permintaan dan penawaran -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
2 Permintaan dan
Penawaran
PIE-TIP FTP UB
![Page 2: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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Lanjutan : (2) PPF
• PPF (Production Possibilities Frontier) adalah
grafik yang menggambarkan kombinasi output
yang dapat diproduksi oleh suatu aktivitas
ekonomi, dengan faktor-faktor produksi yang
dimiliki.
![Page 3: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Gambar : Production Possibilities Frontier
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Production
possibilities
frontier
A
B
C
Quantity of
Cars Produced
2,200
600
1,000
300 0 700
2,000
3,000
1,000
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
D
![Page 4: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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Lanjutan : (2) PPF
• Konsep yang dapat digambarkan oleh PPF :
• Efisiensi
• Tradeoffs
• Opportunity Cost
• Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
![Page 5: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
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Gambar : Pergeseran pada Kurva PPF
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
E
Quantity of
Cars Produced
2,000
700
2,100
750 0
4,000
3,000
1,000
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
A
![Page 6: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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Permintaan dan Penawaran
• Permintaan (demand) dan penawaran (supply)
adalah dua istilah “utama” dalam ekonomi.
• Permintaan dan penawaran adalah dua penggerak
ekonomi dalam pasar.
• Ekonomi modern pasti berbicara permintaan,
penawaran, dan ekuilibrium.
![Page 7: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
PASAR
• Pasar adalah sekumpulan penjual dan pembeli sebuah
barang atau jasa.
• Istilah permintaan dan penawaran merujuk pada
perilaku manusia, ketika mereka berinteraksi di pasar.
• Pembeli akan menentukan permintaan.
• Penjual akan menentukan penawaran
![Page 8: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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PERMINTAAN
• Permintaan adalah jumlah barang yang mau dan dapat
dibeli oleh pembeli.
• Hukum Permintaan
• Ketika faktor berpengaruh lain tetap konstan, jumlah
produk yang diminta akan turun ketika harga naik, atau
sebaliknya.
• Demand Schedule
• Demand schedule adalah tabel yang menunjukkan
hubungan harga dengan jumlah yang diminta.
• Kurva permintaan adalah gambaran grafis yang
menunjukkan hubungan harga dengan jumlah yang
diminta.
![Page 9: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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Catherine’s Demand Schedule
![Page 10: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Gambar : Demand schedule dan kurva permintaan
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Price of
Ice-Cream Cone
0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
$3.00
12
1. A decrease
in price ...
2. ... increases quantity
of cones demanded.
![Page 11: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pergerakan pada Kurva Permintaan
• Perubahan Jumlah Permintaan
• Akan menyebabkan pergerakan sepanjang kurva
permintaan
• Disebabkan oleh perubahan harga pada produk
tersebut
![Page 12: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
0
D
Price of Ice-Cream Cones
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Pajak yang
diberlakukan pada es
krim, akan menaikkan
harga dan menurunkan
permintaan.
A
B
8
1.00
$2.00
4
Pergerakan pada Kurva Permintaan
![Page 13: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Perubahan Permintaan
• Akan menyebabkan pergeseran kurva permintaan,
baik ke kiri maupun ke kanan.
• Disebabkan oleh perubahan apapun, yang memaksa
perubahan jumlah diminta pada setiap tingkat harga.
![Page 14: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Gambar : Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Increase
in demand
Decrease
in demand
Demand curve, D 3
Demand
curve, D 1
Demand
curve, D 2
0
![Page 15: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
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Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Pendapatan Konsumen
• Peningkatan pendapatan konsumen akan
meningkatkan permintaan barang normal/superior
• Peningkatan pendapatan konsumen akan
menurunkan permintaan barang inferior
![Page 16: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones 0
Increase
in demand
An increase
in income...
D1 D2
Pendapatan Konsumen (Barang Normal)
![Page 17: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones 0
Decrease
in demand
An increase
in income...
D1 D2
Pendapatan Konsumen (Barang Inferior)
![Page 18: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
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Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Harga Barang Lain
• Bila penurunan harga suatu produk mengurangi
permintaan produk lain, dua barang tersebut disebut
substitusi.
• Bila penurunan harga suatu produk meningkatkan
permintaan produk lain, dua barang tersebut disebut
komplementer.
![Page 19: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
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Penyebab Pergeseran pada Kurva Permintaan
• Pendapatan konsumen
• Harga produk
• Selera atau tren
• Jumlah pembeli
• Dll.
![Page 20: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
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Variabel yang Mempengaruhi Pembeli
Copyright©2004 South-Western
![Page 21: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
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PENAWARAN
• Penawaran adalah jumlah barang yang mau dan dapat dijual
oleh penjual.
• Hukum Penawaran
• Ketika kondisi lain yang berpengaruh konstan/tetap, jumlah
penawaran akan naik ketika harga naik.
• Supply Schedule
• Supply schedule adalah tabel menunjukkan hubungan harga
dengan jumlah yang ditawarkan
• Kurva Penawaran
• Kurva penawaran menunjukkan gambaran grafis hubungan
harga dengan jumlah yang ditawarkan.
![Page 22: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
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Ben’s Supply Schedule
![Page 23: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gambar : Supply schedule dan Kurva Penawaran
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
$3.00
12
0.50
1. An
increase
in price ...
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.
![Page 24: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pergerakan pada Kurva Penawaran
• Perubahan Jumlah Penawaran
• Akan menyebabkan pergerakan pada kurva
penawaran
• Disebabkan oleh sesuatu yang memaksa perubahan
jumlah penawaran pada tiap tingkat harga
![Page 25: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
1 5
Price of Ice-
Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones 0
S
1.00 A
C $3.00
Kenaikan harga
es krim akan
menyebabkan
pergerakan pada
kurva penawaran
Perubahan Jumlah Penawaran
![Page 26: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
• Perubahan Penawaran
• Akan menyebabkan pergeseran kurva penawaran,
baik ke kiri maupun ke kanan.
• Disebabkan oleh perubahan “determinan” selain
harga.
![Page 27: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gambar : Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
0
Increase
in supply
Decrease
in supply
Supply curve, S 3
curve,
Supply
S 1 Supply
curve, S 2
![Page 28: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Penyebab Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
• Harga input (faktor produksi)
• Teknologi
• Jumlah penjual
• Dll.
![Page 29: Permintaan dan Penawaran - rizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.idrizkylrs.lecture.ub.ac.id/.../09/PIE-2.-Permintaan-dan-Penawaran.pdf · Title: Chapter 22 Author: Mark P. Karscig Subject: Measuring](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062302/5a787c257f8b9a77438dadeb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Variabel yang mempengaruhi penjual
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