persia, china, india-religious notes
Embed Size (px)
TRANSCRIPT
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 1/53
What is the world’s
oldest religion?
Tribal religions, animism, shamanism,
and paganism
The natural world consist of spirits and
deities (gods).
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 2/53
2. Founder-Yahweh chose Abraham, a
shepherd who lived in the city of Ur in
Mesopotamia, to be the “father” of the Hebrew people.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 3/53
3. Key beliefs
To the Hebrews, God was not a physical being,and no physical images were to made of him.
Yahweh was the traditional name of God for
the Jews.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 4/53
4. Literature
The Torah and Talmud
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 5/53
5. Around 1650 BC, the descendants of
Abraham moved to Egypt, where they were
eventually forced into slavery. The Hebrews fledEgypt led by a Hebrew named Moses called the
Exodus and Jews remember this day as
Passover.
6. The Jews-Hebrews have a
Covenant (contract)
With God-the Jews-Hebrews
Are the “chosen
people of God”
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 6/53
7. The 10 commandments has served as a basis of
Western laws, customs, and traditions from the
time of Moses to present day
(2)You shall have no other gods before me
(5)Honor your father and mother
(6)You shall not kill (murder)
(7)You shall not commit adultery
(8)You shall not steal
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 7/53
8. During a 500 year period called
the Diaspora, the Jews left or were
exiled from Israel, and they spreadout around the world.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 8/53
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE (2000 B. C.- 100 B. C.): -The Persian Empire was located primarily in the Middle East along the Iranian
plateau between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf- Cyrus the Great
-It eventually grew to expand from the Nile River to the Indus River
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 9/53
-The Persian ruler Darius unified the empire:
1. He built many public roads
2. Introduced uniform weights and measures
3. *Divided the empire into provinces, which made theempire more manageable as well as promoting
trade.
4. Defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 10/53
-Darius son Xerxes led a Persian army against the
Greeks. More successful than Darius but in the
end being held up at Thermopylae and ultimatelydefeated at Salamis by the Greek Trireme
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 11/53
-Darius III will fight Alexander the Great
unsuccessfully at Issus and Gaugamela
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 12/53
RELIGION-
Zoroastrianism-The religion taught that
there was a constant battle between twoforces GOOD & EVIL (Duality). All those
who were on the good side would go to
HEAVEN and all those who were on the
bad side would go to HELL.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 13/53
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 14/53
-The natural barrier that separates India from the
rest of Asia are the Himalayanmountains in the North and East of India.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 15/53
-The Himalayan mountain range is the
highest mountain range in the world. Mt.Everest is located here-the highest mountain
in the world (29,000 feet above sea level)
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 16/53
POSITIVE impact of the Himalayas on India:
1. Acts as a natural barrier or defense to help
keep enemies out
2. Contains limited natural resources-iron ore,
coal, manganese. etc.
3. Fresh water supply-source of the Ganges River
NEGATIVE impact of the Himalayas:
1. Has acted as a barrier to TRADE and
contact with other peoples to thenorth and northeast of the region.
h ti i th b t th
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 17/53
he exception is the y er ass between the
indu Kush Mountains in the northwest
lowed trade, invasions, and cultural diffusion from
e west and a little from the east
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 18/53
THREE GREAT RIVERS DOMINATE INDIA
1. Indus 2. Ganges 3. Brahmaputra
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 19/53
Some of these civilizations were the
Mohenjo-Daro and the Harappa -
well planned cities, temples, settledfarmers, brick houses, plumbing, and
other early city structures!
MAURYA AND THE GUPTA! G t
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 20/53
MAURYA AND THE GUPTA!-Gupta
empire-there was a GOLDEN AGE! Arts,
sculptures flourished, advances in medicine,
cashmere and calico were produced
Th M E i (300 B C 184 B C )
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 21/53
The Mauryan Empire (300 B. C. – 184 B. C.)
-First empire to unite most of India under one central
government
-it centered and developed along the Ganges riverFamous leader –Asoka (Ashoka) –in the beginning, he
promoted warfare and wanted to conquer other
lands. Then he became a Buddhist and began to
practice more peaceful ways
Asoka accomplished the following:
1. Promoted Buddhism in India and beyond; sending
missionaries
2. Tolerated other religions including Hinduism
3. Indian culture flourished
h G i (320 0 )
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 22/53
The Gupta Empire (320 AD-550 AD)
-“Golden Age of India”-time of great cultural and
scientific achievements
Accomplishments of the Gupta Empire:
1. Medical doctors set broken bones, surgery was
performed
2. Textiles like cashmere and calico were created3. Literature, art, and sculpture flourished
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 23/53
HINDUISM
world’s oldest religion. No one person founded Hinduism
There is no one sacred book like the Bible. Their holy bo
are collected in the Vedas. Polytheistic religion-many go
i i ( d )
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 24/53
Deities (gods)-
Brahma-the creator
Vishnu-the preserver of life Shiva-the destroyer and re creator
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 25/53
MAJOR BELIEFS OF HINDUISM
2. REINCARNATION
3. KARMA
4. DHARMABRAHMAN-means universal
soulUltimate goal is to reach moksha-union
with Brahman
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 26/53
5. Hinduism and Society-Both a
religion and a social system (castesystem)
The caste system is a system of social
stratification or ranking of people by
occupation.
