of large historic homes, many of which have been converted to offices and/or apartments. In order to preserve the rich character and style of these few remaining structures from another era, the South Street Corridor District has been created. This district is intended to preserve the historic pedestrian scale, recognizing the importance of this area to the history of the downtown area.

Corner District – CD The Corner District is established to provide low-intensity missed-use development to primarily serve the area surrounding the University of Virginia. It encourages development at a scale that respects the established character of the historic commercial area adjacent to the central grounds of the University. Within the district two- and three-story buildings front the streets establishing a pedestrian scale for retail and commercial uses.


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one

Actions for Community Health and Livability

Livable Communities Planning ProjectThomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionOctober 2013


Actions for Community Health and Livability October 2013

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

Actions for Community Health and Livability ............................................ 2

The Better Business Challenge .................................................................. 3

Move2Health Campaign............................................................................ 6

Rivanna River Corridor .............................................................................. 9

Pedestrian and Bike Connectivity ............................................................ 13

Appendices

1 - The Better Business Challenge ................................................... A-1

2 - Move2Health Campaign............................................................. A-3

3 - Rivanna River Corridor ............................................................... A-4

4 - Pedestrian and Bike Connectivity ............................................. A-10


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Introduction

LIVABLE COMMUNITIES OVERVIEW In February 2011, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded funding to

the Charlottesville Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) to develop a Livability

Implementation Plan for the region. The process to develop this plan, referred to as the Livable

Communities Planning Project, builds upon the region’s 1998 Sustainability Accords and other local

planning documents to integrate crosscutting strategies for land use, transportation, housing, economic

vitality, air and water quality, and energy use.

The Livable Communities Planning Project provides an avenue for

inter-jurisdictional coordination, education and community

participation in updates to the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle

County Comprehensive Plans and the Charlottesville-Albemarle

Long Range Transportation Plan. The process seeks to identify

common ground between City and County planning goals and to

give community members the opportunity to provide feedback.

Each locality used community input received through this process

to inform updates to their respective planning documents.

Project staff consisted of those from the City, County, University of Virginia and the Thomas Jefferson

Planning District Commission. This project team assisted in coordinating public input into the three plan

updates. The team also collaborated with other project partners to complete the five deliverables that

comprise the Livability Implementation Plan. These five deliverables included:

1. A Performance Measurement System to analyze where the region stands with respect to

transportation, the environment, housing, economic development, and energy use.

2. A Common Future Land Use & Transportation Map reflecting future land use designations and

transportation projects for the City of Charlottesville and the County of Albemarle, known as

One Map.

3. A list of recommended Livability policies to inform the Charlottesville and Albemarle

Comprehensive Plans, and the MPO Long Range Transportation Plan.

4. A Code and Ordinance Review that includes guidance to help implement recommended

Livability policies.

5. Recommendations for voluntary individual and community-wide actions that will support

Livability within the community.

ACTIONS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVABILITY Task Five of the Livable Communities Project catalogs actions that individuals and organizations can take

to support community health and livability. This section identifies some initiatives that are already

underway and planned projects to foster individual and group action. The section is intended to give a

summary of how these initiatives are promoting livability and helping to meet the goals of the

communities.


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Realizing improvements in community health and livability requires voluntary action on the part of both

individuals and organizations. During the course of the three-year Livable Communities Planning Project,

two community-wide initiatives have started and include: the Better Business Challenge and

Move2Health. Through work on this planning project, the Planning Commissions of the City of

Charlottesville and Albemarle County1 have recommended two joint projects to be pursued over the

next few years: Rivanna River Corridor and Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity. This section highlights

current initiatives and planned projects.

COMMUNITY-WIDE INITIATIVES

1. The Better Business Challenge The Better Business Challenge is a community competition to encourage businesses and their

employees to adopt efficient and sustainable practices. The Challenge provides participants with access

to free resources, online benchmarking tools, site visits, training sessions, a business mentor pool, and

networking and collaboration avenues. Through this challenge, businesses and individual employers are

expected to adopt behaviors to conserve energy and water and reduce waste. The Challenge was

created by the Local Energy Alliance Program (LEAP) and Better World Betty.

2. Move2Health Move2Health is a community-wide campaign created to encourage residents to improve their health.

The campaign provides participants with free resources and events designed to encourage individuals to

increase their level of physical activity and improve their eating habits.

JOINT CITY-COUNTY PROJECTS The Planning Commissions of the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County have recommended two

joint projects to be pursued over the next few years as voluntary efforts to improve the environment,

land use, and recreational opportunities.

3. Rivanna River Corridor The joint Planning Commissions recommend that the communities create a unified vision for land uses

adjacent to the Rivanna River that supports the river corridor as a destination while ensuring the

protection and improvement of the river’s water quality.

4. Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity The joint Planning Commissions recommend bike-pedestrian connections across physical barriers to

promote more bicycle and pedestrian accessibility throughout the area.

