performance of growing pigs fed raw pigeon …performance of growing pigs fed raw pigeon pea...

Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Raw Pigeon

Pea (Cajanus cajan (l.) Millsp.) Seed Meal Diets

in the Humid Tropics

Kevin U. Amaefule Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State,

Nigeria

Email: [email protected]

Sylvester N. Ibe, Udo Herbert, and Michael C. Ugwuene College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State,

Nigeria

Email: {snibe, udoherbert}@gmail.com

Abstract—Thirty-six male hybrid (Landrace x Large white)

weaned pigs aged 56 days were used to determine the

performance of growing pigs fed raw pigeon pea (Cajanus

cajan (L.) Millsp.) seed meal (PSM) diets in the humid

tropics. The experimental design was Completely

Randomized Design (CRD). There were four treatment

diets formulated with raw PSM included at 0, 20, 25 and

30% level. Each treatment was replicated three times with

three pigs per replicate. Parameters measured were weight

gain, final live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and

cost-benefit. The experiments last 120 days. Results showed

that raw PSM replaced 71.14 and 74.47% maize and

soybean meal, respectively in a growing pig diet. Raw PSM

diets significantly (P<0.05) improved final live weight, daily

live weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Protein

Efficiency Ratio (PER). The conclusion was that growing

pigs could be fed up to 30% raw PSM in the diet to ensure

better performance and reduce total feed cost, feed cost per

kg live weight gain and improved the gross margin. The

control (0% PSM) diet gave a negative (-N143.10) gross

margin.

Index Terms—diets, growing pigs, performance, pigeon pea

seed meal, humid tropics

I. INTRODUCTION

Pigs require as much attention in scientific nutrition

research as poultry, cattle, sheep and goats due to their

high prolificacy, fast growth rate, early maturity, high

meat yield and ease of feeding and management

compared to other livestock species. Presently in Nigeria,

pigs are usually fed diets composed of mainly agro-

industrial by-products (palm kernel meal, wheat offal and

brewers dried grain) that are characterized by very high

crude fibre levels, low energy densities, low and or poor

quality protein contents. This feeding practice results in

Manuscript received August 23, 2015, revised October 16, 2015.

sub-optimal nutrient intake, nutritional deficiencies and

poor performance of pigs.

Pigeon pea plants are draught resistant [1], [2]; grow

well in marginal and poor soils [3], [4] and improve soil

nitrogen and organic matter status [5], [6]. Pigeon pea

seeds have very low human food preference in Nigeria [7]

suggesting that the seeds could be used to feed

monogastric species to encourage its cultivation.

The nutritive value of pigeon pea seeds is perhaps the

most important reason why they should find a place

among the smallholder and medium scale farmers [8].

Scientific information on the feeding of pigeon Pea Seed

Meal (PSM) to pigs is still scanty [9], [10]. Most of the

researches and reports have been centered on broilers

[11]-[16], pullets [17], [18], [7] and layers [19]-[21].

Research reports have shown that pullets could be fed 20%

pigeon pea seed meal [7] and also that layers previously

fed raw PSM diets from the pullet or grower stage of life

could be fed 30% raw pigeon pea seed meal diets without

adverse effect on performance [21].

Raw or processed pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM)

included up to 30% in diets of West African Dwarf

(WAD) goats gave satisfactory results [22]. Growing

pigs fed soybean and pigeon pea seed meals revealed

slight atrophy of intestinal villi but no physical damage

to intestinal epithelial cells in pigs fed raw pigeon pea

seed meal [23]. Raw pigeon pea seed meal could be up to

20% of a growing pig diet [24] while [25] recommended

that raw pigeon pea seed meal could be incorporated

below 40% in a growing (13kg) pig’s diet. Ref. [26] had

also reported that raw pigeon pea seed meal could

replace up to 50% of soybean in pigs diet.

There is the need therefore to evaluate the

performance of growing pigs fed diets of raw pigeon Pea

Seed Meal (PSM) included at various levels in the diets.

The objective of the study was therefore to determine the

performance of growing pigs fed raw PSM diets in the

humid tropics.

Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016

©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 99doi: 10.18178/joaat.3.2.99-103

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted at the Piggery Unit of the

Teaching and Research Farm of Michael Okpara

University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

Feedstuffs were obtained from local dealers in Umuahia,

Abia State and pigs from the University Farm. Umudike

is located at latitude 5o 29

1N and longitude 7

o 32

1E in the

rain forest zone. It is characterized by daily temperature

range of 27–35oC all through the year. Average rain fall

is 2000 mm. The relative humidity during rainy season is

over 72% and about 50% during dry season.

