Perspective on biodiversity and community participation in

IndonesiaRhett A. Butlermongabay.com

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Biodiversity: What is it?Keanekaragaman Hayati: Apa itu?

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INDONESIAINDONESIA USAUSA

North Sumatra California

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INDONESIAINDONESIA USAUSAMammals / MamaliaMammals / Mamalia

667667 468468Birds / Burung:Birds / Burung:

16041604 888888Reptiles / Reptil:Reptiles / Reptil:

749749 360360Plants / Tanaman:Plants / Tanaman:

30,00030,000 20,000 20,000

Mammals / MamaliaMammals / Mamalia 667667 468468

Birds / Burung:Birds / Burung:16041604 888888

Reptiles / Reptil:Reptiles / Reptil: 749749 360360

Plants / Tanaman:Plants / Tanaman: 30,00030,000 20,000 20,000

Biodiversity: Why is it important?Keanekaragaman Hayati: Mengapa penting?

-Ecosystem services -Food, fiber, fuel-Medicine (Calanolide A)

-Jasa ekosistem-Makanan, serat, bahan bakar-Kedokteran (Calanolide A)

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Bali

Indonesian examples-Indonesia peatlands store 55 billion tons of carbon-Ecotourism: orangutans, Komodo dragons, and coral reefs-Oil palm is a rainforest species

Indonesia:-Lahan gambut Indonesia menyimpan 55 miliar ton karbon-Ekowisata: orangutan, komodo, dan terumbu karang-Kelapa sawit adalah spesies hutan hujan

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North Sumatra

Biodiversity: Why is it important?Keanekaragaman Hayati: Mengapa penting?

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Trends in BiodiversityTren Keanekaragaman Hayati

Central Kalimantan

Trends in Biodiversity - Global

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Peru

Deforestasi: 9,3 juta hektar / tahun 2000-10, termasuk 40 ha m dari hutan primer

Trends in Biodiversity - Global

8 of 10 warmest years since 1880 have occurred since 19988 dari 10 tahun terpanas sejak 1880 telah terjadi sejak tahun 1998

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Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife

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Mammals Primates in Asia Mamalia Primata di Asia

ICUN Red List - percent threatenedICUN Red List - persen terancam

Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife

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Amphibians Reptiles

ICUN Red List - percent threatened

Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife

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Corals Birds

ICUN Red List - percent threatened

Tren Keanekaragaman Hayati - Global

Hutan Hujan Tropis Amazon: Dua musim kemarau terbesar terjadi dalam kurun lima tahun terakhir

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Trends in Biodiversity - Indonesia

Wildlife-147 mammal species, 114 birds threatened-Bali and Java tigers extinct, Sumatran critically endangered-Javan and Sumatran rhinos critically endangered

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Trends in Biodiversity - IndonesiaAnnual deforestation in Sumatra and Kalimantan, 2000-2008 (1000 ha)

Tahunan deforestasi di Sumatera dan Kalimantan, 2000-2008

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Data: Broich 2011

Why is Indonesia’s biodiversity declining?Mengapa keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia menurun?

-Population-Corruption, land-grabbing, and unclear land rights-Shift toward Western development model over past century

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Jambi

Tradeoffs: At what cost?Pengorbanan: Pada apa biaya?

-Industrialization:

-New opportunities-Economic growth

… but also-Environmental degradation-Cultural loss-Loss of self-reliance

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Sabah, Malaysia

Industrialisasi:-Peluang baru-Pertumbuhan ekonomi... tetapi juga-Degradasi lingkungan-Budaya rugi-Kehilangan kemandirian

Are tradeoffs avoidable?Apakah pengorbanan dihindari?

-Big country with lots of forest, biodiversity, cultural diversity-Agriculture, forestry, and mining are important economic sectors-Increased emphasis on sustainability-Deforestation reduced 80% since 2004, per capita GDP up 37%-Growing interest in ecosystem services markets ($30B/yr by 2030?)

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-Besar negara dengan banyak hutan, keanekaragaman hayati, keanekaragaman budaya-Pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan merupakan sektor ekonomi yang penting-Meningkatnya penekanan pada keberlanjutan-Deforestasi berkurang 80% sejak tahun 2004, PDB per kapita naik 37%-Tumbuh bunga di pasar jasa ekosistem ($ 30B/yr pada tahun 2030?)