1 The Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan has not yet been adopted by the Board of Supervisors.


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1. The Better Business Challenge

DESCRIPTION The Better Business Challenge sets out to increase efficiency and sustainability in businesses, while

raising awareness. The challenge celebrates current sustainability efforts and encourages additional

initiatives. The challenge empowers local business with the tools they need to incorporate sustainability

into their daily operations, and makes such actions fun, easy and cost effective. The Better Business

Challenge promotes sustainable actions and outcomes by businesses and employees in six categories:

Water

Energy

Transportation

Waste

Purchasing

Leadership

The Better Business Challenge spurs action in these categories through competition. Score sheets

suggest possible actions to earn points. These include items such as use of natural and task-light and

motion sensors to reduce energy costs; using drought-resistant plans to conserve water; and reducing

automobile trips through walking, bicycling and teleworking. Participating businesses earn points as they

make changes in their approaches to incorporate efficiency and sustainability. Participants have access

to free resources, online benchmarking tools, site visits, training session, a business mentor pool, and

networking and collaboration avenues.

ACTIONS TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVABILITY The Better Business Challenge targets local businesses and seeks to reward efficacy and sustainability.

By doing so the Challenge is focused on the following actions:

Encouraging an understanding of the concept of the “triple bottom line” (profits, people and

the planet)

Create a competitive environment that rewards and highlights sustainable actions

Identifying baselines

Setting goals for improvements and benchmarks for measuring success

Providing resources to businesses on how they can become more sustainable

LINKAGES TO OTHER ASPECTS OF THE LIVABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT

Joint Planning Goals

Throughout the Comprehensive Planning process, the Charlottesville and Albemarle Planning

Commissions held joint sessions to discuss issues of overlapping concern, share existing approaches and

identify key issues that needed to be addresses by both localities. Through the course of this process,

the two Planning Commissions identified eight areas of joint interest for discussion and

recommendations; Economic Development, Entrance Corridors, Environment, Housing, Land Use,


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Transportation, Parks and Recreation, and Historic Preservation. The Better Business Challenge relates

to these goals in the following ways:

Environment: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will continue to promote a community of green

neighborhoods, healthy waterways, clean air, and sustainable natural resources.”

The Better Business Challenge actively promotes positive environmental outcomes by

encouraging business to think more sustainably and make smart decisions about their actions.

Economic Development: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County recognize the necessity of vibrant regional economic relationships and will work together toward a strong, diversified economy creating stability and opportunities for advancement in our communities.”

The Better Business Challenge’s contribution to economic development is related to increasing

businesses “triple bottom line” and encouraging businesses to take sustainable actions when

making choices about energy, water, waste, transportation, and purchasing.

Entrance Corridors: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will work together to more consistently enhance the visual quality and multi-modal experiences along the corridors.”

The Better Business Challenge does not directly address entrance corridors. However, there are

opportunities for businesses to be engaged in entrance corridor planning. The Better Business

Challenge encourages businesses to consider innovative sustainable solutions to address

environmental issues like stormwater. Addressing stormwater can have a positive effect on

entrance corridors by enhancing visual quality of the corridors.

Historic Preservation: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will enhance the historic character of the region by fostering community awareness of our historic and cultural resources and promoting the preservation of designated structures and areas.”

The Better Business Challenge does not directly address Historic Preservation. However, the

Challenge does promote businesses to look closely at their building and operations. The

Challenge could help employers choose to occupy or adaptively reuse historic structures.

Housing: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will each have a range of housing types that support various incomes, ages, and levels of mobility. These housing types should be connected to community amenities, parks, trails and services in the City and in the County’s Development Areas”.

The Better Business Challenge does not directly address housing, but does encourage businesses

to consider where there employees live and how they get to and from work and, if relocating, to

consider a mixed-use setting.

Land Use: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will support neighborhoods and places that allow residents to live, work, and play near their homes and where attention to the character of new development and redevelopment enhances quality of life.”


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The Better Business Challenge does not directly address issues of land use. However, the

challenge could promote better land use outcomes by encouraging businesses to weigh impacts

on transportation in selecting a location and to consider a mixed-use location.

Parks and Recreation: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will provide a system of high quality public parks, recreation facilities and programming to meet the needs of all residents of the community.”

The Better Business Challenge does not directly impact parks and recreation. However, it does

encourage activities such has biking and walking by employees, which has the potential to

increase usage of parks and recreation facilities.

Transportation: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will promote regional multi-modal and accessible transportation options.”

The Better Business Challenge could affect individual transportation choices by encouraging

more people to walk or bike to work. It also has the opportunity to reduce other vehicle trips by

encouraging businesses to make smart transportation choices, or by encouraging businesses to

locate in transit accessible neighborhoods.

Performance Measures The Better Business Challenge is contributing directly to the following four performance measures,

which are included in the Performance Measurement System Report.

Solid Waste and Recycling

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita

Air Quality

Access to Healthy Food Choices

The Better Business Challenge would contribute indirectly to three performance measures, which are

included in the Performance Measurement System Report.

