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Pest Management Plan

Karnataka Watershed Development ProjectII (SUJALAIII)

(IDA Credit No.5087‐IN)

June, 2016

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Title This document is the “Pest Management Manual” for KWDP-II (SUJALA-III),

Objective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach that establishes a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks.

Objectives of this IPM plan include:

• Elimination of significant threats caused by pests to the health and safety of patients, staff and the public.

• Prevention of loss or damage to structures or property by pests. • Protection of environmental quality inside and outside buildings.

The purpose of the manual is to provide assistance and guidance to the users and stake holders on the relevant pest management procedures, Pest Management centre in Karnataka, etc.,

Version This is the first version of the manual

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Contents

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management Plan 2 3.0 Integrated Pest Mangement 2

3.1 Tools of IPM 2 4.0 Implementing IPM - National Scenario 4 5.0 Implementing IPM - Karnataka Scenario 6 6.0 Project districts and major rainfed crops 17 7.0 Pests and diseases of major crops, IPM 18

7.1 Paddy 18 7.2 Maize 19 7.3 Sorghum 27 7.4 Tur : Red gram : Pigeon pea 32 7.5 Bengal gram - Chickpea 33 7.6 Cotton 36 7.7 Groundnut 39 7.8 Turmeric 41 7.9 Sunflower 41

7.10 Soybean 42 7.11 Green gram 44 7.12 Black gram 45 7.13 Millets : Bajra 45

Annexure I : Pesticides / Pesticide Formulations Banned In India 47 Annexure II : Pesticides Refused Registration 48 Annexure III : Pesticides Restricted For Use in India 49 Annexure IV : Pesticides not permissible (WHO classes Ia, Ib and II) 50

List of tables

Sl. No. Title Page

No.

1 List of Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) 5

2 Live Insect Cultures available 7

3 Price list for different microbial cultures at NBAIR, Bangalore 10

4 Charges for quality analysis test 10

5 Revised price list for different hosts and natural enemies at NBAII 11

6 Compendium of Bio-agents in Agriculture - Insect pests 12

7 Compendium of Bio-agents in Agriculture - Nematodes 15

8 Compendium of Bioagents in Agriculture - Diseases 16

9 List of District and Major crops under SUJALA-III 17

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Integrated Pest Management Plan for Karnataka KWDP-II (SUJALA-III)

1.0 Introduction Indians account for 18% of the world’s population with an estimated population of 1.35 billion. India is the world’s second most populous country next only to China and is expected to be the most populous by 2025. However, we have only 2% of the world’s geographic area and 4 % of the world’s water. Under these situations, India cannot afford to have comparatively lower productivity of crops, when it has the onus of feeding nearly one sixth of the global population. Loss due to pests and diseases is one of the major causes for poor productivity of crops in India. It is estimated that the losses due to pests and weeds range between 10-40%. Loss of about 50% in cotton, 35% in oilseeds, 30% in pulses and rice, 30-35% in fruits and vegetables and 15% in wheat in the absence of plant protection chemicals have been reported in the past. Agricultural productivity in India made a quantum leap in the late 1960’s with the advent of “green revolution” technologies, predominantly due to use of high yielding, short duration hybrid varieties coupled with intensive cultivation with chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, the folly of boosting agricultural production by resorting to short term measures was realized after seeing the ill effects of excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides and un-controlled irrigation. Liberal dumping of chemical pesticides in the Agri. eco system has polluted the eco-system with toxic chemicals which led to the destruction of various beneficiary organisms which were maintaining ecological balance besides developing resistance to the pesticides by the pest species. Similarly, bringing vast tracts of dry land under canal irrigation system in the dry tracts has led to degradation of soil due to excessive accumulation of salts in the surface layers (source : NBSS&LUP - Mandya dist.) Over emphasis on high yielding improved varieties of crop species has led to neglect of drought tolerant highly adoptive local varieties causing irreversible loss of Bio-diversity. Excessive use of chemicals in agriculture has led to the following impacts:

• Development of resistance in target insects / pests • Resurgence of pests and their reappearance • Destruction of useful insects such as predators, parasites, pollinators,

productive insects etc., due to continuous use of chemical insecticides. • Pollution of soil and water resources resulting in reduced soil productivity. • Deposition of pesticide residues in the environment that ultimately enters the

human food chain leading to health hazards in the form of severe disorders such as, cancer, miscarriage, infertility, birth-defects, kidney problems etc.

• Outbreak of secondary pests due to loss of natural enemies. Given the obvious importance of chemical pesticides in controlling pests and thereby managing higher productivity and also given the clearly adverse impacts of its excessive use has led to the concept of integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is a key component of the Integrated Crop Management strategy based on “green agriculture” principles. Further, IPM has been included in the Environmental Guidance (EG) (EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management) given in the EMF Toolkit along with the process for applying

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the EG and monitoring it. However, the Integrated Pest Management Plan is being spelled out here for purposes of abundant clarity and caution, apart from the fact that it is a requirement under OP4.09 of the World Bank.

2.0 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management Plan

• The purpose of this document is to describe a Plan by which the project can promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management in agricultural interventions undertaken under KWDP-II (SUJALA-III) project. The plan further presents components to strengthen such capacity.

• The Plan promotes the use of physical, cultural, biological and other control measures and the reduction of dependence on synthetic chemical pesticides.

3.0 Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management is the approach now being adopted worldwide to reduce the ill effects of excessive use of chemical pesticides in agriculture. The World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.09 defines integrated pest management as a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves

a) Managing pests (keeping them below economic threshold levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them;

b) Relying, to the extent possible, on non-chemical measures to keep pest populations low; and

c) Selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.

IPM is a broad ecological approach of pest control (insects, nematodes, diseases, weeds, rodents etc) employing all methods and techniques viz. cultural, mechanical, genetic, regulatory, biological and chemical in a compatible manner to keep pest population below the economic threshold level (ETL). The revised International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, FAO (2002) defines IPM as follows:

“IPM means the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption of agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.”

3.1 Tools of IPM: The main tools of IPM are: o Monitoring: Crop monitoring, that keeps track of the pests and their potential damage,

is the foundation of IPM. This provides knowledge about the current pests and crop situation and is helpful in selecting the best possible combinations of the pest management methods. Pheromone traps have an advantage over other monitoring tools such as light and sticky traps. Being selective to specific pests, they have proven their usefulness in large scale IPM validations in cotton, basmati rice, chickpea and pigeon pea.

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o Pest resistant varieties: Breeding for pest resistance is a continuous process. At the

same time the pests also, particularly the plant pathogens, co-evolve with their hosts. Thus, gene transfer technology is useful in developing cultivars resistant to insects, plant pathogens and herbicides. An example of this is the incorporation of genetic material from Bacillus thuringensis (Bt), a naturally occurring bacterium, in cotton, corn, and potatoes, which makes the plant tissues toxic to the insect pests. Scientific community is impressed by its huge potential in managing the pests, but is also concerned about the possibility of increased selection pressure for resistance against it and its effects on non-target natural fauna. However, due to ethical, scientific and social considerations, this potential technology has been surrounded by controversies.

o Cultural pest control: It includes manipulation of production practices that make crop

environment less susceptible to pests. Crop rotation, fallowing, planting time and harvesting dates, alteration of plant and row spacing, cultivation of trap crops and destruction of old crop debris are a few examples of cultural methods that are used to reduce the incidence of pests. Planting of cover crops, nectar- producing plants and inter-planting of different crops to provide habitat diversity to beneficial insects are important management techniques. Cover crops, often legume or grass species, prevent soil erosion and suppress weeds. A cover crop can also be used as a green manure. When incorporated in the soil, some cover crops of the Brassica family have the ability to suppress nematode pests and wilt diseases. Left in the field as residues, rye and wheat are known to suppress more than 90 percent of weeds. Cultural controls are selected based on knowledge of pest biology and development.

o Physical or mechanical controls: These are based on the knowledge of pest

behaviour. Placing plastic-lined trenches in potato fields to trap migrating Colorado potato beetles is the oldest example of physical control. Shaking of the pigeon pea plant to remove Heli coverpa larvae is a common practice in pigeon pea growing areas. Hand picking of insect pests is perhaps the simplest pest control method. Installation of dead as well as live bird perches in cotton and chickpea fields has proved effective in checking the bollworm infestation. Using mulches to smother weeds and providing row covers to protect plants from insects are other examples.

Key Components of IPM Given here below is an outline of a typical IPM plan:

• Identification of major pests & diseases for the crop in the area

• Identification of the minor pests & diseases for the crop in the area

• Assessment of ETL for major pests /diseases • Pest monitoring based on Agro Ecosystem Analysis

(AESA) and conjunctive use of pheromone traps, sticky traps, etc.

• IPM in action o Identification of pest & disease tolerant

/resistant varieties o Cultural methods o Physical / mechanical methods o Biological methods o Bio-pesticides o Chemical methods (preferably use chemicals

that are less toxic, pest specific and having a shorter life after application

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o Biological controls: These include augmentation and conservation of natural enemies of pests such as insect predators, parasitoids, parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria. In IPM programmes, native natural enemy populations are conserved in situ, and non-native agents released with utmost caution. Trichogramma spp. is the most popular parasitoid being released on a number of host crops. A number of microorganisms such as Trichoderma viridae, Verticillium spp. Aspergillus spp., Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. that attack and suppress the insect pests have been utilized as biological control agents on commercial scale.

o Chemical controls: Pesticides are used to keep the pest populations below

economically damaging levels when the pests cannot be controlled by other means. Pesticides include both the synthetic pesticides and plant-derived pesticides. Synthetic pesticides include a wide range of man-made chemicals. These are easy to use, fast-acting, broad spectrum, long lasting and relatively inexpensive. Ideally, pesticides should be used as a last resort in IPM programmes because of their potential negative effects on the environment. Pesticides with the least negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment are most useful. Fortunately, new generation pesticides with novel modes of action and low negative effects on environment are being developed and registered for use. Pesticides that are short-lived or act on one or a few specific organisms fall in this class.

o Assessment of Economic Threshold Level: This is based on the concept that most

plants can tolerate at least some pest damage. In an IPM programme where the economic threshold is known, various control measures other than chemical methods are employed to keep the pest population within the threshold level of the crop. Only as a last resort, chemicals are used to check the population of pests when the other methods fail to keep the pests under control. For example the real time pest surveillance helped in predicting yellow stem borer in rice, Spodoptera litura in groundnut, and Helicoverpa armigera in pigeonpea. Weather-based criteria have been developed for predicting pests and diseases affecting the identified crops.

o Use of Botanical origin Pesticides: They can be as simple as crushed plant leaves,

extracts of plant parts or a combination of different extracts from the plants or a mixture of plant extracts with other elements like soap or even in extreme cases they can be chemicals purified from the plants. Pyrethrum, neem, tobacco, garlic, and pongamia formulations are some examples of botanical origin pesticides. Some of them are broad - spectrum pesticides. They are generally less harmful to the environment, because of their quick degrading property. They are less hazardous to transport. The major advantage is that these can be formulated on-farm by the farmers themselves at low cost.

4.0 Implementing IPM - National Scenario Currently, the major thrust areas of plant protection in India are promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), ensuring availability of safe and quality pesticides, streamlining the quarantine measures and for human resource development including empowerment of women in plant protection skills. In India, IPM related activities are being implemented through 31 Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) located in 28 states and

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Union Territories. The major activities under IPM approach include undertaking sample surveys for monitoring pest/disease situation on major crops, production and release of Bio-control agents and conducting Farmers’ Field Schools (FFSs).

