performance of concrete properties by ... of concrete properties by groundnut shell ash as a partial...
TRANSCRIPT
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PROPERTIES BY GROUNDNUT SHELL
ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SISAL FIBER
H.HADIL ARSHAD1 R.DINESH KUMAR2
ME Structural Engg Student, Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Chendhuran College of Engineering and Technology, Chendhuran College of Engineering and Technolog,
Pudukkotai-Dt, South India. Pudukkotai-Dt, South India.
Abstract— This paper highlights about the behavior of
concrete when groundnut shell ash and sisal fiber are
added in concrete on the various strength properties of
concrete by using the mix design of M25 grade. The
percentage replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) varies from 0% to 20%. The sisal fibers’ added in
various percentages such as 1%, 2% and 3%.
Compressive and flexural strength determined by casting
of cube and beam. The results are compared to the
conventional concrete specimen. Based on a general
analysis of the results as well as the logical comparison to
the acceptable standard, a percentage replacement of
GSA and addition of sisal fibers are suggested for
sustainable construction.
Keywords: groundnut shell ash; sisal fibre; compressive
strength; split tensile strength and flexural strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cement replacement materials are special types of
naturally occurring materials or industrial waste products
that can be used in concrete mixes to partially replace some
of the Portland cement. Artificial pozzolanic such as rice
husk ash have gained acceptance as supplementary
cementing materials in many parts of the world. This work
evaluates the potentials of groundnut shell ash (GSA) as a
partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in
concrete. Chemical analysis of the ash was carried out to
ascertain whether it possesses pozzolanic or cementing
properties and the partial replacement of OPC by GSA.
Natural fibres are expected to be the reinforcing materials
and their use until now has been more traditional than
technical. They have long served many functional purposes
but the application of materials technology for the
consumption of natural fibres as the reinforcement in
concrete has only taken place in comparatively current
years.
II. LITERATURE COLLECTION
Buari T.A et al. (2013) describe the
“Characteristics Strength of groundnut shell ash
(GSA) and OPC blended Concrete”. He found the
Specific gravity of GSA is being 1.54. This value is
less than 1.85 and 1.90 reported by and for GHA and
Pulverised Fuel Ash respectively.
B.H. Sada, Y.D. Amartey, S. Bako (2013) studied
“Investigation into the use of Groundnut shell as fine
aggregate replacement”. At a replacement value of
25% and above, of fine aggregate with groundnut
shells; lightweight concrete was produced which
could be used where low stress is required.
Dr. F. A. Olutoge1 et al. (2013) describe the
“Characteristics Strength and Durability of
Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) Blended Cement
Concrete in Sulphate Environments”. The
compressive strength value of the GSA/OPC blended
concrete at 10% replacement level performed better
and would be acceptable.
M. Aruna (2014) studied “Mechanical Behaviour of
Sisal Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites”. An
experimental investigation of mechanical behaviour
of sisal fibre reinforced concrete is reported for
making a suitable building material in terms of
reinforcement.
Dr. Romildo Dias,Toledo Filho And Engr. Flavio De
Andrade Silva (1992) studied about “Sisal fibre
reinforcement of durable thin walled structures”.
Durable cement-based laminates reinforced with five
layers of long, unidirectional aligned sisal fibers were
developed.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Prepare The experimental program was designed to
describe the selection of materials, types of tests to
be conducted to evaluate their properties, to prepare
Design mix, to furnish casting, curing and testing
procedures adopted in order to Compare the
mechanical properties of Concrete i.e., Compressive
Strength, Splitting Tensile Strength and Flexural
Strength with different percentages of GSA and Sisal
as partial replacement of cement.
A. Concrete Mix Design:
The Combined or All-In- Aggregate Sieve analysis
test (as per Table 5 of IS: 383-1970) has to be
conducted, to check its suitability before going for
Mix-Design
B. Test Plan for Casting of Concrete Specimens:
This Project entailed subjecting the designed
Concrete mixes to a series of tests to evaluate the
strength and other properties. For this purpose, it was
important to monitor the strength development with
time to adequately evaluate the strength of each
Concrete mix. For every test, 3 samples from each mix
were tested at each curing age and the average values
were used for analysis. One of the most important
properties of concrete is the measurement of its ability
to withstand Compressive loads. This is referred to as
Compressive Strength.
C. Testing of Concrete Specimens: After the Specimens are cured for the specified
period, taken out from the curing tank, cleaned and
tested as per IS:516- 1969, on Universal Testing
Machine to find the mechanical properties of Concrete
such as Compressive Strength on Cubes, Flexural
Strength on Beams and Splitting Tensile Strength on
Cylinders.
D. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test: This test conducted on Concrete Cubes (after 28-
days of curing) of 150mm size in accordance with
IS:13311(Part 1). The method consists of producing an
Ultrasonic longitudinal pulse by an electro-acoustical
transducer which is held in contact with one surface of
the concrete member, under test. After traversing a
known distance in the concrete, the pulse is converted
into an electrical signal by a second electro acoustical
transducer, and an electronic timing circuit enables the
transit time of the pulse to be measured, from which
the pulse velocity is calculated. This testing also
detects internal flaws like inadequate compaction,
voids or cracks and segregation in concrete. if the
transit time of pulse is more, the ultrasonic pulse
velocity is reduced. The magnitude of reduction in the
pulse velocity indicates the extent of imperfections in
concrete.
