SUBMITTED TO,Prof. (Dr.) THOMAS ABRAHAMDEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMYALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

Group no.:xii

lightwater

crop

nutrients

Weeds

&

diseases

harvest

yieldMarket yield

storage pests

crop pests

Disease 26 %

Weeds 33 %

Insects 26 %

A pest may be defined as

any organism that interferes

with production of the crop.In

spite of the general category

of pests such as insects,

diseases and weeds,there are

many other types including

nematodes, arthropods etc.

What is Pest?????

The level of

damage, or

potential damage,

that is equal to the

Cost of Control, the

pest is considered

to be at Economic

Injury Level.

Why Pest Management in OF:-

To minimize losses

To minimize environmental pollution

To approach towards sustainability

Maintain quality as well as quantity of produce

Decrease Bio-hazards created in the food chain due to presence of Chemicals

Nullify the negative Effects of Green Revolution

Ensuring Food Security

Controlling the pest and insects getting Resistant to chemicals, etc.

The How And Why Behind its Psychology and Working

The physiology

and morphology of the insect

About the infecting Strategies

of pest

Pest management

Natural enemies of

the pest concerned

Farmer

Management / control of rodents(Rats)

Prepare

concentrated sugar

solution

Dip cotton in that

sugar solution

Dry it in sun, and place

the pieces of it in various

part of the field

When Rats consume it,

it will hamper the

Appetite and pathology

of the rat

Few rats dies few

will suffer a

serious pain

The will leave the

locality and so the

colony

Rats are social

animals, lives in

colony

Biological measures

BehaviouralMeasures

Cultural Measures

Pest Management

Pheromones

KairomoneImmuno-

contraception

• Pheromones: chemical substances used by

animals (mainly insects) to communicate

– Moths and bark beetles

• Kinds

– aggregation

– sexual - released by females to attract males

: -

A Kairomone is a semiochemical

mediating Inter-specific interaction

emitted by an organism that benefits an

individual of another species which

receives it, without benefitting the emitter.

Kairomone can be utilized as an

'attracticide' to lure a pest species

to a location containing pesticide.

• Vaccine that reduces fertility – Glycoproteins (ZPG) inhibit egg fertilization

• Effective against wildlife populations

BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL

There are many beneficial insects, birds; animals

that help suppress the population of insect pest.

Providing them home and habitat within your farm will

greatly lessen Incidents of serious infestation.

Bacteria, yeast and fungus (BYM) that fight bad

bacteria and fungus; and damage the egg as well as

adult insect-pests can be very helpful at low cost

while renewable as they live and grow.

The natural agents control the pest through:

PREDATION – Killing & Eating

PARASITIZATION -Feeding

INFECTION -Disease

Predators such as ladybird beetle, spiders, dragonflies and mites.

Parasites such as Trichogramma, Braconids

Pathogens such as bacteria and fungi which cause diseases to pest.

*

TrichogrammaBraconid

Pirate bugSpiders

Praying ManthisBirds

Frogs

Chemical Methods

Pesticide applications that have minimal

risks associated with their use.

Using the least amount of chemicals that

will still be effective

Advantages Of PM

Reduce chemicals being used

May reduce percentage of pesticide resistant insects

Only uses chemicals if necessary

Long term benefits (lower cost for chemicals, better for environment and human health)

Individual using PM must be educated about the options

Takes more time to initiate than simply “spraying for pests”

Must be closely monitored for best results

Natural enemies of pests may become pests themselves

1. Pests of Rice

Green leafhopper:

•Use resistant varieties like IR 50, CR 1009, Co 46, PTB 2

and PTB 18.

•Nursery should not be raised near the lamp posts

•Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/20 cent nursery as basal dose

•Maintain the water level at 2.5 cm for 3 days

2. Pests of Cotton

Cotton aphid

(Aphis gossypii)

Release biocontrolagents viz., Coccinellidbeetle Monochilussexmaculatus and Coccinellaseptumpunctataand Aphelinusmali, A. flavipes.

•Predators - Phylloscopus tristis

•Monitor the nymphs and adults of early season sucking pests from the 14th day after sowing.

•3. Pests of Sugarcane

Shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus)

•Resistant varieties: CO 312, CO 421, CO 661, CO 917 and CO 853

•Planting – December – January escapes the incidence

•Intercrop: Daincha – low shoot borer incidence

•Earthing up – 30th day

•Trash mulching: 10 – 15 cm thickness on 3 days after planting

•Ensure adequate moisture

•Remove and destroy dead hearts

•Tachinid parasite: Sturmiopsis inferens @ 125 gravid females

4. Pests of Sorghum•Shootfly (Atherigona varia soccata)

•Use resistant varieties like Co-1, CSH 15R, Maldandi

and Hagari.

•Sow the sorghum immediately after the receipt of monsoon

rain to minimise the shoot fly damage.

•Use higher seed rate (12.5 kg/ha) and remove the shoot fly damaged

seedlings at the time of thinning or raise nursery and transplant only

healthy seedlings.

•Pull out plants showing dead hearts and destroy at the time of thinning.

•Set up hanging type of plastic fishmeal trap @ 12/ha till that is 30 days

old.

•Release larval parasitoids viz., Tetrastichus nyemitavus, T.

coimbaborensis, Callitula sp., Diaulinopsis sp.,

•Pupal parasitoid - Cratalpiella sp.

•Predator - Abrolophus sp.

No chemicals

Low input

Better quality Sustainability

With the help of nature get benefited