Also known as Iranian gardens in Iran.

Had influenced the gardens from all over the world.

Styles follow the gardening styles of Egypt.

The garden's purpose was to provide a place for protected relaxation

Spritiual and

Leisure (e.g., meetings with friends)

Originated in early 4000 BCE.

The decorated pottery displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden.

Gardens are enclosed

“Pairi daeza” means enclosed space in Persian language

Christian mythology adopted this term to describe the paradise on earth

Emphasis on fountains and ponds

The garden's construction may be

Formal (with an emphasis on structure) or

Casual (with an emphasis on nature)

Follows simple design rules.

allows maximization in terms of function and emotion

The construction have emphasis either on

nature or

Structure

Gardens were built as retreat from harsh landscape

Characteristics of

shady trees

high walled structures

water streams and

Fountains

Straight tile-lined channels of water

Factors that lead Persian Gardens as paradise on earth

local climate

Classical

Hayat

Hayat

Formal

Meidan

Char-

Bagh

Casual

Park

Bagh

Public

Private

Public

◦ Layout highly emphasizes on aesthetics.

◦ The ground often covered in gravel flagged with stone.

◦ The grounds are covered with gravels flagged with stones.

◦ Simple planting, Trees planted in a line

◦ Structure centered

Private

◦ Few plants, often due to the limited water available in urban areas

◦ These gardens pool-centered

◦ The pool serves as

a focus and

source of humidity for structural

Public, formal garden

Emphasizes more on biotic elements than structure

Elements like gravel pathways, pools divide the lawns

The shade providing structures pavilions are also built

Formal and private

Garden structure mainly consists of four quadrants divided by

◦ Pathways and

◦ waterways

Balanced structure with

◦ Proper pathways and

◦ Greenery or plants (around the periphery of pool)

Casual gardens

Focuses on

Natural and

Green aspects of nature

Often attached to houses consisting of

Trees,

Lawns and

Ground plants

Gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.

Prime aim - familial relaxation.

Casual parks used for public functions

These are full of various plants

Pathways and seating

Gardens limited of structural elements.

Purpose - relaxation and socialization

Visual expanse of garden

The greater length helps to create space for meditation and enjoyment

Roads stretched into horizon

Brooks running to end of garden

little gardens within main garden,

Natural slope of land and

Difference in vision angle (enriches the perspective of the space)

Also, one of the main principles of Persian architecture is internalization and this is why gardens are walled and enclosed spaces.

Main issue - to get water from distance points.

Qanats and wells constructed at the heart of the garden.

Water would run into

◦ well- spaced brooks and

◦ branch into different sections

Rectangular geometry of garden

It also helped to frame part of earth by imposing a definite geometrical pattern

unique and intricate geometrical design

Shape made easy to

◦ locate a precise place for planting trees and

◦ Execution of structural elements.

Granges were given symmetrical

Trees, shrubs and flowers were planted symmetrically.

Manifest in placement of granges

Granges of the Hasht Behesth (eight paradises) design :

◦ Granges are situated at crossroads

◦ divide the garden into different sections and

◦ Draw more attention

Sunlight

◦ The important factor to be considered sunlight and its effects

◦ Architects arranged to restrain (control) sunlight

◦ Textures and shapes were used to harness (prevent) light.

Shade

◦ Important element due to heat of Iran

◦ Gardens includes trees, shrubs and trellises which work as biotic shades to provide protection

◦ Walls and pavilions used in blocking the harsh sunrays

Water

o Deserted conditions, therefore water is also important feature

o Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub

o to prevent water evaporation and

o allow quick access of water to tree roots

o The underground water canals are built on slopes to facilitate

o natural or

o Artificial flow of water (waterfalls).

Building

o Different structural designs like royal palaces, mansions, temples, etc.

o build domes on square buildings

o These enhance the beauty of these gardens.

o beautiful arches were constructed.

o Beautiful types of glasses (e.g. stain glasses) were used for windows and other glass works.

PERSIAN GARDEN

Adds to beauty of the Taj, but they also give it the calm and serene ambience which makes visiting the Taj Mahal a real pleasure.