Table No. 1: List of Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs)

Sl. No. CIPMC StatesRegional CIPMCs

1 Faridabad Haryana 2 Bangalore Karnataka3 Guwahati Assam4 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh5 Nagpur Maharashtra

Major CIPMCs 6 Hyderabad Telangana7 Patna Bihar 8 Raipur Chhattisgarh9 Ranchi Jharkhand10 Bhubaneswar Odisha11 Jalandhar Punjab12 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 13 Kolkata West Bengal 14 Vadodara Gujarat15 Solan Himachal Pradesh 16 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir17 Ernakulam Kerala 18 Indore Madhya Pradesh 19 Trichy Tamilnadu20 Sriganganagar Rajasthan 21 Dehradun Uttarakhand

Minor CIPMCs 22 Port Blair Andaman and Nicobar 23 Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh24 Madgaon Goa 25 Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir26 Shillong Meghalaya27 Imphal Manipur 28 Aizwal Mizoram29 Dimapur Nagaland30 Gangtok Sikkim31 Agartala Tripura

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5.0 Implementing IPM – Karnataka Scenario The Govt. of Karnataka has adopted IPM as the key strategy to reduce the cost of cultivation and risk to farmers and also to reduce the use of chemical pesticides in the state. Several research projects are being carried out in different agri-ecosystems by Agri. Universities to find appropriate alternatives to chemical pesticides as part of IPM. National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR), formerly National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII) is located in Hebbal, Bangalore. It acts as a nodal agency for collection, characterization, documentation, conservation, exchange and utilization of agriculturally important insect resources (including mites, spiders and related arthropods) for sustainable agriculture. It has three divisions with the following mandate; Division of Insect Systematics • Augmentation of collections and maintenance of a national repository. • Biosystematic studies on insects, spiders and mites using traditional and molecular

approaches and DNA barcoding. • Generation of checklists, catalogues, illustrated field identification guides and

digitization of collections, networking of institutions and individuals working on biosystematics and identification services.

• Classical biological control, biosecurity, threat perception with action-plan for alien pests.

Division of Molecular Entomology • Whole genome sequencing of some important insects and entomopathogenic

nematodes. • Gene and allele mining for the selection of genes of specific interest and their

utilization. • RNAi technology for IPM. • Genome sequence repository for useful genes. • Endosymbionts and determination of their functional role. • Use of bioinformatics tools and development of genomic databases.

Division of Insect Ecology • Utilization of agriculturally important arthropods for the management of insect pests. • Development of protocols and designs for the establishment of state of art mass

production units for beneficial. • Introduction of beneficial quarantine and post-release monitoring. • Effect of climate change. • Role of pollinators in crop productivity. • Role of semio-chemicals for insect pest management. • Studies on virus-vector dynamics.

The institute is producing the biological control agents such as parasitoids and predators of major crop pests and making them available for use in the field. The available culture and the cost is given in the table below;

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Table No. 2: Live Insect Cultures available

I HOST INSECTS Quantity Rate for

commercial units (Rs.)

Rate for ICAR Institutes / SAUs / Students ( Rs.)

1 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Stage of supply : eggs / pupa

1 Pupa 10 5

100 Eggs 160 80 2 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Stage of supply: eggs

1 Pupa 8 4

100 Eggs 100 50 3 Corcyra cephalonica Stainton

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Stage of supply : eggs

1cc Eggs 50 30

4 Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Stage of supply : eggs

1cc Eggs 50 30

5 Callosobruchus sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Stage of supply: Adults

100 adults 200 100

6 Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) Stage of supply : pupae

100 pupae 200 100

7 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Stage of supply: infested pumpkin

infested pumpkin 250 125

8 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Stage of supply: Nymphs /adults on 1 pumpkin

infested pumpkin 500 250

9 Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Stage of supply: eggs

1 Pupa 8 4

100 Eggs 100 50 10 Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley

Paracoccus marginatus Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Stage of supply: infested potatoes

20 infested potatoes 500 250

II PARASITOIDS Quantity Rate for


Rate for ICAR Institutes / SAUs / Students (Rs.)

1 Trichogrammatids (48 spp./strains) Stage of supply: Parasitized eggs

1cc parasitized eggs

Exotic: 600 Indigenous : 100

Exotic : 300 Indigenous : 50

2 Trichogramma chilonis/T. japonicum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (Egg parasitoids of lepidopteran pests) Stage of supply: Parasitized eggs

1cc parasitized eggs

100 50

3 Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) (Egg parasitoid of Spodoptera litura) Stage of supply: Parasitized eggs

10 egg masses 200 100

4 Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) (Larval

/100 cocoons 100 50

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parasitoid of coconut black headed caterpillar) Stage of supply: Cocoons

5 Chelonus blackburni Cameron (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) (Egg-larval parasitoid of Potato Tuber moth) Stage of supply: Adults

100 adults 150 75

6 Cotesia plutellae Kurdjamov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Larval parasitoid of Diamond Back Moth) Stage of supply: Cocoons

100 cocoons 150 75

7 Acerophagus papayae Noyes &Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Parasitoid of papaya mealybug) Stage of supply: Adults

100 adults 150 75

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III PREDATORS Quantity Rate for



1 Chrysopids (Predator of sucking pests) Stage of supply: Eggs 1000 eggs

300

100 (Farmers)

150

2 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri MulsantA

Scymnus coccivora AyyarB (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Predators of mealybugs) Stage of supply:Adults/Grubs

100 adults of A 100 grubs of A 100 adults of B

400

200

200

200

100 100

3 Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Predator of scale insects) Stage of supply: Adults/ grubs

100 adults 100 grubs

400

200

200

100

4 Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (Predators of aphids) Stage of supply: Adults/Eggs

100 adults 100 eggs

400

300

200

150

5 Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius) (Predator of aphids, mealybugs, scales and whiteflies) Stage of supply: Adults/grubs

100 adults 100 grubs

400

300

200

150

6 Curinus coeruleus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Predator of subabul psyllid) Stage of supply: Adults

100 adults 400 200

7 Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) (Predators of lepidopteran / sucking / storage pests) Stage of supply: Adults/Nymphs

100 adults/ nymphs 150 75

8 Orius tantillus Motschulsky (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) (Predator of sucking pests) Stage of supply: Adults / Nymphs Nucleus culture

Nucleus culture 50 50

IV WEED KILLERS Quantity Rate for



1 Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands Neochetina eichhorniae Warner Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Against water hyacinth) Stage of supply: Adults

100 adults 200 100

2 Orthogalumna terebrantis Wallwork (Acari: Cryptostigmata: Galumnidae) (Against water hyacinth) Stage of supply: Adults/ Nymphs

100 adults 400 200

3 Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Against Parthenium) Stage of supply: Adults

100 adults 200 100

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Table No. 3: Price list for different cultures at NBAIR, Bangalore

S. No. Microbial Culture Quantity Rate (Rs.) ICAR/SAUs/State Commercial

MICROBIAL CULTURE 1. Bacillus subtilis One slant Rs. 4,000/- Rs. 25,000/-2. Beauveria bassiana One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/3. Hirsutella thompsonii One slant Rs. 20,000/ Rs. 25,000/4. Metarhizium anisopliae One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/5. Nomuraea rileyi One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/6. Pacilomyces lilacinus One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/7. Pochonia chlamydosporia One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/8. Pseudomonas fluorescens One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/9. Trichoderma harzianum One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/10. Trichoderma virens One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/11. Trichoderma viride One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/12. Verticillium lecanii One slant Rs. 4,000/ Rs. 25,000/

NEMATODES 1. Heterorhabditis indica 10,000 ijs Rs. 15,000/- Rs.25,000/-2. Stainernema carpocapsae 10,000 ijs Rs. 15,000/- Rs.25,000/-3. Stainernema abbasi 10,000 ijs Rs. 15,000/- Rs.25,000/- HOST CULTURE

1. Galleria melonella 50 Pupae Rs. 1,000/- Rs. 2,000/-

Table No. 4: Charges for quality analysis test

S.No. Quality analysis of sample Quantity Rate 1. Microbial sample Each sample Rs.4,000 + service tax Liquid formulation of Bt and Talc formulations of microbial cultures 1. Liquid formulation of Bt One litre Rs. 600/- + service tax 2. Trichoderma harzianum One Kilogram Rs. 200/- + service tax 3. Trichoderma viride One Kilogram Rs. 200/- + service tax 4. Trichoderma virens One Kilogram Rs. 200/- + service tax 5. Pseudomonas fluorescens One Kilogram Rs. 200/- + service tax

NOTE: Indent and demand draft should reach 25 days prior to the date of requirement. Orders are against advance payment be sent to the Director, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B.No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore- 560 024. Please pay the amount in the form of Demand Draft in favour of “ICAR UNIT A/c NBAIR” payable at Bangalore.

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Table No. 5: Revised price list for different hosts and natural enemies at NBAII w.e.f. 01.04.2014

Name Stage of supply Quantity Rate (Rs.)

HOST INSECTS ICAR /

SAU’s/ State Commercial

Helicoverpa armigera Pupae One 10 20Eggs 100 100 300

Spodoptera litura Pupae One 8 16Eggs 100 80 200

Corcyra cephalonica Eggs One cc 60 100

Sitotroga cerealella Eggs One cc 60 100

Callosobruchus spp. Adults 100 No.s 100 200 Plutella xylostella Pupae 100 No.s 100 200

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Egg sacs 1 pumpkin 200 400 Ferrisia virgata Egg sacs 1 pumpkin 200 400

Chilo partellus Pupae One 6 12Eggs 100 No.s 80 200

PARASITOIDS Trichogramma chilonis Parasitized eggs One cc 100 200Trichogramma japonicum Parasitized eggs One cc 100 200Trichogramma spp.(exotic) pure mother culture Parasitized eggs One cc 300 600

Other indigenous culture of Trichogramma spp. Parasitized eggs One cc 100 200

Telenomus remus Parasitized eggs 1 card 200 400 Goniozus nephantidis Cocoons 100 Nos 100 200 Chelonus blackburni Adults 100 No.s 150 300

Cotesia plutellae Cocoons 100 Nos 150 300

PREDATORS

Chrysopids (for research) Eggs 1000 Nos 300 600 Chrysopids (for farmers) Eggs 1000 Nos 150 -

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Adults 100 Nos 400 800Grubs 100 Nos 200 400

Chilocorus nigrita Adults 100 Nos 400 800Grubs 100 Nos 200 400

Cheilomenes sexmaculata Adults 100 Nos 400 800Grubs 100 Nos 300 600

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Table No. 6: Compendium of Bio-agents in Agriculture

(Information on Bio-control agents used in Biological control of crop insect pests)

Common name Active Ingredient

Target organism / host

Physiological

stage for applicat

ion

Recommended dose &

mode of application

Reason for recommendation

Acerophagus papayae

Endoparasitoids of papaya mealy bug

On papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus

Field release

250 per ha To reduce mealy bug infestation

Anagyrus loecki Endoparasitoids of papaya mealy bug


Field release


Pseudleptomastyx mexicana

Endoparasitoids of papaya mealy bug


Field release


Trichogramma chilonisIshii (I) Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae

Parasitised egg cards

Sugarcane borers Chilo infuscatellus, Chilosacchariphagus indicus, Chilo auricilius, Acigona steniellus; Cotton (Non Bt)bollworms Helicoverpa armigera, Pectinophora gossypiella & Earias spp. Maize stem borer Chilo partellus, Diamond back moth Plutella fruit borer

Field release

50,000/ha onsugarcane and vegetables; 100,000/ha on maize and 1,50,000/ ha on cotton

Sugarcane: 4 to 6 releases at 10 days intervals for early shoot borer; 8 to 10releases for stalk, internode and` Gurdaspur borers Cotton (Non Bt) & Vegetables: Six weekly releases Maize: Three releases at five days intervals

Trichogramma japonicum (I) Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Top shoot borer of sugarcane Scirpophaga excerptalis and Paddy stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas

Field release

Sugarcane &Paddy: 50,000/ha

Sugarcane: 4 to 6 releases at 10 days intervals on observing pest or from 60 th day Paddy: 6 releases on appearance of pest or from 30th day after transplantation

Trichogramma achaeae (I)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Cotton (Non Bt) bollworms and Bhendi Borer

Field release

1,50,000/ha on cotton (Non Bt) 50,000/ha onvegetables

Six releases at weekly intervals

Trichogramma pretiosum (E)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa Armigera

Field release

50,000/ha Six releases at weekly intervals on appearance of pest or from 45th day from transplntation

Trichogramma embryophagum (E)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Apple Codling moth Cydia pomonella

Field release

2000 adults per tree or 100,000/ha

Releases starting from the first moth catch, continue at weekly intervals till pest egg availability in the field

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Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumara (E)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Targeted against tissue borers on maize and sugarcane – For Research work

Field release

- -

Trichogramma brassicae (E)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella and Cabbage butterfly Pierisbrassicae on cabbage and cauliflower

Field release

100,000/ha Six releases at weekly intervals

Trichogramma evanescens Westwood Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Targeted against tissue borers on maize and sugarcane - For Research work

Field release

Trichogramma mwanzai (E)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Targeted against Helicoverpa armigera - For Research work

Field release

- -

Trichogrammatoidea armigera (E)* Trichogrammatidae


Targeted against Helicoverpa armigera – For Research work

Field release

- -

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae (E)* Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae


Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella on cabbage

Field release

2,50,000/ha Five releases at weekly intervals

Telenomus remus Nixon (E) Hymenoptera: Scelionidae


Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura

Field release

1 lakh /ha Three to four releases

Goniozus nephantidis Hymenoptera: Bethylidae

Cocoons Coconut black- headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella

Field release on tree trunks

10 adults perPalm

Four releases

Chelonus blackburnii Cameron (E)* Hymenoptera: Braconidae

Adults Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea Operculella

Field release

50000 adults/ ha in field 2 adults per kg of potatoes in godowns

Two releases at weekly intervals Three to four releases (or as per need) at fortnightly intervals

Cryptolaemus, montrouzieri, Mulsant (E) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults / Grubs Mealy bugs Maconellicoccus, hirsutus, Planococcus citri, P. lilacinus

Field release

10 beetles or 50 grubs / infested plant or tree or 5000 beetles / ha

One or more releases based on pest intensity

Scymnus coccivora (Ramakrishna Ayyar) (I) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults Mealy bugs on citrus, grapes and other fruit crops (M. hirsutus, Planococcus spp.

