pest risk analysis for citrus in bangladesh

Pest risk analysis for citrus in Bangladesh

Welcome to the presentationOnPest risk analysis for citrus in Bangladesh1

ContributorsDr. Hamiz Uddin Ahmed, Former Director Research, BARIDr. Md. Abdul Latif, Former Additional Director, DAE Dr. Abu Taher Mia, Former CSO, P. Path., BRRIProf. Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Department of Entomology, SAUProf. Dr. Shaker Ahmed, Dept. of Management Studies, University of Dhaka2Center for Resource Development Studies Ltd

ObjectivesThe Specific Objectives of the study are:Listing of major and minor pests.Identification of pests likely to be associated with a pathway.Identification of potential for entry, establishment and spread.Identification of potential economic and environment impacts.Identification of control measures and potential impacts of such measure.Assessment of potential loss by the pestsPreparation of report on risk analysis of the pests following the relevant ISPMs 3

Study Areas4SerialDistrictUpazila (60)Remarks1.SylhetGolapganj, Gowainghat, Balagong, Bianibazar 10 Blocks/Upazila 10 farmers/Block 100 farmers/Upazila 6000 total farmers2.MoulvibazarShrimangol, Kulaura, Juri, Barlekha.3.HabigonjChunarughat, Bahubal, Sadar.4.NarsingdiShibgong, Monohardi, Belabo, Raipura.5.GazipurKaliganj, Kapasia.6.DhakaSavar, Dhamrai.7.ManikganjSingair, Saturia.8.MymensinghSadar, Gauripur, Ishwarganj, Haluaghat.9.TangailShohipur, Modhupur, Dhanbari, Delduar.10.SherpurSadar, Nalitabari.11.ComillaChabdina, Daudkandi, Burichang.12.ChittagongPatiya, Sitakunda, Mirsharai.13.KhahrashariSadar, Dighinala, Pancharii, Mahalchari, Ramgarh, Matiranga.14.RangamatiKaptai, Langadu, Bagaichari.15.BandarbanSadar, Lama, Ruma.16PabnaIshwardi, Atgharia.17.RajshahiPaba, Puthia.18.JessoreBagherpara, Jhikorgacha.19ChuadangaSadar, Alamdanga.20.JhenidhaSadar, Kaliganj.

5Field data included-

Insect pests and diseases of citrus recorded during field survey Farmers profile Farmers information on economic loss due to insect pests and diseases Farmers information on new insect pests, diseases and weeds Information of DAE/Research personnel on citrus insect pests and diseases Farmers information on citrus insect pests and diseases

The findings are presented in Appendix IV- X

Crops and Varieties of Citrus Grown in Bangladesh6SL. No.Local nameCommon nameScientific nameVarieties1Elachi lebu LemonCitrus limonBARI lebu-1, 2 & 3BAU lebu-2, BAU lebu-32Kagozi lebuLimeC. aurantifoliaBAU Kagzi lebu-13Batabi lebuPummeloC. grandisBARI Batabi lebu-1, 2, 3 & 4BAU Jambura-1 & 24KamolaMandarinC. reticulataBARI Kamola-1Khashi, Nagpuri, Darjiling5SatkaraSatkaraC. macropteraBARI Satkara-16MaltaSweet orangeC. sinensisBARI Malta-17JamirCitroneC. medicaLocal variety8Ada lebuCitroneC. assamensisLocal variety9Jara lebuCitroneC. pennivesiculataLocal Variety

