Perspectives of Pharmacy Education

Leanne Lai, Ph.D. Associate Professor

Director of International ProgramMagdaline Exantus, M.S.

Mission

What is the Mission of Pharmacy Education?Pharmaceutical education is

responsible forpreparing students to function: Mission for the Profession of

Pharmacy Mission for the Pharmacy Practice

Pharmacy Profession

What is the Mission of our profession?

To Serve Society

Pharmacy Practice

What is the mission of our practice?

Dispensing

Pharmaceutical CareRational Use of Drugs

Evolution of Pharmacy Educationin US

1820s part-time program 1870s full-time 2 year program 1920s full-time 3 year program 1920s full-time 4 year B.S.program 1950s full-time 4-6 year Pharm.D. ... 2004 Entry Level Pharm.D. program

(ACPE)

Pharmacy Education in US

Pre-professional Pharmacy Study Two years of university level pre-

professional education Basic sciences, humanities, social

sciences Pharmacy College Admissions Test

Pharmacy Education in US The professional Pharmacy Curriculum

At least 5 years beyond high school (ACPE) Bachelor of Science (BS) pharmacy (5 yrs) Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) (6 yrs)

Post Professional Pharmacy Graduate School

Master Ph.D.

Residencies Pharmacy Practice residencies Specialized residencies

Curriculum Comparison- by country

Australia FranceBolivia GermanyBrazil HaitiChina

HondurasColombia IndiaCuba

JamaicaFinland Japan

Taiwan ThailandKorea TrinidadPakistan TurkeyPeru

VenezuelaPhilippines VietnamSaudi Arabia S. AfricaUkraine

Pharmacy Education- Curriculum

1. Biomedical Science2. Pharmaceutical Science3. Behavioral, Social & Administrative Pharmacy Science4. Pharmacy Practice5. Professional Experience6. Electives/others (Modified From ACPE Report)

Biomedical Sciences Anatomy Physiology Pathophysiology Microbiology Immunology Biochemistry Molecular Biology Chemistry (Modified From ACPE

Report)

Biomedical Science(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al)

COUNTRY CREDITS (USA) NSU 26(pre- pharmacy) + 15(Pharm.D)=41

Australia 54.0 Pakistan 20.0 S. Africa 36.0 Venezuela 36.0

Bolivia 41.0 Korea 33.5 Japan 34.0 Ukraine 42.3

Cuba 54.0 Thailand 51.5 Trinidad 25.0

Taiwan 37.3 Finland 30.5

India 27.5

Pharmaceutical Sciences

Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacognosy Pharmacology Toxicology Biopharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics (Modified From ACPE Report)

Pharmaceutical Sciences(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al)

COUNTRY CREDITS (USA) NSU 0 (pre- pharmacy) + 29 (Pharm.D)=29

Australia 46.0 Pakistan 69.5 S. Africa 30.0 Venezuela 32.0

Bolivia 12.5 Korea 93.0 Japan 95.0 Ukraine 48.3

Cuba 51.0 Thailand 55.5 Trinidad 27.0

Taiwan 38.2 Finland 43.0

India 76.9

Behavioral, Social & Administrative Pharmacy Science

Pharmacoeconomics Pharmacy Practice Management Pharmacy Communication Skills Pharmacy Ethics Pharmacy Law Biostatistics Research Design Epidemiology (Modified From ACPE Report)

Behavioral, Social & Administrative Pharmacy Sciences(Data from NSU-international program 2004, 2005 admission, Lai, et.al)

COUNTRY CREDITS (USA) NSU 6 (pre- pharmacy) + 16 (Pharm.D)= 22.0

Australia 40.0 Pakistan 0.0 S. Africa 18.0 Venezuela 12.0

Bolivia 8.5 Korea 2.0 Japan 6.0 Ukraine 5.3

Cuba 0.0 Thailand 5.8 Trinidad 36.0

Taiwan 5.6 Finland 4.5

India 8.5

Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum

Increase the academic credits of : Behavioral, social, communication and

administrative (Pharmacy Practice Related) Social Behavioral Pharmacy Communication skills Health care delivery system Health/Pharmaco Economics Practice Management Pharmacy Law and regulatory affair Ethics Research Methods/Drug literature evaluation

Pharmacy Practice Compounding & Preparing Dosage Physical Assessment Disease-State Management Therapeutic Patient Care Management Self-Care / Non-Prescription Drugs Drug Information & Literature

Evaluations(Modified From ACPE Report)

Pharmacy Practice(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al)