A. Experimental Pigs and Management

Thirty-six male hybrid (Landrace x Large white) pigs

aged 56 days were used in the study. Each pig was ear-

tagged with a number for proper identification. The pigs

were housed in a tropical-type, open-sided pig house

roofed with asbestos roofing sheets. The open side of the

house was covered with expanded metal and iron nets to

screen out flies and other insects. Each pen measuring

2m×7m housed a replicate of three pigs. The pigs were

provided feed and water ad libitum throughout the period

of the study.

TABLE I. PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF RAW PIGEON PEA SEED

MEAL DIETS FED TO GROWING PIGS

Ingredients 0% 20% 25% 30%

Pigeon Pea Seed

Meal (PSM) 0.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Maize 33.85 19.28 14.31 9.77

Soybean meal 7.95 2.52 2.49 2.03

Palm kernel meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 Brewers dried

grain 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00

Bone meal 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Vitamin premix* 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

NaCl 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 L-Lysine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

DL-Methionine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Total (%) 100 100 100 100

Calculated

composition:

Crude protein (%) 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 ME (MJ/kg) 11.26 11.03 10.93 10.86

Ca (%) 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74

Avail. P (%) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

Determined

composition:

Dry matter (%) 90.55 91.00 90.30 89.95 Crude protein (%) 19.92 19.35 19.48 19.50

Crude fibre (%) 8.32 8.55 8.36 8.36

Ether extract (%) 3.90 3.40 3.44 3.63 Crude ash (%) 10.52 9.25 9.46 9.43

Nitrogen free

extract (%)

47.89 50.45 49.56 49.03

*Composition per 2.5kg: Vitamin A 10,000,000IU, Vit. D 2,000,000IU, Vit. E 20,000IU, Vit. K 2,250mg, Thiamin 1,750mg, Riboflavin

5,000mg, Pyridoxine 2,750mg, Niacin 27,500 mg, Vit. B12 15mg,

Pantothenic acid 7,500mg, Folic acid 7500mg, Biotin 50mg, Choline chloride 400g, Antioxidant 125g, Manganese 80g, Zinc 50g, Iron 20g,

Copper 5g, Iodine 1.2g, Selenium 200mg, Cobalt 200mg,

B. Experimental Diets

There were four experimental diets formulated with

raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM), included at four levels

of 0, 20, 25 and 30% of the whole diet. The pigeon pea

seeds (Brown coat coloured) used for the study were

cleaned of dust and other unwanted materials and milled

to pass through a 2mm sieve. Each level of inclusion

replaced part of soybean meal and maize in the diets. The

diet of 0% raw PSM served as control as shown in Table

I. Synthetic lysine (L-Lysine Monohydrochloride, L-

Lysine 78.80%, moisture 1.5%; ADM Specialty

Ingredient Europe [BV] Netherlands) and Methionine

(Rhodimet TM

NP 99, max. 0.3% moisture, DLM 99%;

ADISSEO) were used in supplementing the pigeon Pea

Seed Meal (PSM) diets to meet the lysine and methionine

requirement of the pigs.

Data Collection

The experimental design was Completely Randomized

Design (CRD). The pigs were weighed at the start of the

experiment and subsequently on a weekly basis. Weight

gain was obtained as final live weight minus initial live

weight; Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) as feed intake

divided by weight gain and feed intake as quantity of

feed offered minus quantity not consumed. Feed cost of

weight gain was calculated as FCR x cost per kg of diet.

The experimental feeding lasted 120 days.

Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance

(ANOVA) for a CRD while differences among treatment

means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range

Test [27].

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results

The replacement value of raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal

(PSM) for maize and soybean meal in the diets of

growing pigs is shown in Table II. Raw PSM replaced

more soybean meal than maize, although there was a

higher numerical increase in the replacement value for

maize for each 5% increase in the inclusion level of raw

PSM in the diets.

TABLE II. REPLACEMENT VALUE OF RAW PIGEON PEA SEED MEAL

FOR MAIZE AND SOYBEAN MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING PIGS

Feedstuff 20% 25% 30% Mean (%)

Maize 43.04 57.73 71.14 57.30

Soybean

meal 68.30 68.68 74.47 70.48

Mean (%) 55.67 63.21 72.81

The performance of growing pigs fed graded levels of

raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets are shown in

Table III. Raw PSM diets significantly (P<0.05)

increased final live weight, daily weight gain of growing

pigs and also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the Feed

Conversion Ratio (FCR) of the pigs. Protein efficiency

ratio followed the same trend as daily weight gain and

FCR. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences

among growing pigs fed graded levels of raw PSM diets

in all the performance parameters measured.

Raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets numerically

reduced the cost per kg of diets with a higher reduction

resulting from 30% raw PSM diet. This significantly

(P<0.05) reduce total feed cost and cost per kg live

weight gain of the growing pigs (Table IV). It could also


©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 100

C.

be observed that pigs fed control (0% PSM) diet gave a

negative gross margin (-N143.10) compared to those fed

raw PSM diets that resulted in positive financial gross

margin. Also, there were no significant (P>0.05)

differences among the pigs fed the three levels of raw

PSM diets in all cost benefit parameters measured.

TABLE III. PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS FED GRADED LEVELS

OF RAW PIGEON PEA SEED MEAL DIETS

Parameter Control

(0%) 20% 25% 30% SEM

Initial live

weight (kg) 10.83 12.75 11.33 10.42 0.41 Final live

weight (kg) 19.42b 24.25a 23.67a 23.92a 0.64

Daily weight gain (g) 76.64b

102.68a 110.12a 120.54a 5.58

Daily feed

intake (kg) 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94

0.00

2 Feed

conversion

ratio 12.44a 9.16b 8.55b 7.81b 0.62 Daily protein

intake (g) 186.67

186.6

7 187.33 187.33 0.30

Protein efficiency ratio 0.41b 0.55a 0.59a 0.64a 0.03

Mortality (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

a, b: Means in the same row with different superscript are significantly

(P<0.05) different. SEM = Standard error of mean.

TABLE IV. FEED COST OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF RAW PIGEON

PEA SEED MEAL DIETS TO GROWING PIGS

Parameter Control

(0%)

20% 25% 30% SEM

Cost per kg

diet (N)

47.69 42.54 42.49 42.29 0.69

Weekly feed

intake (kg)

6.53 6.53 6.56 6.56 0.01

Monthly feed intake (kg)

26.13 26.13 26.23 26.23 0.04

Total feed intake (kg)

104.53 104.53 104.91 104.91 0.17

Total feed

cost (N)

4985.19a 4446.85b 4457.49b 4436.50b 70.65

Total weight

gain (kg)

8.58 b 11.50 a 12.33 a 13.50 a 0.62

Cost per kg weight gain

(N)

593.10 a 389.53 b 363.15 b 330.15 b 34.17

Price per kg

live weight

(N)

450.00 450.00 450.00 450.00 -

Gross margin (N)

-143.10 60.47 86.85 119.85 -

a, b: Means in the same row with different superscript are significantly

(P<0.05) different.

SEM = Standard error of mean. $1.00 = N197.00

B. Discussion

The proximate composition of diets of graded levels of

raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) did not differ among

each other probably due to the fact that the diets were

formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous.

However, the diets met the nutrient requirements of

growing pigs in the humid tropics, especially with

respect to Crude Protein (CP), crude fibre and energy

[28], [29].

There was a decreasing rate of replacement value of

raw PSM for maize with each 5% increase in the

inclusion level of raw PSM in the diet from 20 to 30%;

while for soybean meal, the replacement value increased

with each 5% increase in the inclusion level. This could

have been due to the composition of the diets and the fact

that the diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and

isonitrogenous. Generally, the replacement value of raw

PSM in the diets of growing pigs was higher for soybean

meal than maize, suggesting that PSM contributed more

to protein than energy in the diets. This is in line with the

observations with pullet chicks and pullet growers [16].

The replacement value of raw PSM for soybean obtained

in this study is higher than 50% reported by [26], which

could be due to whole ingredient matrix of the diet.

The significant improvement in daily weight gain,

final live weight, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and

Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of growing pigs fed

graded levels of raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets

could be attributed to higher nutrient retention of raw

PSM diets (unpublished data). These improved

performance with raw PSM diets is in contrast to the

report of [25] that raw pigeon pea seed meal decreased

average daily body weight gain of growing pigs

compared to the control diet and recommended that raw

PSM could be incorporated up to 20% level in a growing

pig diet. This could have been due to differences in diet

composition, breed and age of pigs used in the studies. It

was expected that the raw PSM would have decreased

intestinal function of the growing pigs due to the

presence of anti-nutritional substances contained in the

raw seeds [23], rather pigs fed 30% raw PSM diet

performed better than those fed control (soybean) diet.

This could be attributed varietal differences in seeds,

nutrient and ingredient matrix of the diets. However, our

results are comparable with those of [30] with high

graded levels of Brewers’ Dried Grain (BDG) diets and

[31] with high levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) +

brewers dried grain (BDG) diets.

