perinatal nutrition, appetite and food preferences

Nutrigenomics and

Personalized Nutrit ion

Perinatal Nutrition, Appetite and Food

Preferences

Alejandra Ponce GarzaItxaso Vázquez Varona

Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition

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Appetite: The natural instinctive desire for food. It should be distinguished from hunger (need for food)

Food Preferences : Prefer one food to another.

Perinatal nutrition : Nutrition that happens pertaining to the period immediately before and after birth

Starts: 20 th-28 th week of gestation Ends: 1-4 weeks after birth.

DEFINITIONS

3Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition

1.Bell inger, Leanne, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Fetal Programming of Appetite by Exposure to Maternal Low-protein Diet in the Rat." Clinical Science 109 (2005): 413-20. Print.

2. Brion, M.-J. A., A. R. Ness, I. Rogers, P. Emmett, V. Cribb, G. Davey Smith, and D. A. Lawlor. "Maternal Macronutrient and Energy Intakes in Pregnancy and Offspring Intake at 10 Y: Exploring Parental Comparisons and Prenatal Effects." American Journal of Clinical Nutrit ion 91.3 (2010): 748-56. Print.

BACKGROUND


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BACKGROUND (1)

Epidemiological observations of associations between early life nutrition and long-term disease risk have prompted detailed experimental investigation of the biological basis of programming.Animal experimentsHuman interventions:

Global food restriction Protein restriction Micronutrient restriction Excess fat feeding

determine a consistent cluster of disorders

in the resulting offspring


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BACKGROUND (2)

Encouraging pregnant women to engage in healthy dietary behaviors may be of benefit to the development of the fetus and to later dietary habits of their children.

Maternal macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) and energy intakes potentially influence fetal growth and program future appetite


MECHANISMS

1. Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bellinger, and Sarah McMullen. "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Child Nutrition 1 (2005): 142-48

2. Vucetic, Z., J. Kimmel, K. Totoki, E. Hollenbeck, and T. M. Reyes. "Maternal High-Fat Diet Alters Methylation and Gene Expression of Dopamine and Opioid-Related Genes." Endocrinology 151.10 (2010): 4756-764. Print


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Persistent hyperphagic state in animals exposed to: Fetal undernutrition Early postnatal overfeeding

Non-optimal nutrition at critical phases of development may promote1. Adaptive responses 2. Modification of the structures of key

hypothalamic nuclei responsible for appetite control.

APPETITE: MOLECULAR BASIS (1)


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APPETITE: MOLECULAR BASIS (1)

Exposure of the rat fetus to a low protein diet modifies vascularization of the cerebral cortex. Bennis-Taleb et al (1999)

Rats fed low protein diets throughout gestation and lactation showed differences in whole brain volume and volume of the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. Plagemann et al., (2000)

Offsrping of rats fed with low protein diet: Increased neural density in the PVN and VMN, with fewer NPY and CCK neurons. Langley-Evans et al (2005)


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Structural adaptations Permanently predispose

the animal to increased appetite

Gene microarray studies indicate that the expression of a relatively narrow profile of genes in the hypothalamus is programmed by fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet

APPETITE.: MOLECULAR BASIS (1)

Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bellinger, and Sarah McMullen. "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Child Nutrition 1 (2005): 142-48


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MECHANISMS AND DNA (2)

Human study: n=4000Hypothesis:

Molecules that participate in regulating consumption of palatable foods (dopamine and opioids) maybe altered in offspring from mothers fed a HF diet.

Mechanisms: Maternal consumption of HF diet would alter DNA methylation either globally or within the promoter regions of dopamine- and opioid-related genes.

The study examines the potential underlying mechanisms linking maternal consumption of HF diet to adverse offspring development.


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HF diet during pregnancy and lactation associated with altered expression: Opioid receptor The opiate ligand preproenkephalin,

Genes specifically l inked to the intake of palatable foods.

Epigenetic modification (promoter region hypomethylation) as a potential mechanism for increased long-term expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes (DAT, MOR, and PENK)


Vucetic, Z., J. Kimmel, K. Totoki, E. Hollenbeck, and T. M. Reyes. "Maternal High-Fat Diet Alters Methylation and Gene Expression of Dopamine and Opioid-Related Genes." Endocrinology 151.10 (2010): 4756-764. Print


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Decreased methylation of the promoter region of GH secretagogue receptor. Effect persisting into at least the second generation

suggesting the possibility that our observed epigenetic effects on dopamine and opioid gene expression may extend beyond the F1 generation.



SALTY1. Prenatal imprinting of postnatal specific appetites and feeding behavior. Stylianos Nicolaïdis. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 57 (Suppl 2) (2008) S22–S262. Crystal SR, Bernstein IL. Morning sickness: impact on offspring salt preference. Appetite 1995;25:231-40.


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Sodium appetite increases in response to hypovolemic and hypoosmotic deficits.

When these deficits recur, hypernatriophilia develops.

Hypernatriophilia: Hypothesis that extracellular dehydration imposed

on a pregnant rat could bring about hypernatriophilia in its offspring when they reach adulthood.

APPETITE FOR SALTY (1,2)


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Hypothesis was successfully verified byCrystal and Bernstein

cohort of 169 students: reported higher salt use were precisely the ones whose mothers had experienced vomiting during pregnancy.

Kochli and coworkers.Curtis and associates have shown in the rat that

manipulations of dietary NaCl levels during gestation and the early postnatal period lead to persistent changes both in “need-free” and stimulated NaCl intake by adult rats.

APPETITE FOR SALTY (1,2)


1. Trout, K. K., and L. Wetzel-Eff inger. "Flavor Learning in Utero and Its Implications for Future Obesity and Diabetes." Current Diabetes Reports 12.1 (2012): 60+. Print.