E. Compressive Strength Test: Compressive Strength describes the behaviour of
the material when it is subjected to a Compressive load
at a relatively low and uniform rate of loading until the
failure occurs. Compressive Strength of Cube =
Max.Load applied/C.S. Area of Cube.
F. Split Tensile Strength Test: The splitting test is well known indirect test used for
determining the tensile strength of concrete. The test
is carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen
horizontally between the loading surfaces of a
Compression Testing Machine and the load is applied
until failure of the cylinder occurs, along the vertical
diameter. Max. Tensile Strength of Cylinder =
2P/πDL
G. Flexural Strength Test: The strength shown by the concrete against bending
is known as Flexure Strength. The determination of
Flexural Tensile Strength is essential to estimate the
load or Maximum Bending stress at which the
concrete members may crack or fail. It‟s knowledge
is useful in the design of pavement slabs and Airfield
Runway, as flexural tension is critical in these cases.
The Flexural Strength of the specimen is expressed as
the modulus of rupture. When a‟ is less than 13.3 cm
Flexural Strength of Specimen = 3Pa/bd Where P –Max. Load applied on the specimen at
failure b – Width of Beam d – Depth of Beam
L – Span Length (40 cm)
When a‟ is greater than 13.3 cm
Flexural Strength =PL/bd2
IV. MATERIALS USED A. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the basic
Portland cement and is best suited for use in general
concrete construction. It is classified into three grades,
namely 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade depending
upon the strength of the cement at 28 days when tested
as per IS: 4031-1996-Part II. If the 28 days strength is
not less than 33N/mm2, 43N/mm2 and 53N/mm2 it
called 43 grade and 53 grade cement respectively.
Birla Super 53 grade cement conforming to IS: 12269-
1987 was used in the present investigation. The tests
performed on this cement are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1. PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Sl. No. Properties Results
1 Normal consistency (%) 36
2 Setting time (min)
i.Initial setting time 40 min
ii.Final setting time 240 min
3 Specific gravity 3.11
B. Coarse Aggregates: Coarse aggregates are inert particle materials that
pass through the sieve size of 80 mm and retained on
sieve size 4.75 mm. In the present study, locally
available granite of size 20 mm and 10mm in the
proportion 60% and 40% by volume respectively was
used. The physical properties of coarsse aggregates are
given in Table 2.
TABLE 2 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE
S.No Properties Results
1. Specific gravity 2.77
2. Fineness modulus 4.03
3. Impact value 29%
4. Crushing value 30%
C. Fine Aggregates
River sand available locally was used as fine
aggregates and they conform to IS: 383-1970
(reaffirmed 1997). Sieve analysis was done using
standard sieve analysis procedure and the sand
conforms to Zone II. The physical properties and
sieve analysis details are given in Table 3 and 4
respectively.
D. Groundnut Shell Ash
Groundnut shell used for this research was obtained
from Groundnut mill. . The sieve analysis and the
specific gravity were carried out on GSA at the Soil
Mechanics Laboratory of the Department of Building.
The ash are shown in Fig 1.
Fig 1. Groundnut Shell Ash
TABLE 3 PROPERTIES OF GSA
Property Value
Specific gravity 1.81
Fineness modulus 2.97
TABLE 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GSA &
OPC
Constituent Composition
% (GSA)
Composition %
(OPC)
Ferrous
oxide(Fe2O3)
1.8 4.6
Silica (Sio2) 16.21 22.00
Calcium oxide
(CaO)
8.69 62.00
Aluminium oxide
(Al2O3)
5.93 5.03
Magnesium oxide
(MgO)
6.74 2.06
Sodium oxide
(Na2O)
9.02 0.19
Potassium oxide
(K2O)
15.73 0.40
Sulphite (SO3-) 6.21 1.43
E. Sisal Fibre
Sisal fibre reinforced concrete should be hand
mixed. The influence of sisal fibers on the
development of plastic shrinkage in the pre-hardened
state, on tensile, compressive and bending strength in
the hardened state of mortar mixes. The fibers are
shown in Fig 2.