Field release

600 – 2500 adults/ha


14

Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius) (I) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults / Eggs Sugarcane scale insect Melanaspis glomerata Citrus scale Aonidiella aurantii

Field release

1500 beetles /ha or 10 egg pads (with 40 eggs/pad) in 100 spots/ha (40,000 eggs/ ha) 10 adults /tree


Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius (I)* Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults / Eggs Aphis craccivora on legumes and Lipaphis erysimi on oilseed crops

Field release

5000 larvae or 500 adults per ha

Two releases; first release to coincide with the appearance of aphids

Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (I)* Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults / Eggs Aphis craccivora on legumes and Lipaphis erysimi on oilseed crops

Field release

5000 larvae or 500 adults per ha

Two releases; first release to coincide with the appearance of aphids

Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius) (I)* Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults Aphids and white flies

Field release

- -

Curinus coeruleus Mulsant (E) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Adults Subabul psyllid Hetropsylla cubana

Field release

20 Adults per tree

Two releases during July and October

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (I) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Eggs / First instar larvae

Sucking pests on cotton, tobacco, sunflower, groundnut& some fruit crops

Field release

10,000 first instar larvae/ha

Twice during the season with an interval of 15 days on fruit crops, 10 – 20 larvae per infested tree

Mallada spp. (I) * Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

Cocoons Sucking pests on cotton, tobacco, sunflower, groundnut& some fruit crops

Field release

10,000 first instar larvae/ha

Twice during the season with an interval of 15 days on fruit crops, 10 – 20 larvae per infested tree

Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (I) * Diptera: Syrphidae

Cocoons Aphis craccivora on legumes and Lipaphis erysimi on oilseed crops

Field release

5000 larvae/ha

-

Micromus timidus (Hagen) (I) * Neuroptera: Hemerobidae

Larvae A. craccivora on legumes & oilseeds & Sugarcane Woolly Aphid

Field release

Research in progress

Research in progress

Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius (I) Hemiptera: Anthocoridae

Adults/Nymphs Opisina arenosella Coconut black- headed caterpillar

50 Nymphs / adults per tree

Three releases

Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (I) Hemiptera: Anthocoridae

Adults/Nymphs Spider mites on bhendi

Field release

5 to 10 nymphs per plant

Five releases

15

Table No. 7: Compendium of Bio-agents in Agriculture

(Information on Bio-control agents used in Biological control of nematodes)

S. No. Common name

Active Ingredient

Target organism

/ host

Physiologicalstage for

application

Recommendeddose & mode of

application

Reason for recommendation

1 Pochonia chlamydosporia

Spore cum Mycelia

formulation

Plant parasitic

Nematodes(PPN)

Soil application

15kg/ha For combating PPN & reducing chemical nematicide usage

2 Paecilomyces lilacinus

Spore cum Mycelia

formulation

- do - - do - - do - - do -

Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (I) * Hemiptera: Anthocoridae

Adults/Nymphs Storage pests Field release

For researchwork

Orius tantillus / Orius maxidentex. (I) Hemiptera: Anthocoridae *

Adults/Nymphs Thrips Field release For research work

Heterorhabditis indica (Entomo pathogenic nematodes)

Infective juveniles in wettable powder

White grubs, Root weevils & soil pests

Soil Application

20kg/ha For combating Soil insect Pests andReducing insecticides

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bt crystals and Bt spores 5%

Lepidopteran, coleopteran and dipterans

Foliar spray pests of

1kg/ha To reduce the use of chemical pesticides

Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyhdrosis virus(NPV)

Poly hedral bodies of the NPV Virus 1 X 109PIB /ml

Spodoptera litura Foliar spray

250 Larval Equivalent (LE) / ha

To reduce the use of chemical pesticides

Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhdrosis virus

Poly hedral bodies of the NPV Virus 1 X 109PIB /ml

Helicoverpa armigera

Foliar spray

250 Larval Equivalent (LE) /ha

To reduce the use of chemical pesticides

Beauveria bassiana Spore cum mycelia formulation 1X108 CFU/g/ml

Several insect Pests of crops

Foliar spray or Soil application

2.5-5.0kg/ha foliar spray 2.5-5.0 kg+250- 500kg FYM /ha soil applin

For combating insect pests and reducing chemical insecticide usage

Metarhizium anisopliae

-do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

Verticillium lecanii -do- Sucking pests of various crops and

Foliar spray

2.5-5.0kg/ ha foliar spray

-do-

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

-do- mites -do- 2.5-5.0kg/ hafoliar spray

-do-

16

Table No.8: Compendium of Bioagents in Agriculture

Information on Biocontrol agents used in Biological control of diseases

S.N Common name Active

Ingredient

Target organism

/ host

Physiologicalstage for

application

Recommended dose & mode of

application Reason for

recommendation

1 Trichoderma viride

Spore cum mycelia formulation of 2 X 106 CFU/g/ml

Soil-borne plantpathogens like Rhizoctonia, Phythium, Phytophthora, Scleroterium, Fusarium etc.

Seed treatment and soil application

Seed treatment dosage: 4-10g/kg seeds Soil application dosage: 2.5-5.0 kg+250-500kg FYM /ha for soil application

For combating soil borne plant pathogens and reducing chemical fungicide usage

2 T. harzianum - do - - do- - do - - do - - do -

3 T. virens - do - - do - - do - - d o- - do -

4 Pseudomonas fluorescens

The formulation consists of live cells 1×10 8 CFU/g/ml

Fungal pathogens

Seed treatment Foliar spray

Seed treatment - 10g per Kg of seeds. Foliar spray- 0.1% of formulation mixed in water

Suppression of plant pathogens. Plant growth promoter.

5 Bacillus subtillis

The formulation consists of live cells 1×108 CFU/g/ml

Fungal pathogens

Seed treatment Foliar spray

Seed treatment - 10g per Kg of seeds. Foliar spray- 0.1% of formulation mixed in water

Suppression of plant pathogens. Plant growth promoter.

17

6.0 World Bank assisted, SUJALA-III Project is being implemented in 11 districts of Karnataka since 2013 -14 in 11 districts and the major rainfed crops cultivated in these districts are as shown below.

Table No.9: List of District and Major crops under SUJALA-III

Sl. No. District Major Crops

1 Chamrajnagar Sun flower, Ragi, Jower, Maize, Ground nut, Paddy, Sugarcane, Coconut

2 Tumkur Ragi, Ground nut, Coconut, Paddy

3 Davanagere Ragi, Jower, Maize, Ground nut, Paddy, Coconut

4 Chikkamagalur Ragi, Jower, Maize, Ground nut, Coffee, Citrus, Paddy, Coconut

5 Koppal Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Maize, Wheat, Tur, Ground nut, Bengal gram, Cotton, Safflower, Paddy, Coconut

6 Bijapur Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Maize, Wheat, Tur, Bengal gram, Cotton, Safflower, Green gram, Black gram, Paddy, Coconut

7 Bidar Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Wheat, Tur, Bengal gram, Ground nut, Cotton, Safflower, Green gram, Black gram

8 Raichur Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Maize, Wheat, Tur, Ground nut, Bengal gram, Cotton, Safflower, Paddy, Coconut

9 Gadag Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Maize Wheat, Tur, Bengal gram, Ground nut, Cotton, Safflower

10 Gulbarga Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Maize Wheat, Tur, Bengal gram, Ground nut, Cotton, Safflower, Green gram, Black gram

11 Yadgir Sun flower, Jower, Bajra, Maize, Wheat, Tur, Bengal gram, Ground nut, Cotton, Safflower, Green gram, Black gram

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7.0 Pests and diseases of major crops, IPM SUJALA-III Project is being implemented in 11 districts of Karnataka representing 10 Agro-climatic zones prevailing in the State. The Major Agricultural crops predominantly grown in these districts are listed in Table No.9 above. These crops are delt with individually in the following chapters listing out various Insects, Diseases and Nematodes causing injury. The lifecycle of the pest, symptoms of damage, economic threshold level, management measures such as physical, mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical measure are also given as a part of integrated pest management strategy.

7.1. Paddy (Orzya sativa)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Stem borer Chilo polychrysus Blast - Pyricularia grisea (P. oryzae)

2 Armyworm, Spodoptera mauritia Bacterial Leaf Blight - Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae

3 Malayan black bug, Scotinophora coarctata Rice tungro disease - Rice tungro virus (RTSV, RTBV)

4 Caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis Brown Spot - Helminthosporium oryzae

5 Leaf folder, Cnapalocrocis medinalis Sheath Rot - Sarocladium oryzae

6 Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens Sheath Blight - Rhizoctonia Solani

7 Ear bug, Leptocorisa oratorius False Smut - Ustilaginoidea virens

8 Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Grain discolouration - fungal complex

9 White-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Leaf streak - Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Crop protection :: IPM :: Paddy

The following practices are adopted to reduce the pest populations in paddy

Cultural • Field sanitation • Removal and proper disposal of stubbles will keep the borer population low in next

crop • Summer ploughing • Mechanical picking of egg masses • Late sowing should be avoided to keep the gal midges infestation under control • Clipping of the affected fold leaves reduced caterpillar populations • Use light trap reduce leaf hopper and leaf folder population

Chemical • Dip the roots of seedling in 0.02% chlorpyriphos 20 EC + 1% urea for 4 hrs prior to

transplanting • Apply quinalphos granules at 1.0 kg ai/ha 10 – 15 days after planting • The newly hatched borer larvae must be sprayed with 2 rounds of quinalphos or

phosphomidon at 0.5 kg ai/ha at 7 days interval • Dusting with malathion effective against gundhi bug infestation. • In case of army worm spray the crop in the evening after sun set with nuvan 0.5 kg

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a.i/ha

Biological • Field release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum at weekly interval @

50,000 ha during egg laying stage of rice borer is very effective • Release of mired bug Cytorhinus lividipennis @ 50 – 75 egg/ m2

7.2. Maize (Zeamays)

Sl. No

Pest Disease

1 Stem fly: Atherigona orientalis Sorghum downy mildew: Peronosclerospora sorghi

2 Stem borer: Chilo partellus Brown stripe downy ildew: Scleropthora rayssiae var. zeae

3 Pink stem borer: Sesamia inferens Charcoal stalk Rot: Macrophomina phaseolina

4 Corn worm/Earworm: Helicoverpa armigera Turcicum Leaf Blight (TLB): Exserohilum turcicum

5 Ear head bug: Calocoris angustatus Maydis leaf blight (MLB): Bipolaris maydis

6 Web worm: Cryptoblabes gnidiella Curvularia Leaf Spot: Curvularia pallescens , Curvularia lunata

7 Ash weevil: Myllocerus sp. Brown spot: Physoderma maydis

8 Leafhopper: Pyrilla perpusilla Pythium stalk rot: Pythium aphanidermatum

9 Aphid or Plant lice: Rhopalosiphum maidis Bacterial stalk rot: Erwinia chrysanthemi pv zeae

10 Shoot bug: Peregrinus maidis Fusarium stalk rot: Fusarium moniliforme

Stem fly: Atherigona orientalis

Symptoms of damage • The maggot feeds on the young growing shoots results in “dead hearts”.