Means of Transportation to Work

Travel Times to Work

Economic Diversification

REFERENCE For more information on the Better Business Challenge, refer to the materials for the Challenge included

in Appendix 1.


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2. Move2Health Campaign

DESCRIPTION Many factors influence public health, including individual health behaviors, access to health care,

community characteristics, the environment, and service delivery by private, not-for-profit and

government agencies. All of these factors were considered when the Move2Health community

campaign began. The Thomas Jefferson Health District (TJHD) spearheaded a community health

assessment, working with the Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships Community

Health Assessment (MAPP2Health) Leadership Council. The top Community Health Issue identified was

“An Increasing Rate of Obesity.” To increase awareness about this issue and encourage changes in

individual action, many community leaders came together to establish Move2Health. The physical

activity campaign launched during the summer of 2013, challenging participating individuals to move 30

minutes a day, five days a week. Agencies and businesses were encouraged to enroll and to urge their

staff, employees and clients to register with the organization to log their minutes every day.

ACTIONS TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVABILITY The Move2Health campaign has identified stakeholders and actions that can be taken to improve

regional Health and Livability. These actions are primarily focused on healthy eating and increased

activity and include:

Launching the “Walk. Bike. Dance. Play 30 minutes every day” campaign

Promoting steps to encourage more activity in children and adults

Educating the public about the effects of poor health on businesses and the economy

Encouraging actions that employers and individuals can take to improve health

Holding outreach events

Conducting the community challenges using competition

LINKAGES TO OTHER ASPECTS OF THE LIVABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT Joint Planning Goals

As with the Better Business Challenge, this campaign was compared to the eight areas of joint interest

from the City and County Planning Commissions; Economic Development, Entrance Corridors,

Environment, Housing, Land Use, Transportation, Parks and Recreation, and Historic Preservation. The

Move2Health campaign relates to these areas of joint interest in the following ways:



The Move2Health campaign does not directly address the environment. However, it does

encourage more interaction with it. Studies have shown that access to environmental features

such as greenery and street trees can have a positive effect on community health and well-

being.


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The Move2Health campaign’s contribution to economic development is related to increasing

worker productivity by reducing healthcare costs and reducing employee sick time.


The Move2Health campaign does not directly address entrance corridors. However, entrance

corridor planning provides an opportunity to increase positive public health outcomes by

increasing connectivity between communities and encouraging active modes of transportation

such as biking or walking.


The Move2Health campaign does not address Historic Preservation. Healthy behaviors are the

primary focus of this campaign.


The Move2Health campaign does not directly address housing. However, neighborhoods with

sidewalks allow residents to walk to work and play.


The Move2Health campaign does not directly address issues of land use. However, land use can

have an effect on public health by both encouraging walking and biking or discourage it. Design

features like sidewalks and trees along streets encourage walking especially when sidewalks

connect to centers of community activity.


The Move2Health campaign is expected to increase patronage of parks and recreation facilities

in both the City and County.



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The Move2Health campaign is expected to affect individual transportation choices by

encouraging more people to walk or bike to work.

Performance Measures The Move2Health Campaign is contributing directly to the following three performance measures, which

are included in the Performance Measurement System Report.

Overweight and Obesity

Access to Healthy Food Choices

Residential Proximity to Parks and Trails

In addition to having a direct positive impact on the three indicators above the Move2Health campaign

could have an indirect benefit on the following four additional performance measures.




Local Government Expenditures on Public Services

REFERENCE For more information on Move2Health, refer to the materials included in Appendix 2.


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3. Rivanna River Corridor

DESCRIPTION Planning for an enhanced and improved river corridor contributes to health and livability of the

community by improving water quality, encouraging the protection of natural areas, and by providing

greater recreation opportunities. The Planning Commissions of the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle

County recommended collaboration on Rivanna River planning as one of two joint projects that the City

and County could pursue jointly over the next few years. These were some of the reasons that the

Rivanna River Basin Commission (RRBC) developed a Draft Concept and Framework for the Rivanna

River as part of their work as a partner in the Livable Communities Project. The document is included as

a reference document in the two Comprehensive Plans and sets out a framework for a corridor plan that

focuses on improving stream health and recreational opportunities in and around the Rivanna River. A

river corridor plan is a component of watershed management that focuses on the “river corridor” to

achieve specific river management goals and objectives, including:

Preservation and enhancement of water quality and habitat

Providing for nature-based recreational opportunities;

ACTIONS TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVABILITY The Draft Concept and Framework for a Rivanna River Corridor Plan identifies potential stakeholders

and actions. Actions referenced in the document include:

Protecting and improving natural resources

Monitoring and improving water quality, habitat and stream conditions

Planning for activities along the corridor

Stormwater management

Involvement of local food growers

Increasing access to the river (hiking, boating)

Creating and maintaining park areas

Applying a science-based approach to resource management

LINKAGES TO OTHER ASPECTS OF THE LIVABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT

Joint Planning Goals As with the two community wide initiatives, this proposed project was evaluated against the joint

Planning Commission goals for; Economic Development, Entrance Corridors, Environment, Housing,

Land Use, Transportation, Parks and Recreation, and Historic Preservation. Ways in which The Rivanna

River Corridor project relates to these joint planning goals follows.