Area (ha)and Production (MT)of Citrus in Bangladesh (2010-11)7Total Area 5,995 ha and Production 1, 36,756 M. tonsSource: BBS. 2011 RegionOrangePummeloLime and LemonOther citrus fruitsAll CitrusAreaProduc.AreaProduc.AreaProduc.AreaProduc.AreaProducBandarban422672154111861431978462899Chittagong3008453711451101-781220+2261Comilla----6194-10236+1217Khagrachari38249567163100172-244549+1074Noakhali-----534-1090-1624Rangamati15449339236181972317354052436Sylhet2081005352099602057--12033271Dhaka05284329945222339209910734653Faridpur--2568728553330441303967Jamalpur----11362-4511+407Kishorgonj--041681796802622231758Mymensinghh--274211144113081961494730Tangail----96773-17596+248Barisal----162097-287416+4971Jessore--455451331356125321902433Khulna--7415316513667911063182625Kushtia--303342451448-245275+2027Patuakhali--36772668724191672691Bogra-----246-270516Dinajpur32223914471351184-133206+2750Pabna--316811015-18984+1220Rajshahi--9572742037-135283+2229Rangpur-213451354031054502421Bangladesh8532998746591984083546133131994759951, 36,756

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Map Showing the Major Citrus Growing Areas in Bangladesh

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Map Showing the Selected 20 Districts of Citrus under Study

Methodology: Risk Analysis Recorded citrus pests in Bangladesh through:- Field survey and primary data collection.- Secondary data collection.- Internet searching.Recorded citrus pests of the world.Identified quarantine pests for Bangladesh .Ascertain the potential hazard organisms associated with fresh fruit of Citrus species in the country of origin namely Bhutan, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Pakistan, South Africa and USA.Risk assessment and risk management.

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11Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus01.Lemon (Citrus limon)(Elachi lebu, Colombo lebu)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.MinorCitrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorCitrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorBlack citrus aphidToxoptera aurantii Boyer de FonscolombeMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus whiteflyDialeurodes citri AshmeadMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorBark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)MinorCitrus stem borerChelidonium cinctum Guerin-MenevilleMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorTermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor

Crop-wise Insect Pests of Citrus in Bangladesh

12Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus02.Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)(Kagozi lebu)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.MinorCitrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorCitrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus virgatus CockrellMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus Leaf folder Psorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorBark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)MinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorTermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor

Crop-wise Insect pest Contd

13Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus03.Mandarin (Citrus raticulata)(Kamola)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MinorLemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.MinorCitrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskellMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorCitrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorOriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis HendelMajorBlack citrus aphidToxoptera aurantii Boyer de FonscolombeMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorCitrus bugRhynchocoris humeralis ThunbergMinorOrange spined bugBiprorulus bibax BreddinMajorBark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)MinorCitrus stem borerChelidonium cinctum Guerin-MenevilleMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorTermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor


14Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus04.Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)(Malta)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.MinorCitrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskellMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorCitrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorOriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis HendelMajorBlack citrus aphidToxoptera aurantii Boyer de FonscolombeMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorOrange spined bugBiprorulus bibax BreddinMajorBark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)MinorCitrus stem borerChelidonium cinctum Guerin-MenevilleMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorTermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor


15Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus05.Pummelo (Citrus maxima) (Batabi lebu)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.MinorCitrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskellMajorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina CoqMinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMajorCitrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMajorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus virgatus CockrellMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorOriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis HendelMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorBark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)MinorCitrus stem borerChelidonium cinctum Guerin-MenevilleMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorTermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor


16Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus06.Citrone (Citrus jamhiri)(Jamir)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyP. polytes L.MinorCitrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorCitrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor


17Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus07.Satkara(Citrus macroptera)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyP. polytes L.MinorCitrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor


18Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus08.Ada lebu(Citrus assamensis)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyP. polytes L.MinorCitrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor09.Jara lebu(Citrus pennivesiculata)Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.MajorLemon butterflyP. polytes L.MinorCitrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.MajorCitrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinorCitrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.MinorCitrus mealybugPseudococcus filamentosus CockrellMinorAsian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinorCitrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinorCitrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinorCitrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinorCitrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor


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Leaf miner Infested leaves Infested fruit LBF Larva Infested leavesNymphs and adult of Asian citrus psyllid Red scale insect Citrus mealybug lime fruits