COUNTRY CREDITS (USA) NSU 0 (pre-pharmacy) + 28 (Pharm.D) = 28.0

Australia 68.0 Pakistan 00.0 S. Africa 00.0 Venezuela 4.0

Bolivia 4.0 Korea 2.0 Japan 6.0 Ukraine 0.0

Cuba 0.0 Thailand 14.0 Trinidad 9.0

Taiwan 11.0 Finland 6.0

India 7.6

Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum

Increase the academic credits of : Disease Management/Rational drug use

Physical assessment Disease management by Modules

Diabetes, Infectious disease, GI, Psychology,etc. Therapeutics/pathophysiology Nonprescription therapies Patient care management (integrated)

Professional Experience

Experiential Education General Clinical Clerkship Advanced Clinical Clerkship Advanced Elective Clerkship Thesis

Professional Experience(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al)

COUNTRY CREDITS (USA) NSU 0 (pre-pharmacy) + 40 (Pharm.D) = 40.0

Australia 0.0 Pakistan 0.0 S. Africa 0.0 Venezuela 4.0

Bolivia 4.0 Korea 2.0 Japan 0.0 Ukraine 0.0

Cuba 0.0 Thailand 3.0 Trinidad 0.0

Taiwan ?? 9.0 Finland 8.5

India 5.0

Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum

Increase the academic credits of : Professional experiences (clerkship)

Advanced practice Hospital General practice Internal medicine Ambulatory care Drug information

Advanced practice electives GI, Nuclear, oncology, pediatric, psychiatric,

nutrition, industry, compounding, etc.

Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum

Increase the academic credits of : Service Learning

Early practice experience Flexibility of curriculum Public awareness Public/Self recognition as primary care

provider Professional association participation International affair involvement Professional maturity

Others/Electives Calculus Taiwanese history Physical education Military training Art & artists Public speaking Soviet Law Life of Christ

Others/Electives(Data from NSU-international program 2005 admission, Lai, et.al)

COUNTRY CREDITS (USA) NSU 0 (pre-pharmacy) + 10 (Pharm.D) = 10.0

Australia 0.0 Pakistan 12.0 S. Africa 18.0 Venezuela 4.0

Bolivia 70.0 Korea 42.0 Japan 12.0 Ukraine 59.5

Cuba 51.0 Thailand 15.0 Trinidad 39.5

Taiwan 43.5 Finland 38.5

India 4.5

Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum

Decrease the academic credits of: Non-pharmacy related courses

Academic Credits Comparison

Taiwan US Biomedical Science 37 41 Pharmaceutical Science 38 29 Behav.,social, adminis. 6 22 Pharmacy practice/Therap. 11 28 Professional exp/Clerkship 9

40 Others/electives 44 40

Curriculum Problems (in General)

Deficiencies in content Duplicative teaching Lack of student-directed and

independent learning Quality assurance of Clinical rotation Flexibility and Condemnatory Faculty, Students, Practitioners

involvement

Barriers of Changing Curriculum

Public Awareness Pharmacists as part of healthcare team Ethics, regulations, and standard of pharmacy

Resource sufficiency Budget Faculty Physical, including facilities and experiential

sites Impact on other school programs and

current practitioners and students

Discussion: Changing Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum

Time Frame: 4 years, 5 years, or 6 years ???

Degree: BS, M-Pham, Pharm.D. ???

Licensure:General practice – “Clinical Patient Care is the

must”Specialty

Advanced clinical practice Industrial Business administrative

Ending

Changes creates opportunities…..

as well as problems….

Thinking Globally…. Acting Locally

Thank You

Leanne Lai, Ph.D.Director of International Program

3200 S. University driveFt. Lauderdale, FL, 33328

leanne@hpd.nova.edu

Mission ofPharmacy Education Inculcate students with the value

necessary to serve society as caring, ethical, learning professionals

Provide students with scientific fundamentals and fosters attitudes to adapt their careers to changes in health care system

Enhance scholarships

Mission of Pharmacy Education

Promote advances in pharmaceutical care by fostering postgraduate residencies and fellowships in clinical sciences and other areas

Provides structured postgraduate education and training

(AACP Commission Report)

Pharmacy Practice

Traditional practice: Preparing the drug product Providing the drug produce Providing drug information

Pharmacy Practice Contemporary (Rational drug use):

Participating in process of drug use decision Selecting the drug product dosage form Selecting drug product source of supply Determining the dose and dosage schedule Monitoring patient compliance Detecting adverse drug reaction and drug

interaction(AACP Commission

Report)

Practice Areas in Pharmacy Chain Drug Store pharmacists Community pharmacists Compounding pharmacists Academic pharmacists Drug information specialist Hospital staff pharmacist Military pharmacists Public health services pharmacists

Practice Areas in Pharmacy

Critical care pharmacists Hospice pharmacists Infectious disease pharmacists Long-term care pharmacists Managed care pharmacists Nuclear pharmacists Nutrition support pharmacists

Practice Areas in Pharmacy

Oncology pharmacists Pediatric pharmacists Poison control pharmacists Primary care pharmacists Psychiatric pharmacists Veterinary pharmacists Regulatory pharmacists