A Rivanna River Corridor project could:

Protect river health


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Improve degraded habitats

Increase public access to this shared resource

Provide increased land and water based recreation opportunities

Improve stormwater management


Economic Development is a consideration in this proposed project for the Rivanna River

Corridor. The plan is intended to:

Encourage river-sensitive development and redevelopment along the river, and

Capitalize on river access for recreation and related businesses.


The Rivanna River is one of the few natural features that define the edge between the two

communities. This boundary presents opportunities and challenges. It provides opportunities for

enhancing the visual quality of the entrance corridors that cross it, such as US250 at Free Bridge.

It also provided opportunities for improving the multi modal experience by providing

opportunities for increasing bike and pedestrian connections. The challenges associated with

river are related to it being a physical barrier that limits the opportunities for new connections

and entrance corridors.


The Rivanna River has played an important role in shaping the Communities of Charlottesville

and Albemarle County. The river corridor is rich with important historic and cultural resources.

Many of these resources are linked to the river’s past role in transportation and powering mills

and factories. The Rivanna River Corridor Project could identify and encourage the preservation

of historic resources.


The Rivanna River Corridor project could:

Act as a catalyst to spur the redevelopment of neighborhoods adjacent to the river

Have a positive effect on property values near the river

Provide new recreational amenities such as parks and trails.


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The Rivanna River Corridor plan could identify a mix of desired land uses adjacent to the river


The River Corridor plan could enhance recreation opportunities by:

Providing a safer, cleaner river

Increasing public access for safe river based recreation

Integrating the river into existing communities

Increasing parkland and trails, with connectivity to existing parks and trails


The Rivanna River corridor project could expand non-motorized vehicle connections such as

providing more trails along the river that are walkable and bikable.

Performance Measures The Rivanna River Corridor project would contribute directly to the following six performance measures,

which are included in the Performance Measurement System Report.

Stormwater Management

Tree Canopy Coverage and Forest Buffers

Impaired Waterways

Impaired Waterway Sources


Land Cover

In addition to having a direct positive impact on the six indicators above, a river corridor plan could have

an indirect benefit on the following six additional performance measures.

Overweight and Obese

Land Conversion


Economic Impact of Tourism

Land Cover

Regional Habitat Frameworks


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REFERENCE For more information on the Rivanna River Corridor Project refer to the Rivanna River Corridor Plan-

Draft Concept and Framework included in the Appendix 3. Note: the document is included in the

attachments in Charlottesville’s Comprehensive Plan and is expected to be a reference document in the

County’s Comprehensive Plan.


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4. Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity

DESCRIPTION The Planning Commissions of the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County1 have recommended the

City and the County look into coordinated sidewalk networks across City-County boundaries and

dedicated bike-pedestrian connections across physical barriers within the communities. Inter-regional

bike and pedestrian connectivity is a key element of the Charlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan

Planning Organization’s (CAMPO’s) 2040 Long Range Transportation Plan. There are a number of

coordinated efforts in the community that are seeking to address bike and pedestrian connectivity

which include:

CAMPO’s 2040 Long Range Transportation Plan

CAMPO’S Cville Bike Mapp smart phone application

City of Charlottesville Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan updates

CAMPO’s Semi-annual Bike and Pedestrian Count

ACTIONS TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVABILITY The proposed project for Regional Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity Initiatives, recommended by the

joint Planning Commissions, have identified potential stakeholders and actions, some of which include:

Increasing Connectivity

Providing residents with transportation alternatives

Promoting health and wellness

Reducing vehicle congestion

Increasing safety

LINKAGES TO OTHER ASPECTS OF THE LIVABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT Joint Planning Goals As with the other two community wide initiatives and proposed project, this proposed project was

evaluated against the joint Planning Commission goals for: Economic Development, Entrance Corridors,

Environment, Housing, Land Use, Transportation, Parks and Recreation, and Historic Preservation. Ways

in which the proposed Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity project relates to these joint planning goals

follows:



Walking and biking are the most environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Biking and

walking helps reduce vehicle emissions and congestion. Also bike and pedestrian infrastructure

do not have the same impacts on water quality as roads do.

1 The Albemarle County Comprehensive Plan has not yet been adopted by the Board of Supervisors.


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Economic Development: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County recognize the necessity of vibrant

regional economic relationships and will work together toward a strong, diversified economy creating stability and opportunities for advancement in our communities.”

Bike and pedestrian interconnectivity supports economic development. Thomas Jefferson

Planning District Commission (TJPDC) staff is developing a map for cyclists using the Route 76

Trans American Bike Trail. This map would focus on regional retail options and other regional

attractions along Route 76.

Entrance Corridors: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will work together to more consistently

enhance the visual quality and multi-modal experiences along the corridors.”