Identification of the pest

• Adult - Small grey coloured fly.

Management

• Use seeds pelleted with insecticides (see sorghum) • Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS 10 g/kg of seeds • Plough soon after harvest, remove and destroy the stubbles. • Set up the low cost fish meal trap 12/ha till the crop is 30 days old.

Apply any one of the following insecticides:

• Methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ha • Carbofuran 3%G @ 33.3 kg/ha • Dimethoate 30%EC @ 1155 ml/ha • Methyl demeton 25% EC @ 1000 ml/ha

Phorate 10%G @ 10 kg/ha

20

Stem borer: Chilo partellus

Symptoms of damage

• Central shoot withers and leading to “dead heart”. • Larvae mines the midrib enter the stem and feeds on the internal tissues. • Bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes. • Young larva crawls and feeds on tender folded leaves causing typical “shot hole”

symptom. • Affected parts of stem may show internally tunnelling caterpillars • Identification of the pest • Larva - Yellowish brown with a brown head • Adult - Moth is medium size, straw coloured

Management

• Mix any of the following granular insecticides with sand to make up a total quantity of 50 kg and apply in the leaf whorls on the 20th day of sowing

• Phorate 10% CG @ 10 kg/ha • Carbaryl 4% G @ 20 kg/ha. • For stem borer, release egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis @ 2,50,000 /ha

coinciding egg laying period. Three releases at weekly interval are desirable. Third release is to be accompanied with larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes @ 5000/ha

If granular insecticides are not used, spray any one of the following :

• Carbaryl 50 WP @ 1 kg/ha on the 20th day of sowing (500 l of spray fluid/ha). • Dimethoate 30% EC @ 660 ml/ha

Pink stem borer: Sesamia inferens Symptoms of damage

• Pink larva enters into the stem causing dead heart symptom .

Identification of the pest • Egg - Bead like laid in rows within the leaf sheath • Larva - Pinkish brown with dark head • Adult - Straw coloured moth with white wings

Management • Spray phosaloneb 35%EC at every 20 days interval

21

Corn worm/Earworm: Helicoverpa armigera

Symptom of damage • Larva feeds on silk and developing grains.

Identification of the pest • Eggs - Spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly • Larva - Shows colour variation from greenish to brown. • It has dark brown grey lines on the body with lateral white lines • Pupa - Brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris

Adult

• Light pale brownish yellow stout moth. • Forewings are olive green to pale brown with a dark brown circular spot in the centre. • Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.

Management • Set up of light traps • Set up sex pheromone traps at 12/ha • Two applications of NPV at 10 days interval at 1.5 X1012 POB along with • Crude sugar 2.5 kg + cotton seed kernel powder 250 g on the ear heads

Apply any one of the following on 3rd and 18th day after panicle emergence :

• Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha • Malathion 5 D @ 25 kg/ha • Phosalone 4 D @ 25 kg/ha

Ear head bug: Calocoris angustatus

Symptom of damage • Nymphs and adult suck the juice from within the grains when they are in the milky

stage. • Grains shrink and turn black in colour and ill filled (or) chaffy. • Orange and pale green nymphs and adults are seen on the ear head.

Identification of the pest • Egg - Blue cigar shaped, laid under the glumes or into the middle of the florets • Nymphs - Slender, green in colour • Adults - Male is green in colour. Female is green with a brown margin

Management

Apply any one of the following on 3rd and 18th day after panicle emergence :

• Carbaryl 10 D @25 kg/ha • Malathion 5 D @25 kg/ha • Phosalone 4 D @25 kg/ha • Neem seed kernel extract 5% • Azadirachtin 1%

22

Web worm: Cryptoblabes gnidiella

Symptom of damage • larva first feeds on the lemma of the flowers scraping the chlorophyll • later on the milky grains. • Webbing of maize cobs and feeding on the flowers and the grains.

Identification of the pest • Larva - Long and dark brown. It forms silken webs on cobs • Adult - Dark grey forewings

Management

Spray Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2000 ml

Ash weevil: Myllocerus spp.

Symptom of damage • larva feeds on the secondary roots and adults on leaves.

Identification of the pest

• Adult - Grey coloured weevil.

Management • Mix any of the following granular insecticides with sand to make up a total quantity of

50 kg and apply in the leaf whorls on the 20th day of sowing • Phorate 10% CG @ 10 kg/ha • Carbaryl 4% G @ 20 kg/ha. • For stem borer, release egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis @ 2,50,000 / ha coinciding

egg laying period. Three releases at weekly interval are desirable. Third release is to be accompanied with larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes @ 5000/ha

If granular insecticides are not used, spray any one of the following :

• Carbaryl 50 WP 1 kg/ha on the 20th day of sowing (500 l of spray fluid/ha). • Dimethoate 30% EC 660 ml / ha

Leafhopper: Pyrilla perpusilla Symptom of damage

• Leaves become yellow • Covered with black sooty mould • Top leaves get dried up and lateral buds germinate

Identification of the pest • Nymph - Soft, pale brown dorsally and pale orange ventrally • Adult - Straw coloured, head pointing forward as a snout

Management • Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers • Set up light trap • Detrash: 150 and 210th DAP • Release lepidopteran parasitoid: Epiricrania melanoleuca @8000 -10,000 cocoon /ha

(or) 8 - 10 lacs egg/ha.

23

Spray any one of the following on the 150th and 210th day (1000 l spray fluid)

• Malathion 50 EC 2000 ml • Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2000 ml

Aphid or Plant lice: Rhopalosiphum maidis

Symptom of damage • Yellowing of leaves • Colonies of aphids found in central leaf whorl.

Identification of the pest • Adult - Yellow with dark green legs

Management

• Mix any of the following granular insecticides with sand to make up a total quantity of 50 kg and apply in the leaf whorls on the 20th day of sowing

• Phorate 10% CG10 kg/ha • Carbaryl 4% G 20 kg/ha. • For stem borer, release egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis @

2,50,000 /ha coinciding egg laying period. Three releases at weekly interval are desirable. Third release is to be accompanied with larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes @ 5000/ha

• If granular insecticides are not used, spray any one of the following : • Carbaryl 50 WP 1 kg/ha on the 20th day of sowing (500 l of spray fluid/ha).

Dimethoate 30% EC 660 ml/ha

Shoot bug: Peregrinus maidis

Symptom of damage • Plants become unhealthy stunted and yellow. • The leaves wither from top downwards. • Panicle formation is inhibited and the plants die if attack is severe. • Honeydew secreted by the bug causes growth of sooty mould on leaves. • The midribs of the leaves turn red due to egg-laying and may dry up subsequently.

Identification of the pest • Egg: Laid inside the leaf tissue and covered with a white waxy substance. • Adult: Yellowish brown to dark brown with translucent wings.

Management

Spray any following insecticides

• Diazine0.04% • Dimethoate (or) 0.02%, • Phosphomidon @ 250 ml in @ 450-500 litres water/ha

Disease : Sorghum downy mildew: Peronosclerospora sorghi Symptoms:

• Infected plant chlorotic and sometime stunted, white-stripped leaves & abnormal seed set.

24

• The chlorotic area of leaf always includes the base of the blade, and transverse margins usually sharply defined between the diseased and healthy tissues

• A white, downy growth may appear on both surface of infected leaves. Sometimes tassels of diseased plant may exhibit phyllody.

• Tolerant plants may show symptoms of systemic infection but have normal seed production.

Management • Use resistant maize hybrid CO-6 • Rogue out affected plants. • Spray Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb @ 1000g, Mancozeb 1000g/ha at 20 days after sowing

Disease : Brown stripe downy mildew: Scleropthora rayssiae var. zeae Symptoms

• Lesions start developing on lower leaves as narrow chlorosis or yellow stripes, 3-7 mm wide, with well defined margin and are delimited by the veins.

• The stripes later become reddish to purple. Lateral development of lesions causes sever striping and blotching.

• Seed development may be suppressed, plant may die prematurely if blotching occurs prior to flowering.

• Sporangia on the leaves appear as a downy whitish to wooly growth on both surface of the lesions.

• Floral or vegetative parts are not malformed, and the leaves do not shred.

Management • Resistant varieties -Prabhat, Kohinoor, ICI-703, PAC-9401, PMZ-2, SEEDTEC-2331. • Seed treatment with Acylalanine fungicide metalaxyl @ 6.0 g/kg. • Rogue out infected plants at early stage. • Control - Apron 35 WP, @ 2.5 g/kg as seed treatment. • Spray with Metalaxyl 1g/lit or Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/lit.

Disease : Charcoal stalk Rot: Macrophomina phaseolina Symptoms

• Disease appears 1-2 week after the flowering. The outside of the lower internode becomes straw coloured.

• The pith becomes badly disintegrated. • The pathogen invades seedling roots. When plants approach maturity, the internal parts

of stems show a black discolouration and shredding of the vascular bundles. • This occurs mainly in lower stalk internodes. Careful examination of rind and vascular

bundles of infected plants reveals small black sclerotia which can overwinter and infect next crop.

• Fungus may infect kernels which cause them blacken completely. • Disease is favoured by high soil temperature 30-42o C and low soil moisture.

Management

• Avoiding water stress at flowering time to reduce disease incidence, • Apply Trichoderma in furrows after mixing with FYM @ 2.5 kg/ha FYM/acre (mix 10

days before use in field).

Disease : Turcicum Leaf Blight (TLB): Exserohilum turcicum Symptoms

• It causes significant economic damage when infection takes place at silking stage when

25

conditions are optimum. In early stages slightly oval, water soaked, small spots are produced on leaves. These grow into elongated, spindle-shaped necrotic lesions

• They appear first on the lower leaves and continue increasing in size and number as plant develops, until the complete ‘burning’ of foliage is conspicuous.

• These spots are long, elliptical, grayish-green or tan lesions ranging from 2.5 to 15 cm in length.

Management

Spray Mancozeb or Zineb @ 2-4 g/litre at 10 days interval after first appearance of the disease

Disease : Maydis leaf blight (MLB): Bipolaris maydis Symptoms

• Young lesions are small and diamond shaped. • As they mature, they elongate. Lesions may coalesce, producing a complete “burning” of

large areas of the leaves. • They vary in size and shape among inbreds and hybrids with different genetic

background. • Race ‘O’ produced tan, elongated (2-6 x 3-22 mm) lesion between the veins with limited

margins, with buff to brown borders, usually attacks only leaves.

Management • Spray with Mancozeb @ 2 g/ lit of water. • Resistant varieties – Deccan, VL 42, Prabhat, KH-5901, PRO-324, PRO-339, ICI-701,

F- 7013, F-7012, PEMH 1, PEMH 2, PEMH 3, Paras, Sartaj, Deccan 109.

Disease : Curvularia Leaf Spot: Curvularia pallescens , Curvularia lunata Symptoms

• The disease appears in the form of flecking which later develops into larger lesions. • The lesions in general are round to oval, separate or coalescent, 1-6 mm in diameter. • The centre of each lesion is straw coloured to light brown, which is surrounded by a dark

brown margin

Management • Seed treatment with Thiram and Captan @ 2g/kgreduce seed infection • Two applications of Captafol @2g/lit of water

Disease : Brown spot: Physoderma maydis Symptoms

• The first noticeable symptoms develop on leaf blades and consist of small chlorotic spots, arranged as alternate bands of diseased and healthy tissue.

• Spots on the mid-ribs are circular and dark brown, while lesions on the laminae continue as chlorotic spots. Nodes and internodes also show brown lesions.

• In severe infections, these may coalesce and induce stalk rotting and lodging.

