personality chapter 12
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Personality Chapter 12. Personality. An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting . How assess? Case Studies vs Surveys. Each dwarf has a distinct personality. Types of Personalities. Type A. Type B. Feel time pressure. Easily angered. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Personality
Chapter 12
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Personality•An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.•How assess? Case Studies vs Surveys
Each dwarf has a distinct personality.
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Types of PersonalitiesType A
• Feel time pressure.• Easily angered.• Competitive and
ambitious.• Work hard and play
hard.• More prone to heart
disease than rest of population.
Type B
• Relaxed and easygoing.
• But some people fit in neither type.
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Biological Theories of Personality• What % of
personality is inherited –heritability?
• We are not sure BUT temperaments do seem to be stable from infants to old age.
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Somatotype Theory• A biological
Theory by William Sheldon.
• Endomorphs (Fat) tend to be friendly and outgoing.
• Mesomorphs (muscular) tend to be more aggressive.
• Ectomorphs (thin) tend to be more shy and secretive.
• Study has not been replicated.
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Culture & Self-Concept
• Individualistic Cultures vs Collectivist Cultures
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Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
• Fathered by Sigmund Freud.
• 1st comprehensive theory of personality
• Used Case Studies of the Mentally Ill to develop theory
• Unconscious Mind• Defense Mechanisms• Psychosexual Stages --
Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body (id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on erogenous zones).
What’s on the human mind?
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
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Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development1.Oral (fixation)2.Anal (retentive vs
expulsive)3.Phallic (identity --
Oedipus & Electra Complexes)
4.Latent (Libido hidden – cooties & fixation = sexual issues
5.Genital (fixation = normal)
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Mind = Iceberg
• Conscious- things we are aware of.
• Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them (temporary memories).
• Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.
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Unconscious Mind & Psychoanalysis Treatment
•Reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. •Freud used free association – whatever comes to mind (retrieve & release embarrassing memories)• Dream Analysis – Manifest vs Latent Content
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Personality (Psyche)
•Develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).
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Id https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfP9AIJA72E
• Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it).
• Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires.
• Works on the Pleasure Principle
• Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification.
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Ego
• Develops after the Id• Works on the
Reality Principle• Negotiates between
the Id and the environment.
• In our conscious and unconscious minds.
• It is what everyone sees as our personality.
If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and just “mac” it hard.
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Superego• Develops last at
about the age of 5• Ideal Principle• It is our conscience
(what we think the difference is between right and wrong)
• The Ego often mediates between the superego and id.
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Defense Mechanisms• The ego has a pretty
important job…and that is to protect us from threatening thoughts in our unconscious minds.
• One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms.
• You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.Movies
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ScenarioQuarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is
dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president
of the chess club.
Drew Brandon Jasmine
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Repression• Pushing thoughts out
of our conscious mind and back into our unconscious.
• When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.”
• Why don’t we remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes?
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Denial• Not accepting the
ego-threatening truth.
• Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.
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Projection• Believing that the
feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself.
• Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.
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Reaction Formation• Expressing the
opposite of how one truly feels.
• Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development.
• Brandon claims he hates Jasmine.
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Regression
• Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior.
• Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal, Mr. Snuggles.
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Rationalization• Coming up with a
beneficial result of an undesirable outcome.
• Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!”
• I really did not want to go to ……..anyway, it was too ……
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Intellectualization
• Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic.
• Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.
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Displacement• Redirecting one’s
feelings toward another person or object.
• Often displaced on less threatening things.
• Brandon may take his anger out on another kid by bullying.
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Sublimation• Channeling one’s
frustration toward a different goal.
• Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism.
• Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).
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Criticisms of Freud• It is not all about
SEX!• His results are not
empirically verifiable (really hard to test).
• No predictive power.
• Limited sample – he really only studied wealthy individuals in Austria.
• Karen Horney said he was sexist with the “penis envy” and there is an actual “womb envy”.
Criticisms of Freud• Horney argued that there was a need for
security, not sex, and that this need was the prime motive in human existence.
• Horney argued that previous research about how women function was limited by the fact that those that described women were men.
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Neo-Freudians: Psychodynamics
•Alfred Adler•Childhood Tensions•Social tensions not sexual•EGO = Inferiority vs Superiority & Power•Inferiority Complex•Birth Order & Personality•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zw8_SQLZ-A
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Adler’s Individual Psychology
According to Adler, individual psychology is when people are motivated by purposes and goals. It is perfection, not pleasure, that is the key motivator. He believed that social factors were more important than sexual motivation in shaping personality.
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•Erik Erikson
•Social Development not Sexual development
•8 Stages of psychosocial development
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Neo-Freudians: Psychodynamics
Jung’s Analytical Theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLNShGOgqWQ
• The collective unconscious is the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind.
