periodic table chemistry form 4
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
1/60
Periodic Table of Elements
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
2/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
3/60
goldsilver
heliumoxygen
mercury
hydrogen
sodium
nitrogen
niobium
neodymium
chlorine
carbon
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
4/60
Elements
Science has come
along way since
Aristotles theory of
Air, Water, Fire, andEarth.
Scientists have
identified 90 naturally
occurring elements,and created about 28
others.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
5/60
Elements
The elements,
alone or in
combinations,make up our
bodies, our world,
our sun, and in
fact, the entireuniverse.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
6/60
The most abundant element in the
earths crust is oxygen.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
7/60
Periodic Table
The periodic table organizes the elements in aparticular way. A great deal of information about anelement can be gathered from its position in theperiod table.
For example, you can predict with reasonably goodaccuracy the physical and chemical properties ofthe element. You can also predict what otherelements a particular element will react withchemically.
Understanding the organization and plan of theperiodic table will help you obtain basic informationabout each of the 118 known elements.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
8/60
Key to the Periodic Table
Elements are organized onthe table according to theiratomic number, usuallyfound near the top of the
square. The atomic number
refers to how manyprotons an atom of thatelement has.
For instance, hydrogenhas 1 proton, so itsatomic number is 1.
The atomic number isunique to that element.No two elements havethe same atomicnumber.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
9/60
Whats in a square?
Different periodictables can includevarious bits of
information, butusually: atomic number
symbol
atomic mass
number of valenceelectrons
state of matter at roomtemperature.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
10/60
Atomic Number
This refers to how
many protons an
atom of thatelement has.
No two elements,
have the same
number of protons.
Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom
Wave Model
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
11/60
Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass refers
to the weight of
the atom. It is derived at by
adding the number
of protons with the
number ofneutrons.
HThis is a helium atom. Its atomic mass is 4
(protons plus neutrons).
What is its atomic number?
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
12/60
View CD-ROM Atoms and Elements
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
13/60
Atomic Mass and Isotopes While most atoms
have the same numberof protons andneutrons, some dont.
Some atoms havemore or less neutronsthan protons. Theseare called isotopes.
An atomic mass
number with a decimalis the total of thenumber of protons plusthe average number ofneutrons.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
14/60
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
The unit of
measurement for
an atom is anAMU. It stands for
atomic mass unit.
One AMU is equal
to the mass of oneproton.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
15/60
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
There are
6 X 1023 or
600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 amus in
one gram.
(Remember that
electrons are 2000
times smaller than
one amu).
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
16/60
Symbols
All elements have
their own unique
symbol. It can consist of a
single capital letter,
or a capital letter
and one or twolower case letters.
CCarbon
Cu Copper
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
17/60
Common Elements and
Symbols
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
18/60
Valence Electrons
The number of valenceelectrons an atom hasmay also appear in a
square. Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outerenergy level of an atom.
These are the electronsthat are transferred orshared when atoms bondtogether.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
19/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
20/60
Properties of Metals
Metals are good conductorsof heat and electricity.
Metals are shiny.
Metals are ductile (can bestretched into thin wires).
Metals are malleable (canbe pounded into thinsheets).
A chemical property ofmetal is its reaction withwater which results incorrosion.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
21/60
Properties of Non-Metals
Non-metals are poorconductors of heat andelectricity.
Non-metals are notductile or malleable.
Solid non-metals arebrittle and breakeasily.
They are dull.
Many non-metals aregases.
Sulfur
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
22/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
23/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
24/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
25/60
Families Periods Columns of elements are
called groups or families.
Elements in each family
have similar but not
identical properties.
For example, lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), potassium
(K), and other members of
family IA are all soft,white, shiny metals.
All elements in a family
have the same number of
valence electrons.
Each horizontal row ofelements is called aperiod.
The elements in a period
are not alike in properties. In fact, the properties
change greatly acrosseven given row.
The first element in aperiod is always anextremely active solid. Thelast element in a period, isalways an inactive gas.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
26/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
27/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
28/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
29/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
30/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
31/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
32/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
33/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
34/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
35/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
36/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
37/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
38/60
Hydrogen
The hydrogen square sits atop Family
AI, but it is not a member of that family.
Hydrogen is in a class of its own. Its a gas at room temperature.
It has one proton and one electron in its
one and only energy level.
Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
39/60
Alkali Metals
The alkali family is found inthe first column of theperiodic table.