Management • Planting corn early allow to escape infection. • Removing of Saccharum spontaneum grass growing around the crop, can minimise the

disease. • Systemic fungicides mainly based on acylalamines such as, metalaxyl . • Resistant varieties – Ganga 11,Deccan, Deccan 103,Composite Suwan1, F-9572 A,

JKMH-178-4, FH-3113

26

Disease : Pythium stalk rot: Pythium aphanidermatum

Symptoms • Usually the basal internodes become soft, dark brown water soaked, causing the plants

lodge. • Damaged internodes commonly twist before the plants lodge. Diseased plants can

remain alive until all vascular bundles become affected. • Isolations in culture media are necessary to differentiate Pythium from Erwinia stalk rots.

Management • Planting time between 10 & 20 July in Northern India. • Maintain plant population around 50,000/ha. • Good field drainage. • Removal of previous crop debris. • Soil drench with Captan at basal internode (5-7week growth stage)@ 1g/lit of water. • Resistant varieties – Ganga, Safed 2

Disease : Bacterial stalk rot: Erwinia chrysanthemi pv zeae

Symptoms • The stalk near the ground become water-soaked with brownish discolouration and are

easily breakable. • The rotting tissues emit a putrid smell. • Infected plants show dark colour and water soaking at the base of the stalk. Plants die

shortly after tasseling. • The bacterial decomposition produces an unpleasant odor.

Management • Bleaching powder containing 33% chlorine @ 10 kg/ha as soil drench at pre-flowering

stage • Planting crop on ridges. Avoid water logging and proper drainage

Disease : Fusarium stalk rot: Fusarium moniliforme

Symptoms • Affected plant wilts, leaves change from light to dull green, and the lower stalks become

straw coloured. • Reddish discoloration occurs inside the infected stalk. • The internal pith tissue disintegrates, leaving only the vascular bundles. • Fungus enters through roots and grow up in to lower stem. • If infection occurs just after flowering, husks appear bleached and straw coloured.

Management • Application of potassic fertilizers reduces infection. • Seeds from infected areas should not be planted. • Rotation with other crops. • Resistant varieties – Ranjit and Ganga 5

27

7.3. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Sl.No.

Pest Disease

1 Shootfly: Atherigona varia soccata Head Smut: Sphacelotheca reiliana

2 Stem borer, Chilo partellus Covered Kernel Smut: Sphacelotheca sorghi

3 Pink stem borer: Sesamia inferens Long Smut: Tolyposporium ehrenbergii

4 Ear Head caterpillar: Helicoverpa armigera Loose smut: Sphacelotheca cruenta

5 Shoot bug: Peregrinus maidis Downy Mildew: Peronosclerospora sorghi

6 Earhead bug: Calocoris angustatus Rust: Puccinia purpurea

7 Sorghum midge: Contarinia sorghicola Anthracnose and Red Rot: Colletotrichum graminicola

8 Plant lice: Rhopalosiphum maidis Cereal Grain Molds: A complex of several fungal

species Shootfly: Atherigona varia soccata

Symptom of damage

• The maggot bores inside the stem and cuts the growing point. • Central shoots dried and produce “dead heart” symptom. • The infested plant produces side tillers.

Identification of the pest • Egg - white, cylindrical, distal somewhat flattened • Adult - Whitish grey fly

Management • ETL: 1 egg/plant in 10% of plants in the first two weeks of sowing or 10% dead hearts • Take up early sowing of sorghum immediately after the receipt of South West or North East

monsoon to minimise the shoot fly incidence. • Use seeds pelleted with insecticides • Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 10 g/kg of seeds • In case of direct seeding, use increased seed rate upto 12.5 kg/ha and remove the shoot fly

damaged seedlings at the time of thinning or raise nursery and transplant only healthy seedlings.

• Plough soon after harvest, remove and destroy the stubbles. • Set up the low cost fish meal trap @ 12/ha till the crop is 30 days old.

Spray one of the following for an area of 120 m2 nursery :

• Methyl demeton 25 EC 12 ml/ha • Dimethoate 30 EC 12 ml/ha

In main field for direct sown crop spray any one of the following

• Methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ha • Dimethoate 30 EC @ 500 ml/ha • Neem Seed Kernel extract 5% • Soil application of phorate 10 G 18 kg/ha or carbofuran @ 33.3 kg /ha at the time of sowing

Stem borer: Chilo partellus

Symptoms of damage

• Withering and drying of central shoot -“dead heart” • Red mining in the midrib • Bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes.

28

• Tender folded leaves have parallel “shot hole” • Affected parts of stem may show internally tunneling of caterpillars

Identification of the pest • Egg - Scale-like flat oval eggs in batches on the under surface of leaves near the midribs. • Larva - Yellowish brown with a brown head and prothoracic shield. • Adult - Moth is medium size, straw coloured.

Management • ETL: 10% damage • Sowing the lab lab / cowpea as an intercrop minimize stemborer (Sorghum: Lab lab /cowpea

4:1). • Light traps till mid night to monitor, attract & kill adults of stem borer, grain midge and

earhead caterpillars • Mix any one of the following insecticides with sand to make up 50 kg/ha and apply in the leaf

whorls • Phorate 10 G @ 8 kg/ha • Carbofuran 3 G @ 17 kg/ha • Spray any one of the following insecticides : Carbaryl 50 WP 1.00 kg/ha (500 l spray fluid/

ha).

Pink stem borer: Sesamia inferens Symptoms of damage Central shoots dried and produce the dead hearts. Identification of the pest

• Egg - Bead like laid in rows within the leaf sheath • Larva - Pinkish brown with dark head

Adult - Straw coloured moth with white wing

Ear Head caterpillar: Helicoverpa armigera

Symptoms of damage • Earheads are partially eaten with chalky appearance. • Feacal pellets are visible within the ear heads.

Identification of the pest • Eggs - Spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly • Larva - Shows colour variation from greenish to brown. • It has dark brown grey lines on the body with lateral white lines • Pupa - Brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debri

Adult • Light pale brownish yellow stout moth.

Forewings are olive green to pale brown with a dark brown circular spot in the centre • Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.

Management

• ETL: 2 / earhead • Set up of light traps till mid night to monitor, attract and kill adults of stem borer, grain

midge and earhead caterpillars. • Set up sex pheromone traps at 12/ha to attract male moths of Helicoverpa armigera from

flowering to grain hardening. Two applications of NPV at 10 days interval at 1.5 X1012

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POB along with crude sugar 2.5 kg + cotton seed kernel powder 250 g on the earheads is effective in reducing the larval population of Helicoverpa.

Apply any one of the following on 3rd and 18th day after panicle emergence

Carbaryl 10 D 25 kg/ha

Malathion 5 D 25 kg/ha

Phosalone 4 D 25 kg/ha

Shoot bug: Peregrinus maidis Earhead bug: Calocoris angustatus Symptom of damage

• Nymphs and adult suck the juice from within the grains when they are in the milky stage. • Grains shrink and turn black in colour and ill filled (or) chaffy. • Presence of large number of nymphs and adults are seen on the ear head.

Identification of the pest • Egg - Blue cigar shaped , laid under the glumes or into the middle of the florets • Nymphs - Slender, green in colour • Adults - Male is green in colour. Female is green with a brown margin

Management • ETL: 10 / earhead • Apply any one of the following on 3rd and 18th day after panicle emergence : • Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha • Malathion 5 D @ 25 kg/ha • Neem seed kernel extract 5% • Spray twice with Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml/ha. in 500 lit of water at 10% heading and 9

days after.

III. Sap feeders Sorghum midge: Contarinia sorghicola

Symptoms of damage • Pollen shedding due to egg laying • White pupal cases protruding out from the grains • Chaffy grains with holes

Identification of the pest • Adult - Fly is small, fragile with a bright orange abdomen and a pair of transparent wings.

Management • Sett up of light traps till mid night to monitor, attract and kill adults of stem borer, grain

midge and earhead caterpillars. • Apply any one of the following on 3rd and 18th day after panicle emergence : • Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha • Malathion 5 D @ 25 kg/ha • Phosalone 4 D @ 25 kg/ha • Neem seed kernel extract 5% (or) Spray malathion 50 EC @ 1600 ml/ha or phosalone 1150

ml/ha • The sowing of sorghum should be completed in as short a time as possible to avoid

continuous flowering which favours grain midge and earhead bug multiplication in an area.

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Plant lice: Rhopalosiphum maidis

Symptoms of damage • Yellowing of leaves • Colonies of aphids found in central leaf whorl.

Identification of the pest • Yellow with dark green legs

Management • Spraying the base of attacked plants with a contact (or) systemic insecticide controls the

aphid.

Disease : Head Smut: Sphacelotheca reiliana Symptoms

• The entire ear head is either completely or partially replaced by a large whitish gall. • The spores are blown away, exposing the dark filaments

Management • In the areas where the disease occurs commonly, the best practice is to plant resistant

cultivars • Seed treatment with Carboxin (Vitavax) @ 2g/kg of seed. • Collect smutted ear heads in cloth bags in dip in boiling water

Disease : Covered Kernel Smut: Sphacelotheca sorghi Symptoms

• The individual grains are replaced by smut sori. Sori are covered with creamy skin. Sori can be localized at a particular part of the head, or can occur over the entire inflorescence.

• Ratoon crops exhibit a higher disease incidence

Management • Seed treatment with Carboxin (Vitavax) @ 2g/kg or Captan/Thiram 4g/kg of seed. • Collect smutted earheads in cloth bags and destroy by dipping in boiling water. • Avoid ratooning

Disease : Long Smut: Tolyposporium ehrenbergii Symptoms

• Relatively small proportion of the florets are infected. • The sori or spore sacs are cylindrical, elongate, usually slightly curved with a relatively

thick creamy-brown covering membrane.

Management • Seed treatment with Carboxin (Vitavax) @ 2g/kg or Captan/Thiram 4g/kg of seed. • Collect smutted earheads in cloth bags and destruct by dipping in boiling water. • Avoid ratooning.

Disease : Loose smut: Sphacelotheca cruenta Symptoms The sori, which vary in length from 3 to 18 mm, is the solid long black (often curved) pointed columella which extends almost the full length of the sorus and which remains conspicuous after the smut spores have been blown away. Management

• Seed treatment with Carboxin (Vitavax) @ 2g/kg or Captan/Thiram 4g/kg of seed.

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• Collect smutted earheads in cloth bags and destroy by dipping in boiling water. • Avoid ratooning.

Disease : Downy Mildew: Peronosclerospora sorghi

Symptoms • Abundant downy white growth is produced nocturnally on the under surfaces of infected

portions of leaves during humid weather

Management • Rogue infected plants up to 45 days of sowing • Spray any one of the fungicides like Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 500 g or Mancozeb 1000g/ha

after noticing the symptoms of foliar diseases, for both transplanted and direct sown crops.

Disease : Rust: Puccinia purpurea Symptom

• The pustules are elliptical and parallel with the leaf veins. • In highly susceptible cultivars the pustules occur so densely that almost the entire leaf tissue

is destroyed.

Management • Spray Mancozeb at 1kg/ha. Repeat fungicidal application after 10 days

Disease : Anthracnose and Red Rot: Colletotrichum graminicola Symptom

• Many lesions may develop close together and coalesce to kill large portions of the leaf. • Mid-rib infection often occurs and is seen as elongate-elliptical red or purple lesions on

which the black acervuli can be clearly seen. • Infected stems when split open show discoloration (depending on cultivar) which may be

continuous over a large area, or more marbled appearance

Management • Seed treatment with Captan or Thiram @ 4g/kg of seed. • Spray with Mancozeb 1 kg/ha.

Disease : Cereal Grain Molds: A complex of several fungal species Symptom

• The most commonly isolated Fusarium species are F. semitectum and F. moniliforme, and grain infected with these fungi develop a fluffy white or pinkish coloration.

• Curvularia lunata is also frequently encountered and this fungus colors the grains black.

Management • Spray Mancozeb 1 kg/ha or Captan 1kg +Aureofungisol 100g/ha if intermittent rainfall

occurs during earhead emergence, a week later and during milky stage.

