PeriodsPeriodsPeriodsPeriods

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.

the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

curb heresies crusades; Inquisition

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle Rounded Arches.

Barrel vaults.

Thick walls.

Darker, simplistic interiors.

Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25,

800800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25,

800800

The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

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ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and BehaviorA Code of Honor and Behavior

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and BehaviorA Code of Honor and Behavior

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Norman Conquest Norman Conquest

•Doomsday BookDoomsday Book•Creates Shire Reeves= Creates Shire Reeves= SheriffsSheriffs

•Gave Land to the Catholic Gave Land to the Catholic ChurchChurch

•Created the Great CouncilCreated the Great Council

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Had Thomas Becket Murdered

King Richard The Lion HeartKing Richard The Lion Heart

• Took Throne after Henry II diedTook Throne after Henry II died• Spent much time and money fighting in the Spent much time and money fighting in the

crusadescrusades• His brother Prince John assumed control in His brother Prince John assumed control in

Richard’s absence.Richard’s absence.

• Richard does return to England but is not able to Richard does return to England but is not able to manage the country wellmanage the country well

• John will take over upon Richard’s deathJohn will take over upon Richard’s death

• Was the story of Robin Hood real?Was the story of Robin Hood real?

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

Runnymeade

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

Capetian DynastyCapetian Dynasty

• 843- Carolingian Dynasty was 843- Carolingian Dynasty was divided into 3 partsdivided into 3 parts

• In the west rose Hugh CapetIn the west rose Hugh Capet– Kings did not have much powerKings did not have much power

• Philip II AugustusPhilip II Augustus– Turning point: extended French Turning point: extended French

monarchymonarchy– Captured Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Captured Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and

Aquitaine Aquitaine

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

High Middle Ages ChurchHigh Middle Ages Church

• Pope Gregory VII- elected in 1073Pope Gregory VII- elected in 1073

• Extended authority over Christian Extended authority over Christian WorldWorld– Appointed its own clergy to power and Appointed its own clergy to power and

ran its own affairsran its own affairs

• Succeed by Pope Innocent IIISucceed by Pope Innocent III– Height of Church power- 1200s Height of Church power- 1200s

Rise of OrdersRise of Orders• Cistercians: strict; simple diet; no Cistercians: strict; simple diet; no

decorations, spiritual ideadecorations, spiritual idea• Dominicans: defend church teachings Dominicans: defend church teachings

from heresyfrom heresy• Franciscans: live among the people Franciscans: live among the people

providing aid to the poorproviding aid to the poor– St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi

• Born wealthy, devoted life to poverty, humility, Born wealthy, devoted life to poverty, humility, and devotion to Jesusand devotion to Jesus

• Opposed the use of RelicsOpposed the use of Relics

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Rise of Universities Rise of Universities

• 11stst European university began in European university began in Bologna- early 1300’sBologna- early 1300’s

• The University of ParisThe University of Paris

• OxfordOxford

• 80 universities by 150080 universities by 1500

• St. Thomas Aquinas- wrote the St. Thomas Aquinas- wrote the Summa Theologica Summa Theologica

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild

100 Year’s War100 Year’s War

• France vs. EnglandFrance vs. England– French land controlled by EnglandFrench land controlled by England– National identity issuesNational identity issues– Issues of succession Issues of succession

• The War was a series of short raids and The War was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties.treaties.

French AdvantagesFrench Advantages

• Population of about Population of about 16,000,000.16,000,000.

• Far richer and more populous Far richer and more populous than England.than England.

• At one point, the French At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 fielded an army of over 50,000 at most, Britain mustered at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.only 32,000.

British AdvantagesBritish Advantages

• Weapons Technologies.Weapons Technologies.

• In almost every engagement, the In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered.English were outnumbered.– BritainBritain’s most successful strategies:’s most successful strategies:

/ Avoid pitched battles.Avoid pitched battles./ Engage in quick, profitable raidsEngage in quick, profitable raids

– Steal what you can.Steal what you can.– Destroy everything else.Destroy everything else.– Capture enemy knights to hold for Capture enemy knights to hold for

ransom.ransom.

• The use of the English The use of the English defensive position was defensive position was the use of the the use of the longbowlongbow..

• Its arrows had more Its arrows had more penetrating power than penetrating power than a bolt from a a bolt from a crossbowcrossbow..– Could pierce an inch of Could pierce an inch of

wood or the armor of a wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards!knight at 200 yards!

• A longbow could be A longbow could be fired more rapidly.fired more rapidly.– 6 arrows per minute.6 arrows per minute.

The Longbow as a WeaponThe Longbow as a Weapon

King Henry V King Henry V (r. (r. 14121412--14221422))

• Renewed his family’s Renewed his family’s claim to the French claim to the French throne.throne.

• At At Agincourt Agincourt in 1415, in 1415, the English, led by the English, led by Henry himself, goaded Henry himself, goaded a larger French army a larger French army into attacking a into attacking a fortified English fortified English position.position.– With the aid of the With the aid of the

dukes of Burgundydukes of Burgundy, , Henry gained control Henry gained control over Normandy, over Normandy, Paris, and much of Paris, and much of northern France!northern France!

The French “Reconquest”The French “Reconquest”• The two kings’ deaths The two kings’ deaths

ushered in the final ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ stage of the 100 Years’ War [1422-1453].War [1422-1453].– Even though in 1428 the military Even though in 1428 the military

and political power seemed firmly in and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed British hands, the French reversed the situation.the situation.

• In 1429, with the aid of In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious the mysterious Joan of Joan of ArcArc, the French king, , the French king, Charles VIICharles VII, was able to , was able to raise the English siege raise the English siege of of OrleansOrleans..– This began the reconquest of the This began the reconquest of the

north of France. north of France.

Joan of Arc (1412Joan of Arc (1412--1432)1432)

• The daughter of prosperous The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered Burgundy that had suffered under the English.under the English.

• Like many medieval mystics, Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions she reported regular visions of divine revelation.of divine revelation.– Her “voices” told her to go to Her “voices” told her to go to

the king and assist him in the king and assist him in driving out the English.driving out the English.

• She dressed like a man and She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most was Charles’ most charismatic and feared charismatic and feared military leader!military leader!

Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King

Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King

Joan of Arc (1412Joan of Arc (1412--1432)1432)• She brought inspiration and a sense of national She brought inspiration and a sense of national

identity and self-confidence.identity and self-confidence.• With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims

[ending the “disinheritance”].[ending the “disinheritance”].• She was captured during an attack on Paris and She was captured during an attack on Paris and

fell into English hands.fell into English hands.– Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to

divine guidance, she was condemned and burned divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432.as a heretic in 1432.

– She instantly became a symbol of French She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.resistance.

The End of the WarThe End of the War

• Despite Joan’s capture, the French Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued.advance continued.

• By 1450 the English had lost all their By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers exceptmajor centers except Calais Calais..

• In 1453 the French armies captured an In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress.English-held fortress.– This was the last battle of the war.This was the last battle of the war.

• There was not treaty, only a cessation of There was not treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.hostilities.

France Becomes Unified!France Becomes Unified!

France in 1337

France in 1453