Improvements to sidewalks and bicycle access along Entrance Corridors can make these places

more attractive and interesting. They can allow for key inter-jurisdictional bike and pedestrian

linkages, such as the County’s Route 20 south at the City’s Monticello Avenue, or facilities along

the US 250 corridor at Pantops that connect with the City’s US 250 corridor.

Historic Preservation: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will enhance the historic character of

the region by fostering community awareness of our historic and cultural resources and promoting the preservation of designated structures and areas.”

Bike and pedestrian features can provide enhanced access to the region’s historic resources. The

Bicentennial Bike Trail and the Route 76 Trans America Trail travel through Albemarle County

and the City of Charlottesville passing key historic sites in the area. The TJPDC, as part of its rural

transportation program, is developing a regional Trans-America trail map to highlight

attractions. Pedestrian facilities are key elements of historic sites. Current efforts to enhance the

connectivity of these resources include a multi-use path that would connect Thomas Jefferson’s

Monticello to the City’s sidewalk system into Downtown.

Housing: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will each have a range of housing types that support

various incomes, ages, and levels of mobility. These housing types should be connected to community amenities, parks, trails and services in the City and in the County’s Development Areas”.

Inter-regional bike and pedestrian connectivity does not directly relate to regional housing

goals, but can support neighborhoods with transportation and recreation opportunities.

Land Use: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will support neighborhoods and places that allow

residents to live, work, and play near their homes and where attention to the character of new development and redevelopment enhances quality of life.”

Bicycle and pedestrian features promote place-making and give more value to neighborhoods

and communities. The 2040 Long Range Transportation Plan focuses on inter-regional bicycle

and pedestrian priorities, specifically the breaking of barriers to regional connectivity. Projects in

the 2040 Long Range Transportation Plan have been developed and prioritized to traverse

regional barriers, such as US 29 and the Rivanna River.


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Parks and Recreation: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will provide a system of high quality

public parks, recreation facilities and programming to meet the needs of all residents of the community.”

City and County bike and pedestrian priorities are highly integrated with efforts to promote

more access to and more connectivity between City and County parks. A key regional priority in

the2040 Long Range Transportation Plan is the addition of two bike and pedestrian bridges

across the Rivanna River: one link would connect Pen Park in the City and Darden-Towe Park in

the County, and the other would connect a greenways system parallel to the Rivanna River in

the vicinity of Pantops. This would allow for an eventual connection between the City and

Biscuit Run State Park.

Transportation: “Charlottesville and Albemarle County will promote regional multi-modal and

accessible transportation options.”

Developing a more robust bike and pedestrian network that allows for stronger connectivity

between the City, County, and University is one of the key goals of the region’s 2040 Long Range

Transportation Plan. The Charlottesville Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)

has been contributing to the development of the region’s first bicycle focused transportation

modeling program. Having such a modeling tool will help the MPO support future bike planning

efforts.

Performance Measures Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity Initiatives contribute directly to the following six performance

measures, which are included in the Performance Measurement System Report.

Residential Proximity to Transportation Facilities


Air Quality

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita



Pedestrian and Bicycle Connectivity Initiatives would contribute indirectly to the six performance

measures, which are included in the Performance Measurement System Report.

Monthly Household Transportation Cost

Local Government Expenditures on Public Services

Overweight and Obesity

Housing and Transportation Cost


Residential Density

REFERENCE For more information Pedestrian and Bicycle initiatives please refer to Appendix 4 or CAMPO’s Long

Range Transportation website at http://www.tjpdc.org/LRTP/index.asp

http://www.tjpdc.org/LRTP/index.asp


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Appendices

1. BETTER BUSINESS CHALLENGE Information about the Better Business challenge is available online at http://cvillebetterbiz.org/. Below are screenshots of the website. The screenshots highlight some of the Better Business Challenges activities.

http://cvillebetterbiz.org/


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2. MOVE2 HEALTH Information about the Move2Health initiative is available online at http://www.move2healthcentralva.org. Below are screenshots of the website. The screenshots highlight some of the components of the campaign. More information is available from online via the link above.

http://www.move2healthcentralva.org/


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3. RIVANNA RIVER CORRIDOR The Rivanna River Corridor is one of two areas of focus that the Charlottesville and Albemarle Planning Commissions have agreed to work on jointly over the next few years. The Rivanna River Basin Commission developed a Draft concept and Framework for developing a river corridor plan which is included below.

Rivanna River Corridor Plan-Draft Concept and Framework (RRBC) What is River Corridor Planning? River corridor planning is a component of watershed management that focuses on the “river corridor” to achieve specific river management goals and objectives. FEMA describes the river corridor as that which “includes the width of the channel in which water flows and is typically expanded to account for the extensive influence of the watercourse into the surrounding landscape…corridors also allow the free movement of wildlife from area to area within the region, help control erosion and river sedimentation, and help absorb floodwaters.” The river corridor may be defined – and river corridor planning may focus on -- the floodplain, floodway, or land adjacent to and outward from the river channel, floodplain, or floodway to a defined extent (1/4, ½, 1 mile, etc.) It may include major tributaries or even all tributaries. It may be a part of a comprehensive watershed management plan that addresses the entire watershed, not just the defined corridor. A Guide to River Corridor Management Plans, published by New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services in 1997, lists several definitions of river corridors (Table 1).