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7.4. Tur : Red gram (Cajanus cajanus)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Alternaria Leaf Spot: Alternaria alternata 2 Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus Dry Root Rot : Macrophomina phaseolina

(Rhizoctonia bataticola) 3 Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus Powdery mildew: Oidiopsis taurica 4 Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD): Pigeonpea sterility

mosaic virus (PPSMV) 5 Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Yellow Mosaic: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus 6 Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella Fusarium Wilt: Fusarium udum 7 Field bean pod borer: Adisura atkinsoni,8 Red gram pod fly: Melanagromyza

obtusa

9 Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli 10 Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris 11 Lab lab bug or Stink bug: Coptosoma

cribraria

12 Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora 13 Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri 14 Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci 15 Eriyophid mite: Aceria cajani 16 Leaf folder: Anticarsia irrorata 17 Leaf Webber: Eucosma critica18 Red gram leaf roller: Caloptilia soyella 19 Lab lab leaf miner: Cyphosticha

coerulea

20 Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata 21 Flower webber: Eublemma hemarrhoda

Crop protection :: IPM :: Red gram Monitoring for Pest & Disease

• Under take survey at every 10 km distance initially at weekly intervals and there after at 10 days intervals.

• Record incidence of pod borer on all host crops of the locality. • Field scouting for pests and bio control fauna by extension agencies and farmers once in

7 days should be undertaken to workout ETL. • Two hours light exposure up to 8-8.30 p.m. for pest monitoring through light trap should

be undertaken in the field if possible. • Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha. • Use helicoverpa lure and change it after every 20 days. Trapped should be removed

daily.

Pre-sowing stage • Apply FYM or neem cake. • Synchronise sowing with a single variety in a village/area • Inter crop with sorghum for reducing Helicoverpa, wilt and nematode incidence. • Early planting (mid-June) in NWPZ for avoiding peak infestation period of H. armigera

on short duration pigeonpea. • Resistant/tolerant varieties. • Cultivating early maturing varieties. • Planting of castor or tall sorgham/maizc varieties on borders for conserving natural

enemies. These plants also function as live perches for predatory birds. • Plant short stature crop like cowpea, mungbean, urdbean, fodder soybean etc. in 1 m

wide band after 8-10 rows of pigeanpea.

Sowing stage • During visual observation, if wilt and blight incidence is above 20%, the field may be

33

considered as sick and growing pigeon pea should be discouraged there. • Growing trap crop like marigold on the borders and in between rows as inter crop their

flowers shall attract oviposition which can then be plucked and disposed. • Ridge planting + cover crops like soybean or cowpea. • Treatment of the seed with Trichoderma viride @ 4 grams/kg seed. • Seed treatment with carbendazim + thiram* (I gm + 2 gm/kg seed, or carbendazim (2

gm/kg seed) or thirarn (3 gm/kg seed). • Seed treatment with metalaxy1 for phytopthora blight. • Soil treatment with carbofuran granule @ 8 kg a.i./ha at planting or seed treatment.

Vegetative stage • Inter-culture and hand weeding for keeping the crop, weed free for 6-8 weeks. • Hand picking, jarring on cloth or in bags is effective in a limited way in small areas. • Conservation of predatory spiders and wasps etc. • Installation of bird perches for the predatory birds.

Flowering stage • Removal and destruction of sterility mosaic affected plants. • Hand picking and jarring on cloth or in bags is effective in a limited way in small areas. • Conservation of predatory spiders and wasps etc. • Installation of bird perches for the predatory birds. • Application of NPV @ 250 LE per ha on noticing eggs and 1st instars larvae (2-3 eggs

or 1 larva per twig). • B.t Spray@ O.O7-1.0 kg/ha • Spray of NSKE 5% at pre-flowering stage 3 times at 15 days interval.

Spraying of 0.07% endsulfan (2m1 of 35 EC/lit of water) or 0.04% monocrotophos (1 ml of 36 SL/litre of water) or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 3.5 ml./1it of water at 600-1000 lit of spray material per ha with hand sprayer or 200-300

• lit/ha with power sprayer.

Fruiting stage • HANPV @ 250 LE per ha. on noticing eggs and 1st instars larvae (2-3 eggs or 1

larvae/5 twigs) • Spraying the crop with 0.04% mmocrotophos or chlorpyriphos 20 EC 3.5 ml/1it of water

or only one time fenvelrate 75 gm a. i./ha in 600 to 1000 of spray liquid per ha.

Storage Make harvest at the correct maturity time

7.5. Bengal gram -Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Black bean aphid (Aphis Fabae Scooili) Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] 5 Cutworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) Phoma blight [Phoma medicaginis Malbr. & Roum] 4 Semi lopper (Autographa Nigrisigna

walker) Colletotrichum blight [Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr.) Grove]

3 Termite (Odontotermes obesus Ramb or Microtermes obesi Holmgren)

Alternaria blight [Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Kiessler]

6 Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fabricius)

Stemphylium blight [Stemphylium sarciniforme (Cav.) Wilts.]

2 White grub (Phyllophaga implicita Botrytis gray mold [Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.]

34

Horn) 7 Rust [Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grogn. ) Jacz. &

Beyer] 8 Powdery mildew [Leveillula taurica (Lev. ) Salmon] 9 Sclerotinia stem rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Li b.)

de Bary] 10 Fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.

emend. Snyd. et Hans. f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) Matuo et K. Sato]

11 Verticillium wilt [Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthier.]

12 Collar rot [Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.] 13 Wet root rot [Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn] 14 Dry root rot [Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler] 15 Black root rot [Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.] 16 Phytophthora root rot [Phytophthora medicaginis E.

M. Hans & D. P. Maxwell] 17 Pythium root and seed rot [Pythium ultimum Trow] 18 Foot rot [Operculella padwickii Kheswalla] 19 Bacterial blight [Xanthomonas campestris pv. cassiae

Kulkarni et al.] 20 Stunt [bean (pea) leaf roll virus] 21 Mosaic [alfalfa mosaic virus] 22 Proliferation [cucumber mosaic virus] 23 Narrow leaf [bean yellow mosaic virus] 24 Necrosis [lettuce necrotic yellows virus] 25 Phyllody [mycoplasma]

Gram Pod Borer : Helicoverpa armigera

Identification of the pest • Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly • Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris • Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth. • Forewing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck. • Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.

Symptoms of damage • Skeletinization of leaves – feeding chlorophyll only leaving veins by young larvae

Defoliation • Feeds flower and green pods • In green pods – make circular holes and feed the grains and make empty.

Management • ETL: 2 early instar larvae/plant 5-8 eggs/plant • Pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera 12/ha • Bird perches 50/ha • Hand picking of grown up larvae and blister beetles • Ha NPV 1.5 x1012 POB/ha with teepol (1 ml/lit.)

Apply any one of the following (Spray fluid 625 ml/ha)

• Dichlorvos 76 WSC @ 625 ml/ha • Neem seed kernel extract 5% (31.0 kg/ha) twice followed by • Triazophos 40 EC @ 780 ml/ha • Neem oil 12.5 lit./ha

35

• Phosalone 35 EC @ 1.25 lit./ha

(Note : Insecticide / ha NPV spray should be made when the larvae were upto third instar)

Semilooper : Autographa nigrisigna

Symptoms of damage

• Skeletinization of leaves and the plant becomes whitish • The larvae feed on leaf buds, flowers, tender pods and developing seeds. • Ragged and irregular pod. (This is in contrast with the neat, and round hole,

characteristic of pod borer damage.)

Identification of the pest • Moths have typically patterned forewings. • The larva 25 mm long is green semiloopers

Management • ETL 10% affected parts • Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa. • Early sowing, short duration varieties. • Avoid closer plant spacing. • Grow tall sorghum as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches • Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible • Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha for each insect pest. • Install Bird perches @ 50/ha. • Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population. • Control is achieved by releasing of Trichogramma chlionis at weekly intervals @1.5

lakh/ha/ week for four times. • Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants • Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at 10 – 15

days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide / Ha NPV spray should be applied when the larvae are in early stage).

• Bt @ 600 g, neem oil/ pungum oil 80 EC @ 2ml/lit • Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%. • Apply any one of insecticides at 25 kg/ha. Chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP, quinalphos 4D,

carbaryl 5D • Spray insecticides like Carbaryl 10%DP.(OR) Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha

Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon Symptoms of damage

• The caterpillar remains the soil at a depth of 2-4 inches. • The caterpillars cut the tender plants at the base, and branches or stems of growing

plants. • The caterpillars drag the cut parts into soil for feeding. • The buried stem or branches is almost the sure index of the place where the caterpillar is

hiding

Identification of the pest • Eggs - are laid on earth clods, chickpea stem bases and on both sides of leaves. • Larva - is dark brown with red head. • Pupa -Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon. • Adult- moth are brownish with numerous wavy lines and spots, measuring 3 to 5 cm

across wings

Management

• Deep summer ploughing.

36

• Use well decomposed organic manure. • Adapt crop rotation. • Early sowing in the last week of October. • Intercropping with wheat or Linseed or Mustard reduces infestation. • In the early stages pick the insects and destroy. • Do not grow Tomato or Lady Finger in near by field. • Grow marigold on bunds • The adult insects can be controlled by light traps • Spray insecticides like quinalphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha • In case of severe infestation Spray insecticides like spark 36 EC at the rate of 1000

ml/ha. Profenophos 50 EC @ 1500 ml/ha. • Dilute the above in 500 - 600 liters water and spray.

Termites: Odontotermes obesus Symptoms of damage

• Termite bores into the roots and stem. Due to the bore the plants soon dries. • Attack may continue to the standing crop also especially during the period of drought.

Identification of the pest • These are social insects, live in termitaria, in distinct castes, workers, kings and queen. • Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil. • Workers are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a brown head.

Management • Frequent intercultural operations and irrigation before sowing. • Field sanitation, timely disposal of crop stables and undecomposed plant parts. • Undecomposed FYM or compost should not be used • Two-three deep ploughing could also help control this pest. • Destroy the termite bunds in and around the field and kill the queen and complimentary

form. • Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos @ 4ml/kg of seed.

7.6. Cotton (Gossipium herbacium)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Ash weevils: Mylloecerus undecimpustulatus maculosus

Root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola and R. solani)

2 Cotton aphid: Aphis gossypii Cotton Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axanopodis)

3 Cotton Stem Weevil: Pempheres (Pempherulus) affinis

Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria macrospora)

4 Dusky cotton bug: Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Grey mildew (Ramularia areola ) 5 Fruit borer: Helicoverpa armigera Powdery mildew ( Leveillula taurica) 6 Leaf roller: Sylepta derogata Cotton Leaf curl virus (Bemisia tabaci) 7 Leafhopper: Amrasca (Biguttula biguttula)

devastans Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)

8 Mealy bugs: Phenacoccus sp, Ferrisa sp and Maconellicoccus sp

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum)

9 Pink bollworm: Pectinophora gossypiella 10 Red cotton bug: Dysdercus cingulatusi 11 Shoot weevil: Alcidodes affaber 12 Spotted bollworms: Earias vittella, Spiny

37

bollworm: Earias insulana 13 Stem borer: Sphennoptera gossypii 14 Thrips: Thrips tabaci 15 Tobacco Cutworm: Spodoptera litura 16 Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Crop protection :: IPM :: Cotton

IPM-Cotton Monitoring for Pest & Disease

• Undertake community level monitoring to know change in distribution and abundance of pest.

• Organize regular pest monitoring and assess bio control potential at every 10 days interval.

• Record pest incidence at every 5 to 10 km distance at 12 spots/ha and 5 plants/spot selected randomly.

• Use pheromone traps for monitoring of American, spotted & pink bollworm and spodoptera, at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha.

• Set up yellow pan/sticky traps for monitoring whitefly @ 25 yellow pans/sticky traps/ha. • Monitor the incidence of sucking pests and apply botanical pesticides if the seed

treatment fails to offer desired level of protection. • Setup pheromone traps (5/ha) at the distance of 50 meters to lure the adult moths for

monitoring. • Based on the incidence/observation of the traps, a second release of the egg parasitoids

and predators should be done.

Pre-sowing stage • Deep ploughing in summer • Removal of alternate hosts. • Avoid cotton after cotton. • Adopt crop rotation. • Remove and destroy crop residues by burning • Acid delinting of seeds should be done before sowing (with commercial sulphuric acid

@ 0.1 l/kg of seed) and fumigate with celphos @ 3g/cum for 48 hrs and get thoroughly air dried.

