Personality, 9eJerry M. Burger

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Chapter 13

The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach: Theory, Application, and

Assessment

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Chapter OutlineBehaviorismBasic principles of conditioningSocial learning theorySocial-cognitive theoryApplication: Conditioning principles and self-efficacy in psychotherapy

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Chapter OutlineAssessment: Behavior observation methods

Strengths and criticisms of the behavioral/social learning approach

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BehaviorismOvert behavior - That which can be observed, predicted, and controlled by scientists

Principles that help explain human behaviorClassical conditioningOperant conditioning

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BehaviorismRadical behaviorism - People do not know the reason for their behavior

Developed by B. F. SkinnerChallenged the extent to which one

is able to observe the inner causes of one’s behavior

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Principles of Conditioning - Classical ConditioningBegins with an existing stimulus-response (S-R) associationUnconditioned stimulus (UCS) evokes unconditioned response (UCR)

Unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) evokes conditioned response (CR)

Second-order conditioning - Building one conditioned S-R association on another

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Figure 13.1 - Classical Conditioning Diagram

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Limitations of Classical ConditioningPersistence of new S-R association requires occasional pairing or reinforcement of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

Extinction - Gradual disappearance of the conditioned S-R association

Impossible to create certain S-R bonds

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Operant ConditioningLaw of effect - Behaviors are:

More likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences

Less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

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Operant ConditioningConcerns the effect certain kinds of consequences have on the frequency of behaviorReinforcement - Consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior

Punishment - Consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior

Consequence - Reinforcement or punishment depending on the person and the situation

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Operant ConditioningReinforcement strategies

Positive reinforcement - Behavior followed by a reward

Negative reinforcement - Removal of unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs

Methods to decrease undesired behaviorsCease reinforcement Punishment

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Operant ConditioningShaping - Reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behaviorUseful in teaching complex behaviorsGeneralization: Generalizing a response of a specific stimulus to another stimulus

Discriminate: Differentiation between rewarding and nonrewarding stimuli

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Social Learning TheoryBehavior-environment-behavior interactionsEnvironment influences people’s behavior which in turn determines the environment people like to be a part of

Individuals provide their own reinforcers

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Figure 13.2 - Rotter’s Basic Formula for Predicting Behavior

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Social-Cognitive TheoryReciprocal determinism: External and internal determinants of behavior are part of a system of interacting influencesAffect both behavior and various parts of the system

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Figure 13.3 - Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Model

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Social-Cognitive TheoryPeople when faced with new issues, imagine possible outcomes, calculate probabilities, set goals, and develop strategies

Self-regulation: Controls behavior in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments

Observational learning: People learn by observing other people’s actions

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Social-Cognitive TheoryObservational learning: People can learn by observing or reading or just hearing about other people’s actionsBehaviors learned through observation need not be performed

Performing an observed behavior depends on people’s expectations about the consequences

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Behavioral Explanations of Psychological DisordersJohn B. Watson demonstrated the creation of abnormal behaviors through normal conditioning procedures

Operant conditioning takes over once the pairing of classical conditioning is removed

Problematic behaviors are explained in terms of reinforcing the wrong behavior

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Application: Conditioning Principles in PsychotherapyClassical conditioning applications

To eliminate or replace stimulus-response associations that cause clients problems

Systematic desensitizationReplacing the old association of feared

stimulus and response by a new association of stimulus

Aversion therapyAltering problem behaviors by pairing

aversive images with undesirable behaviors

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Application: Conditioning Principles in PsychotherapyOperant conditioning applications

Therapist identifies the target behavior and defines it in specific operational terms

Contingencies of rewards and punishments are changed according to the frequency of behavior

Biofeedback - Requires special equipment that provides information about somatic processes

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Application: Self-Efficacy in PsychotherapyPeople do not alter their behavior until they make a decision to expend the necessary effortOutcome expectation - Extent to which people believe actions will lead to a certain outcome

Efficacy expectation - Extent to which people believe they can perform the actions that will bring about the particular outcome

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Application: Self-Efficacy in PsychotherapySources of efficacy expectations

Enactive mastery experiencesVicarious experiencesVerbal persuasionPhysiological and affective states

Guided masterySituation arranged by therapist that guarantees successful experience to client

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Assessment: Behavior Observation MethodsDirect observation

Analogue behavioral observation - Situations are created in which the problem behavior is likely to occur

Accuracy of behavior can be improved by having two or more observers independently code the same behaviors

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Assessment: Behavior Observation MethodsSelf-monitoring

Therapists ask clients to keep records of when and where they engage in certain behaviors

Observation by othersProvides the most accurate assessment of a client’s behavior

Used to complement data obtained through other methods

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Strengths of the Behavioral/Social Learning ApproachSolid foundation in empirical research

Development of useful therapeutic procedures

Treatments based on conditioning principles have several advantages

Most useful approach for certain population

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Criticisms of the Behavioral/Social Learning ApproachNarrow in its description of human personality

Does not give inadequate attention to the role of heredity

Human beings are more complex than the laboratory animals

Reduction to observable behaviors distorts the real issues of therapy

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