Table 1. Approaches to Determining River Corridor Width (Adapted from NHDES 1997)

Approach Measure of River Corridor Boundary

National Park Services, Wild, Scenic, and Recreation River Program Guidelines

¼ mile from the ordinary high water mark on each side of the river

FEMA 100 or 500 year floodplain

New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services River Program Guidelines

Land area located within a distance of 1,320 feet (1/4 mile) of the normal high water mark on either side of the river or to the landward extent of the 100 year floodplain, whichever is larger

Towns Boundaries of each town that border the river

Identifiable Features Roads, railroads, development, and natural geographic features in cliffs

Natural Systems Watershed boundary of the river, or the extent of unique habitats or natural communities

A river corridor plan may have a variety of goals and objectives including:

preservation and enhancement of water quality and habitat;

providing for nature-based recreational opportunities;


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establishing a framework for future growth; and

Providing a forum to advise local government in land use planning and decision-making. It may also serve as a guiding document to create strategic financial investments across multiple jurisdictions. 1 The City of Charlottesville has identified the following five goals for river corridor planning in its Draft Rivanna River Initiative (see http://www.charlottesville.org/index.aspx?page=3366)2

1. Reconcile all prior river planning efforts into a cohesive plan of action for the City’s portion of the Rivanna River

2. Present a concise vision for the Rivanna River and adjacent properties. 3. Explore the river’s value as a resource for economic development. 4. Respect the river’s role in the region’s ecosystem, as well as the natural beauty the river

contributes to the Charlottesville community. 5. Engage in a coordinated planning effort embraced by both the City and Albemarle County.

What is at stake? As population in the region increases, demands of growth and development put pressure on all of our natural resources, including the river. Over half of the streams assessed in the watershed are impaired. Without a cohesive plan, we risk the chance of further degradation that in turn create public health issues and discourage recreational uses, thus limiting potential economic benefits that accrue from a scenic, healthy waterway. By not acting, we may loose the opportunity to leverage the momentum and potential for joint collaboration between Charlottesville City and Albemarle County as we plan for increased demands through a thoughtful, comprehensive planning process that recognizes the competing and complementary uses of the river. Who should be Involved? The Rivanna River flows from its headwaters in Greene County, through Albemarle County and the City of Charlottesville, to Fluvanna County where it enters the James River at Columbia, Virginia. As such, the Rivanna River corridor plan should include governments, academic institutions, non-profits and NGO, and residents in the Rivanna River watershed (see Table 2). Regardless of how we define the river corridor, we must take a “whole-watershed” approach because what we do in one part of the river affects the entire watershed.

Table 2. Potential Stakeholders

Agency/ Organization/Department Expertise/Viewpoint

City of Charlottesville:

NDS

Parks and Recreation, Environmental Administration and Economic Development

Albemarle County:

Community Development

Parks and Recreation, Greenways & Blueways Manager

Site plan design review and approval

Urban planning, zoning administration

Park planning and maintenance

Stormwater management

Neighborhood and community development

Land use planning

Economic development

1 NHDES, 1997; VRWO, 2010; VRMP, 2010

2 Rivanna River Initiative, accessed on March 7, 2013.

http://www.charlottesville.org/index.aspx?page=3366

http://www.charlottesville.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=24275


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Watershed Resources Management

Economic Development Greene County:

Zoning

Planning Fluvanna County:

Planning

Parks & Recreation

RWSA Protect drinking water resource for rate payers

UVa PVCC

Innovative design/use ideas Recreational activities for student body

RCS JRA

River advocacy Education/outreach

TNC PEC

Land protection (easements), acquisition, science-based resource management Natural resources protection (Albemarle and Greene counties)

StreamWatch Water quality, habitat, and stream conditions monitoring and studies

TJPDC Coordinating capacity Regional perspective Planning expertise

RRBC River and watershed-based coordinating entity (statutory) Watershed perspective Rivanna-focused data Elected officials outreach/education Natural resources protection

TJSWCD CSWCD

Agriculture perspective/work with farmers Agricultural and urban practices implementation

Riparian landowners Property value, privacy, encroachment concerns

Chamber of Commerce Local developers Virginia Farm Bureau Virginia Cooperative Extension Wine Growers Association

Private development Economic growth Farmers Viticulturists Local food growers

Rivanna Trails Foundation Fluvanna Heritage Trail Foundation

Recreation, public access and land protection, especially river and stream corridor

Residents Recreation Scenic beauty/aesthetics Quality of life Conservation values Public access and river access (hiking, boating) Health, public safety

Community service groups Rivanna Master Naturalists, Charlottesville Tree Stewards, Chesapeake Bay Foundation’s VOICES volunteers

What are the Barriers?