Raw PSM diets numerically reduced cost per kg of

diet (N42.29 vs N47.69) and consequently reduced total

feed cost (N4436.50 vs N4985.19) due to the lower price

of raw pigeon pea seed meal compared to the control diet

that had no PSM. It was interesting to note that this was

achieved when the pigs had no differences in their daily

feed intake. The highest numerical gross margin of

N119.85 achieved with 30% raw PSM diet points out

that it is financially profitable to feed growing pigs with

raw PSM diets relative to a negative (N-143.10) gross

margin with the control diet.

IV. CONCLUSION

Raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) could replace up to

71.14% maize and 74.47% soybean meal in the diet of a

growing pigs. Growing pigs could be fed up to 30% raw

PSM in the diet to ensure improved performance and

significantly reduce total feed cost, cost per kg live

weight gain and improved the gross margin. The control

(0% PSM) diet is expected to result in a negative (-

N143.10) gross margin.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Tertiary Education Trust

Fund (TETFUND) for grant (API/08/03) that was used

for the study and also to Michael Okpara University of

Agriculture, Umudike for the animal facilities and

laboratory provided for the study. We also appreciate the

assistance of all staff of the University pig farm that saw

the success of the project.

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Kevin U. Amaefule was born at Amuzu, Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo

State, Nigeria on March 23, 1966. He had his

Primary, Secondary and University educations and obtained the following certificates and

degrees: First School Leaving Certificate;

WAEC/GCE O’ Level; B. Agric. (Anim. Sci.) in Second Class Upper Division from

University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) in 1990;

M.Sc. in Animal Nutrition (UNN) in 1994; Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry (Poultry) from UNN in

2002 and Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry (Pig) from

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU) in 2005.

He was employed by Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,

Umudike (MOUAU) as an Assistant Lecturer in 1994 and rose to the rank of a full professor in 2011. He was a head of Department from



pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal,

L.) seed meal on Cajanus cajanYamauchi, “Effect of pigeon pea (

October 1, 2008 to May 31, 2011. Presently, he is a professor of animal nutrition and biochemistry in the Department of Animal Nutrition and

Forage Science, MOUAU and currently the dean, Student Affairs of the

University. His current research interests include: 1. Physiological aspects of Poultry and Pig Nutrition with emphasis on non-

conventional energy and protein sources. 2. Agro-Industrial By-

Products for Pigs: Response to Low Energy and Protein Diets in the Humid Tropics and 3. Use of various feed and water additives (Organic

acids, Enzymes & Local spices) in Poultry and Pig feeding.

Prof. Amaefule is a member of Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), Nigerian

Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), and World’s Poultry Science

Association (WPSA). He has served as secretary of Swine discipline of NIAS, financial secretary of NSAP local chapter, member local

organizing committee of many local and international scientific

conferences and meetings and current a member of Feed Milling industry Discipline Committee of NIAS.

Sylvester N. Ibe was born at Lagwa, Aboh-

Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria in 1949. He went through Primary and

Secondary Schools and Universities, and

obtained the following qualifications: First School Leaving Certificate (1960), G. C. E. O’

Level (1964), West African School Certificate

in Division One (1965), B.Sc. Animal Science with First Class Honours (1975) from

University of Nigeria, Nsukka and PhD in

Animal Breeding and Genetics (1981) from University of Wisconsin, Madison-Wisconsin, U. S. A.

From junior fellow in 1976 at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, he rose through the ranks to become a professor in 1996 at Michael

Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Currently, he is a

professor of Animal Breeding and Genetics and equally a biometrician. Professor Ibe has served various professional societies in which he is a

member as Secretary, Vice President, President and Fellow (NSAP),

member, Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), and member of Nigerian Institute of Animal Science (NIAS).

Udo Herbert was born at Owo-Ahiafor, Obingwa L. G. A. Abia State, Nigeria on

April 1, 1961. He possesses the Bachelor of

Agriculture degree in Animal Science (1985) from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka,

Nigeria as well as the M.Sc. (1987) and Ph.D.

(1992) degrees of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Professor Herbert’s specialization

area is Animal Physiology and

Bioclimatology. He joined the services of Federal University of Technology, Owerri,

Nigeria in 1992 as a lecturer II and rose to become a senior lecturer in

1998. In 2005, he joined the services of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria as a PROFESSOR. His

research interest is in the area of the physiology of monogastric farm

animals. Professor Herbert is a member of Standing Committee of the

International Congress on Animal Reproduction with secretariat in

Sydney, Australia. He is a Registered Animal Scientist and Member of the Council of the Nigerian Institute of Animal Science. He is a Life

member of the both the Animal Science Association of Nigeria and the

Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Professor Herbert is a Fellow of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production.



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