Fire ant nest and infested twig

Oriental fruit fly Infested malta fruitMajor Insect Pests of Citrus in Bangladesh

20SL. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus1.Lemon (Citrus limon)Elachi lebuDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp.MajorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.MinorCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MajorTristezaCitrus tristeza virusMajorPsorosisCitrus psorosis virusMinorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinorBlue/Green moldPenicillium sp.MinorDamping-offPythium spp., Rhizoctonia solaniMinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorMelanoseDiaporthe citri F.A. Wolf MinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similisMinor

Crop-wise Diseases of Citrus with Causal Organisms in Bangladesh

21SL. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus2.Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Kagozi lebuDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinorCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MajorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMajorBlue/Green moldPenicillium sp.MinorScabElsinoe fawcettii Bitancourt and Jenk.MinorAnthracnoseColletotrichum gloeosporioideMinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorMelanoseDiaporthe citri F.A. Wolf MinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similisMinor

Crop-wise diseases Contd

22SL. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus3.Pummelo (Citrus maxima) Batabi lebuGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMajorDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorAnthracnoseColletotrichum gloeosporioideMinorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMajorTristezaCitrus tristeza virusMajorPsorosisCitrus psorosis virusMinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similisMinor


23Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus4.Sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)MaltaDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MajorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.MinorBlue/Green moldPenicillium sp.MinorPink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similisMinor


24Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus5.Mandrin(Citrus reticulata)KamolaDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinorCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MinorBlue/Green moldPenicillium sp.MinorPink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinorMelanoseDiaporthe citri F.A. Wolf MinorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.MinorDamping-offPythium spp., Rhizoctonia solaniMinorFoam diseaseUnknownMinorTristezaCitrus tristeza virusMajorPsorosisCitrus psorosis virusMinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similesMinor


25Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus6.Citrone (Citrus jamhiri)JamirDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MinorGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.MinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similesMinor7.Citrone(Citrus macroptera)SatkaraDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.MinorCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similesMinor


26Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus8.Citrone(Citrus assamensis)Ada lebuCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MajorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.MajorGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinorDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorPink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp.,Radopholus similesMinor


27Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus9.Citrone (Citrus pennivesiculata)Jara lebuCankerXanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al.MajorDie-backColletotrichum gloeosporioide,Diplodia natalensis,Fusarium spp.MajorScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and JenkMajorGreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinorSooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinorGummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMajorPink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinorNematodeTylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similesMinor


28Major diseases of Citrus in Bangladesh

Canker Die-back

Scab

Gummosis

Tristeza

Why PRA is needed?Provides rationale for phytosanitary measures.Helps identification of potential quarantine pests.Assess probability of entry, establishment, spread and consequences economic, environmental and health.Overcome unnecessary barrier on international trade.29

Steps in import risk analysisDescription of commodity and Import pathway .Hazard Identification.Risk Assessment of Potential Hazards.Assessment of Uncertainties.Analysis of Measures to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks.Risk Evaluation. Option evaluation.Review and Consultation.

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Commodity DescriptionGenus description: Citrus

Species description: Bangladesh is importing C. reticulata (orange, mandarin/tangerine) and C. sinensis (sweet orange, malta)

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Description of Import pathwaysCitrus fruits in orchardField monitoring and treatmentHarvesting, inspection, treatmentPacking, transport to BangladeshCargo declaration

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Import pathway of citrus (Contd)Fruits be transported to Bangladesh through any of the two sea, three air, 21 land or one River ports. However, it should be specified in the import permit.Fruit inspection in boarder.Fruit released for marketing or Re-shipment or destroyed.Distributed throughout Bangladesh.

33Citrus fruits in orchardField monitoring and treatmentHarvesting, inspection, treatmentPacking, transport to BangladeshCargo declarationFruit inspection in boarderFruit released for marketingRe-shipment or destroyedDistributed throughout Bangladesh

Hazard identificationSixty-one organisms and pathogens are identified as potential hazards associated with citrus fruits in different citrus growing countries of the world. Of which 36 species were insects and mites and 25 species were pathogen.