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Potential in-stream conflicts among varying interests including existing by-right uses of river corridor parcels

Planning options may be difficult due to jurisdictional differences/perspectives/needs and inter-jurisdictional relationships

Perception that a well-buffered and protected river is contrary to economic development along the river

What are the Opportunities?

City of Charlottesville and County of Albemarle 1-Community Project resulting in joint planning commission recommendation that joint river corridor planning is 1 of 2 highest/immediate priorities for continued joint planning activities that should take place

Existing and current momentum surrounding the Rivanna River including: o Recently published 2012 Rivanna Watershed Snapshot and accompanying Technical

Report (that includes data gaps, methodology of analyses used) o The Rivanna River Vortex project, which looked at the design of a 3-mile stretch of the

river; year of the Rivanna at UVa School or Architecture o Charlottesville City stormwater utility fee and Albemarle County’s consideration of such

a fee o Expanding river corridor trails in Charlottesville, Albemarle, and Fluvanna o Chesapeake Bay watershed implementation planning o Local TMDL implementation plans (Cville Streams, Moores Creek) o Rivanna Conservation Society’s “Can You Swim Here?” campaign o RCS Extreme Watershed Makeover planned for fall 2013 in Moores Creek watershed o Bacteria monitoring by StreamWatch and continued monitoring for aquatic bugs o New state stormwater regulations to go into effect in 2014 and local governments

response o TJPDC’s 1-Community project looking at the livability of the Cville, Albemarle County,

and MPO o New buffer protections in Fluvanna County and intent to do the same in Greene County

River corridor access and use is expanding with more trails in Charlottesville, Albemarle, and Fluvanna building a sense of public “ownership” of the corridor

Description of Recommended Process The Rivanna River Basin Commission offers the following the steps outlined below to guide the development of a Rivanna River corridor plan:

1. Convene a stakeholder advisory committee under the auspices of the RRBC with support from TJPDC that includes all four localities and a representation of special interests and stakeholders

2. Define the study area, or corridor, and the components of the plan, likely to be (3 through 6 below)

3. Create a public outreach plan and determine method to solicit public input 4. Identify existing conditions, regulatory framework, opportunities/constraints

a. Understand land use/land cover within the corridor (protected lands, growth areas, commercial, residential, etc.)

b. Existing planning tools (protection overlays, entrance corridors, floodplain/water protection)

c. Water quality and water quantity (discharges/withdrawals)


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d. Natural features (wetlands, critical slopes, rare, threatened and endangered species) 5. Define vision, goals, actions, and timeframe for implementation with public involvement 6. Define accountability, roles, and responsibilities, planning updates 7. Proceed with the formal process for BOS and Council review and endorsement 8. Implement plan, assess progress, update plan as needed

Possible Next Steps 1. Encourage City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County to include river corridor planning as an

implementation goal in their 2013 comprehensive plan updates 2. Discuss opportunities for coordinated river corridor planning with staff and elected officials from

Greene and Fluvanna counties; review comprehensive plan and county work plans for opportunities to dovetail existing efforts (e.g., riparian buffer ordinance in Greene County)

3. Identify core planning team to seek dedicated funding (RRBC, TJPDC) Examples of River Corridor Planning 1999 Appomattox River Corridor Plan Relevance to Rivanna River: Major tributary of the James River; portion designated as Scenic River Corridor Area: 22-miles long; 750-feet on the edge of the 100-foot flood plain with some variation Goals: Healthy ecosystem; private interests; preservation; education; economic development; public interests Timeframe: Ongoing Process: Crater Coastal Resources Management Task Force, the Appomattox River Corridor Working Group and the general public through three workshops. 2012 Colorado River Corridor Plan (Texas) Relevance to Rivanna River: Coordinate regional and local planning efforts; larger corridor; more recent plan (2012) Corridor Area: 30,565-acres; 32-mile stretch of river Goals: Conserve and protect natural resources; improve quality of life; provide improved mobility and transportation choices Timeframe: 25 years Process: Utilized a consultant (Bosse & Associates); local river authority; city and county Highlights: Identified existing conditions; regulatory framework; opportunities and constraints; and summary of critical issues for each of the following key elements: land use; water quality and supply; transportation; and parks and land conservation. Provided a table identifying strategies, objectives, tools/policies implementation, and timeframe. Considered the importance of current land use within the corridor (residential, commercial, agriculture, recreational, etc.) Exeter River Corridor and Watershed Management Plan Relevance to Rivanna River: Focus is the entire watershed; references a “Natural Resources Inventory,” similar to the 2012 Rivanna Snapshot Technical Report Corridor Area: Exeter River watershed (watershed, not corridor?) size not identified) Priorities: Water quality and quantity; wildlife habitats and natural community; scenic, recreation, historical resources; education and outreach Timeframe: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 Process: Exeter River Local Advisory Committee; mailed out questionnaires to gather public input