Sowing date • Grow tolerant/resistant varieties of key pests of that area • Use certified seeds • Acid delinting treatment for seeds • Seed dipping in antibiotic in black arm endemic areas • Early sowing • Seed treatment with insecticides • Use pre-emergence/ post emergence herbicides • Adopt proper spacing and maintain plant population. • Adopt judicious fertilizer and water management. Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous

fertilizers. Add FYM @ 25 tonnes/ha. • Maintain weed-free crop for at least 8-9 weeks after sowing till canopy starts closing by

timely inter- cultivation. • Trap cropping should be done with crops like okra, castor, marigold, Nicotiana rustica,

and insect feeding on these, should be periodically removed or killed. • Inter-cropping with mung bean, soybean, groundnut, ragi, maize, cowpea and onion

reduces the infestation of boll worms. However, wild brinjal reduces the whitefly

38

incidence. Intercropping with cowpea reduces Fusarium wilt and colonise the bio control fauna such as lady bird beetles, Chrysoperla etc.

Vegetative stage • Gap filling and thinning • Inter culture & hand weeding of weeds • Check population on trap crops & inter crops • Release of Chrysoperla grubs @ 1000/ha. • Spray neem products for whitefly • If pest persists spray recommended insecticides • Crushing of larvae in the shoots mechanically • Setup pheromone traps (5/ha) at the distance of 50 meters to lure the adult moths for

monitoring. • Fix yellow sticky traps for white fly • Remove & destroy root rot affected plants

Flowering stage • Continue inter culturing & hand weeding of weeds • Management of trap crops & inter crops • Release Chrysoperla @ 10,000/ha for sucking pest • Use pheromone traps and change lures for bollworms • Management of population of bollworms in trap crops • Release of Trichogramma @ 1.5 lac/ha for bollworms • Set up bird perches • Use yellow sticky traps for whitefly • Use neem product to control whitefly • If not controlled, spray triazophos/acephae/acetamprid • Destroy plants affected with cotton leaf curly virus • Spray recommended chemical for vector control

Fruiting stage • Collection & destruction of damaged floral bodies • Collection of grown up larvae under destruction. • Use Ha.NPV @ 250-500 LE/ha • Use neem products • Removal of terminals is to be done • Spray Spodoptera NPV in evening hours. • Spray recommended insecticides

Boll opening stage • Apply need based recommended insecticides • Do not extend the crop period • Use monitoring device • Use recommended acaricides for mites • Destruction of CLCV infected plants • Spot application of chemicals

Storage • Terminate the crop at maturity as early as possible and avoid ratooning to prevent the re-

infestation of insect pests/diseases. • Allow grazing by animals after the last picking for checking the carry over population of

bollworms (animals feed on plant debris and unopened bolls).

39

• Dispose gin trashes by burning and ginning the seeds in the rollers to eliminate carry over of pink bollworm. Install PBW traps in ginners.

• Avoid staking of the cotton stalks near the fields. Destroy the opened bolls if any on the plant before staking.

• Crushing of cotton seeds to be completed by April end.

Fumigation of seeds may be undertaken with expert supervision. 7.7. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

Sl.No.

Pest Disease

1 Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)

Alpha root (Aspergillus flavus Link)

2 Red hairy Caterpillar (Amsecta albistriga walker & A. Moorei Buttler)

Alternaria blight (Alternaria spp. / A. arachidis kul)

3 Aphids ( Aphis craccivora Alternaria leaf disease: Alternaria arachidis and A. tenuissima

4 Thrips ( Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips palmi ) Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria alternata, A. arachidis & A. tenuissima

5 Spiders Bud necrosis: Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV)

6 Jassids ( Empoasca kerri, Bachlucha spp ) Collar rot ( Aspergillus niger ) 7 Leaf miner (Aproaerema modicella) Dry root rot ( Macrophomina phaseolina ) 8 Spodoptera (Spodoptera litura) Dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola Taub.) 9 Red hairy caterpillar ( Amsacta albistriga; A.

moorei ) Early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola)

10 Semilooper Early leaf spot: Cercospora arachidicola 11 Helicoverpa armigera Late leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsis personata) 12 Coccinellids Late leaf spot: Phaeoisariopsis personatum 13 Leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsis personata Berk &

Curt and Cercospora arachidicola) 14 Peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) 15 Peanut bud necrosis tospovirus disease (peanut

bud necrosis virus) 16 Peanut clump virus (PCV) 17 Peanut mottle virus (PMV) 18 Peanut stem necrosis disease (PSND) 19 Rust (Puccinia arachidis) 20 Rust: Puccinia arachidis 21 Stem rot: Sclerotium rolfsii Monitoring for Pest & Disease

• Community level monitoring to know change in destruction and abundance of pest • Organise regular pest monitoring and assess bio control potential at every 5 to 10 km

distance at 12 spots/ha and 5 plants/spot selected randomly. • Use pheromone traps for monitoring Spodoptera/Helicoverpa and leaf miner.

Pre-Sowing stage • Deep ploughing in summer. • Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of preferred host trees in area of

40

white grub adults. • Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize. • Early sowing. • Collection and destruction of white grub adults. • Installation of 12 light traps/ha or bonfire against Red Hairy Caterpillar

Sowing stage • Two hand hoeing at 20 days and 35-45 days after sowing for effective weed control. • Stray planting of cowpea or soybean (leaf miner) castor and sunflower for S. litura as trap

crops. • Soil application of castor cake @ 1000 kg/ha or neem cake against stem rot. • Continue with light trap or bonfire against RHC. • Collection and destruction of egg masses of RHC in the fields around light-trap areas. • Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 4g/kg OR Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum @ 4

g/kg seed.

Vegetative stage • Rouge out bud necrosis affected and chump infected plants. • Irrigate once. • Continue with light trap or bonfire and mechanical collection of RHC egg

masses/caterpillars. • Install one pheromone trap per ha. for monitoring or 5 trap/ha for mass trapping of

Spodoptera. • Collection and destruction of- early stage larvae of Bihar hairy cater pillar. • Collection and destruction of white grub adults from jujube or neem trees around the field. • Install per ha.10-12 bird perches. • Two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing. • Release egg parasite, Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha, 4 times (7-10 days interval) against

Tobacco Caterpillar • Spray SNPV @ 250LE or B.t @ 1 kg/ha for controlling defoliators. • Spray Carbendazim @ 375 g ai./ha or 2 gm of Chlorothalanil/lit for control of leaf spots

and rust. • Spray Endosulfan 35 EC or Quinalphos @ 1250 ml/ha to control hairy caterpillar.

Flowering stage • Collect and destroy egg masses and early instar larvae of S. litura. • Continue Pheromone trap @ 1/ha for monitoring or 5/ha for mass trapping of S. litura • Spray neem based formulation @ 2%. • Release Trichogramma chilonsis (50000/ha) twice and Cheilomenus

sexmaculata (1250/ha twice) against leaf miner and other defoliators.

Fruiting stage • Collect egg masses and early instar larvae of S. litura. • Spray neem based formulation @ 2%. • Spray SNPV @ 250 LE/ha or Bt. 1 kg/ha on need basis. • No chemical control applied at the maturity stage.

Storage • Store the pods in polythene lined gunny bags and fill the top of the bags with sand. • Mouth of bags not be closed to avoid germination loss. • Harvest at optimum maturity stage to avoid pod infection.

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7.8. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Shoot Borer: Leaf Blotch 2 Leaf Roller Leaf Spot: 3 Scale Insects: Rhizome Rot 4 Dry rot 5 Bacterial wilt Crop protection :: IPM :: Ginger and Turmeric

Integrated pest management of ginger and turmeric

Chemical • Treatment of seed rhizome with granular carbofuran @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha is effective against

scales • Spray monocrotophos 0.1% at monthly interval against shoot borer or leaf roller

Biological • Natural enemies like Apanteles sp, Sympiesis sp Ceromya sp, Enterobacter cloacae and

nematode mermithid are effective in regulating the leaf roller infestation 7.9. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Sucking pest, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida (Cicadellidae: Homoptera)

Downy Mildew: Plasmoparahalstedii

2 Capitulum borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae : Lepidoptera)

Rust: Puccinia helianthi

3 Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Alternaria Blight : Alternaria helianthi

4 Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma oblique Walker (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera)

Charcoal Rot : Macrophomina phaseolina

5 Green semiloopers Trichoplusia ni, Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabr.) (Plusia orichalcea) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Sclerotium Wilt Or Rot : Sclerotium rolfsii

6 Rhizopus Head Rot : Rhizopus sp 7 Sunflower mosaic virus (SMV) 8 Tobacco streak virus 9 Yellow blotch disease 10 Leaf crinkle disease Crop protection :: IPM :: Sunflower

Monitoring for Pest & Disease

• Organise regular pest and disease monitoring and assess bio-control potential at 15 days intervals.

• Observations are taken at every 5 to 10 km distance, 10 spots per ha randomly and 10 plants per spot.

• Install pheromone traps 10 per ha to monitor moth population of Helicoverpa and Spodoptera litura.

Pre-sowing stage

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• Deep summer ploughing • Clean cultivation • Seed treatment with T. harzianum of T. viride @ 4 g/kg seed for diseases. • Soil application of Verticillium chlonydosperium @ 2 Kg/ha along with compost

followed by irrigation for nematode management.

Sowing stage • Use resistant varieties • Use certified disease free seed • Early sowing • Sow the crop in ridges at 15-20 cm height in cutworm endemic areas. • Use mechanical devices to scare parakeets. • Rogue downy mildew and sunflower necrosis disease infected plants and destroy them.

Vegetative stage • Conserve biocontrol agents like Cotesia spp., spiders, anthocorids, Chrysopa, Lady bird

beetles, mandits and reduvid bugs. • Install 15 bird perches per hectare for predatory birds. • Release 1-2 larva per plant of Chrysoperla carnea at early stage of crop.

Flowering stage • Use NPV @ 250 LE/ha against Helicoverpa and Spodoptera . • Use B.t. (K) 1 kg/ha against Spodoptera. • Release 1-2 larva per plant of Chrysoperla carnea at early stage of crop

Conserve bio-control agents like Cotesia spp., spiders, anthocorids, Chrysopa, Lady bird beetles, mandits and reduvid bugs.

7.10. Soybean (Glycine max)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Leaf folder Leaf Blight 2 Semilooper Leaf Spot 3 Stem fly Seedling Rot 4 Frog eye 5 Rust

Crop protection :: IPM :: Soybean Monitoring for Pest & Disease

• Undertake community level monitoring to know change in distribution and abundance of pest.

• Organise regular pest monitoring and assess bio control potential at every 15 days interval.

• Record pest and disease incidence at every 5 to 10 km distance at 10 spots/ha and 5 plants/spot selected randomly.

• Install sex pheromone trap for early deduction of S. litura @ 10 traps/ha for mass trapping.

• Light trap with 125 watts mercury vapour lamp can be operated for two hours in the evening to observe phototropic insect pests.

Pre-sowing stage • Deep ploughing in summer. • Pre-monsoon sowing MUST BE avoided. • Fluchloralin (1.0 to 1.5 kg a.i. /ha) or trifluralin (0.96 to 1.2 kg a.i../ha) should be

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incorporated into the soil for controlling broad leaved weeds. • Narrow row spacing (20 cm) + higher seed rate (125 kg/ha) + Oxadiazon 1.0 kg Pre

emergence (PE). • Solarization - Practice soil solarization be giving a very light irrigation in summer

morning and the covering the field by polythene, by this the irrigation water evaporates and kills the weed seeds by steaming affect.

Sowing stage • Use insect/disease tolerant varieties. • Use optimum seed rate (70-100 kg/ha). • Avoid pre monsoon sowing. • Do not cultivate when the foliage is wet. • Avoid excess nitrogenous fertilizers. • Application of potash fertilizers should be ensured. • Intercrop soybean either with (early maturing) Pigeon Pea variety or maize or sorghum

in the sequence of 4:2 should be practised. • Plant seeds relatively free of the pathogen. • Rotate soybean with crops not susceptible to the pathogen. • N, P, K, and S should be applied @ 20:60- 80: 20:20 kg per ha. • Crop should be maintained weed-free initially for 30-45 days by resorting to two hand

hoeing /weedings. • Seed treatment with thiram 75% DS @ 3 g/kg seed should be done. This should be

followed by seed treatment with Rhizobium japonicum and Phosphate Solublizing Bacteria (PSB) @ 5 + 5 9 /kg seed.