In Bangladesh 21 insect and mite pests and 14 diseases were recorded on citrus.

Fifteen insect pests and six diseases (pathogen) were identified as quarantine pests for Bangladesh and grouped on the basis of taxonomy and biology.34

35Sl. No.Quarantine insect pestsCropsCommon nameScientific name01.Brwon citrus aphidToxoptera citricida KirkaldyAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids02.California Citrus thripsScirtothrips citri MoultonAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids03.South African citrus thripsScirtothrips aurantii FaureAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids04.African citrus psyllidTrioza erytreae (Del Guercio)Lemon, lime, mandarin, pummelo, sweet orange, grape fruit05.Citrus snow scaleUnaspis citri (Comstock)lime, lemon, sour orange, pomelo, sweet orange, grapefruit06.Cottony cushion scaleIcerya purchasi Maskellall citrus and woody plants07.Asian fruit flyBactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & WhiteLemon, sweet orange, mandarin, pummelo, sour orange, grapefruit08.Mediterranean fruit fly/ MedflyCeratitis capitata (Wiedemann)Lime, lemon, pomelo, sweet orange, sour orange, mandarin09.Asian papaya fruit flyBactrocera papayae Drew and HancockLime, lemon, pomelo, mandarin10.Queensland fruit flyBactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)Lime, lemon, mandarin, rough lemon11.Southern fire antSolenopsis xyloni McCookAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids12.White spotted longicorn beetleAnoplophora chinensis (Forster)Pomelo, sour orange, sweet orange13.Fruit sucking mothOphideres materna CramerMandarin, lemon, orange14.Citrus gall waspBruchophagus fellis (Girault)lemon, orange, , rough lemon15.Lewis spider miteEotetranychus lewisi (McGregor)Citrus spp.

Quarantine Insect Pests of Citrus for Bangladesh

36Sl. No.Quarantine DiseasesCrops (Prohibited articles)01.Greening (African greening of citrus Candidatus liberaribacter africanus (African form)Entire or any part of the following living plants (excluding flowers, fruits, and seeds)(1) Calodendrum capense (2) Catharanthus roseus (3) Citrus spp. (4) Fortunella spp. (5) Poncirus spp. 02.Stubborn(Spiroplasma citri)Entire or any part of living citrus plants, citrus fruit or cuttings03.Black spot(Phyllosticta citricarpa Teleomorph:Guignardia citricarpa)Entire or any part of the following living plants (excluding flowers, fruits, and seeds)all citrus species04.Mal Secco(Phoma tracheiphila)Entire or any part of living citrus plants (lemon, and citron (C. medica L.), lime (C. latifolia Tan.), and bergamot (C. bergamia Risso)05.Leprosis(Citrus leprosis virus)Entire or any part of living citrus plants (Mexican lime, sour orange, rough lemon, Persian lime, lemon, citron, mandarins, mandarin hybrids, sweet oranges and grapefruits.)06.Indian citrus ringspot (Indian citrus ringspot virus)Entire or any part of living citrus plants

Quarantine Diseases of Citrus for Bangladesh

Geography and Climate of country of originCollected information on geography and climate, relevant agricultural practices of the country of origin such as:Bhutan, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Pakistan and USA.Compared with climate in Bangladesh to determine the potentiality of establishment of the exotic hazard in Bangladesh.

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Pest control and pre-export processing in the country of originMajor insect pests and diseases of the seven countries and method of their control documented.Pre-export processing in the country of origin described. (This depends on the requirement of the importing country).Bangladesh should adopt similar policy and conditions for importing citrus fruits. 38

Organisms intercepted on citrus fruitBangladesh imports fresh fruits of malta (sweet orange), mandarin (orange/kamola) and kenu from India, Bhutan, China, Pakistan, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil and USA.