2. Mennel la, J. A., C. P. Jagnow, and G. K. Beauchamp. "Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants." Pediatr ics 107.6 (2001): E88

3. Mannel la, J. A., C. E. Gri ff in, and G. K. Beauchamp. "Flavor Programming During Infancy." Pediatr ics 113.4 (2004): 840-45. Print.

FLAVORS


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Flavors in the mother diet Amniotic fluid.Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus.PREFERENCES.Persisten during infancy Childhood Adulthood

Early exposure to different flavors can lead to increased acceptance of and preferences for these flavors in later life.

FLAVORS (1,3)


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FLAVORS (3)

Hydrolyzed protein formulas.

Mannella, J. A., C. E. Griffin, and G. K. Beauchamp. "Flavor Programming During Infancy." Pediatrics 113.4 (2004): 840-45. Print.


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First experimental study that demonstrates that prenatal flavor experiences enhances the acceptances and enjoyment of similarly flavored foods during weaning.

Groups: 46 women. Drank 300ml

Babies: CW weaning period enjoyment of carrot-flavored cereal.

FLAVORS (2)

Pregnancy Lactation

1 - CW Carrot Juice Water

2 - WC Water Carrot Juice

3 - WW Water Water


1. Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Nei l C. St ickland. "A Maternal ‘ junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘ junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." Bri t ish Journal of Nutr i t ion 98.04 (2007). Print.

JUNK FOOD


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JUNK FOOD (1)

Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Neil C. Stickland. "A Maternal ‘junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." British Journal of Nutrition 98.04 (2007). Print


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JUNK FOOD

(1)

A maternal junk food diet before weaning promotes an exacerbated preference for junk food and leads to a greater propensity for obesity in the offspring. Palatability Protection against hyperphagia when mother

was fed –at some point- with a control diet.

JJJ

JCJ

CCJ

JCCJJCCCC



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Palatability Major role in

appetite regulation. Inhibit the satiety

signal while promoting hunger and stimulating the reward centres.

JUNK FOOD (1)



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Lactation: important period for the programming of an exacerbated intake of junk food. Key role in influencing long-

term appetite. Milk intake and composition

might be key regulators of the development and maturation of the central and peripheral control of appetite.

JUNK FOOD (1)



1. Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bel l inger, and Sarah McMullen . "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Chi ld Nutri t ion 1 (2005): 142-48

2. Vucetic, Z., J. Kimmel, K. Totoki , E. Hol lenbeck, and T. M. Reyes. "Maternal High-Fat Diet Al ters Methylat ion and Gene Expression of Dopamine and Opioid-Related Genes." Endocrinology 151.10 (2010): 4756-764. Print

3. Teegarden, S. l . , A.n. Scott , and T. l . Bale. "Early Li fe Exposure to a High Fat Diet Promotes Long-term Changes in Dietary Preferences and Central Reward Signal ing." Neuroscience 162.4 (2009): 924-32. Print

PALATABILITY


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First evidence of perturbation of the nutritional environment in utero: 12 week old female

offspring of rats fed with low-protein diet during gestation and lactation preferred a high-fat diet over a high-protein or a high-carbohydrate diet.

HIGH-FAT FOOD (1)

Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bellinger, and Sarah McMullen. "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Child Nutrition 1 (2005): 142-48


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Effect of HF diet and/or maternal obesity on hypothalamic neuropeptides that affect food intake Increased expression of NPY, AgRP, NPY Y1 receptor, and

MC4Rand, more consistently, an increase in POMC. Increase neurogenesis, specifically neurons that express

galanin, enkephalin, dynorphin, orexin, and MCH Differential expression of dopamine- related genes in the

nucleus accumbens (NAc). Little examination of circuitry outside the hypothalamus

Animal studies have shown that maternal consumption of a palatable diet can increase the preference for fat and sugar in the offspring

HIGH-FAT AND HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE FOOD (2)


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Examination of the effects of early life exposure to a high fat diet on adult macronutrient preferences in mice:


In a 10-day macronutr ient choice preference test, high fat diet early-exposed mice showed A signif icantly greater preference for a high fat diet as adults No differences in total dai ly caloric intake or weight gain during the

macronutr ient choice preference period

Mice were exposed to a high fat diet for one week, from postnatal days 21-28: The t ime during which they begin to consume sol id food and are no

longer dependent on the dam for nutr i t ion Hypothalamic development is complete,


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Possible mechanisms:Reduced dopamine signal transmission in the

ventral striatum in these mice may result in an increased preference for the high fat diet in an attempt to normalize dopamine levels.

Exposure to a palatable, high fat diet during early life may lead to long-term reprogramming of the reward system, Risk for maladaptive eating habits Risk for disorders of the reward system.



1. Bellinger, Leanne, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Fetal Programming of Appetite by Exposure to Maternal Low-protein Diet in the Rat." Clinical Science 109 (2005): 413-20. Print.

CONTRADICTION


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Low protein diets: LP-Early: 0-7 day of gestation LP-Medium: 8-14 day gestation LP-Late: 15-22 day of gestation

At 4 weeks of age: offspring were weaned on to standard chow diet.

At 12 weeks of age, two male and two female offspring from each litter were self-selection diet protocol to assess appetite and food preferences.

LOW-PROTEIN HIGH-FAT FOOD (1)

Bellinger, Leanne, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Fetal Programming of Appetite by Exposure to Maternal Low-protein Diet in the Rat." Clinical Science 109 (2005): 413-20. Print.


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Guidelines for nutrition during pregnancy and lactation Flavors.

Infant formulas FlavorsInvestigate more about mechanisms.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

perinatal nutrition, appetite and food preferences

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