Brazil’s model / Brasil Model:

Forum Amazon Berkelanjutan (Brazil)

-Proses pemegang saham -Kalangan pebisnis di Brazil memperlihatkan kepemimpinan -Memaksa para politikus mengambil sikap tegas dalam masalah perubahan iklim dan penebangan hutan -Brazil sekarang ini mempunyai target yang ambisius untuk mengurangi penebangan hutan dan emisi

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Protecting BiodiversityBiodiversityMelindungi Keanekaragaman Hayati

North Sulawesi

Protected areas

-Traditional approach-11% of Indonesia, including 16% of forests (on paper)-But not enough

-Park approach doesn’t directly deliver benefits to many people-Paper parks

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West Papua

Protecting biodiversity outside parksMelindungi keanekaragaman hayati di luar taman

-Reduce environmental impact of commercial operations-Community resource management

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Sumatra

Community resource managementPengelolaan sumber daya masyarakat

Community-scale management can have lower impact than industrial-scale managementAgroforestry: more biodiversity than plantations, less pollution, more ecosystem servicesCommunity forestry instead of illegal loggingMore livelihoods per hectarePotentially compatible with REDD+Often consistent with land rights and culture, self-reliance

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Central Kalimantan

Keys to community participationKunci untuk partisipasi masyarakat

-Community mapping-Secure rights to land/resources-Receive compensation/block damaging projects-Establish basis for understanding resource use-Plan for future use: how much is enough? Is use consistent with needs, value, and culture?

-Government level-Policy reform-Transparency

-Engagement with companies-FPIC-Stakeholder involvement in planning process-Grievance and conflict resolution process-Monitoring and evaluation

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Torajaland, Sulawesi

Lack of community participation-Corruption-Loss of customary knowledge and culture

-Relationship with land changes-Ecosystem perceived as less valuable as culture dies-Knowledge of value of forest disappears

-Inter-community conflict-Money, status, land, development

-Conflict with companies, government-Risk for companies that source from conflict areas

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Papua

Sago forestry in Tebing TinggiSagu kehutanan di Tebing Tinggi

-Community of Sungai Tohor on the island of Tebing Tinggi-Sago palm grown in peat forests-Grow taller when protected by forest trees; industrial cultivation results in lower yields-Sago starch exported to Java and Malaysia

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Tebing Tinggi. Courtesy of Lafcadio Cortesi

US: Ecotrust ecological forestry-U.S. forestry can’t compete in low value market; instead target high value market-Sustainable forest management approach with 100-year concessions-Revenue from timber, secondary forest products, ecosystem services (carbon), sales of conservation easements-“Triple bottom line”: communities, environment, profit

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California

mongabay.comNorth Sulawesi

Benefits of Biodiversity

-Direct benefits-Ecosystem services-Option value-New markets

-Manfaat langsung-Jasa ekosistem-Nilai Opsi-Pasar baru

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California (USA)

Ecosystem services / Jasa ekosistemEconomics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative:-99 million Indonesians dependent on ecosystem services-Ecosystem services account for 21% of Indonesia’s GDP-Ecosystem services account of 75% of GDP of Indonesia’s rural poor

-99 juta tergantung pada jasa ekosistem Indonesia-Jasa ekosistem account untuk 21% dari PDB Indonesia-Jasa ekosistem rekening 75% dari PDB di Indonesia miskin pedesaan

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North Sumatra

Reduce environmental problemsMengurangi masalah lingkungan

-Protecting forests and peatlands fights haze-Healthy forests help cut water and air pollution-Forests help regulate water flows, reducing the incidence of flooding and drought-Mangroves buffer coastlines from erosion

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Option value / Nilai Opsi-Oil palm is valuable, but it is not unique

-Brazil’s 5M ha of certified sustainable palm oil-What’s the next oil palm?

-Indonesia’s biodiversity is unique and irreplaceable

-Once a species is lost it cannot be replaced-Gastric brooding toad

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New markets / Pasar Baru-REDD +-Lain-pembayaran untuk jasa ekosistem (air, pengendalian erosi, penyerbukan, keanekaragaman hayati)-Kepemimpinan peluang bagi Indonesia

-Ekosistem Indonesia telah banyak karbon dan keanekaragaman hayati

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North Sulawesi

Trends / Tren-Peraturan (pemerintah)

-Lacey Act (USA)-FLEG-T (Eropa)-Biofuels standar (E.U. dan California)

-Pasar (perusahaan)-Gambar keprihatinan-CSR-Membeli praktek / rantai suplai

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North Sumatra

Trends-Regulation (governments)