So far no record of interception of hazardous insect or disease organism.39

Other risk characteristics of the commodityIt is not possible to predict present risks that currently escape detection or future risk due to:- Occurrence of unlisted pests.- Carrying pathogen as symptomless microorganisms.40

Assumptions and uncertaintiesHazard biology and identification Laboratory reared insects may differ in their responses to environmental stress compared with wild relatives. Uncertainty around the likelihood of an organism colonizing new hosts or the consequences of its establishment and spread on the natural environment. Uncertainty about the identity of an organism. Uncertainty around the efficacy of risk management measures.41

Assumptions and uncertainties (Contd)Assumption regarding transit time of fruit. Assumption and uncertainty around disposal of infested fruit.Assumption and uncertainty around risk management measures - checking in the border;- Assume that the consignment is homogenous which seldom occur. Level of sampling depends on the degree of heterogeneity;- Sample size may not enough of detecting the pest

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Review of management optionsDisinfestation treatments in the country of origin. - depends on commodity type, its tolerance to the treatment/s, biology of hazard organisms.Systems approach- implementation of multiple safeguard actions in the country of origin.- management in the field.- prevention of contamination after harvest.- culling of damaged and diseased fruits.- inspection and certification based on effective trace back procedures.- shipping using methods that prevent reinfestation.43

Production and post-harvest measuresIt is necessary to provide information about the production and post harvest handling Monitoring programs in production areas.In-field sanitation.Pest control measures.Washing and waxing fruits.Visual inspection and culling of imperfect fruit.44

Risk assessment of potential hazardsEvaluation of the likelihood of entry, exposure and establishment of a potential hazard, and the environmental, economic, human and animal health consequences of the entry within Bangladesh.

To identify hazards which present an unacceptable level of risk.45

Risk AnalysesFifteen insect pests and six diseases were identified for risk analysis and included in the report.

One example for insect pest and one for disease is selected here for presentation.

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Risk Analyses: Insect pestsCommon name: Mediterranean fruit fly.

Scientific name: Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Synonyms: Ceratitis citriperda MacLea, Ceratitis hispanica Breme, Pardalaspis asparagi Bezzi, Tephritis capitata Wiedemann.

Bangladesh status: Not known to be present in Bangladesh.

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BiologyLay eggs below the skin of the host fruit. Eggs hatch within 2-4 days (up to 16-18 days in cool weather) and the larvae feed for another 6-11 days (at 13-28C). Pupation is in the soil under the host plant, Adults emerge after 6-11 days (24-26C; longer in cool conditions), After adult emergence, ovarian development at 25C takes 5 days. The thermal constant for development from egg to adult is 260C. 48

HostsCitrus hosts are Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus limonia (mandarin lime), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus nobilis (tangor), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus paradisi (tangelo), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange).

Besides there are many other hosts.49

DistributionAfrica: Almost all African countriesAsia: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen; Australia: Western Australia; Hawaii, Central American and Caribbean: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico; South American: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.Europe: Albania, Azores, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Maderia Islands, Portugal, southern Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovenia, Spain, Yugoslavia.50

Hazard Identification ConclusionIt is likely to have spread through international trade and should be able to establish and cause unwanted consequences in Bangladesh.

Considered as potential hazard51

Risk AssessmentEntry assessmentThe probability of entry of larvae inside the infested fruits in Bangladesh is high. However, it depends on the distance of the country of origin and mode of transportation.

Exposure assessmentThe possibility of exposure in Bangladesh is high.

Establishment assessmentHosts are readily available and environment is suitable, therefore, the probability of establishment is high52

Consequence assessmentEconomic impactC. capitata is highly polyphagous and causes damage to a very wide range of unrelated fruit crops. Damage to fruit crops is frequently high and may reach 100%. The domestic market would be adversely affected by costs for control and reduced yields.

Environmental ImpactNo impact of C. capitata on the natural environment or on other species has been observed.