Fig 1. Sisal Fibre
TABLE 5 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SISAL
FIBRE
S.No Chemical Composition Percentage
1 Cellulose 65
2 Hemi cellulose 12
3 Lignin 9.9
4 Waxes 2
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
TABLE 6 PERCENTAGE OF REPLACING
MATERIALS
%
Replaceme
nt of GSA
GSA in
kg
%
Replaceme
nt of SF
SF in
kg
5 1.43 1 0.28
10 2.87 2 0.57
15 4.30 3 0.86
20 5.74
TABLE 7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR
CUBES OF DIFFERENT % OF GSA AND SISAL
Specimen % GSA % SF Compressive
strength
(N/mm2) (28
days)
C0 31.20
C1 5 1 30.80
C2 5 2 33.95
C3 5 3 33.38
C4 10 1 30.57
C5 10 2 32.22
C6 10 3 29.20
C7 15 1 28.08
C8 15 2 26.75
C9 15 3 26.35
C10 20 1 24.80
C11 20 2 23.51
C12 20 3 22.97
The GSA was replaced by the cement in the range
of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Sisal fibers were
replaced by 1%, 2% and 3%. These are the results
obtained from the compressive strength of cube at 28 days of curing. Finally the results compared to
the conventional concrete.
Graph 1. Compressive Strength
TABLE 8 COMPARATIVE RESULT OF CUBE
Specimen % GSA % Sisal
Fibre
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2)
C0 - - 31.20
C2 5 10 33.95
Graph 2 Comparison Graph Of Cube
TABLE 9 ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL
BEAM
S.No Load Deflection Remarks
1 11.7 0.51 Initial
crack
2 44.2 3.18 Ultimate
crack
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12
2…
31.2
33.95
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
C0 C2
2…
Graph 3 Analysis Graph For Conventional Beam
TABLE 10 RESULT OF GSA & SF CONCRETE
BEAM
S.No Load Deflection Remarks
1 14 0.33 Initial
crack
2 47.6 2.93 Ultimate
crack
Graph 4 Analysis Graph for 5% GSA and 2% SF
TABLE 11 COMPARATIVE RESULT OF CONCRETE
BEAM
S.No Specimen Ultimate
Load
(KN)
Flexural
Strength
(N/mm2)
1 S0
Conventional
concrete
44.2 18.72
2 S1
(5% GSA and 2%
SF)
47.6 20.17
Based on the above result 5% of GSA and 2% of SF
concrete beam satisfy the requirement of conventional
specimen. It leads to increase the value of flexural
strength.
VI. CONCLUSION
Compressive strength of cube determined by the
28 days of strength and flexural strength of beam
determined by the 7 days of casting. These specimens
are also compared to the conventional concrete
specimen. Based on the comparative analysis
replacing materials satisfied the conventional
specimen in the % replacement of 5% GSA and 2%
SF. Based on the compressive strength result flexural
strength will be conducted. From the both compressive
and flexural strength test analysis 5% of GSA and 2%
of SF could satisfy the ability workable of
conventional specimen. It could be recommended for
the light weight structure and simple foundation.
REFERENCE
1. Buari T.A., Ademola S.A., Ayegbokiki S.T.
(2013), “Characteristics Strength of groundnut
shell ash (GSA) and Ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) blended Concrete in Nigeria”, IOSR
Journal of Engineering, Department of Building
Technology, vol.3, pp. 01-07.
2. Sada B.H., Amartey Y.D., Bako S. (2013), “An
investigation into the use of Groundnut shell as
fine aggregate replacement”, Nigerian Journal of
Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 54–60.
3. Raheem S.B., Oladiran G.F., Olutoge F.A and
Odewumi T.O. (2013), “Strength properties of
groundnut shell ash (GSA) blended concrete”,
Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction
Technology, vol.4, pp. 275-284.
4. Olutoge F. A., Buari T.A. and Adeleke J.S.
(2013), “Characteristics Strength and Durability
of Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) Blended Cement
Concrete in Sulphate Environments”,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Vol.4.
5. Nwofor T.C. and Sule S.(2012), “Stability of
groundnut shell ash (GSA)/ordinary portland
cement (OPC) concrete in Nigeria”, Pelagia
Research Library, Advances in Applied Science
Research,vol.3, pp. 2283-2287.
6. Adole M.A., Dzasu W.E., Umar A. and
Oraegbune O.M. (2011), “Effects of Groundnut
0
1
2
3
4
0
10
15
25
35
45Defl
ecti
on
(m
m)
Load (KN)
L/2 Deflection
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 15 25 35
44.2D
efle
ctio
n (
mm
)
Load (KN)
L/2 Deflection
Husk Ash-blended Cement on Chemical
Resistance of Concrete”, ATBU Journal of
Environmental Technology, vol.4, pp. 23-32.
7. Alabadan B.A., Njoku C.F. and Yusuf M.O.
(2006), “The Potentials of Groundnut Shell Ash
as Concrete Admixture”, Agricultural
Engineering International: the CIGR E journal,
Vol.8.
8. Ketkukah T.S. and Ndububa E.E. (2006),
“Groundnut Husk Ash as a partial replacement of
cement in mortar”, Nigerian Journal of
Technology, Vol. 25, pp. 84-90.
9. Aruna M. (2014), “Mechanical Behaviour of Sisal
Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites”,
International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace,
Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering Vol.8,
pp. 84-87
10. Prof. Yogesh Ravindra Suryawanshi and Mr.
Jitendra D Dalvi (2013), “Study of Sisal Fibre as
Concrete Reinforcement Material in Cement
Based Composites”, International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology, vol.2, pp.
1-4.