Atoms of the alkali metalshave a single electron intheir outermost level, inother words, 1 valenceelectron.
They are shiny, have theconsistency of clay, and areeasily cut with a knife.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
40/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
41/60
What does it mean to be
reactive?
We will be describing elements according to theirreactivity.
Elements that are reactive bond easily with otherelements to make compounds.
Some elements are only found in nature bondedwith other elements.
What makes an element reactive? An incomplete valence electron level.
All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons intheir very outermost energy level (This is called the rule ofoctet.)
Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with fewvalence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6,7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
42/60
5
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
43/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
44/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
45/60
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
46/60
Transition Metals
Transition Elementsinclude those elementsin the B families.
These are the metalsyou are probably mostfamiliar: copper, tin,zinc, iron, nickel, gold,and silver.
They are goodconductors of heat andelectricity.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
47/60
Transition Metals
The compounds of transition metals are usuallybrightly colored and are often used to color paints.
Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons,which they lose when they form bonds with otheratoms. Some transition elements can lose electronsin their next-to-outermost level.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
48/60
Transition Elements
Transition elementshave propertiessimilar to one another and to other
metals, but their properties do not fit inwith those of any other family.
Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to formcompounds called oxides.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
49/60
Boron Family
The Boron Family isnamed after the firstelement in the family.
Atoms in this family have 3valence electrons.
This family includes ametalloid (boron), and therest are metals.
This family includes themost abundant metal in theearths crust (aluminum).
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
50/60
Carbon Family
Atoms of this family have4 valence electrons.
This family includes anon-metal (carbon),metalloids, and metals.
The element carbon iscalled the basis of life.There is an entire branchof chemistry devoted tocarbon compounds calledorganic chemistry.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
51/60
Nitrogen Family
The nitrogen family is namedafter the element that makesup 78% of our atmosphere.
This family includes non-metals, metalloids, andmetals.
Atoms in the nitrogen familyhave 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electronswhen they bond.
Other elements in this familyare phosphorus, arsenic,antimony, and bismuth.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
52/60
Oxygen Family
Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
Most elements in this family
share electrons whenforming compounds.
Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earths crust. It is extremelyactive and combines with
almost all elements.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
53/60
Halogen Family
The elements in this
family are fluorine,
chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine. Halogens have 7
valence electrons, which
explains why they are
the most active non-metals. They are never
found free in nature.
Halogen atoms only need
to gain 1 electron to fill theiroutermost energy level.
They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
54/60
Noble Gases
Noble Gasesare colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.
One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity.They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
Because they do not readily combine with other elements toform compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon,krypton, xenon, and radon.
All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth'satmosphere.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
55/60
Rare Earth Elements
The thirty rare earthelements are composedof the lanthanide andactinide series.
One element of thelanthanide series andmost of the elements inthe actinide series arecalled trans-uranium,
which means synthetic orman-made.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
56/60
Mendeleev
In 1869,Dmitri IvanovitchMendelev created the first accepted
version of the periodic table.
He grouped elements according totheir atomic mass, and as he did, he
found that the families had similar
chemical properties.
Blank spaces were left open to addthe new elements he predicted
would occur.
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
57/60
Matter
All matter is composed of atoms and groups
of atoms bonded together, called molecules.
Substances that are made from one type of
atom only are called pure substances.
Substances that are made from more than one
type of atom bonded together are called
compounds.
Compounds that are combined physically, but
not chemically, are called mixtures.
Elements Compounds
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
58/60
Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
Sodium is an element.
Chlorine is an
element. When sodium and
chlorine bond they
make the compound
sodium chloride,commonly known as
table salt.
Compounds have different properties
than the elements that make them up.
Table salt has different properties than
sodium, an explosive metal, and chlorine,
a poisonous gas.
Elements Compounds
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
59/60
Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
Hydrogen is an element.
Oxygen is an element.
When hydrogen and
oxygen bond they make
the compound water.
When salt and water are
combined, a mixture is
created. Compounds inmixtures retain their
individual properties.
The ocean is amixture.
Elements compounds and
-
7/28/2019 Periodic Table chemistry form 4
60/60
Elements, compounds, and
mixtures
Mixtures can be separated by physical
means.
Compounds can only be separated bychemical means.
Elements are pure substances. When the
subatomic particles of an element are
separated from its atom, it no longer retainsthe properties of that element.