Human Health ImpactMediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is a potential vector of human pathogens (eg: Escherichia coli) to fruits.53

Risk estimation The likelihood of entry, exposure and establishment Ceratitis capitata is high.

If they enter and /or establish then the consequences would be high.

The risk estimates for Ceratitis capitata is non negligible therefore these organisms are classified as hazards in citrus fruits and risk management measures can be justified.54

Risk Management

Field Sanitation.Post Harvest Culling, Washing, Waxing and Visual Inspection.High Temperature Forced Air (HTFA) orCold Disinfestation.Visual Inspection at the Border.

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Risk Analyses: DiseaseDisease: Citrus Black spot (CBS).Pathogen: Guignardia citricarpa Kiely.Anamorph: Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Van der Aa (macroconidial state). Synonyms: Phoma citricarpa McAlpine. Phyllostictina citricarpa (McAlpine) Petrak. Taxonomic position: Fungi: Ascomycetes: Dothideales Common names: Black spot, hard spot, shot-hole, freckle spot, virulent spot, speckled blotch of citrus (English).Bangladesh Status: Not present in Bangladesh.

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Biology of the pathogenCBS caused by Phyllosticta state occurs on all the above ground parts of the plant. The teleomorph state, Guignardia citricarpa appears on fallen leaves & is the primary source of the disease. Ascocarps occur throughout the year on leaf litter. Optimum temperature for growth 24-27 0C.Macro-conidia remain viable from 1-5 months.Flower and fruits are susceptible from anthesis to 16 wks.Infection is usually followed by a long period of latency.

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HostsCBS occurs on Citrus, Poncirus, Fortunella spp. and their hybrids. Except for sour orange and Tahiti limes, all commercially grown citrus species and cultivars are affected by the disease.

Geographical DistributionReported from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, United States (Florida), Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Sicily, Spain, South Africa, Taiwan, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. 58

Hazard Identification ConclusionConsidering the facts that:Guignardia citricarpa is not known to be present in Bangladesh;is present in Brazil, China, and South Africa;and can be carried on Citrus fruit;Guignardia citricarpa is considered to be a potential hazard organism in this risk analysis.

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Risk AssessmentEntry assessmentPlant/ planting materials are not imported to Bangladesh so the possibility of entry with planting material is nil. Medium possibility of entering through leaves as contaminant. The possibility of entering this pathogen through infected fruit is high.Exposure Assessment In Bangladesh there is no disposing system of peels or damaged fruits. The market is extended to the remote villages. Therefore the likelihood of exposure is high.Establishment AssessmentConsidering the environmental requirement and availability of host plant the probability of establishment of this disease in Bangladesh is medium.

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Consequence AssessmentEconomic impactUnappealing lesions typically develop as fruit reach maturity or postharvest. Some yield losses due to fruit drop may occur.Control of CBS in the field involves very high cost. Introduction of G. citricarpa and subsequent CBS development in Bangladesh would lead to direct negative impacts on citrus industry in Bangladesh.

Environmental impactThe indirect negative impact on environment is that once the disease established it needs heavy sprays of chemicals to control it that leads to polluted environment and negative impact on human health.

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Risk EstimationThe likelihood of entry and exposure of CBS in Bangladesh is high and medium probability for establishment.

This would bring negative economic and environmental impact.

The risk estimate for CBS is non negligible therefore this organism is classified as a hazard in this commodity and risk management measures can be justified.

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Risk Management Current disease management strategies employed to control and treat CBS disease in the field and packing house appear to be generally effective and encourages growers to employ but there is no guarantee that such programs are undertaken.

If CBS disease management programs are undertaken, the pest risk potential rating will be lowered further.

Disease management programs and commercial harvesting and packing practices reduce the prevalence of G. citricarpa infected or CBS affected fruit in commercial shipments of fruit thus further lowering the overall risk.

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Thank You64

pest risk analysis for citrus in bangladesh

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