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Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

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Page 1: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100

C. D. Koven, D. M. LawrenceJune 20, 2017

Page 2: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

IPCC‐AR5 (Ciais et al., 2013)

Most of the carbon in the terrestrial system is frozen in high latitude soils

Page 3: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

CLM4.5 includes a representation of permafrost effects on carbon storage, and thus allows exploration of 

feedbacks from permafrost

Observations

Precipitation (mm/yr)

Page 4: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Climate models project large losses of permafrost area with warming in the 

21st century

Koven et al., (2013)

Slater and Lawrence, (2013)

Page 5: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

CLM4.5 shows large losses of carbon; sensitive to assumptions about the cycling of carbon at depth

• With decomposable deep soil organic matter, soil C losses dominate and lead to a large positive feedback from the permafrost region

• Inclusion of nitrogen cycle suggests that plants may not effectively use extra nitrogen released by decomposing deep soils to mitigate C losses

Koven et al., PNAS, 2015

Page 6: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Feedback terms: carbon‐concentration(β) and carbon‐climate(γ) from permafrost region

Global CMIP5 values: Arora et al., 2013 Regional CLM4.5 values for permafrost

γPF=.04‐.11 W m‐2 K‐1.08‐.14 W m‐2 K‐1

Threshold,Negative curvature

Page 7: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Long‐term carbon‐climate feedback in CLM4.5 

Carbon‐climate feedback from permafrost region

Carbon‐climate feedback from entire terrestrial system

Difference between blue and red curves due to question of how to compute feedback — i.e. magnitude of synergistic effects between CO2 and climate change.

Page 8: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Projected soil C emissions follow the retreating permafrost boundary and persist long after 

permafrost has thawed

Koven et al., PNAS, 2015

Page 9: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Carbon losses from permafrost may be large; similar magnitude to, but slower than, carbon responses of tropical forests

Koven et al., PNAS, 2015

Page 10: Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100€¦ · Permafrost feedbacks before and after 2100 C. D. Koven, D. M. Lawrence June 20, 2017

Summary

• Permafrost carbon‐climate feedbacks strong contributor to overall terrestrial feedback in CLM4.5

• Delayed feedback relative to tropical/temperate dynamics; threshold at around 4C global temperature change