perspektif sosiologi mikro tentang fenomena komunikasi nisa kurnia i – sosiologi komunikasi 2012
TRANSCRIPT
PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI MIKRO TENTANG FENOMENA KOMUNIKASINisa Kurnia I – Sosiologi Komunikasi 2012
http://alhada-fisip11.web.unair.ac.id/
Micro approaches focused on person to person interaction.
Overview
Overview
Micro Perspectives Individu behavior as subject action,
agent, agency Teori Pilihan Rasional Teori Pertukaran Perilaku (Homans) Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau) Teori Dramaturgi Erving Goffman Teori Uses and Gratification
Rational Choice Theory focused on individual behavior that based on rational choice
Teori Pilihan Rasional
Teori Pilihan Rasional
Based on The Wealth of National by Adam Smith Individual act based on their personal interest Result in collectives profit
Individual act based on preferences James S Coleman
actor choose their acts based on maximized the usage for satisfying their needs.
To intervene society = to intervene individual Based on utilitarianism philosophy
very capitalistic
Teori Pilihan Rasional
Rational Act Theory, disadvantages: Unbalanced information received Rationality differences between individuals Not all “action” can be explained Rejects the existence of soul, instinct,
emotional and irrational things Paying too much attention on the
relationship between “micro” and “macro” Neglecting relationship between the
macros Neglecting dialectics relationship
Functionalism preposition explanation about individual behavior
Teori Pertukaran Perilaku (Homans)
Teori Pertukaran Perilaku (Homans) Skinnerian prepositions: Success preposition
Repetition of the “success” Stimuli preposition
Repeating advantage stimuli Value preposition
Higher value tend to repeated Deprivation-Satiation Preposition
Choosing another value Bless-Aggression Preposition
Aggressive comes from unsatisfied self
Teori Pertukaran Perilaku (Homans) Basic assumptions of Homan’s Theory:
Based on elementary economic transaction principle Extrinsic and intrinsic profit
Social structure as “exchange” arena Social exchange manifest on the tangible and
intangible Individual roles on social system determination Society starts from group of individuals In group analysis, will find:
Internal system External system
Based on collectivist structuralism thesis, focused on social property and structure
Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau)
Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau) Blau’s Basic Assumption:
Micro social reality can't be generalized Structure built from individual powerful dynamic
process Adapt Perennial and counter adjustment: Dilemma,
differentiation, dynamics and dialectical process. Micro structure built from interactions between
individual Micro group can’t be controlled by social oblige Understanding how complex organization works Why people do association?
Intrinsic and extrinsic needs
Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau) Blau’s Basic Assumption:
Social structure built from individual behavior based on social exchange principles
Social process change from simple to complex
More complex group deliver power relation (neglect the social exchange principles)
Power how individual coerce their will into another.
Power, will this legitimized or resisted?
Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau) Blau’s “The Emergence Principle”
group membership based on convention of values and norms as social transaction media.
4 Values functioned as social transaction media: Specific values as media of social cohession and
solidarity Social stratification born from social achievement
standard Values as collectives-legitimative function Opposition idea as reorganization and change medium.
So, social complexity with collectives value will survive if...
Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau) Power
Power born from individual contribution on collective values social stratification
Authority rules society Authorative dilemma; between getting
power and legitimacy Power legitimation determine by social
values Is it general of specific?
Teori Pertukaran Sosial (Peter Blau) 4 Types of Mediator Values
Specific values function as social cohession and solidarity source
General values as standard for social stratification Convention values as medium to reach goal Opposition ideas is mediu to reorganize and
change 3 requirement for legitimized social complexity:
Formal organized principles Socialization to the next generation Dominant grop must follow the values
Individu as actor, try to fullfil audience expectation.
Teori Dramaturgi Erving Goffman
Teori Dramaturgi Erving Goffman Actor acts to adapt audience expectation Focused on “impression management”
Actor technic to built and preserve particular impression on the audience
Based on simbolic interaction by Mead Individual = Mind + Self
Interaction will happen if actor can adapt to the audience expectation
Identity built from this process Dramaturgical analogy
Teori Dramaturgi Erving Goffman Social life area according to Goffman:
Front stage being watched by audience Back stage actor built its impression
Front stage = Setting + Front personal Front personal = Appereance+ Manner Front personal, following collective
representation Audince also must know the rules of
dramatical stage
Teori Dramaturgi Erving Goffman Mystification technicques by actor
By building social space Self as a result from dramatical influence
built from dramatical interaction.
People choose media based on their needs and motives to reach gratification
Teori Uses and Gratification
Teori Uses and Gratification
Talking about what people do with media Audience actively finding and choosing
media to fulfill their needs and wants Basic motives individual comes from their
expectations of gratification Individual used media for many reason:
Entertainment Giving information Selling Educationing Self actualitation
Teori Uses and Gratification
Expectancy Value Theory We expect therefor we choose the media
Exposing self to media exposure in order to get the effects of gratification
Media Dependency Theory: As world in chaos Fear appeal of the message People depend culturally on media
http://alhada-fisip11.web.unair.ac.id/