• Pre-emergence application of alachor (2.5 kg a.i./ha) or metalachlor (1.0 kg a. i./ha) for grassy weeds and pendimenthalin (0.75 to 1.0 kg a.i./ha) or metribuzin (0.35 to 0.525 kg a.i./ha) for controlling both grassy and broad leaved weeds.

• Apply phorate 10 % CG (@ 10 kg/ha at the time of sowing • Rogue out Sclerotium affected seedlings.

Vegetative stage • Collect and destroy girdle beetle infested plant parts, egg masses and gregariously

caterpillar feeding larvae of hairy caterpillar and tobacco caterpillar. • Conserve biological control such as spiders, lizards, coccineid, beetles, techanid fly,

dragon fly, damsel fly, praying mantis. • Apply oxydemeton methyl* 25% (@ 500- 1000 ml/ ha or dimethoate* 30% EC @ 750 -

1000 ml/ha two weeks after germination in case phorate has not been applied at the time of sowing.

• Apply mancozeb 75% WP @ 1500 - 2000 gi11a or hexaconazole 5% EC or propiconazole or triadimefon 80% EC @ 0.1% on the appearance of rust infection.

Flowering stage • Apply triazophos 40% EC @ 625 ml/ha or quinalphos 25% EC @) 1000 ml/ha for

controlling defoliators, tobacco caterpillars, stem fly and girdle beetle. • Apply mancozeb 75% WP (@ 1500-2000 g/ha or hexaconazole 5% EC or propiconazole

25% EC or triadimefon 25% WP @0.1% on the appearance rust infection.

Fruiting stage • Poison baiting with 2% zinc phosphide at podding and green seed stage preceded by one

day pre- baiting or applicationl of bromadiolone 0.005% ready to use at green seed stage for the control of rodents.

Storage • Seeds should be harvested at field maturity.

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• Delayed harvesting should be avoided. • Seeds should be dried to safe moisture levels soon after harvest (8-10%). • The dried seeds should be stored in hermetically sealed containers. • Protect the sealed containers from water, cross contamination and rodents. • Ensure proper ventilation around seed. • Completely cover plant residue by clean ploughing the field soon after harvest.

7.11. Green gram (Vigna radiata)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera

Anthracnose: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

2 Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Bacterial Leaf Blight: Xanthomonas phaseoli 3 Spiny pod borer, Etiella zinckenella Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora canescens 4 Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus Leaf crinkle disease: Leaf Curl Virus 5 Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops

cnejus Macrophomina Blight: Macrophomina phaseolina

6 Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora Yellow mosaic -Mungbean yellow mosaic virus 7 Leaf hopper - Empoasca kerri Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe polygoni 8 Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris Root Rot and Leaf Blight: Rhizoctonia solani 9 Lab lab bug or Stink

bug: Coptosoma cribraria Rust :Uromyces phaseoli

10 Whitefly – Bemisia tabaci 11 Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata

Crop protection :: IPM : Greengram

Monitoring for Pest & Disease • Visual observation at weekly intervals at vegetative, flowering and poding stages for

Heliothis. • Use pheromone traps(5 traps/ha) for Heliothis monitoring.

Pre-sowing stage • Deep ploughing of the field. • Early sowing. • Growing resistant /tolerant varieties. • Timely irrigation • Soil application of Phorate or Carbofuran granules @ 1.0 kg a.i. per ha

Sowing stage • Timely sowing, proper seed rate, irrigation and fertlizer management to have a desirable

crop stand. • Intercultural and hand weeding to keep to crop weed free initially for 4-6 weeks.

Vegetative stage • Look for the plants infested with 1st/2nd instar larvae of hairy caterpilla, collect and

destroy them.

Light traps are very effective against hairy caterpillar.

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7.12. Black gram (Vigna mungo)

Sl. No.

Pest Disease

1 Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Anthracnose: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 2 Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Bacterial Leaf Blight: Xanthomonas phaseoli 3 Spiny pod borer, Etiella zinckenella Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora canescens 4 Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe polygoni 5 Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus Root Rot and Leaf Blight: Rhizoctonia solani 6 Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora Rust: Uromyces phaseoli 7 Leaf hopper - Empoasca kerri Stem canker: Macrophomina phaseolina 8 Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris Yellow Mosaic: Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus 9 Lab lab bug or Stink bug: Coptosoma

cribraria Leaf Crinkle: Leaf Crinkle Virus

10 Whitefly – Bemisia tabaci 11 Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata

Crop protection :: IPM :: Blackgram

Monitoring for Pest & Disease • Visual observation at weekly intervals at vegetative, flowering and poding stages for

Heliothis. • Use pheromone traps(5 traps/ha) for Heliothis monitoring.

Pre-sowing stage • Deep ploughing of the field. • Early sowing. • Growing resistant /tolerant varieties. • Timely irrigation • Soil application of Phorate or Carbofuran granules @ 1.0 kg a.i. per ha

Sowing stage • Timely sowing, proper seed rate, irrigation and fertlizer management to have a desirable

crop stand. • Intercultural and hand weeding to keep to crop weed free initially for 4-6 weeks.

Vegetative stage • Look for the plants infested with 1st/2nd instar larvae of hairy caterpilla, collect and

destroy them.

Light traps are very effective against hairy caterpillar.

7.13. Millets : Bajra (Pennisettum typhoides)

Sl No.

Pest Disease

1 Stem bores and grasshoppers Bacterial spot (Pseudomonas syringae) 2 Millet head miner Downy mildew (Sclerospora

graminicola and Plasmopara penniseti) 3 Parasitic nematodes Blast (Pyricularia grisea) 4 Smut (Moesziomyces penicillariae) 5 Ergot (Claviceps fusiformis) 6 Rust (Puccinia substriata var. penicillariae) 7 Parasitic weed 8 Striga hermonthica

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Crop protection :: IPM :: Millets The following practices are adopted to reduce the pest populations in millets

• Sorghum • Maize • Cumbu • Finger millet

Cultural • Summer ploughing • Antiqua Gr I variety of maize is comparatively more resistant to infestation of stem borer

Chemical

• Shoot fly can be controlled with furrow application of phorate 10 G at 25 kg/ha • Soil application of phorate 10G at 25 kg/ha for white grub control

Biological • Egg – Trichogramma and Telenomus • Larval – Apanteles, Bracon chiensis • Pupal – Tetrastichus ayyari

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Annexure - I

List of Pesticides / Pesticide Formulations Banned In India

A. Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use 1. Aldrin 2. Benzene Hexachloride 3. Calcium Cyanide 4. Chlordane 5. Copper Acetoarsenite 6. CIbromochloropropane 7. Endrin 8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride 9. Ethyl Parathion 10. Heptachlor 11. Menazone 12. Nitrofen 13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate 14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene 15. Pentachlorophenol 16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate 17. Sodium Methane Arsonate 18. Tetradifon 19. Toxafen 20. Aldicarb 21. Chlorobenzilate 22. Dieldrine 23. Maleic Hydrazide 24. Ethylene Dibromide 25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) 26. Metoxuron 27. Chlorofenvinphos 28. Lindane (Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated

25/03/2011)-Banned for Manufecture,Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March,2011 and banned for use w.e.f. 25th March,2013.

B. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but their manufacture is allowed for export (2 Nos.)

29. Nicotin Sulfate 30. Captafol 80% Powder C. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use (4 Nos) 1. Methomyl 24% L 2. Methomyl 12.5% L 3. Phosphamidon 85% SL 4. Carbofuron 50% SP D. Pesticide Withdrawn(7 Nos) 1. Dalapon 2. Ferbam 3. Formothion 4. Nickel Chloride 5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) 6. Simazine 7. Warfarin

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Annexure - II

List of Pesticides Refused Registration

S. No. Pesticide 1. Calcium Arsonate 2. EPM 3. Azinphos Methyl 4. Lead Arsonate 5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) 6. 2,4, 5-T 7. Carbophenothion 8. Vamidothion 9. Mephosfolan 10. Azinphos Ethyl 11. Binapacryl 12. Dicrotophos 13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton 14. Fentin Acetate 15. Fentin Hydroxide 16. Chinomethionate (Morestan) 17. Ammonium Sulphamate 18. Leptophos (Phosvel)

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Annexure - III

Pesticides Restricted For Use in India

S. No. Pesticide 1. Aluminium Phosphide 2. DDT 3. Lindane 4. Methyl Bromide 5. Methyl Parathion 6. Sodium Cyanide 7. Methoxy Ethyl Mercuric Chloride (MEMC) 8. Monocrotophos 9. Endosulfan 10. Fenitrothion 11. Diazinon 12. Fenthion 13. Dazomet

Annexure - IV

List of pesticides not permissible (WHO classes Ia, Ib and II) 1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia)

Common name Trade Name

Aldicarb Ethoprophos Brodifacoum Flocoumafen Bromadiolone Hexachlorobenzene Bromethalin Mercuric chloride Calcium cyanide Mevinphos Captafol Parathion Chlorethoxyfos Parathion-methyl Chlormephos Phenylmercury acetate Chlorophacinone Phorate Difenacoum Phosphamidon Difethialone Sodium fluoroacetate Diphacinone Sulfotep Disulfoton Tebupirimfos EPN Terbufos

2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib):

Common name Trade Name Acrolein Oxydemeton-methyl Allyl alcohol Paris green Azinphos-ethyl Pentachlorophenol Azinphos-methyl Propetamphos Blasticidin-S Sodium arsenite Butocarboxim Sodium cyanide Butoxycarboxim Strychnine Cadusafos Tefluthrin Calcium arsenate Thallium sulfate Carbofuran Thiofanox Chlorfenvinphos Thiometon 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Triazophos Coumaphos Vamidothion Coumatetralyl Warfarin Zeta-cypermethrin Zinc phosphide Demeton-S-methyl Famphur Dichlorvos Fenamiphos Dicrotophos Flucythrinate Dinoterb Fluoroacetamide DNOC Formetanate Edifenphos Furathiocarb Ethiofencarb Heptenophos Isoxathion Methiocarb Lead arsenate Methomyl

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Mecarbam Monocrotophos Mercuric oxide Nicotine Methamidophos Omethoate Methidathion Oxamyl

3. Moderately hazardous (Class II):

Common name Trade Name Alanycarb Endosulfan Anilofos Endothal-sodium Azaconazole EPTC Azocyclotin Esfenvalerate Bendiocarb Ethion Benfuracarb Fenazaquin Bensulide Fenitrothion Bifenthrin Fenobucarb Bilanafos Fenpropidin Bioallethrin Fenpropathrin Bromoxynil Fenthion Bromuconazole Fentin acetate Bronopol Fentin hydroxide Butamifos Fenvalerate Butylamine Fipronil Carbaryl Fluxofenim Carbosulfan Fuberidazole Cartap Gamma-HCH , Lindane Chloralose Guazatine Chlorfenapyr Haloxyfop Chlordane HCH Chlorphonium chloride Imazalil Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid Clomazone Iminoctadine Copper sulfate Ioxynil Cuprous oxide Ioxyniloctanoate Cyanazine Isoprocarb Cyanophos Lambda-cyhalothrin Cyfluthrin Mercurous chloride Beta-cyfluthrin Metaldehyde Cyhalothrin Metam-sodium Cypermethrin Methacrifos Alpha-cypermethrin Methasulfocarb Cyphenothrin [(1R)-isomers] Methyl isothiocyanate 2,4-D Metolcarb DDT Metribuzin Deltamethrin Molinate Diazinon Nabam Difenzoquat Naled Dimethoate Paraquat

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Dinobuton Pebulate Diquat Permethrin Phenthoate Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Phosalone Rotenone Phosmet Spiroxamine Phoxim TCA [ISO] (acid) Piperophos Terbumeton Pirimicarb Tetraconazole Prallethrin Thiacloprid Profenofos Thiobencarb Propiconazole Thiocyclam Propoxur Thiodicarb Prosulfocarb Tralomethrin Prothiofos Triazamate Pyraclofos Trichlorfon Pyrazophos Tricyclazole Pyrethrins Tridemorph Pyroquilon Xylylcarb Quinalphos

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