Gardens start from the main gateway and extend up to the Taj mausoleum

Fountains and running channels of water are typical of garden

Gardens are divided into four parts (char bagh), with two main walkways.

- Each of these four parts are further divided into four parts, thus creating sixteen squares.

- A central canal with a line of fountains passes in between the main walkway from the main gate to the base of the mausoleum

- The two main walkways(central and east-west)meet in the center where a raised marble lotus platform is built, it includes a pool with fountains and two marble bench

Taj gardens : main walkway with reflective pool

Bench towards the main gateway on the raised marble platform is known as the 'Diana bench‘

On the ends of the main canal, running east-west from the central raised marble platform are the water palaces (Jal Mahal)

Both the eastern and the western water palaces are identical and built of red sandstone.

The western water palace building houses the Taj museum.

Mughal garden in India, linked through a channel to the northeast of Dal Lake

other names are Shalamar Garden, Shalamar Bagh, Farah Baksh and Faiz Baksh, and the other famous shore line garden in the vicinity is Nishat Bagh

The Bagh was built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir for his wife Nur Jahan, in 1619.

The Bagh is considered the high point of Mughal horticulture

It is now a public park.

The similarity in layout of the garden and its architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggest that they may have been designed by the same architect, Ali Mardan

Garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including abundant roses, daffodils, and fruit trees.

It symbolizes the four flowing rivers of Jannah (Paradise) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza, meaning 'walled garden

Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain, separating the garden into north, west, south and east

Garden is an adaptation of another Islamic Garden layout known as the Persian garden

Built on a flat land on a square plan with four radiating arms from a central location as the water source

The garden has three terraces fitted with fountains and with Chinar (sycamore) tree-lined vistas

Covers an area of 12.4 hectares built with a size 0f 587 m length on the main axis channel with total width of 251 m

The garden has three terraces fitted with fountains and with Chinar (sycamore) tree-lined vistas

Shah nahar is the main feeder channel to all the terraces.

Each one of the three terraces has a specific role

Willow groves and rice terraces fringed the lake edge.

Broad green paths bordered the lake with rows of chinar trees.

Marble pavilion entrance channel

Garden with dal lake in view of Shalimar bagh

background

first terrace - public garden or the outer garden ending in the Diwan-e-Aam(public audience hall). In this hall, a small black marble throne was installed over the waterfall

Second terrace - The Diwan-e-Khas (the Hall of Private Audience), which was accessible only to the noblemen or guests of the court

- However, the carved stone bases and a fine platform surrounded by fountains are still seen

-The royal bathrooms are located on the north-west boundary of this enclosure.

-The fountain pools of the Diwan-e-Khas, the Diwan-e-Aam, and in turn, the Zenana terrace ae supplied in succession.

It has 410 fountains

Third terrace - the axial water channel flows through the Zenana garden, which is flanked by the Diwan-e-Khas and chinar trees.

- At the entrance to this terrace, there are two small pavilions or guard rooms (built in Kashmir style on stone plinth) that is the restricted and controlled entry zone of the royal harem

- encircled by a fountain pool that receives its supply from a higher terrace

- double cascade falls against a low wall carved with small niches behind the pavilion

-Two smaller, secondary water canals lead from the Black Pavilion to a small baradari

Fin Garden, or Bagh-e Fin, located in Kashan

It contains Kashan's Fin Bath

Completed in 1590, the Fin Garden is the oldest extant garden in Iran

UNESCO declared the garden a world heritage site on July 18, 2012

It was built near the village of Fin under the reign of Abbas I of Persia (1571-1629).

It is a historical Persian garden.

The garden might have its origin in Safavid period

The garden covers 2.3 hectares.

With a main yard surrounded by ramparts with four circular towers.

The Fin Garden employs a great many water features.

These were fed from a spring on a hillside behind the garden,

The water pressure was such that a large number of circulating pools and fountains could be constructed without the need for mechanical pumps.

The garden contains numerous cypress trees and combines architectural features of various periods.