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.craterpdc.org%2Fpdf%2FCorridorPlan.pdf&ei=6uA0UdrOJuXV0QG9y4HQAg&usg=AFQjCNEdr2WYk9SBr8SE0LgQnzfvugNrdw&sig2=D_oX-WS_9ZLnVx1Z_27l5A&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dmQ

https://www.co.travis.tx.us/tnr/crcp/default.asp

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdes.nh.gov%2Forganization%2Fdivisions%2Fwater%2Fwmb%2Frivers%2Fdocuments%2Fmanagement_plan_exeter.pdf&ei=u-A0UciBIrHv0QG_04DIBQ&usg=AFQjCNEty8uB016oprIjq2uDHeeSL7KX6w&sig2=pxKYiaPiNDVeiJXimYlyTA&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dmQ


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References New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) (1997) A Guide to River Corridor Management Plans (1997) Accessed March 5, 2013. Available at http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/publications/co/documents/r-co-97-3.pdf Vermillion River Watershed Organization (VRWO) (2010) Vermillion River Corridor Plan. Accessed March 5, 2013. Available at http://vermillionriverwatershed.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=67 Vermont River Management Program (VRMP) (2010) Vermont Agency of Natural Resources River Corridor Planning Guide to Identify and Develop River Corridor Protection and Restoration Projects. Accessed March 5, 2013. Available at http://www.vtwaterquality.org/rivers/docs/rv_rivercorridorguide.pdf

http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/publications/co/documents/r-co-97-3.pdf

http://vermillionriverwatershed.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=67

http://www.vtwaterquality.org/rivers/docs/rv_rivercorridorguide.pdf


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4. PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE CONNECTIVITY Many of the current community initiatives are ongoing efforts some are coordinated by the Charlottesville Albemarle (Metropolitan Planning Organization) MPO and others are coordinated by The City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County. The MPO contribution to bike and pedestrian connectivity has included:

Developing the Cville Bike Mapp, which is a smart phone application that allows cyclists to map there ride and upload the data so that planners, can better identify how the network is used and where barriers exist. More information about the Cville Bike Mapp can be found at http://www.tjpdc.org/cvillebikemapp/index.asp.

The Long Range Transportation Process which is the region’s plan for looking ahead three decades to assess future transportation projects vital for the region. The plan considers all modes of transportation including highway, road, bus, rail, bicycle, pedestrian and air travel. More information about the LRTP can be found at http://www.tjpdc.org/LRTP/index.asp.

The bike and pedestrian count is a semiannual inventory of bike and pedestrian users on major transportation corridors in the MPO. More information about the count can be found at http://www.tjpdc.org/transportation/bikecount.asp.

The maps on the next two pages illustrate some of the work that has already been done to identify gaps in the existing biking and walking network.

http://www.tjpdc.org/cvillebikemapp/index.asp

http://www.tjpdc.org/LRTP/index.asp

http://www.tjpdc.org/transportation/bikecount.asp


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Common Future Land Use & Transportation Projects

Rt. 29

I-64

Rt. 250Rt. 20

Sources: City of Charlottesville 2025 Future Land Use Plan (2007); Albemarle County Future Land Use Plan (2008); UVA Grounds Plan (2008); Places 29 Master Plan (2011), Pantops Master Plan (2008); Village of Rivanna Master Plan (2010) & United Jefferson Area Mobility Plan 2035 (2009)

IndustrialLow Density ResidentialHigh Density ResidentialCommercialMixed UseGreenspaceInstitutionalRoadways

Waterways

LegendDevelopment Area

Albemarle County

DRAFT

RURAL AREA

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Charlottesville-Albemarle MPOCharlottesvilleBiscuit Run State Park (Future Designation)

Road Improvement Projects

±

Charlottesville-Albemarle MPO

Last updated 10.19.2011

# Bridge Projects! Intersection Improvements

0 2 41Miles

/Office Service

Rt. 20Old Lynchburg Road

Future Land Use Map Designations by Common Designation

Common Designation Source Original DesignationRural Area Albemarle County rural area

Charlottesville industrial

employment district

heavy industrial

industrial service

light industrial

office service

office/ R&D/ flex/ light industrial

single family

two family

Albemarle County neighborhood density

Charlottesville multi‐family

Albemarle County urban density

UVA Grounds Plan residential

commercial

neighborhood commercial

office

community service

neighborhood service

office/ regional service

regional service

town/ village center

Charlottesville mixed use

commercial mixed use

employment mixed use

transitional

urban mixed use (around centers)

urban mixed use (in centers)

Charlottesville greenspace

conservation easement

parks & greenways

private open space; environmental features

public open space

natural area

open space & recreation

Charlottesville insitutional

airport district

institutional

athletic

centers/ classrooms

office/ support

parking

Mixed‐Use

Charlottesville

Albemarle County

Albemarle County

UVA Grounds Plan

Albemarle County

Albemarle County

UVA Grounds Plan

Charlottesville

Albemarle County

Commercial

Greenspace

High Density Residential

Industrial/ Office

Service

Institutional

Low Density Residential