-Lacey Act (U.S.)-FLEG-T (Europe)-Biofuels standards (E.U. and California)

-Markets (companies)-Image concerns-CSR programs-Buying practices / supply chains

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Consumer-facing companies / Perusahaan-Europe, U.S., Brazil-Concerned about market perception-Don’t want controversy over deforestation, social conflict-Chain of custody control as risk mitigation strategy

-Melamine scandal-Beef recalls-Litigation very expensive

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North Sumatra

Big companies making big changesPerusahaan besar membuat perubahan besar

-Walmart-100% RSPO palm oil by 2015-Global cattle tracking system-Packaging reduction mandate-CO2 emissions tracking

-Unilever, Nestle, Kraft, Carrefour-RSPO targets

-The Body Shop-Canceled palm oil contract with RSPO-certified supplier over social conflict (Oct 2010)

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West Papua

Soy in the Amazon / Kedelai di Amazon-Major contributor to deforestation-Rapid expansion (1M ha in 1990, 7M ha in 2005)-2006 Greenpeace report linked Amazon soy to McDonald’s-McDonald’s gave suppliers an ultimatum: clean up or lose our business-Moratorium on deforestation for soy since 2006

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Brazil

Is palm oil next? / Apakah kelapa sawit selanjutnya?

-Pressure from markets:-Unilever, Walmart, Carrefour, Nestle-Dutch government-E.U. biofuels regulations

-Pressure from competitors (Brazil)-Industry action:

-Golden Agri Resources (Feb 2011)-RSPO / ISPO

-REDD+ Moratorium-Degraded lands opportunity-Satellite imagery = transparency?

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Sabah, Malaysia

What are progressive companies seeking?Apa adalah perusahaan progresif cari?

-From Indonesian companies:-Credible supply chains (traceability)-Low or no deforestation, biodiversity loss-Good community relations including FPIC and no conflict

-From Indonesian government:-Policies that include recognition of rights and climate, biodiversity, and social safeguards (risk mitigation)-Reduced corruption

-Obama’s enforcement of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

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North Sulawesi

Capitalizing on the sustainability shiftMemanfaatkan pergeseran keberlanjutan

-Indonesian companies that demonstrate stewardship, good community relations are well-positioned to benefit-Rich biodiversity and global concern about climate change provide an opportunity for Indonesian companies and Indonesia to lead-Indonesia’s opportunity to leap-frog dirty development and achieve low carbon development

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West Papua

Don’t lose the good thingsTidak kehilangan hal-hal yang baik

-Economic development brings benefits, but don’t forget what makes Indonesia unique:

-culture and biodiversity-neither can be replaced

-Economic development can occur without abandoning culture.-U.S.: a lot of materialism, but shift toward embracing ‘lost’ culture

-Focus on communities-Walmart’s local sourcing program

-Political movements (Tea party) emphasize core values

-Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special

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North Sulawesi

-Economic development brings a lot of good things, but also bad things-Don’t lose what makes Indonesia unique: culture and biodiversity. Neither can be replaced.-Don’t need to abandon culture.-Many cities in the U.S. have no personality-Trend in U.S. is shift back toward roots and core beliefs, communitiies

-Political movements: Tea party-Big companies: Walmart’s local sourcing

-Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special

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Rhett Butler -- rhett @ mongabay.com

Sustainable Amazon Forum (Brazil)-Multi-stakeholder process-Brazilian business show leadership-Force politicians to take strong stance on climate change and deforestation-Brazil now has ambitious targets for reducing deforestation and emissions

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North Sulawesi

Cattle in the Amazon-Biggest single driver of deforestation-Hundreds of thousands of farmers-No governance; corruption-Summer 2009: transformation-Led by municipalities and companies (not central government)-Zero deforestation mandate from Walmart, Nike, others

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Brazil

Bolsa Floresta (Brazil) model-Amazonas, Brazil-Direct payments (Rp 280,000/mo/family) to communities for “making no smoke”-Families attend environmental awareness training-Children enrolled in school-Incentives and training for bee keeping, fish farming, sustainable forest management

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Brazil

Community participation and REDDPartisipasi masyarakat dan REDD

-2009 Studi: emisi yang lebih rendah di hutan-hutan masyarakat yang dikelola-Partisipasi masyarakat memberikan masyarakat saham dalam REDD-Partisipasi masyarakat merupakan 'bonus' untuk pasar

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Sabah, Malaysia