• Archetypes are emotionally laden ideas and images that have a rich and symbolic meaning for people. Two of the main archetypes are the anima, which is a woman, and the animus, which is a man.
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Psychodynamics Today• Hypnosis• Dream
Interpretation• Free Association• Projective Tests
(tests that delve into and reveal the unconscious mind).
• Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.
• Reliability & Validity of Projective Tests?
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TAT TestThematic Apperception Test
• Henry Murray • Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous
(can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring.
• Their answers reveal the manifest content.• Therapist can then discover the Latent
Content.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test• Hermann Rorschach
• The most widely used projective test
• A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.
Psychoanalysis
• Projective TestsReliable?Valid?
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Some of the psychodynamic theories in place today still share some of the same principles of Freud. Personality is determined both by current experiences and those experienced earlier in life. Personality can be better understood by looking at it developmentally. People mentally transform their experiences. The mind is not all consciousness. An individual’s inner world conflicts with the outer demands of reality. Personality and judgment are rightful and important topics of psychological inquiry.
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Behaviorist Theory of Personality
• The way most people think of personality is meaningless.
• Personality is Learned!• Personality changes
according to the environment (reinforcers and punishments).
• Contingencies of Reinforcement
• If you change environment then you change the personality.
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Humanistic Theory of Personality• Popular by 1960s• Do not believe in
Determinism (your actions are dictated by your past).
• They believe that humans have free will (our ability to choose your own destiny).
• We are innately good and as long as our self-esteem and self-concept are positive we will be happy.
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Humanism & Self-Concept•Abraham Maslow• Motivated by a Hierarchy of Needs•Self-Esteem•Self-Actualization—fulfilling our potential
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Carl Rogers & Humanism• The object of humans is to
become self-actualized.• Ideal Self vs Real Self (
facebook)• We are like Acorns• What do Acorns need to
grow?• Water sun and soil.
Except to grow into healthy humans we need:
• Genuineness• Acceptance (Unconditional
Positive Regard)• Empathy
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Trait Theories of Personality• They believe that we can
describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits).
• Traits like honestly, laziness, ambition, outgoing are thought to be stable over the course of your lives.
• Personality Inventories & Factor Analysis (score clusters)
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Gordon Allport & Cardinal Trait– Cardinal Disposition = 1
dominant trait
– Central traits = Makes us predictable in most situations.
– Secondary traits = Least important and have less consistent influence on us
– Ex: preferences in food and music
Raymond Cattell: Sixteen Trait Theory
• 16 Source Traits – Core of Personality• Also 46 Surface Traits
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•Hans and Sybil Eysenck • Personality = 2 polar dimensions• Extraversion versus Introversion• Emotional stability versus Instability.
Eysenck’s Personality Table
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BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY• McCrae & Costa• BIG FIVE personality
traits:1.Extraversion2.Agreeableness3.Conscientiousness4.Openness to
experience5.Neuroticism
(Emotional Stability)
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Be careful of the Barnum Effect!!!
• People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality.
• Horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this concept.
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Trait Theory Criticism• Do NOT take into account
the importance of the situation.
• Walter Mischel -traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different.
• Person-Situation Controversy
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Assessing Personality• Most common way is self-
report inventories.• MMPI - Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (most researched & used)
Test must be • Reliable- does it yield the
same results over time.• Valid- does it measure
what it is supposed to measure.
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Sample MMPI QuestionsTrue/ False
• 1.I like mechanics magazines2.I have a good appetite3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings4.I think I would like the work of a librarian5.I am easily awakened by noise6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested9.I am about as able to work as I ever was10.There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning from them12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories13.I work under a great deal of tension14.I have diarrhea once a month or more15.Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about16.I am sure I get a raw deal from life17.My father was a good man18.I am very seldom troubled by constipation19.When I take a new, I like to be tipped off on whom should be gotten next to20.My sex life is satisfactory21.At times I have very much wanted to leave home22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting24.No one seems to understand me25.I would like to be a singer
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MMPI Test Profile
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Cognitive Theories on Personality• Optimism vs
Pessimism• Internal Locus of
Control versus External Locus of Control
• External Locus can lead to a state of learned helplessness (unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns helplessness)
control
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Social-Cognitive Theory on Personality
• Focus on how we interact with our culture and environment
• Albert Bandura is back!!! (social learning)
• Reciprocal Determinism (cognition, environment, and behavior all interact and influence each other.)
Triadic Reciprocality
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Positive Psychology•Martin Seligman•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faT8jw17RHE •Attempts to foster human fulfillment•Seeks positive subjective well-being, positive character, and positive social groups.
Martin Seligman