A belief that people are born intocertain castes or classes
of people
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 27/53
POSITIVE EFFECT-
Provided Social Order
NEGATIVE EFFECT- little or
NO SOCIAL MOBILITY
OCCUPATIONALGROUPINGS CASTE
SYSTEM
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 28/53
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 29/53
THE RANKING OF THE CASTE SYSTEM
Brahmins-
priests
Kshatriyas-
nobles/warriors
Vaisyas-
merchants
S d
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 30/53
Sudras-
Farm
workers-Peasants
nd not even in the caste system because of their
owly status were the UNTOUCHABLES OR
ARIJANS
Al h h h l d
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 31/53
Although the caste system outlawed
today-people are known from what
families or “classes” you come fromsuffer from discrimination!
BUDDHISM
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 32/53
BUDDHISM Founded in nearby India, by Prince Siddhartha
Gautama (enlightened one) (563-487 B.C.), who
rejected wealth and searched for the meaning of human suffering.
GREW OUT OF HINDUISM- RESPONSE TO IT!
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 33/53
2. Key Beliefs
-Believe in Karma and
reincarnation, but one can escapethe cycle of death and rebirth
through Buddhist practices.
-Rejected the Hindu caste system
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 34/53
3. Literature
The three baskets, sutras,
tantras
“You will always be
getting praise and
blame,
but do not let either
affect the poise of themind:
follow the calmness, the
absence of pride.”
-Founded a Middle Way to achieve peace and
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 35/53
-Founded a Middle Way to achieve peace and
harmony to a perfect state of mind called nirvana.
-Rejected indulgence in sensual pleasures, and
indulgence in extreme hardship-choose the MiddleWay!
-Most Buddhists do not believe in a supreme being
like a God
-Nature worship and respect
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 36/53
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 37/53
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 38/53
*Cultural Diffusion Buddhism spread
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 39/53
*Cultural Diffusion- Buddhism spread
from India to China, Korea, Japan, and
the rest of Southeast Asia. Only a smallpercentage of East Indians today are
Buddhists.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 40/53
ZEN BUDDHISM-EMPHASIS ON
MEDITATION
MANDALAS
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 41/53
USE OF KOANS OR RIDDLES TO MAKE ONE THINK
ABOUT IMPORTANT VALUES!
“What is the sound of one hand clapping?”
“A tree falls in the woods-and nobody is around-does
it make a sound?”
To the Zen Master- “How does one begin to see the
world in an enlightened way?”
Zen Master-First, close your eyes.
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 42/53
JANISM IS RELATED TO BUDDHISM-IT IS LIKE EXTREME BUDDHISM-RIGHT
CONDUCT, RIGHT FAITH, RIGHT KNOWLEDGE AND TOTAL NON-
VIOLENCE- VEGETARIANISM NO HARM TO ANY LIVING CREATURE!
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 43/53
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 44/53
HINA’S GEOGRAPHY:
*Most of China is mountains or deserts
Only the river valleys of China have rich soil
nd good climate that people need for farming.
Huang He, Yangtze, and Xi Rivers)
MAJOR CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 45/53
MAJOR CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES
LEGALISM:
Started around the ___________ Dynasty, practiced
ruthlessly by ___________ Dynasty -Revolved around the idea that passing strict laws
governing everyone was the best way to maintain an
orderly society
Han Fei Zi (韩非子)
-Founded by Confucius (K'ung-fu-tzu) 551 BC-479
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 46/53
-Founded by Confucius (K ung-fu-tzu) 551 BC-479
BC
-More of a philosophy than a religion,-Emphasized
strict moral conduct
-Education should be the road for advancement in
society- civil service exams to get the best people
in government
Filial Piety this meant that children and
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 47/53
-Filial Piety -this meant that children and
young people must honor and love their
parents and all older family members-Rulers and government are like parents
who should be obeyed. The children are
the citizens. The ruler is the father-Everyone has a role in society and must
carry out their obligations
-“Do to other people as you would like
them to do to you”
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 48/53
RELATIONSHIPS!
-The only equal relationship is friendship
-Older people were superior to younger
-men were superior to women
-parents superior to children
-elder brother was superior to younger brother
-ruler superior to the subjects or people he ruled
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 49/53
TAOISM (pronounced as DAOISM):
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 50/53
(p )
-Founded by Lao Tzu (604 BC?-nobody can verify his existen
-Emphasizes a need to be close to nature, accept nature, don’t r
it-Duality always exists GoodEvil, Yin (Female)Yang(Ma
must develop balance
-Simplicity and respect for living things, acceptance and yieldi
-Started in India but flourished in China Japan Korea
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 51/53
-Started in India but flourished in China, Japan, Korea,
and Southeast Asia
-Nirvana, Karma, Reincarnation, “Enlightened One”,
Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, The Middle Way
Chinese Buddha
of good fortune
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 52/53
Dynasties rule China:
Dynasties-a succession of rulers from the same
family.The Chinese dynasties ruled by the “Mandate of
Heaven”. This meant the ruler’s power depended on
heaven’s, the god’s, and ancestors continued favor of his personal behavior. People must obey emperor
because the heavens say so, BUT if ruler is unjust,
ruler will LOSE Mandate of Heaven. Other rival
families will takeover to rule China. [NOT THE
COMMON PEOPLE!]
8/4/2019 Persia, China, India-RELIGIOUS NOTES
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/persia-china-india-religious-notes 53/53